dlf the crest l&t

7/26/2019 DLF The Crest L&T

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SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORTCOVER BLOCK

Cover blocks are placed to prevent the steel rods from touching the shutteringplates and there by providing a minimum cover and fix the reinforcements as per

the design drawings . Sometimes it is commonly

Larsen & Toubro Construction

(8 June 3 July !"#$

APURVA NAIK

REG NO. - 120904666


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MANIPAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

MANIPAL UNIVERSITY, KARNATAKA


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I. I would like to extend my gratitude to Larsen &Toubro

Construction Management for providing the excellentopportunityto have exposure of the project !L" The Crest#

II. I am grateful to Mr# $%%' ()%*M%#+ Mr# %(L%M+ ,,(!ept#+ Mr# '%*-()+ (tructure#+ !ept#+ Mr# %nuj(aini and Mr# %jay (harma+ .uality !ept#+ Mr# /aushikin the $lant & Machinery !ept#+ Mr#M0(I' /)%'#+ Mr#

1%2 /3M%*#+ Mr# (3!-() /r#+ Mr# %(I"#+ & Mr#M%'4I'!-*#+ "inishing !ept#+ who guided andencouraged me through the summer training andimparted in depth knowledge of the project#

AMRESH TIWARI

(CIVIL ENGINEERING


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INDEX

(#'0# TITL- $%5-'0#

6 I'T*0!3CTI0'

7 $*01-CT )I5)LI5)T &

I'"0*M%TI0'

8 (%"-T2

9 M%T-*I%L Cement

(and

%ggregate

(teel

,lock

Marble

Tile 5ypsum

"lyash

,ond

Curing Compound

: .3%LIT2 C0'T*0L & MI; !-(I5'

< $L%'T & M%C)I'-*2

= ,%* ,-'!I'5 (C)-!3L-

> ()3TT-*I'5 & "0*M0*/

? (T*3CT3*-

"ooting

Column


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,eam

(lab

(taircase

(hear all

6@ "I'I()I'5

Layout of ,lockwork & Ledge

wall

I$( "looring

Marble "looring

5ypsum $laster (unken %rea water prooAng &

Alling

Tile work

"all Celling

$aint

66 C0'(T*3CTI0' $L%''I'5

67 ,ILLI'5

68 C0'CL3(I0'


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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

ABOUT THE ORGANISATIONLarsen & Toubro Limited+ also known as L&T+ was founded

by !anish engineers B(oren /ristian Toubro & )enning

)olckLarsenD+ is an Indian multinational conglomerate

headEuartered in Mumbai+ India# The company has

business interests in engineering+ construction+

manufacturing goods+ information technology and

Anancial services+ and also has an oFce in the Middle-ast#

Larsen & Toubro Construction is IndiaGs largest

construction organiHation# Many of the countrys priHed

landmarks its exEuisite buildings+ tallest structures+

largest industrial projects+ longest Jyover+ and highest

viaducts have been built by it# Leadingedge capabilities

cover every discipline of constructionK civil+ mechanical+

electrical and instrumentation#

BUILDING & FACTORIES

The ,uildings & "actories Independent Company is

eEuipped with the domain knowledge+ structures# $rojects

are executed using the cutting edge technology+sophisticated construction eEuipment and projectmanagement tools for Euality+ safety and speed#


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9


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QUALITY POLICY

%t L&T+ -nvironment+ )ealth & (afety B-)(D is given the

highest priority# The -)( policy enunciated by theCorporate Management lays emphasis on -nvironment+)ealth and (afety through a structured approach and

well deAned practices# (ystems and procedures have

been established for implementing the reEuisites atall stages of Construction and they are accredited to the

International standards of I(0 ?@@6K7@@>+ I(0 69@@6K7@@9

and 0)(%( 6>@@6K7@@=#


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:


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VISION & MISSION

VISION

L&T shall be professionally managed Indian multinationalcommitted to total customer satisfaction and enhancingshareholder value# L&T shall be an innovativeentrepreneurial and empowered team constantly

creating value and attaining global benchmarks# L&Tshall foster a culture of caring trust and continuouslearning while meeting expectations of employees+stakeholders and society#

MISSION

To achieve excellence in the Aeld of -ngineering+$rocurement and Construction through world class

practice and standards in Euality+ (afety and $rojectManagement#


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CHAPTER 2 : PROJECT

HIGHLIGHTS

Clie! DLF Li"i!e#

P$%e'! N("e T)e C$e*!

P$%e'! M((+e$ MACE G$%,-

L!#.

A$')i!e'!,$(l C%*,l!(! A$')i!e'! H(/ee0

C%!$('!%$S!$,'!,$(l C%*,l!(! M(i*)

Q,(!i! S,$e%$ L(+#(

L(#*'(-e Gee$ C%3,$

MEPF & T$(4'C%*,l!(!

