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ECU STANDARDS FOR DIVING CERTIFICATION AND OPERATION OF UNIVERSITY DIVING PROGRAMS

EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY

GREENVILLE, NORTH CAROLINA

ECU DIVING MANUALREVISED 2010



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This manual has been developed as the standard to govern all compressed gas diving activities conductedunder the auspices of East Carolina University (ECU). It satisfies the requirement 20 CFR part 1910 of theOSHA regulations on commercial diving to obtain an exemption for Educational/Scientific Diving.

The content of this manual meets standards as required by the American Academy of Underwater Sciences(AAUS) for Scientific Diving. As an AAUS organizational member, ECU is assured reciprocity with othermember organizations.

The information contained in this manual presents the minimum acceptable safety procedures to beemployed in all ECU diving operations. No set of standard procedures can anticipate all operating

situations which may be encountered, and consequently, no single individual may assume safe operation bymerely following these guidelines blindly. No standards will ever exist which can substitute for commonsense, sound judgment, and a continuing concern for safety. Safety is not a rule book - - it is a state ofmind.

East Carolina University Diving Safety Control Board

Mr. Clint Etheridge, Exercise & Sports Science

Mr. Kevin Flanagan, Diving Safety Officer

Dr. Joseph J. Luczkovich, Biology

Dr. Nathan Richards, Maritime Studies

Mr. Michael Muglia, UNC Coastal Studies Institute

Mr. Mark Keusenkothen, Director, Diving & Water Safety

Dr. Thom Skalko, Recreation & Leisure Studies

Ms Lynn Harris, Maritime Studies

Mr. Calvin Mires, Maritime Studies

Credits

American Academy of Underwater Sciences



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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. GENERAL POLICY ........................................................................................................... 6 1.1. ECU diving standards ................................................................................................................................... 6 1.2. scope ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 1.3. OPERATIONAL CONTROL ......................................................................................................................... 8 1.4. CONSEQUENCES OF VIOLATION OF AAUS REGULATIONS BY ORGANIZATIONAL MEMBERS ..... 15 1.5. RECORD MAINTENANCE ......................................................................................................................... 15

2. DIVING REGULATIONS FOR SCUBA (OPEN CIRCUIT, COMPRESSED AIR) ............ 16 2.1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 16 2.2. PRE-DIVE PROCEDURES ........................................................................................................................ 16 2.3. DIVING PROCEDURES ............................................................................................................................. 17 2.4. POST-DIVE PROCEDURES ...................................................................................................................... 18 2.5. EMERGENCIES PROCEDURES .............................................................................................................. 18 2.6. FLYING AFTER DIVING or Ascending to Altitude (Over 1000 feet) .......................................................... 18 2.7. RECORDKEEPING AND REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................. 19

3. DIVING EQUIPMENT ...................................................................................................... 21 3.1. GENERAL POLICY .................................................................................................................................... 21 3.2. scuba EQUIPMENT ................................................................................................................................... 21 3.3. AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT .......................................................................................................................... 23 3.4. SUPPORT EQUIPMENT............................................................................................................................ 23 3.5. EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE ................................................................................................................... 24 3.6. AIR QUALITY STANDARDS ...................................................................................................................... 25 SOURCES OF BREATHING-GAS ........................................................................................................................ 26

4. ENTRY-LEVEL TRAINING REQUIREMENTS ................................................................ 27 4.1. Eligibility ...................................................................................................................................................... 27 4.2. PREREQUISITES ...................................................................................................................................... 27 4.3. Diver-In-Training Permit ............................................................................................................................. 27 4.4. EVALUATION ............................................................................................................................................. 28



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4.5. SCUBA AND PRACTICAL TRAINING ....................................................................................................... 28 5. SCIENTIFIC DIVER CERTIFICATION ............................................................................ 32

5.1. CERTIFICATION TYPES ........................................................................................................................... 32 5.2. GENERAL POLICY .................................................................................................................................... 32 5.3. REQUIREMENTS FOR SCIENTIFIC DIVER CERTIFICATION ................................................................ 33 5.4. Waiver OF SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................................. 35 5.5. DEPTH CERTIFICATIONS ........................................................................................................................ 35 5.6. CONTINUATION OF CERTIFICATE ......................................................................................................... 36 5.7. REVOCATION OF CERTIFICATION ......................................................................................................... 37 5.8. RE-CERTIFICATION ................................................................................................................................. 37

6. MEDICAL STANDARDS ................................................................................................. 38 6.1. MEDICAL REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................................................................... 38

7. NITROX DIVING GUIDELINES ....................................................................................... 42 7.1. Prerequisites .............................................................................................................................................. 42 7.2. Requirements for Authorization to Use Nitrox ............................................................................................ 42 7.3. Nitrox Training Guidelines .......................................................................................................................... 43 7.4. Scientific Nitrox Diving Regulations ............................................................................................................ 44 7.5. Nitrox Diving Equipment ............................................................................................................................. 47

8. RECREATIONAL DIVING PROGRAMS ......................................................................... 49 8.1. SCOPE ....................................................................................................................................................... 49 8.2. Required Accident Reporting ..................................................................................................................... 49 8.3. Oxygen And First Aid Equipment Availability ............................................................................................. 49 8.4. New Programs ............................................................................................................................................ 49

9. STAGED DECOMPRESSION DIVING ............................................................................ 50 9.1. Minimum Experience and Training Requirements ..................................................................................... 50 9.2. Minimum Equipment Requirements: .......................................................................................................... 51 9.3. Minimum Operational Requirements .......................................................................................................... 51

10. MIXED GAS DIVING ....................................................................................................... 53



