d.k. lauer
DESCRIPTION
Timing of Site Preparation and Post-Plant Weed Control to Optimize Pine Growth Integration of research results from three region-wide studies. D.K. Lauer. South US Timber Types Percent of 201 Million Acres From: Wear and Greis 2002. Southern Forest Resource Assessment. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Silvics Analytic
Timing of Site Preparation and Post-Plant Weed Control to
Optimize Pine Growth
Integration of research results from
three region-wide studies
D.K. Lauer
Silvics Analytic
South US Timber TypesPercent of 201 Million Acres
From: Wear and Greis 2002. Southern Forest Resource Assessment
15%
Pine plantation
Natural Pine
Mixed Oak-Pine
Upland Hardwood
Lowland Hardwood
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Associated Vegetation Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) range
Southeast U.S.
• 490 species estimated across just 13 pine plantation study sites (Miller et al. 2003)
• 68 species of trees• 33 species/genera of shrubs• 140 genera of herbaceous and others
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2 Major FindingsVegetation Control
Strategy
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Early benefits of herb control can be negated by woody vegetation!
(from Miller et al. 2003 SJAF)
Age 15 merchantable volume
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Vo
lum
e (
ft3 a
c-1)
Herb Herb ControlControl
Herb + Herb + WoodyWoodyControlControl
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Can double production by eliminating competing vegetation!
(from Miller et al. 2003 SJAF)
Age 15 Merchantable Volume
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Vo
lum
e (f
t3 a
c-1)
None
Herb Control
Woody Control
Herb+Woody Control
GOAL
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Operational Strategy• Chemical site prep
• Control arborescent woody• Control woody shrubs• Provide initial herbaceous control
• Post-plant Herbaceous weed control• Extend herbaceous control
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2001 and 2002 BASF Study Locations
4 Chopper Timing with Bedding
5 LCP HWC after Chopper Site Prep
3 UCP HWC after Chopper Site Prep
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Chopper TimingHistorical Use Guidelines
• Chopper + triclopyr targeted for later season:• Perception of enhanced performance• Perception of improved residual control
• Timing relative to bedding• Apply at least 4 weeks before• Wait for good re-growth after bedding
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Chopper Timing - Results New Guidelines Relate to
• When bedding is done
• When applications are made
• Application timing
• Season of application
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Study Series 2001-1Chopper Timing with Bedding
4 Locations
• 48 oz Chopper + 1 or 2 pints Garlon 4 + 5 qt MSO
• No post-plant HWC
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Chopper Timing with Bedding Series
• Mid-season or late-season bedding
• Applications before and after bedding
After BedBefore Bed
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Acknowledgements
• Study sites and operational bedding provided by: • Boise Cascade• Foley Timber and Land Company• Plum Creek Timber Company• Rayonier
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• Locations– Oakdale, LA (Caddo-P to MW Silt-loam)– Whiteville, NC (Torhunta-VP to P Sandy-loam)– Yulee, FL (Goldhead-P sand w/clay loam subsoil)– Tennille, FL (Leon-P fine sand)
• Common Species– Maples, sweetgum, bays, waxmyrtle, herbs– Gallberry, redroot, grasses– Blackberry
Study Sites
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Mid-Season Bedding
