dkl lect 1. intro

8/8/2019 Dkl Lect 1. Intro

1/23

Page 1

1. INTRODUCTION

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

2010 by Yusniar Hanani D, STP, MKes


2/23

Page 2

The environment is not something out there

We eat the environment

We drink the environment

We breath the environment

We cannot destroy the environment without

destroying ourselves

Denis Hayes (2002)


3/23

Page 3

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1.Mampu menjelaskan bagaimana masalahkesehatan lingkungan dapat mempengaruhihidup kita

2.Mampu menjelaskan dampak potensialpertumbuhan populasi terhadap lingkungan

3.Mampu mendefinisikan kesehatan

lingkungan4.Mampu menyebutkan minimal 5 isu pentingdalam sejarah kesehatan lingkungan

5.Mampu mengidentifikasi isu-isu penting

kesehatan lingkungan


4/23

Page 4

PEMELIHARAAN KUALITAS LINGKUNGANMERUPAKAN TUGAS UTAMA YANG MENDESAKDI ABAD 21

HEALTHY PEOPLE 2010 (US Gov.)Number 8 Environmental Health :

Promote Health for All througha Healthy Environment


5/23

Page 5

Ligkungan fisik dan sosial memainkan peran penting bagi

kesehatan individu dan masyarakat. Lingkungan fisik

mencakup udara, air dan tanah dimana paparan oleh agen-

agen kimia, biologis dan fisik kemungkingan terjadi.

Lingkungan sosial meliputi perumahan, transportasi,

perkembangan daerah perkotaan, penggunaan lahan,

kegiatan industri dan pertanian, dan akibat paparan seperti

stress akibat kerja, kecelakaan dan kekerasan

Berdasarkan Healthy People 2010 :


6/23

Page 6

Masyarakat Indonesia di masa depan yang ingin dicapai

melalui pembangunan kesehatan adalah masyarakat,

bangsa dan negara yang ditandai oleh penduduknyahidup dalam lingkungan dan dengan perilaku yang sehat,

memiliki kemampuan untuk menjangkau pelayanan

kesehatan yang bermutu secara adil dan merata, sertamemiliki derajat kesehatan yang setinggi-tingginya

diseluruh wilayah Republik Indonesia.

Visi Indonesia Sehat 2010 (Dep.Kes ,1999)


7/23

Page 7

menciptakan lingkungan yang udaranya aman

untuk dihirup, airnya aman untuk diminum dan

tanahnya baik untuk ditanami dan bebas dari

racun, limbah dikelola secara efektif, penyakit

infeksi dikendalikan dan habitat alami terpelihara

Melindungi lingkungan


8/23

Page 8

the three Ps : pollution, population and poverty

are principal determinants of health worldwide

kesehatan lingkungan

(Winkelstein, W. Determinants of worldwide health. Am.J.Public Health,1992; 82: 931-932)


9/23

Page 9

SIGNIFIKANSI LINGKUNGAN TERHADAP KESEHATANMANUSIA

estimasi menyatakan bahwa biaya

yang disebabkan oleh kematian

karena faktor-faktor lingkungan di

seluruh dunia 40%


10/23

Page 10

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK TRANSITION

Transisi risiko lingkungan digunakan untuk

mendeskripsikan perubahan-perubahan

risiko lIngkungan yang terjadi sebagai

suatu konsekuensi dari pertumbuhan

ekonomi di bagian dunia yang kurang

maju.


11/23

Page 11

Pada masyarakat miskin, risiko rumah tangga yang disebabkan olehkualitas makanan, udara dan air yang buruk cenderung mendominasi.Risiko utama yang ada di negara berkembang saat ini didominasioleh jenis ini; diare yang diakibatkan oleh hygiene / sanitasi/air yang

buruk, penyakit saluran pernafasan akut karena perumahan yangburuk dan kualitas udara dalam ruang yang disebabkan bahan bakarrumah tangga berkualitas rendah, dan malaria yang juga disebabkanoleh kualitas rumah yang tidak memenuhi syarat kesehatan,meskipun semua itu juga dipengaruhi oleh factor-faktor lain (contoh :

malnutrisi). Selain itu, tren baru juga terjadi dalam skala regional danglobal dengan adanya polutan jangka panjang dan dalam jangkauanyang luas, seperti pemicu hujan asam, bahan kimia penyebabberlubangnya lapisan ozon dan gas-gas rumah kaca.

KARAKTERISTIK TRANSISI RISIKO LINGKUNGAN


12/23

Page 12

HOMO SAPIENS A SUICIDAL SPECIES ?

Largely as a result of human action, profoundchanges are occurring in our environment The

basic cause of almost all of these problems is theworlds large ang growing human population, whichconsume so much energy and produces such largequantities of toxic wastes Environmental

changes, if accompanied by economic and political

instability, could lead to the collapse of theorganized health services. In an era of scarcities offood, water and other resources, and of a threat tosurvival, priorities should be reassessed


13/23

Page 13


14/23

Page 14

DEFINISI LINGKUNGAN :

From the standpoint of the human body, there are twoenvironments: the one within the body and the one outside it.

Separating them are three principal protective barriers: the skin,which protects the body from contaminants outside the body;the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which protects the inner bodyfrom contaminants that have been ingested; and themembranes within the lungs, which protect the inner body fromcontaminants that have been inhaled (Figure 1.2, Table 1.1).


15/23

Page 15

peoples personal environment, the one over

which they have control, is contrasted with the workingor ambient (outdoor) environment, over which theymay have essentially no Control.

PERSONAL VS AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT


16/23

Page 16

THE GASEOUS, LIQUID & SOLID ENVIRONMENTS

The environment can also be considered as existing in oneof three formsgaseous, liquid, or solid. Each of these is

subject to pollution, and people interact with all of them


17/23

Page 17


18/23

Page 18

the chemical, biological, physical, andsocioeconomic environments

1. Chemical constituents and contaminantsincludetoxic wastes andpesticides in the generalenvironment, chemicals used in the home and inindustrial operations, and preservatives used infoods

2. Biological contaminantsinclude various disease

organisms that maybe present in food and water,those that can be transmitted by insects and animals, and those that can be transmitted by person-to-person contact.


19/23

Page 19

3. Physical factors that influence health and well-beingrange from injuriesand deaths caused by accidents toexcessive noise, heat, and cold and to the harmful

effects of ionizing and nonionizing radiation

4. Socioeconomic factors, though perhaps moredifficult to measure andevaluate, significantly affectpeoples lives and health. Statistics demonstrate

compelling relationships between morbidity and mortalityand socioeconomic status. People who live ineconomically depressed neighborhoods are less healthythan those who live in more affluent areas.


20/23

Page 20

URBAN ENVIRONMENT

about half of the worlds population lives in

urban centers this is projected to increase to 60 percent

within the next 20 years, with a major share ofthe change occurring within the less developedcountries (Bugliarello, 2001).

Unfortunately, the quality of life in citiesthroughout the world has been declining


21/23

Page 21

DEFINISI KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN

the control of all those factors in man s physical

environment which exercise or may exercise a

deleterious effect on his physical development,health and survival

the branch of public health that is concernedwith all aspects of the natural and builtenvironment that may affect human health


22/23

Page 22

It also refers to the theory and practiceof assessing and controlling factors inthe environment that can potentially

affect health


23/23

Page 23

REFERENSI

Friis, R.H. 2007. Essentials of Environmental Health. Jones andBartlett Pub., Massachusetts.

Moeller, D.W. , 2005. Environmental Health. Harvard University

Press, London.

dkl lect 1. intro

Documents