dko; [kamncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/jhks101.pdf · pkgfr gqrha xqgkfj ftr¯g rsa] mr rsa èkkj cgha...

9
dkO; [kaM ân; fla/q efr lhi lekukA Lokfr lkjnk dgfga lqtkukA tks cj"kb cj ckfj fopk:A gksafg dfor eqDrkefu pk:AA & rqylhnkl 2020-21

Upload: others

Post on 24-Jul-2020

3 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: dkO; [kaMncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/jhks101.pdf · pkgfr gqrha xqgkfj ftr¯g rSa] mr rSa èkkj cghA ^lwjnkl* vc èkhj èkj¯g D;kSa] ejtknk u yghAA (3) gekjSa gfj gkfjy dh ydjhA eu

dkO; [kaM

ân; fla/q efr lhi lekukA

Lokfr lkjnk dgfga lqtkukA

tks cj"kb cj ckfj fopk:A

gksafg dfor eqDrkefu pk:AA

& rqylhnkl

2020-21

Page 2: dkO; [kaMncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/jhks101.pdf · pkgfr gqrha xqgkfj ftr¯g rSa] mr rSa èkkj cghA ^lwjnkl* vc èkhj èkj¯g D;kSa] ejtknk u yghAA (3) gekjSa gfj gkfjy dh ydjhA eu

lu~ 1857 osQ ckxh lSfudksa dk dkSeh xhr

ge gSa blosQ ekfyd ¯gnqLrku gekjkikd oru gS dkSe dk tUur ls Hkh I;kjk;s gS gekjh fefYd;r ¯gnqLrku gekjkbldh :gkfu;r ls jks'ku gS tx lkjkfdruh dnhe fdruk ubZe] lc nqfu;k ls U;kjkdjrh gS tj[ks”k ftls xaxks&tequ dh /kjkmQij cI+kQhZyk ioZr igjsnkj gekjkuhps lkfgy ij ctrk] lkxj dk uDdkjkbldh [kkusa mxy jgha lksuk ghjk ikjkbldh 'kku&'kkSdr dk nqfu;k esa t;dkjkvk;k fiQjaxh nwj ls ,slk earj ekjkywVk nksuksa gkFk ls I;kjk oru gekjkvkt 'kghnksa us gS rqedks vgys oru yydkjkrksM+ks xqykeh dh ”kathjsa cjlkvks vaxkjk¯gnw eqlyeka fl[k gekjk HkkbZ HkkbZ I;kjk;g gS vktknh dk >aMk bls lyke gekjkAA

18571857 tax&,&vk”kknh osQ 'kghnksa dks lyke

2020-21

Page 3: dkO; [kaMncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/jhks101.pdf · pkgfr gqrha xqgkfj ftr¯g rSa] mr rSa èkkj cghA ^lwjnkl* vc èkhj èkj¯g D;kSa] ejtknk u yghAA (3) gekjSa gfj gkfjy dh ydjhA eu

lwjnkl dk tUe lu~ 1478 esa ekuk tkrk gSA ,d ekU;rkosQ vuqlkj mudk tUe eFkqjk osQ fudV jQudrk ;k

js.kqdk {ks=k esa gqvk tcfd nwljh ekU;rk osQ vuqlkj mudktUe&LFkku fnYyh osQ ikl lhgh ekuk tkrk gSA egkizHkqoYyHkkpk;Z osQ f'k"; lwjnkl v"VNki osQ dfo;ksa esa lokZfèkdizfl¼ gSaA os eFkqjk vkSj oankou osQ chp xmQ?kkV ij jgrsFks vkSj JhukFk th osQ eafnj esa Hktu&dhrZu djrs FksA lu~1583 esa ikjlkSyh esa mudk fuèku gqvkA

muosQ rhu xzaFkksa lwjlkxj] lkfgR; ygjh vkSj lwjlkjkoyh esa lwjlkxj gh lokZfèkd yksdfiz; gqvkA [ksrhvkSj i'kqikyu okys Hkkjrh; lekt dk nSfud varjax fp=kvkSj euq"; dh LokHkkfod o`fÙk;ksa dk fp=k.k lwj dh dforkesa feyrk gSA lwj ^okRlY;* vkSj ^ Ük`axkj* osQ Js"B dfoekus tkrs gSaA Ñ".k vkSj xksfi;ksa dk izse lgt ekuoh; izsedh izfr"Bk djrk gSA lwj us ekuo izse dh xkSjoxkFkk osQekè;e ls lkekU; euq";ksa dks ghurk cksèk ls eqDr fd;k]muesa thus dh yyd iSnk dhA

