dna chapter 10
DESCRIPTION
DNA Chapter 10. The Code of Life. History Griffith Hershey and Chase Chargaff Linus Pauling Maurice Wilkins Rosalind Franklin Francis Crick James Watson. Model Double Helix Building Blocks-Nucleotides Sugar-Deoxyribose Phosphate Nitrogen Base. Types of Nitrogen Bases. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
DNA Chapter 10
The Code of Life
![Page 2: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
HistoryGriffithHershey and ChaseChargaffLinus Pauling Maurice WilkinsRosalind FranklinFrancis CrickJames Watson
![Page 3: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
ModelDouble HelixBuilding Blocks-NucleotidesSugar-DeoxyribosePhosphateNitrogen Base
![Page 12: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Types of Nitrogen Bases
Pyrimidines and Purines
![Page 14: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
•DNA has four kinds of bases, A, T, C, and G
thymine cytosine adenine guanine
pyrm
![Page 15: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Hydrogen bonds between bases hold the strands together
Each base pairs with a complementary partner
A pairs with TG pairs with C
![Page 16: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
DNA stands for_____________.Describe the structure and replication of DNA.Describe Transcription.Describe Translation.
![Page 18: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
DNA is made up of building blocks called nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of a phosphate, a sugar (deoxyribose) and a nitrogen base.
![Page 19: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
There are two kinds of bases-purines(adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines(cytosine and thymine). Purines have a double ringed structure and pyrimidines have a single ringed structure.
![Page 20: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
A pairs with T and they join with a double hydrogen bond and C pairs with G and they join with a triple bond. DNA is anti-parallel. Its structure is called a double helix.
![Page 21: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
In DNA replication, the strands separate.Enzymes use each strand as a template to assemble the new strands
![Page 22: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
DNA replication begins at specific sites
![Page 24: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Each strand of the double helix is oriented in the opposite direction
![Page 25: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
DNA Replication
Where? NucleusWhen? before cell division so that each cell can have a complete set of instructionsWhat? DNA, free nucleotides, enzymes and energyEnzymes (helicases) unwind the DNA. Then it unzips beginning in the middle-points of origin.Free DNA nucleotides come in and join with complimentary base on each strand.
![Page 26: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Enzymes join the sides of the new DNA strands.Each strand is half old and half new. Thus this process is semi-conservative.
![Page 27: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
RNA vs DNARibose-deoxyriboseRNA is single stranded and DNA is double strandedUracil instead of thymine
![Page 28: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
A specific gene specifies a polypeptide
![Page 29: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The “words” of the DNA “language” are triplets of bases called codons.The codons in a gene specify the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.
![Page 30: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Virtually all organisms share the same genetic code
![Page 32: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Transcription
Where? NucleusWhy? DNA wants to send out a message.What? DNA, free RNA nucleotides, enzymes and energyFirst, a section (gene) of DNA unzips.Then RNA nucleotides come in and join with the template side of the DNA.Enzymes join the RNA nucleotides and the RNA pulls away and leaves the nucleus.DNA zips back up.
![Page 33: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
mRNA Editing
Exons-left inIntrons-cut out
![Page 36: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Noncoding segments called introns are spliced outA cap and a tail are added to the ends
![Page 37: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Translation (Protein Synthesis)
Where? At a ribosome in the cytoplasmWhat? enzymes and energy, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, amino acids
![Page 38: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Transfer RNA molecules serve as interpreters during translation
In the cytoplasm, a ribosome attaches to the mRNA and translates its message into a polypeptideThe process is aided by transfer RNAs
![Page 39: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Each tRNA molecule has a triplet anticodon on one end and an amino acid attachment site on the other
![Page 40: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Ribosomes (rRNA)
![Page 41: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
mRNA, a specific tRNA, and the ribosome subunits assemble during initiation
![Page 42: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Translation
First a small ribosomal subunit joins mRNA at a start codon-AUG. The appropriate tRNA comes to join the mRNA. Large ribosomal sub unit joins.
Another tRNA comes bringing the correct amino acid with it. A peptide bond forms between the amino acids, and the 1st tRNA leaves.
![Page 43: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Translation
First a small ribosomal subunit joins mRNA at a start codon-AUG.
The appropriate tRNA comes to join the mRNA. Large ribosomal sub unit joins.
Another tRNA comes bringing the correct amino acid with it. A peptide bond forms between the amino acids, and the 1st tRNA leaves.
![Page 44: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
This continues until a stop codon (UGA, UAG, UAA) is reached. Then all break apart and a polypeptide is released.
![Page 45: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Mutations
Good, bad, or who cares?Substitution-redundancyDeletion or InsertionFrameshift
![Page 46: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
SpontaneousMutagensHigh energy radiation
X rays, UV lightChemicals
![Page 47: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Viruses-DNA or RNA in a protein coat
RNA viruses-retrovirusesReverse transcriptaseLytic cycleLysogenic
![Page 48: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Viruses of concern
EbolaHantaHIVAvian (Bird) fluInfluenza 203AIDS 205
![Page 49: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Differentiation
![Page 50: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Cancer results from mutations in genes that control cell division.
OncogenesProto-oncogenes
![Page 51: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Colon Cancer
![Page 53: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Recombinant Genetics
![Page 55: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Gel Electrophoresis
Separates fragments by their size
![Page 58: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: DNA Chapter 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813f61550346895daa3318/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)