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Mid-season Bed - Application Timeline
0
1
2
3
4
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Day of year
Lo
cati
on
Before Bed After
Feb 24 May 23 July 25 Nov 6
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Chopper Application Timing Mid-season bedding
Vegetation - June of 1st growing season
0
20
40
60
80
100
Untreat
ed
Befor
e M
ar 2
AprilM
ay
June-
July
0 day
s af
ter
1-2
wks
afte
r
3-6
wks
afte
r
7-9
wks
afte
r
> 9
wks
afte
r
Co
ver
(%) Herb
Woody
--- Before Bed --- ------- After Bed -------
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Yulee LocationAugust 22, 2001- Untreated Plots
11 weeks after June 7 bed 13 weeks before Nov 19 bed
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Yulee, FLNovember 6, 2001
App 1 day before June 7 bed App just hours after June 7 bed
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Tennille, FLFebruary 24 Application
February 24, 2001 August 21 – 13 weeks after bed
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Tennille, FLAugust 21, 2001
App 2 days before May 23 bedUntreated Check – May 23 bed
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Whiteville, NCJune 12 bedding
April 17 app June 12 bedding
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Oakdale, LAJune 24, 2001
June 12 application June 12 application
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Late-Season Bedding
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Late-season Bed - Application Timeline
0
1
2
3
4
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Day of year
Lo
cati
on
Before Bed After
Feb 24 May 21 Sept 27 Nov 19
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Yulee, FL - Nov 6, 2001 (Nov 19 bedding)
April 19 application June 6 application
Sept 18 application Nov 6 (frost) application
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Chopper Application Timing Late-season bedding
Vegetation - June of 1st growing season
0
20
40
60
80
100
Untreat
ed
Befor
e M
ar 2
AprilM
ay
June-
July
August
Sept
Oct
0-3
days
afte
r
Co
ve
r (%
) Herb
Woody
--------------- Before Bed ---------------
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Pine Response
Mid-Season Bedding
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Pine Volume Index (year 2)Mid-Season Bed – Sandy Soils
0.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.080.090.0
100.0
Feb-Jun 0-3 daysafter
Jun-Aug Nov Untreated(bed only)
Application timing
Vo
lum
e i
nd
ex (
in3)
----
-- B
edd
ing
----
--
44% increase
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Pine Volume Index (year 2)Fine Textured Soils – Mid Season Bed
0.02.04.06.08.0
10.012.014.016.018.020.0
Mar-Julbefore bed
0-2 wks Aug-Sep Untreated(Bed only)
Vo
lum
e in
dex
(in
3)
----
-- B
edd
ing
----
--
---- After Bedding----
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Pine Response
Late-Season Bedding
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Pine Volume Index (year 2)Late-Season Bed - Sandy Soils
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
Feb-Jun Jun-Sep Oct-Nov 1-3 daysafter
Untreated(Bed Only)
Application timing
Vo
lum
e in
dex
(in
3 )
----
-- B
edd
ing
----
--
46% Increase
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Pine Volume Index (year 2)Fine Textured Soils – Late Season Bed
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
Mar-Jul Aug-Oct 0-3 wks afterbed
Untreated(Bed Only)
Vo
lum
e in
dex
(in
3)
----
Bed
din
g --
--
------- Before Bed ------
25% increase
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Optimal Chopper TimingMid-Season Bed
• June through September at least 3 weeks after bedding
• February up to the day before bedding
• Wait for target species to leaf out.