mudh dfork esa cztHkk"kk dk fu[kjk gqvk :i gSA ogpyh vk jgh yksdxhrksa dh ijaijk dh gh Js"B dM+h gSA

lwjnkl1

2020-21

Page 4: dkO; [kaMncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/jhks101.pdf · pkgfr gqrha xqgkfj ftr¯g rSa] mr rSa èkkj cghA ^lwjnkl* vc èkhj èkj¯g D;kSa] ejtknk u yghAA (3) gekjSa gfj gkfjy dh ydjhA eu

f{kfrt

4

;gk¡ lwjlkxj osQ Hkzejxhr ls pkj in fy, x, gSaA Ñ".k us eFkqjk tkus osQ cknLo;a u ykSVdj m¼o osQ tfj, xksfi;ksa osQ ikl lans'k Hkstk FkkA m¼o us fuxZq.kczã ,oa ;ksx dk mins'k nsdj xksfi;ksa dh fojg osnuk dks 'kkar djus dk iz;klfd;kA xksfi;k¡ Kku ekxZ dh ctk; izse ekxZ dks ilan djrh FkhaA bl dkj.k mUgsam¼o dk 'kq"d lans'k ilan ugha vk;kA rHkh ogk¡ ,d HkkSajk vk igq¡pkA ;gha lsHkzejxhr dk izkjaHk gksrk gSA xksfi;ksa us Hkzej osQ cgkus m¼o ij O;aX; ck.k NksM+sAigys in esa xksfi;ksa dh ;g f'kdk;r okf”kc yxrh gS fd ;fn m¼o dHkh LusgosQ èkkxs ls c¡èks gksrs rks os fojg dh osnuk dks vuqHkwr vo'; dj ikrsA nwljs inesa xksfi;ksa dh ;g LohdkjksfDr fd muosQ eu dh vfHkyk"kk,¡ eu esa gh jg xb±]Ñ".k osQ izfr muosQ izse dh xgjkbZ dks vfHkO;Dr djrh gSA rhljs in esa os m¼odh ;ksx lkèkuk dks dM+oh ddM+h tSlk crkdj vius ,dfu"B izse esa n`<+ fo'oklizdV djrh gSaA pkSFks in esa m¼o dks rkuk ekjrh gSa fd o`Q".k us vc jktuhfri<+ yh gSA var esa xksfi;ksa }kjk m¼o dks jktèkeZ (iztk dk fgr) ;kn fnyk;k tkuklwjnkl dh yksdèkfeZrk dks n'kkZrk gSA

2020-21

Page 5: dkO; [kaMncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/jhks101.pdf · pkgfr gqrha xqgkfj ftr¯g rSa] mr rSa èkkj cghA ^lwjnkl* vc èkhj èkj¯g D;kSa] ejtknk u yghAA (3) gekjSa gfj gkfjy dh ydjhA eu

lwjnkl

5

in

(1)

ÅèkkS] rqe gkS vfr cM+HkkxhAvijl jgr lusg rxk rS a] ukfgu eu vuqjkxhAiqjbfu ikr jgr ty Hkhrj] rk jl nsg u nkxhAT;kSa ty ekg¡ rsy dh xkxfj] cw¡n u rkdkSa ykxhAizhfr&unh eSa ikm¡ u cksjÔkS] n`f"V u :i ijkxhA^lwjnkl* vcyk ge Hkksjh] xqj pk¡Vh T;kSa ikxhAA