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10.1. Minimum Experience and Training Requirements ................................................................................. 53 10.2. Equipment and Gas Quality Requirements ............................................................................................ 54 10.3. Minimum Operational Requirements ...................................................................................................... 54

11. OTHER DIVING TECHNOLOGY AND SPECIALIZED ENVIRONMENTS ...................... 55 11.1. Blue Water Diving ................................................................................................................................... 55 11.2. Ice And Polar Diving ............................................................................................................................... 55 11.3. Overhead Environments ......................................................................................................................... 55 11.4. Saturation Diving .................................................................................................................................... 55 11.5. Hookah ................................................................................................................................................... 55 11.6. Surface Supplied Diving ......................................................................................................................... 55 11.7. Closed and Semi-Closed Circuit Scuba (Rebreathers) .......................................................................... 56 11.8. Zero Visibility diving ................................................................................................................................ 64

12. SCIENTIFIC CAVE AND CAVERN DIVING STANDARD ............................................... 65 12.1. Definitions ............................................................................................................................................... 65 12.2. Cave and Cavern Environment Hazards ................................................................................................ 67 12.3. Minimum Experience and Training Requirements ................................................................................. 67 12.4. Written Examination ............................................................................................................................... 68 12.5. Equipment Requirements ....................................................................................................................... 68 12.6. Operational Requirements and Safety Protocols.................................................................................... 69

1. DIVING MEDICAL EXAM OVERVIEW FOR THE EXAMINING PHYSICIAN ................. 71 2. MEDICAL EVALUATION OF FITNESS FOR SCUBA DIVING REPORT ....................... 73 3. DIVING MEDICAL HISTORY FORM ............................................................................... 75

4. RECOMMENDED PHYSICIANS WITH EXPERTISE IN DIVING MEDICINE ................. 77 5. DEFINITION OF TERMS ................................................................................................. 78 6. AAUS REQUEST FOR DIVING RECIPROCITY FORM VERIFICATION OF DIVER

TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE ...................................................................................... 82 7. DIVING EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES ............................................... 83



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8. RELEASE AND WAIVER ................................................................................................ 84 9. DIVE PLAN ...................................................................................................................... 85 10. DIVING ACCIDENT REPORTING WORKSHEET .......................................................... 86 11. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES GUIDELINES ................................................................ 87 12. DIVING LOG FORM ........................................................................................................ 88 13. SHARK DIVING GUIDELINES ........................................................................................ 88 14. ECU DIVING AND WATER SAFETY OFFICE FILL STATION OPERATIONS .............. 89 15. ECU RECREATIONAL DIVING FILL STATION OPERATIONS ..................................... 89

1. GENERAL POLICY

1.1. ECU DIVING STANDARDS

1.1.1. Purpose

The purpose of the ECU Standards For Diving Certification And Operation Of University Diving Programs,here after referred to as the ECU Diving Manual, is to set forth safety standards in compressed gas divingoperations conducted under the auspices of East Carolina University (ECU). It is the intent of the University

to ensure that all compressed gas diving conducted under University auspices is conducted in a mannerthat will maximize protection of divers from accidental injury and/or illness. It is also the purpose of thisdocument to set forth standards for training and certification which will allow a working reciprocity betweenEast Carolina University and the American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS), other colleges,universities, state and federal agencies engaged in scientific diving. Fulfillment of the purposes shall beconsistent with the furtherance of research and safety.

In 1982, OSHA exempted scientific diving from commercial diving regulations (29 CFR Part 1910, SubpartT) under certain conditions which are outlined below. The final guidelines for the exemption becameeffective in 1985 (Federal Register, Vol. 50, No. 6, p.1046). The AAUS is recognized by OSHA as thescientific diving standard setting organization.

1.1.1.1. The Diving Safety Program

The purpose of the diving safety program is to oversee the training, certification and safety of compressedgas diving conducted under the auspices of East Carolina University as outlined by the ECU Diving Manual

1.1.2. Scientific Diving Definition

Scientific diving is defined (29 CFR 1910.402) as diving performed solely as a necessary part of a scientific,research, or educational activity by employees whose sole purpose for diving is to perform scientificresearch tasks.



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1.1.3. Scientific Diving Exemption

OSHA has granted an exemption for scientific diving from commercial diving regulations under the followingguidelines (Appendix B to 29CFR1910 Subpart T):

1.1.3.1. The Diving Control Board consists of a majority of active scientific divers and hasautonomous and absolute authority over the scientific diving program's operation.

1.1.3.2. The purpose of the project using scientific diving is the advancement of science; therefore,information and data resulting from the project are non-proprietary.

1.1.3.3. The tasks of a scientific diver are those of an observer and data gatherer. Constructionand trouble-shooting tasks traditionally associated with commercial diving are not includedwithin scientific diving.

1.1.3.4. Scientific divers, based on the nature of their activities, must use scientific expertise instudying the underwater environment and therefore, are scientists or scientists-in-training.

1.1.3.5. In addition, the scientific diving program shall contain at least the following elements:

1.1.3.5.1.Diving safety manual which includes at a minimum: Procedures covering all divingoperations specific to the program; including procedures for emergency care,

recompression and evacuation; and the criteria for diver training and certification.

1.1.3.5.2.Diving control (safety) board, with the majority of its members being active scientificdivers, which shall at a minimum have the authority to: approve and monitor divingprojects, review and revise the diving safety manual, assure compliance with the manual,certify the depths to which a diver has been trained, take disciplinary action for unsafepractices, and assure adherence to the buddy system (a diver is accompanied by and isin continuous contact with another diver in the water) for scuba diving.