5SP

C%!$('!%$ L&T

L%'(!i% PAR6 DRIVE7 DLF 87

=


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There are many consultants involved in this project as shown

belowK

? P$%e'! M((+e$:9 MACE C%*! (# P$%e'!

M((+e"e! P!. L!#.

They are assigned to the $roject by the 0wner and

charged

with overall management of the project and

associated cost and programme issues#

? A$')i!e'!,$(l '%*,l!(!: 9A$')i!e'! H(/ee0

C%!$('!%$ #

Their role is to plan creative and innovative

building design solutions for the clients#

? S!$,'!,$(l '%*,l!(!: M(i*) C%*,l!(!*

Their role in the project is to work out complete

*CC design of the columns+ beams+ slabs and

the retaining wall and is done on the base of the

%rchitectural drawing#

? MEPF '%*,l!(!: 9 5SP

Their role is to consult the clients in the Aeld of

%ir Conditioning+ 4entilating+ -lectrical $ower

and Lighting+ "ire %larm+ "ire $rotection and

$lumbing#


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? L(#*'(-e '%*,l!(!: 9Gee$ C%3,$ H,!')i*

They are involved in the planning+ design and

direction of a landscape+ garden or distinct

space#

>


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PROJECT INFROMATION

The Crest is a part of -lite housing (ystem# It is located at

$ark !rive+ !L" :+ (ector :9 5urgaon+ )aryana (tate+India# It is within the premium !L" $hase 4 community on

the 5olf Course *oad#


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The project is close to 5urgaon "aridabad *oad#

The recently commissioned Indira 5andhi International

BI5ID %irport+ T8+ is approximately 8: minutes from the

proposed site and 7@ minutes from !L" Cyber City# It is

approximately 6@ minutes from )3!% City Centre Metro

(tation providing connectivity further on to !elhi and

'C* *egion#

?


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6@


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The Main "eatures of $roject are as followsK

? )igh *ise *esidential Towers

? 8 Towers 5 8> story high Tower %+ ,+ C

? 8 Towers 5 7= story high Tower !+ -+ "? 9 Levels of ,asement

? =#>77 %cres+ 8:+=@7m7

? Clubhouse with community swimming pool + gymnasium+

etc#

? 0verall built up area 8+66 persons

? (urface $arking == vehicles

? Covered Car $arks 76>=

? Car $arks per apartment 7 & 8

? ,asement %rea ?8+?=7#?>m7

? Total )eight of the Tower%+ , and C above 5L 68@#7m

? Total )eight of the Tower!+ - and " above 5L ?8#:>:m

? 0verall -lectrical !emand ?+8== /

? 0verall $otable ater !emand :68 /L!

? 0verall "lushing ater !emand 76@ /L!

? Treated aste ater 3se 8=< /L!

? 0verall ,ack up $ower < x 7+@@@/4%

66


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2

The project site is divided into two Hones namely Tower

None and 'on Tower None# Tower None includes ,lock%+

,lock,+ ,lockC+ ,lock!+ ,lock- and ,lock"# 'on TowerNone includes *etaining all and many amenities such as

,asketball Court+ (wimming $ool+ 7 Tennis Courts+ Club

)ouse and 5ymnasium#

There will be 8 gates for the entry and exit each provided

with a >m wide driveway# 6 gate is near to ,lock % for

,lock %+ ,lock , and ,lock C# 7nd gate is near to ,lock

" for ,lock !+ ,lock - and ,lock

F. 8rd gate is provided for the Club )ouse which is provided

with a :m

wide driveway# The >m wide driveway is provided for

transportation

which includes two 8#:m lanes separated by a median of

width 6m#

Towers are facilitated with 8 to 9 ,)/ luxurious Jats and :

,)/ $ent )ouse "lats# < lifts are provided in each tower

and 6 separate service lift is also provided in Tower%+

Tower, and TowerC respectively# 0n the other hand only

< lifts are provided in Tower!+ Tower- and Tower"# 7

staircases are provided in each tower#

alkways are provided which connect all the blocks witheach other and also to the Club )ouse+ Tennis Courts+

,asketball Court+ (wimming $ool etc# The walkways are

provided at a slope near the entrance of the block and

these are kept at a higher elevation as compared to the

other part which can be beneAcial during monsoon as the


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problem of water logging near the entrance can be solved

easily#

L(i+ %/ T%e$ C$(e* K Tower Cranes are provided one for

Tower%+ one forTowerC# These 7 tower cranes are shared for the work of Tower,#

0ne Tower Crane is provided for Tower! and one tower crane

is provided for Tower"#

67


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These 7 tower cranes are shared for the work of Tower-# Tower Crane

of %+ C+ !