2020-21

Page 6: dkO; [kaMncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/jhks101.pdf · pkgfr gqrha xqgkfj ftr¯g rSa] mr rSa èkkj cghA ^lwjnkl* vc èkhj èkj¯g D;kSa] ejtknk u yghAA (3) gekjSa gfj gkfjy dh ydjhA eu

f{kfrt

6

(2)

eu dh eu gh ek¡> jghAdfg, tkb dkSu iS ÅèkkS] ukgha ijr dghAvofèk vèkkj vkl vkou dh] ru eu fcFkk lghAvc bu tksx l¡nslfu lqfu&lqfu] fcjfgfu fcjg nghApkgfr gqrha xqgkfj ftr¯g rSa] mr rSa èkkj cghA^lwjnkl* vc èkhj èkj¯g D;kSa] ejtknk u yghAA

(3)

gekjSa gfj gkfjy dh ydjhAeu Øe cpu uan&uanu mj] ;g n`<+ dfj idjhAtkxr lksor LoIu fnol&fufl] dkUg&dkUg td jhAlqur tksx ykxr gS ,slkS] T;kSa d#bZ ddjhAlq rkS C;kfèk gedkSa yS vk,] ns[kh lquh u djhA;g rkS ^lwj* fru¯g yS lkSaikS] ftuosQ eu pdjhAA

(4)

gfj gSa jktuhfr if<+ vk,Aleq>h ckr dgr eèkqdj osQ] lekpkj lc ik,Abd vfr prqj gqrs ifgySa gh] vc xq# xzaFk i<+k,Ac<+h cqf¼ tkuh tks mudh] tksx&l¡nsl iBk,AÅèkkS Hkys yksx vkxs osQ] ij fgr Mksyr èkk,Avc viuS eu isQj ikbgSa] pyr tq gqrs pqjk,Ars D;kSa vuhfr djSa vkiqu] ts vkSj vuhfr NqM+k,Ajkt èkje rkS ;gS ^lwj*] tks iztk u tk¯g lrk,AA

2020-21

Page 7: dkO; [kaMncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/jhks101.pdf · pkgfr gqrha xqgkfj ftr¯g rSa] mr rSa èkkj cghA ^lwjnkl* vc èkhj èkj¯g D;kSa] ejtknk u yghAA (3) gekjSa gfj gkfjy dh ydjhA eu

lwjnkl

7

iz'u&vH;kl

1- xksfi;ksa }kjk m¼o dks HkkX;oku dgus esa D;k O;aX; fufgr gS\

2- m¼o osQ O;ogkj dh rqyuk fdl&fdl ls dh xbZ gS\

3- xksfi;ksa us fdu&fdu mnkgj.kksa osQ ekè;e ls m¼o dks mykgus fn, gSa\

4- m¼o }kjk fn, x, ;ksx osQ lans'k us xksfi;ksa dh fojgkfXu esa ?kh dk dke oSQls fd;k\

5- ^ejtknk u ygh* osQ ekè;e ls dkSu&lh e;kZnk u jgus dh ckr dh tk jgh gS\

6- o`Q".k osQ izfr vius vUkU; izse dks xksfi;ksa us fdl izdkj vfHkO;Dr fd;k gS\

7- xksfi;ksa us m¼o ls ;ksx dh f'k{kk oSQls yksxksa dks nsus dh ckr dgh gS\

8- izLrqr inksa osQ vkèkkj ij xksfi;ksa dk ;ksx&lk/uk osQ izfr n`f"Vdks.k Li"V djsaA

9- xksfi;ksa osQ vuqlkj jktk dk èkeZ D;k gksuk pkfg,\

10- xksfi;ksa dks o`Q".k esa ,sls dkSu&ls ifjorZu fn[kkbZ fn, ftuosQ dkj.k os viuk eu okil ik ysus dh ckrdgrh gSa\

11- xksfi;ksa us vius oko~Qpkrq;Z osQ vkèkkj ij Kkuh m¼o dks ijkLr dj fn;k] muosQ oko~Qpkrq;ZZ dh fo'ks"krk,¡fyf[k,\

12- ladfyr inksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, lwj osQ Hkzejxhr dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb,\

jpuk vkSj vfHkO;fDr

13- xksfi;ksa us m¼o osQ lkeus rjg&rjg osQ roZQ fn, gSa] vki viuh dYiuk ls vkSj roZQ nhft,A

14- m¼o Kkuh Fks] uhfr dh ckrsa tkurs Fks_ xksfi;ksa osQ ikl ,slh dkSu&lh 'kfDr Fkh tks muosQ oko~Qpkrq;Zesa eq[kfjr gks mBh\

