divorce and educational outcomes for children sara le roy sofie vanassche an katrien sodermans koen...
TRANSCRIPT
Divorce and educational outcomes for children
Sara Le RoySofie Vanassche
An Katrien SodermansKoen Matthijs
Family and populationCentre for Sociological research
K.U.Leuven
Introduction
• In knowledge society, education is considered as main mechanism for allocation of life chances.
• Level of education: indicator of social (in)equality.
• Social inequality on three life domains (Bourdieu, 1984): financial, social and cultural capital. These three related to each other.
• Through divorce: reduction in social and financial resources Implications for cultural resources or school performances: reduced parental involvement in school life, less help with homework, lower expectations, less educational enrichment in home environment, move to another neighbourhood, other school, …
Explanation: Structure or process?1. Structure approach: Divorce = loss of resources in the family by ‘departure’ of parent.New partner for parents: compensating effect
2. Process approachDivorce = more than a painfull loss.
= process with a lot of factors; the former conflict, the continuing conflict after divorce, the adjustment of the parents and the children, …
New partner for parents: more stress and conflicts, parents have to divide their attention between
children and the new partner so children can feel abandoned. This affects their general wellbeing and therefore can have a negative influence on their school performances.
Hypotheses
• Hypothesis 1:Due to the divorce of their parents, children in dissolved families perform lower in school compared to children in intact families.
• Hypothesis 2:There is an effect of the family type (depending on the arrival of a new partner) after divorce. From structure approach: children in new constitited families perform better in school (due to compensating effect) From process approach: children in one-parent families perform better in school.
Data and sample
• Divorce in Flanders dataset (19/07/10)• 803 resident children (still living with parent(s))• 232 (29%) children from intact families and 571 (71%) from
dissolved families• 428 (53%) boys and 375 (47%) girls • 609 (76%) still in school
- 194 (14%) in primary school- 377 (62%) in secondary school- 148 (24%) in higher education
Structure Flemish school system
2nd & 3rd gradeSecondary School
(14-18)
General
2nd + 3rd gradeSecondary school
(14-18)
Art
2nd + 3rd gradeSecondary school
(14-18)
Technical
2nd + 3rd gradeSecondary school
(14-18)
Vocational
SpecialEducation
1st grade Secondary school (12-14)A & B
Primary school (6-12)
Nursery school (2,5-6)
7th year (optional)
HIGHER EDUCATIONPhDAdvanced MasterMaster Advanced BachelorBachelor (ac) Bachelor (prof)
WORK
Consequences
Cascade careers:Expectation to aim a high level (General Education), because of possibility to re-orientate to another type of education.
Given rigidity of system: re-orientation = descendOnce changed very difficult to ‘climb up’ again.
= salmon principle
Vocational education as ‘endpoint’ in cascade career, Technical(/Art) as go-in-betweens
Consequences
When students not allowed to move on to next year because oflack on performance, two options:
• Student repeats year in same/other study option BUT in same type (level is retained).
• Student moves on to the next year BUT in another (lower) type of education (descend in level).
students that don’t want to repeat a year, can choose for second option.
= 2 different ways of dealing with study problems with very different consequences ! !
Variables
• Dependent variables (outcome variables)1. School career in secondary education, measured by:
– Repeating a grade in secondary school– Education type at start and end of secondary school– Descend to a lower type– Combination of repeating a grade and descending to lower type
2. Achieved level of education at end of school career (higher education included)Divided into three categories
- Low: diploma lower secondary education- Medium: diploma higher secondary education- High: diploma higher education
Variables
• Independent variables:Family type: Intact family: parents married Dissolved family: parents divorced
New constituted family : at least 1 residential stepparent
One-parent family: no residential stepparent
Control variables
• Given the fact that the education of the parents is a good indicator for the school performances of the children, it is important to first have a look at these differences in the different types of family.
• This variable will be used as control variable in further analyses.
Table 1: Distribution (%) of the educational level of mother and father according to family
type FATHER Intact family
(N=231)One-parent family
(N=225)New constituted
family (N=283)
Low 13 27 26
Medium 42 40 47
High 45 33 27
MOTHER Intact family(N=232)
One-parent family(N=228)
New constituted
family (N=286)
Low 11 23 17
Medium 38 40 45
High 51 37 38
Results1. SCHOOL CAREER 1.1 Repeating a grade in secondary school
• Association remains after controlling for education of the parents.• +- 1/3 of all ‘repeaters’ has to repeat a grade for a 2nd time: 90% of
them from dissolved families.• Number of children that repeated a grade highest in one parent families.