are of radius ::m and Tower crane of tower " is of 9:m#

CHA!TER " # SA$ET%(afety is must prior thing for construction# Labour and

staO protection is must reEuire for smooth progress of

work# 'ow a dayGs safety plays major role in construction

as it contains certain percentage# %ccording to safety+

construction company get certiAcate from government

and it contain contains certain percentage which deAne

companyGs market value# (o safety also plays major role

for getting project#

*ole of the safety personal isK

a. To check whether everyone is having all safety

eEuipmentGs or notP

b. To check the scaOolding and approve it for use P

c. To be at the site of concreting P

d. To give the Arstaid in case of any minor injuryPe. To give regular Tool ,ox to the laboursP

SAFETY TRAININGThe Contractor is responsible for conducting allnecessary training including+ Mobile -Euipment+(caOolding erection and use+ safe excavation+ safeelectrical practices+ proper use of lifting eEuipment and

other related issues# Training is being taken in form ofinduction training for each employee new on the site+speciAc training and tool box meetings Bon the jobtrainingD#

The Contractors Manager of )(- department and the

safety personals provides and conducts all induction

safety training# 'o access to the site is allowed without

Arst attending and completing this training# The


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induction training is encompassing the following itemsK

a. (peciAcs of the plant industrial haHards

b. %larm+ site evacuation+ personnel counting+ resumption ofwork

68


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c. (ite safety rules and procedures

d. Local laws+ rules and regulations

e. Contractual stipulations

f. 'ear miss and accidents reporting

g. "ire protection

h. )ousekeeping

i. *ewards and disciplinary action policy

-)( $olicy !escriptionK L&T strongly emphasiHes on-nvironment+ )ealth and (afety# 0ne of the prime aspects

of this policy is to ensure that minimum wastage is done+

and no harm is caused to environment+ along with propersafety and health of the working staO# %ccording to the

policy+

Q %ll adverse -nvironment Impacts & accidents arepreventable#

Q 'o task is so important that risk of injury to people is

justiAed#

Q orking safely is a condition of employment#

Q (afety is a top driven function#

L&T focuses its work on (afety and .uality# -)(

policy is very important+ and all the rules pertaining to

safety on site have to befollowed at all times#

5i# B($$ie$* K These are provided along the edge of thebuilding for

the safety of the workers as well as the employees# These

are very necessary as the height of the construction

exceeds 7:8@m from the ground#


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69


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$ressuriHed (taircases+ lifts+ lobbies and lift shafts are

provided for better Are safety evacuation#

6:


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6


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PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT

? HEAD PROTECTION

$rotecting employees from potential head injuries is a keyelement of any safety program# % head injury can impair

an employee for life or it can be fatal# earing a safety

helmet or hard hat is one of the easiest ways to protect

an employees head from#injury# -mployers must

ensure that their employees wear head protection if

any of the following applyK

a. 0bjects might fall from above and strike them on the

headPb. They might bump their heads against Axed objects+

such as exposed pipes or beamsP or

c. There is a possibility of accidental head contactwith electrical haHards#

-'5I'--* -L-CT*ICI%' L%,03* (3$-*4I(0*

SAFETY HELMETIn general+ protective helmets or hard hats should do thefollowingK

a. *esist penetration by objects#

b. %bsorb the shock of a blow#

c. ,e waterresistant and slow burning


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6=


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? REFLECTIVE JAC6ET

0ne of the biggest dangers on any jobsite is visibility#hether itGs keeping workers safe from traFc or

helping them stand out to eEuipment drivers onsite+high visibility and reJective clothing is important for

maintaining the safety of your employees on the job#)igh visibility jackets can be incorporated into

reEuired

workwear that promotes

safety#

?

FOOT AND LEG PROTECTION-mployees who face possible foot or leg injuries from

falling or rolling objects or from crushing or penetrating

materials should wear protective footwear# If an

employees feet may be exposed to electrical haHards+

nonconductive footwear should be worn# 0n the other

hand+ workplace exposure to static electricity may

necessitate the use of conductive footwear#


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SAFETY SHOES6>


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? FACE PROTECTION-mployees Bworkers and engineersD can be exposedto a large number of haHards that pose danger totheir eyes and face# -mployees must have

appropriate eye or face protection if they are exposedto eye or face haHards from Jying particles+ moltenmetal+ liEuid chemicals+ chemical gases or vapours+ orpotentially harmful light radiation#

SAFETY MAS6

6?