1.2. SCOPE

1.2.1. University Auspices

University auspices is limited to compressed gas diving in connection with: occupation, research, education,training and certification for University Scientific and Recreational Programs.

1.2.1.1. Scientific Programs

Any ECU program conducting scientific research requiring the use of diving is required to adhere to thestandards set down in this manual.

1.2.1.2. Recreational Programs

Any ECU program involved in recreational diving is governed by the standards and procedures set down bythe national certification agency, and thus are exempt from all portions of this manual with the exception of

the requirements set forth in Section 8 (Recreational Diving).

1.2.2. Training and Certification

Any person involved in compressed gas diving under University auspices is required to observe theprovisions of the ECU Diving Manual. Diving is not permitted by individuals until they have met therequirements for diving pertinent to the level of the proposed activity.

1.2.3. Equipment



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All compressed gas diving under University auspices shall be done with equipment, regardless ofownership, which conforms to the standards set forth in the ECU Diving Manual.

1.2.4. Jurisdiction

The regulations in the ECU Diving Manual shall be observed at all locations, whether or not owned by theUniversity, where diving is carried out under University auspices.

1.2.5. Liability

In adopting the policies set forth in the ECU Diving Manual, the University assumes no liability not otherwiseimposed by law. Outside of those University employees diving in the course of their employment, eachdiver is assumed under this policy to be voluntarily performing activities for which the diver assumes allrisks, consequences and potential liability.

All students and other persons involved with compressed gas diving under University auspices shallexecute a release holding the University harmless from any claims which might arise in connection withinvolvement with compressed gas diving. It is not necessary, however, to require these releases fromUniversity employees, either academic or non-academic, who dive in the course of their employment.

1.2.6. Medical Examination

All certified divers shall pass a medical examination (see Section 6)

1.3. OPERATIONAL CONTROL

1.3.1. AAUS Organizational Member Auspices Defined

For the purposes of these standards the auspices of the AAUS organizational member includes anyscientific diving operation in which an organizational member is connected because of ownership of anyequipment used, locations selected, or relationship with the individual(s) concerned. This includes all casesinvolving the operations of employees of the organizational member or employees of auxiliary organizations,where such employees are acting within the scope of their employment, and the operations of other personswho are engaged in scientific diving of the organizational member or are diving as members of an

organization recognized by the AAUS organizational member.

It is the organizational member's responsibility to adhere to the AAUS Standards for Scientific DivingCertification and Operation of Scientific Diving Programs. The administration of the local diving program willreside with the organizational member's Diving Safety Control Board (DSCB).

The regulations herein shall be observed at all locations where scientific diving is conducted.

1.3.2. Campus Organization (Authority and Responsibility)

1.3.2.1. The Board of Trustees

The Board of Trustees has the ultimate authority for the diving program and its related activities.

1.3.2.2. The Chancellor

Maximum authority and operational responsibility for the conduct of the diving safety program is vested inthe Chancellor or his designee. He is responsible for providing surveillance of campus diving activities,interpreting University policies, and developing additional campus policies, regulations and standardsconsistent with University policies.

1.3.2.3. The Diving Safety Control Board (DSCB)



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1.3.2.3.1.The Diving Safety Control Board (DSCB) is an administrative committee appointed bythe Chancellor or his designee. It shall consist of a majority of active scientific divers.Voting members shall include the Diving Safety Officer, the responsible administrativeofficer, or his/her designee, and representatives of the campus academic programs activein compressed gas diving.

1.3.2.3.2.Has autonomous and absolute authority over the scientific diving program's operation.

1.3.2.3.3.Responsibilities of the Diving Safety Control Board

1.3.2.3.3.1.Shall be responsible to the Chancellor or his designee, and shallact as the official representative of the University in mattersconcerning programs involved in compressed gas diving.

1.3.2.3.3.2.Shall be responsible for the setting of all University policiesrelated to diving.

1.3.2.3.3.3.Shall review and revise the ECU Diving Manual.

1.3.2.3.3.4.Shall assure that the ECU Diving Manual meets at least theminimum standards as prescribed by AAUS to ensure reciprocity.

1.3.2.3.3.5.Shall determine the ECU organizational member vote onmatters raised by AAUS.

1.3.2.3.3.6.Shall recommend changes in policy and amendments to theAAUS scientific diving manual as the need arises.

1.3.2.3.3.7.Shall act as the official ECU representatives in mattersconcerning the scientific diving program.

1.3.2.3.3.8.Shall assure compliance with the ECU Diving Manual.

1.3.2.3.3.9.Shall act as a board of appeal to consider diver relatedproblems.

1.3.2.3.3.10.Shall certify the depths to which a diver has been trained.

1.3.2.3.3.11.Shall take disciplinary action for unsafe practices.

1.3.2.3.3.12.Shall assure adherence to the buddy system for scuba diving.

1.3.2.3.3.13.Shall establish and/or approve training programs throughwhich the applicants for ECU diver certification can satisfy therequirements of the ECU Diving Manual.

1.3.2.3.3.14.Shall recommend the issue, reissue, or the revocation of divingcertifications.

1.3.2.3.3.15.Shall suspend diving programs and/or activities which theDiving Safety Control Board feels to be unsafe or unwise.

1.3.2.3.3.16.Shall establish criteria for equipment selection and use.



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1.3.2.3.3.17.Shall recommend and/or approve new equipment ortechniques for campus use.

1.3.2.3.3.18.Shall establish and/or approve facilities for the inspection andmaintenance of diving and associated equipment.

1.3.2.3.3.19.Shall ensure that ECU air station(s) meet air quality standardsas described in ECU Diving Manual.