Table 2: Distribution (%) of repeating a year in secondary school
Intact family Dissolved family Total
Boys 10(N=77)
19(N=194)
16(N=271)
Girls 6(N=82)
13(N=172)
11(N=254)
Total 8(N=159)
16(N=366)
14(N=525)
Results1.2 Education type at the start of secondary schoolTable 3: Distribution (%) of the education at the start of secondary school
BOYSX²=2,358p=0,308
Intact family(N=77)
Dissolved family(N=194)
General education 71 64
Technical education 26 29
Vocational education 3 7
GIRLSX²=3,079p=0,214
Intact family(N=82)
Dissolved family(N=172)
General education 80 74
Technical education 19 20
Vocational education 1 6
Results
1.3 Descend to a lower type
• After controling for educational level parents, association holds. • Especially children in new constituted families have the highest chance
to descend.
Table 4: Distribution (%) of descend to lower education type
Intact family Dissolved family
BOYS(X²= 5,300, p=0,021)
22(N=77)
37(N=194)
GIRLS(X²=3,026, p=0,082)
22(N=82)
33(N=172)
Results
1.4 Education type at end of secondary schoolTable 5 : Distribution (%) of education type at the end of secondary education by family type
Intact family(N=96)
One parent family(N=115)
New constituted family
(N=101)
General education 47 37 33Technical education 32 29 37Vocational education 18 30 24Art education 1 1 1Special education 2 3 6
Results
1.5 Combination repeating a grade and descending to lower level Table 7: Distribution (%) of problems during secondary education
Intact family(N=207)
One parent family(N=210)
New constituted family
(N=247)
Never repeated a grade and never descended
67 61 51
Ever repeated a grade but never descended
7 3 5
Never repeated a grade but ever descended
21 17 29
Ever repeated a grade and ever descended
5 19 15
Results
2. Achieved level of education at end of school career
• This group not very representative.• After controling for educational level of parents, kids from dissolved families are underrepresented in
group with high education.• Difference largest for children in new constituted families.
Table 9: Distribution (%) of the educational attainment for boys and girls together
X²= 11, 307p = 0, 004
Intact family(N=48)
Dissolved family(N=146)
Low 8 25
Medium 46 52
High 46 23
Conclusion
Hypothesis 1:
• In general: children from dissolved families seem to show more elements of a cascade career.
• Obvious differences regarding level of education for children who ended school: children from dissolved families are lower educated (especially children from new constituted families).
• Even after controlling for the level of education of parents, ‘educational’ differences seem to remain.
Conclusion
Hypothesis 2:• Differentiation of strategies to deal with study problems in
secondary school.– Children from one parent families more often repeat a grade (and
retain the level).– Children from new constituted families more often change to
another type which explains why these children finally achieve a lower education level.
• As a result: arrival of a new partner doesn’t seem to have a compensating effect for school performances.
Process approach
Limitations
Timing of divorce in school career not taken into consideration.
Family classification is ‘snapshot’: Children currently in new constituted families, formerly lived in one-parent families.
No statements about causality.
Only control for educational level of parents: more factors have influence!
Only preliminary analyses.
Discussion
• Evidence for lower cultural capital for children in dissolved families . Negative implications on different ‘life’ domains (job, health, housing, …).
• New developments in private environment(divorce, remarriage, post-marital cohabitation, steprelations)can be considered as an engine of new social inequalities.• What can be the role of the education sector (schools,
policy-makers, … ) in this? ‘signaling’ function, structural changes, … ?
Discussion
Future research plans: Dealing with limitations of these analyses:
- Timing divorce & study problems (event history analysis).- Take into consideration the age of the child at the time of the divorce.- Typology family trajectories and duration of being in a specific family type.
- Multivariate analyses.- Other control variables: financial situation, parental involvement, relationship (step)parent-child, social network child, amount of conflict before and after divorce, gender (step)parent/child, …- …