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? EYE PROTECTION FOR EXPOSED 5OR6ERS

)(- department suggests that eye protection be

routinely considered for use by carpenters+

electricians+ and pipeAtters+ grinding machineoperators+ sawyers+ welders+ labourers+ and timber

cutting and logging workers# -mployers of workers in

other job categories should decide whether there is aneed for eye and

face $$- through a haHard assessment#

EYEPROTECTION

-xamples of potential eye or face injuries includeK

a. !ust+ dirt+ metal or wood chips entering the eye

from activities such as chipping+ grinding+ sawing+

hammering+ the use of power tools or even strong windforces#

b. 0bjects swinging into the eye or face+ such as

tree limbs+ chains+ tools or ropes#


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7@


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? HAND AND ARM PROTECTION

-mployers should explore all possible engineeringand work practice controls to eliminate haHardsand use $$- to provide additional protection

against haHards that cannot be completely eliminatedthrough other means#

TYPES OF PROTECTIVE GLOVES

There are many types of gloves available today toprotect against a wide variety of haHards# The nature

of the haHard and the operation involved will aOect

the selecting the right pair of gloves challenging# Thefollowing are examples of some factors that may

inJuence the selection of protective gloves for a

workplace#

a. Type of chemicals handled#

b. 'ature of contact Btotal immersion+ splash+ etc#D#

c. !uration of contact#

d.

%rea reEuiring protection Bhand only+ forearm+ armD#e. 5rip reEuirements Bdry+ wet+ oilyD#

f. %brasionRresistance reEuirements#

FABRIC AND COATED FABRIC GLOVES

HAND GLOVE


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76


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? 5OR6ING AT HEIGHT

"alls from heights are a signiAcant problem on

construction sites+ resulting in serious injury and

death of workers# "or the victims+ their families andthe community+ each injury is one too many# It is not

just the young and inexperienced workers that

may be injured# -xperience is no guarantee ofimmunity from injury#

a. Temporary work platforms risks must be controlled

through

the use of stable and securely fenced work

platforms Bsuch as scaOolding or other forms ofportable work platformD#

b. 5uardrails should only be used in situations

when it is notreasonably practicable to use

temporary work platforms#

c. "all arrest systems fall arrest

systems should only be

used in situations when itis not reasonably

practicable to use either

temporary work platforms orguardrails#


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"ull arrest harness is used for working at heights in the

pipe rack+ as workers have to work at height of :m+ 6@m+

67m+ 7@m height from the ground level+ (o full arrest

harness is made compulsory for the workers#

77


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? HEARING PROTECTION

!etermining the need to provide hearing

protection for employees can be challenging#-mployee exposure to excessive noise depends upon

a number of factors+ includingK

a. The loudness of the noise as measured in decibelsBd,D#

b. The duration of each employees exposure to the

noise#

c. hether employees move between work areas withdiOerent

noise levels#

d. hether noise is generated from one or multiplesources#


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78


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? HOUSE6EEPING

a. )ousekeeping is the act of keeping the working

environment

cleared of all unnecessary waste+ therebyproviding a Arstline of defense against accidentsand injuries#

b. 5eneral housekeeping is done by the contractors atall working

site+ labor shed+ material shed or at working platform at

thetop+ oFces# Contractor shall clean the area where

they have to work at day and at night#c. "ull height barricades are erected around the site in

order to

prevent the running plant from any haHard and also

protect the working area BsiteD from any haHard+ as

running plant may cause danger to the workers as

leakage of gas+ Are or any kind of haHard can occur

any time in a running plant#

d. %ll surplus earth and debris that are excavated for

foundation

construction should be removed from theconstruction area to the oFcial earth storage area

and the same earth is also used for backAlling#

e. $roper stacking of materials should be done at site+both at

height and at ground level+ at yards and at suchlocation where

material would be unloaded for future use#


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CHAPTER ; : FLOOR PLANAREAS

? T0-* % 9?8@mm ; 8896@mm

6


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CHAPTER 8 : FORM5OR6

hen concrete is placed+ it is in plastic state# It

reEuires to be supported by temporary supports andcastings of desired shape till it becomes suFciently strong

to support its own weight# This temporary

casing is known as the /%$"%$


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7


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Al,"ii," F%$"%$< S*!e"

Comparatively a new technology in India+ saves cost+ time

and improves the Euality of construction# %luminium

"ormwork is successfully used in 1apan+ (ingapore+Malaysia and the Middle -ast for the construction of

apartments and buildings+ both low and high rises# "or

repetition of building layouts and for abovetheplinth

work+ %luminium "ormwork system is very cost

eOective# %luminium "ormwork panels can be designed

for any conditionRcomponent of building such as bay

windows+ stairs+ balconies and special architectural

features# This system is uniEue as all the components in a

building+ including slabs+ Joors+ walls+ columns+ beams+

staircases+ balconies and window hood are concrete in a

single stretch#

The panels of aluminium formwork are made from high

strength aluminium alloy+ with the face or contact surfaceof the panel+ made up of 9mm thick plate+ which is

welded to a formwork of specially

designed extruded sections+ to form a robust component#

It

takes only 6R


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other formwork material# It is removable and can be

reused hundreds of times with little maintenance#

7=


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A**e"3l

The simplicity of %luminium "ormwork and the repetitive

nature of the assembly process make it possible to

accurately programme construction seEuences and thuscycle times well in advance# In addition+ this enables

the unskilled labour to work with the formwork# %ll panels

are clearly labelled to ensure that they are easily

identiAable on site and can be smoothly Atted

together using the formwork modulation drawings#

Pi (# 5e#+e S*!e"