1.3.2.3.3.20.Shall sit as a board of investigation to inquire into the natureand cause of diving accidents or violations of the ECU DivingManual.

1.3.2.3.3.21.Shall approve and monitor diving projects.

1.3.2.3.3.22.Shall approve locations where diving may be conducted underUniversity auspices that are outside of the realm of standardoperating procedure (SOP), or that may be deemed unusuallyhazardous.

1.3.2.3.3.23.Shall annually review the Diving Safety Officer's performance

and the University diving programs and provide a written copy ofthese reviews to the Chancellor or designee. This review processis scheduled for the spring of the year.

1.3.2.4. The Diving Safety Officer

The Diving Safety Officer (DSO) serves as a member of the Diving Safety Control Board. This personshould have broad technical and scientific expertise in research related diving.

1.3.2.4.1.Qualifications

1.3.2.4.1.1.Shall be appointed by the Chancellor or his/her designee, withthe advice and counsel of the Diving Safety Control Board.

1.3.2.4.1.2.Shall be a scientific diver, as specified by the ECU DivingManual, with a wide range of experience, currently certified with atleast five years of diving experience, having logged at least fourhundred dives, and shall possess a current instructor's certificateissued from a internationally recognized certifying agency.

1.3.2.4.1.3.Shall be a member as defined by the AAUS.

1.3.2.4.2.Duties and Responsibilities

1.3.2.4.2.1.The Diving Safety Officer is responsible, through the Diving

Safety Control Board to the Chancellor, or his/her designee, for theconduct of the diving safety program. The routine operationalauthority for the diving safety program, including the conducting oftraining and certification, approval of dive plans, maintenance ofdiving records, and ensuring compliance with this manual and allrelevant regulations, rests with the Diving Safety Officer. TheDiving Safety Officer may permit portions of this program to becarried out by a qualified delegate, although the Diving SafetyOfficer may not delegate responsibility for the safe conduct of thelocal diving program.



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1.3.2.4.2.2.The Diving Safety Officer has the authority to restrict or suspendany University diving activity that is in his/her judgment unwise orunsafe. The Diving Safety Officer shall inform the Diving SafetyControl Board of any such restrictive actions. The Board mayrecommend to the Chancellor/or his designee that the restrictionsor suspension be overruled, but such a recommendation shallrequire the approval by vote of a majority of the members of theBoard.

1.3.2.4.2.3.The Diving Safety Officer is responsible for the surveillance andcoordination of all ECU compressed gas diving programs withspecial attention to safety. Assuring the implementation of allapplicable policies and standards.

1.3.2.4.2.4.The Diving Safety Officer is responsible for the establishmentand supervision of instruction and evaluation of all trainingprograms. Maintaining certification records, including medicalexaminations of all personnel involved in diving activities under theauspices of ECU.

1.3.2.4.2.5.The Diving Safety Officer is responsible for the approval of DiveResearch Plans, maintenance of diving records and insuring

compliance with the ECU Diving Manual and all relevantregulations.

1.3.2.4.2.6.The Diving Safety Officer is responsible for the evaluation andsupervision of the diving safety equipment maintenance programs,including arranging for or conducting tests of breathing gases andthe approval and/or certification of University sources of breathinggases.

1.3.2.4.2.7.The Diving Safety Officer may permit portions of this program tobe carried out by a qualified delegate, although the Diving SafetyOfficer may not delegate responsibility for the safe conduct of thelocal compressed gas diving program.

1.3.2.4.2.8.Shall be guided in the performance of the required duties by theadvice of the Diving Safety Control Board, but operationalresponsibility for the conduct of the diving safety program will beretained by the Diving Safety Officer.

1.3.2.4.2.9.Preparation of recommendations for consideration by the DivingSafety Control Board, such as changes in or additions to campuspolicy, standards, and regulations to promote diving safety andefficiency; changes in training programs; locations for Universitysponsored compressed gas diving; new equipment and individualsor organizations qualified to inspect equipment.

1.3.2.4.2.10.Shall be a voting member of the Diving Safety Control Board.

1.3.2.5. Instructional Personnel

1.3.2.5.1.Qualifications

All personnel involved in diving instruction under the auspices of the University shall be qualified for the typeof instruction being given.



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1.3.2.5.2.Selection

Instructional personnel will be selected by the Chancellor, or his/her designee, who will solicit the advice ofthe DSCB in conducting preliminary screening of applicants for instructional positions.

1.3.2.6. Dive Master / Lead Diver

For each diving operation, an individual shall be designated as the Dive Master by the Diving Safety Officeror his designee. He/she will be responsible for safety considerations of the dive plan, the safe conduct of

the dive, the selection of topside personnel needed and the filing of reports required by ECU regulation. Inaddition, he/she shall be at the dive location or the dive site during the diving operation. The Dive Mastershall also be responsible for:

1.3.2.6.1.Coordinating with other known activities in the vicinity which are likely to interfere withdiving operations.

1.3.2.6.2.Ensuring all dive team members possess current certification and are qualified for thetype of diving operation.

1.3.2.6.3.Planning dives in accordance with Pre-Dive Procedures (see Section 2.2).

1.3.2.6.4.Ensuring safety and emergency equipment is in working order and at the dive site.

1.3.2.6.5.Briefing the dive team members on:

1.3.2.6.5.1.Dive objectives

1.3.2.6.5.2.Unusual hazards or environmental conditions likely to affect thesafety of the diving operation.

1.3.2.6.5.3.Modifications to diving or emergency procedures necessitatedby the specific diving operation.

1.3.2.6.5.4.Suspending diving operations if in their opinion conditions arenot safe.