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Optimal Chopper TimingLate-Season Bed
• February through July
• Wait for target species to leaf out
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Herbaceous Weed Control Timing
After Chopper Site Prep
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HWC after Chopper Site Prep LCP Studies
• Chopper™ Site Prep Rate• 32, 48, 64 oz per acre
• Site Prep Date• July-August• October-November
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HWC after Chopper Site Prep LCP
• Herbaceous weed control with Arsenal™ AC (4 oz)+ sulfometuron (2oz)
1) None
2) 1st March
3) 1st June
4) 2nd March
5) 1st March + 2nd March
6) 1st June + 2nd March
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Post-plant herbaceous control following Chopper Site prep
• Two timings and three rates of Chopper Site Prep• Different timings of post-plant herbaceous weed
control
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Pine response to HWC after Chopper Site Prep
Basic Findings
• 1st year HWC more important than 2nd year HWC
• 1st year HWC important when there is > 20% cover in June
• 1st year HWC is not important when there is less than 10% cover in June
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Pine response to HWC after Chopper Site Prep
Basic Findings (continued)
• First Year - March applications were better or similar to June applications
• 2nd year HWC increases pine response if weeds are present and controlled
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Pines Responded to Vegetation Control
High Fertility and Tillage were not Substitutes
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SI25 75 ft (23m)Year 3 Loblolly Pine Volume Index
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2X Bed 1X Bed + Chopper
Vo
lum
e i
nd
ex
(in
3) No HWC
First Year HWC
Increasing Level of Vegetation Control
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Quality Matters• Chopper was a good base for post-
plant treatments
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231 243264
334384
0
100
200
300
400
None 1-March 1-June 2-March 2X
Herbaceous Treatment Timing
Ste
m V
olu
me
Ind
ex (
in3)
June cover = 4%
Green Swamp, NCPine After Three Years
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0
20
40
60
80
100
1-June 1-August 1-October 2-June 2-October
Wee
d c
ove
r (%
)
No HWC Yr 2 March HWC
Green Swamp, NCImpact of Year 2 March HWC
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August 2 2002
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End of 3rd growing season
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122
225
188152
259
0
100
200
300
None 1-March 1-June 2-March 2X
Herbaceous Treatment Timing
Ste
m V
olu
me
Ind
ex (
in3)
June cover = 27%
Oakdale, LAPine After Three Years
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0
20
40
60
80
100
1-June 1-August 1-October 2-June 2-October
Wee
d c
ove
r (%
)
No HWC Yr 1 March HWC
Oakdale, LAImpact of Year 1 March HWC
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LCP Results
• Cover > 20% in June of first year• Apply HWC in first year
• anytime through June• early for best pine response
• Add a second year treatment
• Cover < 10% in June of first year• Apply HWC early in second year
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Ivan 2004
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HWC combined with Chopper Site Prep - UCP
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Chopper Site Prep Treatments UCP
• Chopper Timings• July, October 2002
• Chopper Rates• 32, 48, and 64 oz/ac
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HWC Timing UCP4 oz Arsenal + 2 oz Sulfometuron
– None 2003– None 2003 + March 2004
– March 2003 – March 2003 + March 2004
– June 2003– June 2003 + March 2004
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Herbaceous Weed Control Timing
First Year March >= First Year June
0
20
40
60
80
100
Ste
m V
olu
me (
in3)
1st Year Tmt
Alabama Arkansas Louisiana
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Herbaceous Weed Control TimingFirst Year June >= Second Year March
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Alabama Arkansas Louisiana
Ste
m V
olu
me
(in
3)
1st Year June 2nd Year March
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Herbaceous Weed Control TimingTreat 2X with High Competition Levels
0
20
40
60
80
100
March June March June March June
Ste
m V
olu
me
(in
3)
1st Year Tmt Plus 2 nd Year March
+ 34%
Alabama Arkansas Louisiana
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Barnett Crossroads, ALChopper as a good base for HWC
0102030405060708090
0 20 40 60 80 100
Average year 1 and 2 total cover (%)
Yea
r 2
pin
e vo
lum
e (i
n3)
Chopper
No Chopper
1st March or 1st March+2nd March
2nd March
No HWC
1st June or 1st June+2nd March
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Barnett Crossroads vs. Atmore COMPTotal Height - Year 2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
No Chopper Chopper Site Prep Atmore COMP
Fee
t
Check March HWC-Year 1 Max
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Barnett Crossroads vs. Atmore COMPGLD - Year 2
0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.0
No Chopper Chopper Site Prep Atmore COMP
Inch
es
Check March HWC-Year 1 Max
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Chopper Site Prep Improves Quality of 1st March Arsenal + Sulfometuron
Year 2 Pines
0 oz Chopper Site Prep 48 oz Chopper Site Prep
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Conclusions
• The historical limitations on Chopper site prep with bedding were too restrictive
• Chopper applications should be done earlier in the year than previously thought
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Conclusions
• Chopper site prep combined with the proper HWC treatment regime is a viable operational strategy to achieve yields observed in research studies