The panels are held in position by a simple pin and wedge

system that passes through holes in the outside rib of

each panel# The panels At precisely+ simply and securely#

They reEuire no bracing# ,uildings can be constructed

Euickly and easily by unskilled labour with a hammer

being the only tool reEuired# 0nce the panels have been

numbered+ measuring is not necessary# %s the erection

process is manual+ tower cranes are freed up and can

concentrate on other handling operations# The result is a

typical 9 to : day cycle for Joor to Joor construction#


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7>


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A#(!(+e*

? The formwork can be handled by unskilled labor#

? It increases the speed of construction#

? This system has exceptionally good Euality with

accuratedimensions for all openings to receive windows anddoors right angles at meeting points of wall to wall+wall to Joor+ wall toceiling+ etc#

? (ystem components are durable and can be used several

times

without sacriAcing the Euality or correctness of

dimensions and

surface#

? It is environment friendly as there is no use of timber#


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7?


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CHAPTER > : QUALITY

ASSURANCE & QUALITY

CONTROL

L&T has developed its own Euality system to meet

reEuired Euality standard and time schedule+ in order

to adhere uncompromising Euality standards at everystage of construction activities#

.uality %ssurance plan consists of all the planned

and systematic actions that are to be undertaken &

performed in the construction activities# It is imperative

to ensure that products and services are inspected+

checked and approved at all stages from commencement

of work including receipt of material to its completion

& so far its utiliHation# It is commitment of

management to arrange .%R.C functions during all

phases of the contract and also to ensure that at the work

to be executed is in compliance with the contractual

terms+ speciAcations+ statutory+ regulatory reEuirements

and all relevant applicable codes and standards with

the reEuirements# This department duty at every

stage of construction phase likeK before construction+

during execution+ after execution# *eceived material

testing is also under scope the department# If receiving

material Euality adherence to I( code then only

material will use for construction activity otherwise it

will rejected#


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QUALITY ASSURANCE PROCEDURE

It will consist of following phases#

? $reconstruction phase

? !uring construction phase

? $ost Construction phase

8@


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PRE9CONSTRUCTION PHASE

!uring this phase various activities are undertaken

and a system is put in place and activated in order to

ensure thatK? %ll activities at all locations being planned on time#

? The support system is eFcient enough to sustain the

Euality and

progress of work as planned#

? .uality and progress at all times during construction

phase

remain unaOected and unhindered#

DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

It is the most important phase of Euality control# This

is ensured by allotting responsibilities to concerned

engineers with commensurate authority and

supervisors with commensurate authority at

execution and closely monitored by execution incharge and .%R.C -ngineer to ensure a total Euality

product at all times# To achieve this+ scheme forimplementation were devised# -xecution engineers

and .%R.C -ngineers control special works with close

coordination# They also have to carry out .uality

%udit of each construction activities at site to ensure

that Euality of work is maintained at site#

POST CONSTRUCTION PHASE

%fter the construction activities is completed+thorough inspection and testing is carried out to

ensure that Anished product is conforming to

speciAed standards# *eEuired Euality records aredocumented in prescribed documents to


55/110

demonstrate the achievements of speciAed Eualityand eOectiveness of Euality

system#

86


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TESTS ON AGGREGATES

De!e$"i(!i% %/ Siee A(l*i* %/

A++$e+(!e

CODE OF PRACTISEK I( 78>< B$art 6D 6??8 Tenth $rint

OBJECTIVEK To determine the particle siHe distribution ofAne and

coarse aggregate#

APPARATUS: ,alance of @#6gm accuracy+ I( sieves


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? Lumps of Ane material present can be broken by gentle

pressure

by hand#

? "ine camel hairbrush may be used to clean the under side

of theI( sieve 6:@ & =:microns#

87


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? eigh the material retained on the each sieve and record

them#

? The cumulative mass of the aggregate fraction shall

then be

calculated and percentage of passing on each sieve

shall then be reported#

Minimum weights of sample for sieve analysisK


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C(*!i+ %/ C%'$e!e C,3e*

CODE OF PRACTISEK I( :6


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? "ill the mould in layers of :@mm#