1.3.2.6.5.5.Immediately reporting any physical problems or adversephysiological effects including symptoms of pressure relatedinjuries.

1.3.2.6.6.Dive Planning. Planning of a diving operation shall include operations of the safety andhealth aspects of the following:

1.3.2.6.6.1.Diving mode

1.3.2.6.6.2.Surface and underwater conditions and hazards

1.3.2.6.6.3.Breathing gas supply

1.3.2.6.6.4.Thermal protection

1.3.2.6.6.5.Diving equipment

1.3.2.6.6.6.Dive team assignments



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1.3.2.10.Organizational Structure

1.3.3. AAUS Reciprocity And Visiting Scientific Diver

1.3.3.1. Two or more AAUS Organizational Members engaged jointly in diving activities, or engaged jointly in the use of diving resources, shall designate one of the participating Diving ControlBoards to govern the joint dive project.

1.3.3.2. A scientific diver from one AAUS Organizational Member shall apply for permission to diveunder the auspices of another Organizational Member by submitting to the Diving SafetyOfficer of the host Organizational Member a letter of reciprocity signed by the Diving SafetyOfficer or Chairperson of the home Diving Control Board. (The ECU letter of reciprocity isavailable from the Diving Safety Office.)

1.3.3.3. A visiting scientific diver may be asked to demonstrate his/her knowledge and skills for theplanned diving. An example of items to be demonstrated is presented in Section Error!Reference source not found..

1.3.3.4. If a host Organizational Member denies a visiting scientific diver permission to dive, thehost Diving Control Board shall notify the visiting scientific diver and his/her Diving ControlBoard with an explanation of all reasons for the denial.

1.3.4. Waiver of Requirements

The Diving Safety Officer and/or the DSCB may grant a waiver for specific requirements of training,examinations, depth certification, minimum activity to maintain certification, or other aspects of thisstandard, with the exception of medical requirements.

1.3.5. Consequence of Violation of Regulations by Scientific Divers



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Failure to comply with the regulations of the diving manual may be cause for the revocation or restriction ofthe diver's scientific diving certificate by action of the Diving Safety Control Board.

1.4. CONSEQUENCES OF VIOLATION OF AAUS REGULATIONS BY ORGANIZATIONAL MEMBERS

Failure to comply with the regulations of AAUS standards may be cause for the revocation or restriction ofthe organizational member's recognition by the AAUS.

1.5. RECORD MAINTENANCE

The Diving Safety Officer or his/her designee shall maintain permanent records for each individual divercertified. The file shall include evidence of certification level, log sheets, results of current physicalexaminations, releases & waivers, statements of understanding, reports of disciplinary actions and otherpertinent information deemed necessary by the Diving Safety Officer and/or the Diving Safety ControlBoard.

1.5.1. Availability of Records:

1.5.1.1. Medical records shall be available to the attending physician of a diver or former diver whenreleased in writing by the diver.

1.5.1.2. Medical records for diving related injuries for employees of East Carolina University will be

released to the Environmental Health and Safety Office if workers compensation benefitsare requested.

1.5.1.3. Records, other than medical records, shall be made available to other diving agencies,upon request.

1.5.1.4. Records and documents required by this standard shall be retained by the campus for thefollowing period:

1.5.1.4.1.Physician's written reports of medical examinations for dive team members - 5 years.

1.5.1.4.2.Manual for diving safety - current document only.

1.5.1.4.3.Records of dive - 1 year, except 5 years where there has been an incident of pressure-related injury.

1.5.1.4.4.Pressure-related injury assessment - 5 years.

1.5.1.4.5.Equipment inspection and testing records - current entry or tag, or until equipment iswithdrawn from service.

1.5.1.5. Should all diving operations conducted under the auspices of ECU cease, all applicablerecords maintained under the requirements of this section shall be transferred to theChancellor's Office or his designated place for their continued maintenance.



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2. DIVING REGULATIONS FOR SCUBA (OPEN CIRCUIT, COMPRESSED AIR)

2.1. INTRODUCTION

No person shall engage in compressed gas diving activities under the auspices of the East CarolinaUniversity unless he/she holds a current certificate issued pursuant to the provisions of this manual, andhas filed and received an approved Dive Plan (See appendix 9) with the Diving Safety Office.

2.2. PRE-DIVE PROCEDURES

2.2.1. Dive Plans

Dives should be planned around the competency of the least experienced diver. Before conducting anydiving operations under the auspices of East Carolina University, the diving supervisor / divemaster for aproposed operation must formulate a dive plan which should include the following:

2.2.1.1. Diver‘s qualifications, and the type of certificate or certification held by each diver.

2.2.1.2. Emergency Action Plan (see Appendix 11) with the following information:

2.2.1.2.1.Name, telephone number, and relationship of person to be contacted for each diver in

the event of an emergency.

2.2.1.2.2.Nearest operational recompression chamber

2.2.1.2.3.Nearest accessible hospital

2.2.1.2.4.Available means of transport

2.2.1.3. Approximate number of proposed dives.

2.2.1.4. Location(s) of proposed dives.

2.2.1.5. Estimated depth(s) and bottom time(s) anticipated.

2.2.1.6. Decompression status and repetitive dive plans, if required.

2.2.1.7. Proposed work, equipment, and boats to be employed.

2.2.1.8. Any hazardous conditions anticipated.

2.2.2. Pre-dive Safety Checks

2.2.2.1. Diver's Responsibility:

2.2.2.1.1.Each scientific diver shall conduct a functional check of his/her diving equipment in thepresence of the diving buddy or tender.

2.2.2.1.2.It is the diver's responsibility and duty to refuse to dive if, in his/her judgment, conditionsare unfavorable, or if he/she would be violating the precepts of his/her training, or of thismanual.