15- xksfi;ksa us ;g D;ksa dgk fd gfj vc jktuhfr i<+ vk, gSa\ D;k vkidks xksfi;ksa osQ bl dFku dk foLrkjledkyhu jktuhfr esa u”kj vkrk gS] Li"V dhft,A

ikBsrj lfozQ;rk

� izLrqr inksa dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk gS xksfi;ksa dh okfXonXèkrk*A vkius ,sls vkSj pfj=kksa osQ ckjsesa i<+k ;k lquk gksxk ftUgksaus vius oko~Qpkrq;Z osQ vkèkkj ij viuh ,d fof'k"V igpku cukbZ_tSlsµchjcy] rsukyhjke] xksikyHkk¡M] eqYyk ulh#íhu vkfnA vius fdlh euilan pfj=k osQ oqQNfdLls ladfyr dj ,d vyce rS;kj djsaA

� lwj jfpr vius fiz; inksa dks y; o rky osQ lkFk xk,¡A

2020-21

Page 8: dkO; [kaMncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/jhks101.pdf · pkgfr gqrha xqgkfj ftr¯g rSa] mr rSa èkkj cghA ^lwjnkl* vc èkhj èkj¯g D;kSa] ejtknk u yghAA (3) gekjSa gfj gkfjy dh ydjhA eu

f{kfrt

8

'kCn&laink

cM+Hkkxh & HkkX;okuvijl & vfyIr] uhjl] vNwrkrxk & /kxk] caèkuiqjbfu ikr & dey dk iÙkknkxh & nkx] /Cckekg¡ & esaizhfr&unh & izse dh unhikm¡ & iSjcksjÔkS & Mqcks;kijkxh & eqX/ gksukxqj pk¡Vh T;kSa ikxh & ftl izdkj phaVh xqM+ esa fyiVrh gS] mlh izdkj ge Hkh o`Q".k osQ

izse esa vuqjDr gSavèkkj & vkèkkjvkou & vkxeufcFkk & O;Fkkfcjfgfu & fo;ksx esa thus okyhfcjg ngh & fojg dh vkx esa ty jgh gSagqrha & Fkhaxqgkfj & j{kk osQ fy, iqdkjukftr¯g rSa & tgk¡ lsmr & mèkj] ogk¡/kj & ;ksx dh izcy /kjkèkhj & èkS;Zejtknk & e;kZnk] izfr"Bku ygh & ugha jgh] ugha j[khgkfjy & gkfjy ,d i{kh gS tks vius iSjkas esa lnSo ,d ydM+h fy, jgrk

gS] mls NksM+rk ugha gSuan&uanu mj---idjh & uan osQ uanu Ñ".k dks geus Hkh vius ân; esa clkdj dldj idM+k

gqvk gStd jh & jVrh jgrh gSalq & ogC;kfèk & jksx] ihM+k igq¡pkus okyh oLrqdjh & Hkksxk

2020-21

Page 9: dkO; [kaMncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/jhks101.pdf · pkgfr gqrha xqgkfj ftr¯g rSa] mr rSa èkkj cghA ^lwjnkl* vc èkhj èkj¯g D;kSa] ejtknk u yghAA (3) gekjSa gfj gkfjy dh ydjhA eu

lwjnkl

9

fru¯g & mudkseu pdjh & ftudk eu fLFkj ugha jgrkeèkqdj & HkkSajk] m¼o osQ fy, xksfi;ksa }kjk iz;qDr lacks/ugqrs & FksiBk, & Hkstkvkxs osQ & igys osQij fgr & nwljksa osQ dY;k.k osQ fy,Mksyr èkk, & ?kwers&fiQjrs FksisQj & fiQj lsikbgSa & ik ysaxhvuhfr & vU;k;

;g Hkh tkusa

gkfjy % ;g ihyh Vk¡xksa okyk gjs jax dk dcwrj dh tkfr dk i{kh gS ftls gfj;y] gkjhr (laLd`r)] dkWeuxzhu fi”ku (vaxzs”kh) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g i{kh Hkkjr esa ?kus isM+ksa okys {ks=kksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA gkfjy dh

ydM+h* yksd esa eqgkojs osQ :i esa çpfyr gSA

2020-21