? -nsure symmetrical distribution of concrete within the

mould#

89


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Compacting by handK

? Compact each layer with tamping rod by giving

8:strokes for

6:@mm mould+ 7:strokes for 6@@mm mould+8@strokes for cylindrical mould#

? $enetrate the strokes into the underlying layer so that the

bottom

layer gets rodded# Tap the sides of the mould to

remove any voids left over after tamping#

Compacting by vibratorK

? Compact each layer by means of electric or

pneumatic

hammerRvibrator of by a suitable vibrating table#

? The Euantum vibration to be given for laboratory

specimen shall

be nearly same as that may be adopted in

actual concreting operations#? (tore the specimen at site in a place free from vibrations+

under

damp matting#

? The specimens are to be kept in moist air of atleast ?@S

relative

humidity at a temperature of 7=@ 7@ for 79hours#

? %fter the time elapsed the specimens are to be

marked for

identiAcation and demoulded without giving any

jerk+ hammering+ or throwing from height to avoid

fracture before testing#

? (ubmerge the specimens in water immediately after de

mould#

? *enew the water at every seven days#


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? Maintain a temperature of 7=@ 7@ and never allow

them to

become dry until they have been tested# *ecord the

maximum and minimum temperatures during the

curing period#

8:


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De!e$"i(!i% %/ C%"-$e**ieS!$e+!) %/ C%'$e!e ',3e*

CODE OF PRACTISEK I( :6days#

? These are to be tested immediately after removing

from the

water and while they are in wet condition#

? ipe oO the surface water and remove the Ans if any#

? Check the dimension and noted down the weight#

? ipe the bearing platens of the testing machine clean#

? $lace the cubes in such a manner that the load shall be

applied to

opposite sides of the cube cast+ i#e#+ not to the top and

bottom#? The faces of the test specimen and the steel platens of the

testing

machine shall not be packed#

? *otate the movable portion gently by hand+ so that

uniform

seating is obtained#


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? %pply the load without any shock continuously at the

rate of

69@kgRsEcmRminute until the resistance of

specimen to the increase of load breaks down

and no greater load can be sustained#

8


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? *ecord the maximum load applied to the specimen#

C%"-$e**ie *!$e+!)BkgRsEcm or 'RsEmmD Maximumload

applied Bkg or 'D

Crosssectional area

BsEcm or sEmmD

%verage of three specimens shall be taken as sample of

representative batch provided individual variation is

not more than 6:S of the average#

8=


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De!e$"i(!i% %/ Fiee** %/Ce"e! 3 e! *iei+

CODE OF PRACTISEK I( 9@86 B$art 6:D 6??6

OBJECTIVEK To determine the Aneness of cement by wetsieving by the

mass of residue left over 9:microns sieve#

APPARATUS: ,alance of @#6gm accuracyP and 9:micronsieve#

PROCEDURE:

? Take a representative cement sample to be tested with a

sample

driver#

? Take 6@@@gm of from the sample#

? et the sample with a gentle stream of water#

? *emove it from the stream and wash for 6minute#? *eturn the sieve to the spray of water through a tap and

wash it

for a minute by moving the sieve in circular motion in

horiHontal plane#

? *inse it well and taking care not to loose any of the

residue over

the sieve#? ,lot the bottom surface of sieve with a damp cloth#

? !ry the sieve and residue in oven or on a hot plate#

? Cool the sieve+ brush the residue from the sieve+ and

weigh#

? *esidue percentage 6@@ x residue in gm R weight of

sample


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before sieving#

8>


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CHAPTER ? : CONTRACT

PROTECTION IN HOT 5EATHER

hen the air temperature is more than 87@ C during the

placement of the concrete+ then the reinforcement shall

be sprayed with water so as to prevent the temperature of

the concrete alongside the bars rising above 87@ C#

REMOVAL OF FORM5OR6

The minimum periods between completion of placing

concrete and the removal of formwork shall be as followsK

? 4ertical sides of beams+ wall and columns 79 hours

? (oFts of slabs 9 days

? *emoval of props to slabs 66 days

?

(oFts of beams > days? *emoval of props to beams 6: days

USE OF CAMBER IN SLABS AND BEAMS

%ll slabs and beams more than : metres in span shall be

laid to a camber if needed# The following formula may be

used subject to the contractor verifying its applicabilityK

8?