2.2.2.1.3.No dive team member shall be required to be exposed to hyperbaric conditions againsthis/her will, except when necessary to prevent or treat a pressure-related injury.



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2.2.2.1.4.No dive team member shall be permitted to dive for the duration of any known conditionwhich is likely to adversely affect the safety and health of the diver or other dive members.

2.2.2.2. Equipment Evaluations

2.2.2.2.1.Each diver shall insure that his/her equipment is in proper working order and that theequipment is suitable for the type of diving operation.

2.2.2.2.2.Each diver shall on every dive have the capability of achieving and maintaining positive

buoyancy.

2.2.2.2.3.Both members of the diving pair must have an underwater time-keeping device, anapproved depth indicator and submersible tank pressure gauges.

2.2.2.3. Site Evaluation

The environmental conditions at the site will be evaluated.

2.2.2.4. Safety, First Aid and Oxygen Equipment

2.2.2.4.1.A Dive Flag is required in areas frequented by boat traffic.

2.2.2.4.2.Appropriate safety, and first aid equipment which is suitable for meeting project needswill be available on site. Oxygen will be available on site.

2.2.2.5. Authority to Abort Activities

2.2.2.5.1.The Dive Master will be the final authority on decisions regarding the aborting ofmissions due to adverse weather and water conditions.

2.3. DIVING PROCEDURES

2.3.1. Solo Diving Prohibition

2.3.1.1. All diving activities shall assure adherence to the buddy system (Two comparably equippedscuba divers in the water in constant communication) for scuba diving. This buddy systemis based upon mutual assistance, especially in the case of an emergency.

2.3.1.2. If loss of effective communication occurs within a buddy team, divers shall return to apredetermined location or surface and re-establish contact.

2.3.2. Refusal to Dive

2.3.2.1. The decision to dive is that of the diver. A diver may refuse to dive, without fear of penalty,

whenever he/she feels it is unsafe for them to make the dive (See section 2.2.2.1.2).

2.3.2.2. Safety - The ultimate responsibility for safety rests with the individual diver. It is the diver'sresponsibility and duty to refuse to dive if, in his/her judgment, conditions are unsafe orunfavorable, or if he/she would be violating the precepts of his/her training or theregulations in this manual.



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2.3.3. Termination of the Dive

2.3.3.1. It is the responsibility of the diver to terminate the dive, without fear of penalty, wheneverhe/she feels it is unsafe to continue the dive, unless it compromises the safety of anotherdiver already in the water.

2.3.3.2. The diver shall terminate the dive while there is still sufficient tank pressure to permit the

diver to safely reach the surface with a minimum of 300 psi, including decompression time,or to safely reach an additional air source at a decompression station.

2.3.4. Emergencies and Deviations from Regulations

2.3.4.1. Any diver may deviate from the requirements of this manual to the extent necessary toprevent or minimize a situation which is likely to cause death, serious physical harm, ormajor environmental damage. A written report of such actions must be submitted to thecampus Diving Safety Officer and the DSCB explaining the circumstance and justifications.

2.3.5.Handling of Explosive Materials

2.3.5.1 No ECU scientific diver may knowingly handle, disturb, or retrieve potentiallyexplosive materials (for example mines, bombs, or torpedoes) without:

a. An approved explosive ordnance disposal course (such as an ExplosiveOrdnance Disposal (EOD) course certified by the US military, or other accreditation agency);and

b. the prior approval of the ECU diving safety control board.

2.4. POST-DIVE PROCEDURES

2.4.1. After the completion of a dive, each diver shall report any physical problems, symptoms of

decompression sickness, or equipment malfunctions.

2.4.2. When diving outside the no-decompression limits, the divers should remain awake for at leastone hour after diving, and in the company of a dive team member who is prepared to transporthim/her to a hyperbaric chamber if necessary.

2.5. EMERGENCIES PROCEDURES

See Appendix 11

2.6. FLYING AFTER DIVING OR ASCENDING TO ALTITUDE (OVER 1000 FEET)

Divers should have a minimum surface interval of 12 hours before ascending to altitude.

Following a Single No-Decompression Dive: Divers should have a minimum preflight surface interval of 12hours.

Following Multiple Dives per Day or Multiple Days of Diving: Divers should have a minimum preflightsurface interval of 18 hours.

Following Dives Requiring Decompression Stops: Divers should have a minimum preflight surface intervalof 24 hours.



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Before ascending to Altitude above (1000 feet) by Land Transport: Divers should follow the appropriateguideline for preflight surface intervals unless the decompression procedure used has accounted for theincrease in elevation.

2.7. RECORDKEEPING AND REQUIREMENTS

2.7.1. Personal Diving Log

Each certified diver shall log every dive made under the auspices of East Carolina University and isencouraged to log all other dives. Log sheets shall be submitted to the Diving Safety Officer to be placed inthe diver's permanent file. Logs will be submitted to the Diving Safety Office no later than 30 days after thecompletion of diving operations. Appendix 0, Diving Operations Log, or the equivalent shall be used andshall include at least the following:

2.7.1.1. Name of diver, partner, and Dive Master.

2.7.1.2. Date, time, and location.

2.7.1.3. Diving mode used (SCUBA, Surface Supplied, Nitrox, etc.).

2.7.1.4. The Diving Classification (Scientific, Recreational, Proficiency / Training, Other).

2.7.1.5. Approximate surface and underwater conditions.

2.7.1.6. Maximum depths, bottom time and surface interval time.

2.7.1.7. Diving tables or computers used.

2.7.1.8. Detailed report of any near or actual incidents.

2.7.2. Required Accident / Incident Reporting

All diving incidents requiring recompression treatment, or resulting in moderate or serious injury, or deathshall be reported to the Diving Safety Officer, the Diving Safety Control Board and the AAUS. The report willspecify the circumstances of the incident and the extent of any injuries or illnesses. Additional informationmust meet the following reporting requirements:

2.7.2.1. All occupational related injuries or illnesses of East Carolina University employees whichrequire medical attention must be recorded and reported to the Environmental Health andSafety Office using a University "Employee Injury Report". (These are available in theEnvironmental Health & Safety Office).

2.7.2.2. If pressure-related injuries are suspected, or if symptoms are evident, the followingadditional information shall be recorded and retained, with the record of the dive, for aperiod of 5 years:

2.7.2.2.1.Complete AAUS Incident Report Form (Available from the Diving Safety Office).

2.7.2.2.2.Written descriptive report to include:

2.7.2.2.2.1.Name, address, phone numbers of the principal partiesinvolved.

2.7.2.2.2.2.Summary of experience of divers involved.



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2.7.2.2.2.3.Location, description of dive site and description of conditionsthat led up to incident.

2.7.2.2.2.4.Description of symptoms, including depth and time of onset.

2.7.2.2.2.5.Description and results of treatment.

2.7.2.2.2.6.Disposition of case.

2.7.2.2.2.7.Recommendations to avoid repetition of incident.

2.7.2.3. The Diving Safety Control Board shall investigate and document any incident of pressure-related injury within 45 days of the incident and prepare a report which is to be retained forfive years. A copy of this report is to be forwarded to the AAUS during the annual reportingcycle.

2.7.2.4. A detailed report of any incident which, in the opinion of the diver, divemaster, scientificsupervisor or other team member, could have resulted in serious injury or death shall besubmitted to the Diving Safety Officer and the Diving Safety Control Board. This informationshall be reviewed by the DSO and DSCB, and appropriate recommendations will be madeor actions taken.

2.7.3. Consequences of Violation of Regulations

Failure to comply with the regulations of this manual may be cause for the revocation or restriction of thediver's University diving certificate.



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3. DIVING EQUIPMENT

3.1. GENERAL POLICY

All equipment used by certified scientific divers and trainees, regardless of ownership, shall conform to thestandards set forth in this manual as determined by the Diving Safety Officer and the Diving Safety ControlBoard or their designee. Equipment that is subjected to extreme usage under adverse conditions shouldrequire more frequent testing and maintenance.

3.1.1. All equipment shall be regularly examined by the person using them and defective gear shall berepaired or replaced before further use.

3.1.2. All inspections, tests and maintenance of University equipment referred to in this section mustbe accomplished by a qualified technician approved by the Diving Safety Officer and the DSCBor their designee.

3.1.3. Any limitations and conditions of use prescribed by the manufacturer should not be exceeded.

3.2. SCUBA EQUIPMENT

3.2.1. Regulators

3.2.1.1. Only those makes and models specifically approved by the Diving Safety Officer and theDSCB or their designee shall be used.

3.2.1.2. SCUBA regulators procured by the University and those privately owned and used onUniversity connected projects shall be inspected and tested prior to first use and everytwelve months thereafter.

3.2.1.3. Regulators will consist of a primary second stage and an alternate air source (such as anoctopus second stage or redundant air supply).

3.2.2. Breathing Masks and Helmets

Breathing masks and helmets shall have:

3.2.2.1. A non-return valve at the attachment point between helmet or mask hose, which shall closereadily and positively.

3.2.2.2. An exhaust valve.

3.2.2.3. A minimum ventilation rate capable of maintaining the diver at the depth to which he/she isdiving.

3.2.3. Scuba Cylinders

3.2.3.1. Scuba cylinders shall be designed, constructed, and maintained in accordance with theapplicable provisions of the Unfired Pressure Vessel Safety Orders.

3.2.3.2. Scuba cylinders must be hydrostatically tested in accordance with DOT standards.

3.2.3.3. Scuba cylinders must have an internal and external inspection at intervals not to exceedtwelve months.



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3.2.3.4. Scuba cylinder valves shall be functionally tested at intervals not to exceed twelve months.

3.2.4. Backpacks and Weight Systems

Backpacks without integrated floatation devices and weight systems shall have a quick release devicedesigned to permit jettisoning with a single motion from either hand.

3.2.5. Gauges

3.2.5.1. Only those makes and models of depth gauges specifically approved by the Diving SafetyOfficer and the DSCB or their designee shall be used.

3.2.5.2. Gauges shall be inspected and tested before first use and every twelve months thereafter.

3.2.5.3. Inaccurate gauges shall not be used.

3.2.6. Flotation Devices

3.2.6.1. Each diver shall have the capability of achieving and maintaining positive buoyancy.

3.2.6.2. Personal flotation systems, buoyancy compensators, dry suits, or other variable volumebuoyancy compensation devices shall be equipped with an exhaust valve.

3.2.6.3. These devices shall be of a type approved by the Diving Safety Officer and the DSCB ortheir designee.

3.2.6.4. These devices shall be functionally inspected and tested at intervals not to exceed twelvemonths.

3.2.7. Timing Devices, Depth and Pressure Gauges

Both members of the diving pair must have an underwater timing device, an approved depth indicator, anda submersible pressure gauge.

3.2.8. Determination of Decompression Status: Dive Tables, Dive Computers

3.2.8.1. A set of diving tables, approved by the Diving Control Board, must be available at the divelocation.

3.2.8.2. Dive computers may be utilized in place of diving tables, and must be approved by theDiving Control Board.

3.2.8.2.1.Only those makes and models of dive computers specifically approved by the DivingSafety Officer and the DSCB or their designee may be used.