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COMPACTION OF CONCRETE

The concrete shall be compacted to produce a dense

homogeneous mass with the assistance of vibrators# %

:@mm diameter internal vibrator shall be deemedcapable of compacting 7@m8 Rhr# Internal vibrators shall

be capable of producing not less than 6@+@@@ cycles per

minute#

CURING OF CONCRETE

Immediately after compaction and for 69 daysthereafter+ concrete shall be protected from the harmful

eOects of weather+ including rain and rapid temperature

changes and from drying out# The method of curing will

minimiHe the loss of moisture from the concrete#

5ATER FOR CONCRETE

? ater shall be clean and free from salt and other

impurities#

? ater used for mixing and curing of concrete shall have a

p)

value in the basic range of < to ?#

? The soluble solids shall not exceed the following limitsK

a. Total dissolved solids 7@@@mgRl

b. Chlorides B'aClD


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than :@ C nor more than 7:@ C#

9@


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Q,(li! A**,$('e

!esign and construction shall be executed and supervised

by fully

EualiAed and experienced personnel in similar

nature of works# Contractor shall assume and take

upon himself to

? !esign+ construct+ erect+ maintain and struck form

work

proprietary or custom made#

? "orm work shall provide reEuired

1. (hape+ siHe and Anish

2. *igidity and durability during placing Blive levelsD

3. *igidity and durability for receiving freshconcrete

4. Leak proof water tight jointsRjunctions

5. -asy removal without disturbing concrete

6.$rovide easy access for handing and placing

? "orm work shall provide safety and shall have adeEuate

access for

concreting

? orkers shall work with reEuired safety measures such as

safety

belts+ helmet+ etc#

E@-e$ie'e

? (ite supervisors and foremen EualiAed and experienced

atleast

Ave years on similar nature of form work

? (emiskilled labour shall be of minimum experience of Ave

years


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in doing similar nature of form work

96


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M(!e$i(l

Construction formwork with smooth faced plywood to

produce smooth straight level and sharp proAles shall be

used for the works# )oriHontal and vertical straight linesshould follow the approved pattern#

S'%-e %/ %$


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R%(# R%lle$: 9

It is used to compact soil+ concrete in the

construction of roads or foundations# It is also used in

land Alling#

Types of rollersK

? 4ibrating roller for sand#

? (heepfoot roller for cohesive soil#

? $lain drum roller for normal soil#

? $neumatic tyre roller used for clay#

C$(e*: 9

% crane is a tower or derrick that is eEuipped with

cables and pulleys that are used to lift and lower

materials# They are commonly used in the construction

industry and in the manufacturing of heavy

eEuipment# Cranes used in construction are normallytemporary

structures+ either Axed to ground or mounted on purpose

built vehicle# !iOerent types of cranes areK

? Mobile cranes? Telescopic cranes

? Tower cranes

? Truck Mounted cranes

? *ough Terrain cranes

? Loader Cranes

? 0verhead cranes


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9?


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CONCRETE

Concrete is a composite material composed of water+ Aneaggregates and coarse aggregates embedded in a hard

matrix of material that Alls the spacing among the

aggregates particles and gives them together#

I+$e#ie!* %/ '%'$e!eK

? ater

? Cement? %ggregates (and+ 'atural gravel+ Crushed stone

? Chemical %dmixtures

? %ccelerators -g# Calcium chloride

? *etarders -g# (ugar+ 5lucose

? %ir -ntrainment -g# %luminium oxide

? $lasticiHers -g# %cetone formaldehyde

condensate#? $igments -g# Iron oxide#

? Corrosion inhibitors-g# MCI7@77 B mixture of amine

carboxylates and amino alcohols#D

? ,onding agents -g# 'ito bond (,*

? $umping aids -g# (lurry

? Mineral admixtures

?

"ly ash B6:S to 8:S of weight of cementD? 5round granulated blast furnace B9@S to =@S of

weight of

cementD

? (ilica fume increases strength and durability#


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:@


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Me!)%#* %/ '%'$e!i+

? $ump and wheel barrow#

?

Tower crane and slip bucket#? $ump and pipeline#

E=,i-"e!* U*e# K

? H%i*!K !evice used for lifting or lowering a load by means

of a drum

or left wheel around which rope or chain wraps#

It may be manually operated+ electrically and may be

using chain or wire rope as its lifting medium# It is

attached by means of lifting hook#

A#(!(+e*

? Inexpensive

? -asy to use

Di*(#(!(+e*

? Care should be taken while using it+ if it falls+ it could be

very

dangerous#


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:6


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? C),!eK It allows rapid transport of items from the

upper Joors

to a lower Joor or basement#

They may be sEuare+ round or rectangular at

the top and bottom#

A#(!(+e*:

? -asy to use#

? -asy to erect#

? $rovide access in accessible#Di*(#(!(+e*:

? *eEuires extra labour and support#

? C%e%$ 3el! K It is used to transfer concrete

horiHontally and

limited distance vertically#

A#(!(+e*

? Inexpensive as compared to cranes#

? 3sed in areas like tunnels due to less space#

Di*(#(!(+e*

? ,elts need initial higher tension#

? Loading and transfer points need to be properly

designed#

? Conveying of sticky materials create discharge of

causing

and discharge of causing poor conductivity#


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:7


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? C%'$e!e -,"- K It is a machine used to transfer

concrete by

pumping concrete into pipes#

A#(!(+e*? It is fast in transporting and saves money as less

labour is

reEuired#

? Improved concrete#

Di*(#(!(+e*

? Takes time to set and dismental#

? -xpensive as compared to conveyor belt#

? T$%lle i!) $(il* K It is used to transfer goods from one

place to

another by a given path to rail decided from before#

? T%e$ '$(e* K It is used to carry from one place to

another using abucket#

A#(!(+e*

? -asy to maintain#

? 'o noise#

? )igh performance#


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:8


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? -asy installation#

Di*(#(!(+e*

? -xpensive as used in large projects#

? 'eeds a wireless communication like walky talky#

? $ower supply is reEuired#

? Pl('e$ 3%%" K It is mounted on 9 legged chassis has a 8

section

hydraulic boom# It is provided with sophisticated

remote control system#

A#(!(+e*

? "aster pours#

? Less manpower#

? Less crane usage#

? Increased site safety#

Di*(#(!(+e*

? $roper planning is reEuired#

? Maintenance is also reEuired Bcleaning after

every

operationD#

:9


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CHAPTER 11 : SLABS

% concrete slab is a common structural element ofmodern building# )oriHontal slabs of steel reinforced

concrete are most often used to construct Joors and

ceilings#

The concrete slabs are built on the building site using

formworkinto which the concrete when wet is poured# The

formwork is commonly built from wooden planks and

boards+ steel or plastic# If the slab is to be reinforced+ the

reinforced bars are positioned within the formwork before

the concrete is poured in# $lastic tipped metal or plastic

bar chairs are used to hold the reinforcing bar away from

the bottom and sides of the formwork+ so that when the

concrete sets it completely envelopes the reinforcement#

? "or a ground slab+ the formwork may consist of sidewalls

pushed

into the ground#

? "or a suspended slab+ the formwork is shaped like a

tray+supported by a temporary scaOold until the concrete sets#


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::


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Oe95( Sl(3

? % oneway slab is used in a rectangular slab+ supported

only on

two opposite edges with long beam spans and shorterslab spans#

? hen a rectangular slab is supported on all the four edges

and

the length to breadth ratio is eEual to or greater than two#

? The slab spans in the direction parallel to the shorter

edge#? Main reinforcement

is provided in

only one direction

because

there is huge

diOerence

in lengths+

thus load is nottransferred

to the shorter

beams#


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:


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T% 5( Sl(3

? hen a rectangular slab is supported on all the four edges

andthe length to breadth ratio is less than two+ it isconsidered to be a two way slab#

? The slab spans in both the orthogonal directions#

? Thus+ main reinforcement is provided in both directions for

two

way slabs#

*ectangular twoway slabs can be divided into the following

typesK

? Fl(! -l(!e* K These slabs do not have beams

between the

columns+ drop panels or column capitals#

? Fl(! *l(3* K These slabs do not have beams but have

drop panels

or column capitals#

? T%9( *l(3* i!) 3e("* K There are beams


102/110

between the

columns# If the beams are wide and shallow+ they are

termedas band beams#

:=


103/110

Fl(! Pl(!e*

? % Jat plate Joor is a twoway slab with no supporting

beams+ onlycolumns#

? The slab has smooth under surfaces without column

capitals or

drop panels#

? It is suitable for light loads associated with apartment

construction and can be economically used for spans upto


104/110

? "lat slab with column head#

? "lat slab with both drop panel and column head#

:>


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106/110

:?


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G$(#e Sl(3

? It is a Jat concrete structure built on top of the soil at

ground

level#

? It doesnGt reEuire support from underground footers and

acts as

the foundation for the building and provides a stable

base for the building#

? The perimeter of the grade slab is often slightly thicker

than the

rest of the surface# It acts a mini footer and helps todistribute the exterior walls more evenly across the

soil#

? It is poured as a single unit and allowed to dry slowly for

several

days to minimiHe cracking and maximiHe strength and

durability#


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CONCLUSION

It was a wonderful learning experience at L&T

ConstructionGs site of !L" The Crest project for a period

of 9 weeks in 5urgaon# I was given exposure in almost

all the departments at the site# Lab experiments

performed at site also helped me to understand the

deviation from the standard condition and how to tackle

with practical situation# It was a nice experience to come

across the true working atmosphere# I would like to thank

everyone at the site who shared their knowledge and

helped me in summer training# I hope this experience will

surely help me in my future and also in shaping my career#


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dlf the crest l&t

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