3.2.8.2.2.Divers desiring approval to use a dive computer as a means of determiningdecompression status must apply to the Diving Safety Office, complete a practical trainingsession and pass a written examination.

3.2.8.2.3.Each diver relying on a dive computer to plan dives and indicate or determinedecompression status must have his/her own unit.

3.2.8.2.4.On any given dive, both divers in a buddy team must follow the most conservative divecomputer.



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3.2.8.2.5.If the dive computer fails at any time during the dive, the dive must be terminated andappropriate surfacing procedures should be initiated immediately.

3.2.8.2.6.A diver should not dive for 18 hours before activating a dive computer to be used forcontrolling his/her diving.

3.2.8.2.7.Once the dive computer is in use, it must not be switched off until it indicates completeoutgassing has occurred.

3.2.8.2.8.When using a dive computer, non emergency ascents are to be at the rate specified forthe make and model of the dive computer being used.

3.2.8.2.9.Whenever practical, divers using a dive computer should make a stop between 10 & 30ft. for 5 minutes, especially for dives below 60 fsw.

3.2.8.2.10.Multiple deep dives, and dives exceeding the NDL, require special considerations.

3.2.9. Harness and Weight Belts

3.2.9.1. All weight belts and harnesses worn by the diver during the dive shall be equipped withquick release devices designed to permit jettisoning the entire gear. The quick release

device must operate easily with a single motion from either hand.

3.3. AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT

3.3.1. Hand held underwater power tools.

Electrical tools and equipment used underwater shall be specifically approved for this purpose. Electricaltools and equipment supplied with power from the surface shall be de-energized before being placed into orretrieved from the water. Hand held power tools shall not be supplied with power from the dive location untilrequested by the diver.

3.3.2. Other Equipment

Underwater tools and other equipment utilized for diving that are not specifically covered in this manual butwhich are utilized in any University approved diving activity must be approved by the Diving Safety Officerand/or the DSCB or their designee.

3.4. SUPPORT EQUIPMENT

3.4.1. First aid supplies.

3.4.1.1. A first aid kit adequate for the diving operation shall be available at the dive location.

3.4.1.2. Oxygen shall be available at the dive location for emergency situations.

3.4.2. Diver's Flag

A diver's flag shall be displayed prominently whenever diving is conducted under circumstances whererequired or where water traffic is probable.

3.4.3. Compressor Systems

The following will be considered in design and location of compressor systems:



DSM2007 24

3.4.3.1. The air intake shall be provided with a filter and shall be located to ensure a supply of cleanair, free from contamination by fumes, smoke, etc.

3.4.3.2. The discharged compressed air shall be passed to a compressed air holder throughfrequently cleaned and recharged filters designed to remove carbon monoxide, dust, anddroplets of oil and water, and to minimize other contaminants.

3.4.3.3. Low pressure compressors used to supply air to the diver shall be equipped with a volumetank with a check valve on the inlet side, a pressure gauge, a relief valve, and a drain valve.

3.4.3.4. Compressed gas systems over 500 psig shall have slow-opening shut-off valves.

3.4.3.5. Oil lubricated compressor cylinders and coolers shall be well ventilated or otherwise cooled,or the operation cycled to ensure against high temperatures at which CO is formed from theoil.

3.4.4. Oxygen Systems

3.4.4.1. Equipment used with oxygen or mixtures containing over forty percent (40%) by volumeoxygen shall be designed and maintained for oxygen service.

3.4.4.2. Components exposed to oxygen or mixtures containing over forty percent (40%) by volumeoxygen shall be cleaned of flammable materials before being placed into service.

3.4.4.3. Oxygen systems over 125 psig shall have slow-opening shut-off valves.

3.4.4.4. Oxygen should only be provided in accordance with safe use practices as outlined in anoxygen administration course.

3.5. EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE

3.5.1. Recordkeeping

Each equipment modification, repair, test, calibration, or maintenance service shall be logged, including thedate and nature of work performed, serial number of the item, and the name of the person performing thework for the following equipment:

3.5.1.1. Regulators

3.5.1.2. Submersible pressure gauges

3.5.1.3. Depth gauges

3.5.1.4. Scuba cylinders

3.5.1.5. Cylinder valves

3.5.1.6. Diving helmets

3.5.1.7. Submersible breathing masks

3.5.1.8. Compressors

3.5.1.9. Gas control panels



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3.5.1.10.Air storage cylinders

3.5.1.11.Air filtration systems

3.5.1.12.Analytical instruments

3.5.1.13.Buoyancy control devices

3.5.1.14.Dry suits

3.5.1.15.Dive computers

3.5.2. Compressor Operation and Air Test Records

3.5.2.1. Gas analyses and air tests shall be performed on each University-controlled breathing aircompressor at regular intervals of no more than 100 hours of operation or six months,whichever occurs first. The results of these tests shall be entered in a formal log and bemaintained.

3.5.2.2. A log shall be maintained showing operation, repair, overhaul, filter maintenance, andtemperature adjustment for each compressor.

3.6. AIR QUALITY STANDARDS

Breathing air for scuba shall meet the following specifications as set forth by the Compressed GasAssociation (CGA Pamphlet G-7.1) and referenced in OSHA 29 CFR 1910.134

CGA Grade E

Component Maximum

Oxygen 20 - 22%/v

Carbon Monoxide 10 PPM/v

Carbon Dioxide 1000 PPM/v

Condensed Hydrocarbons 5 mg/m3

Water Vapor NS

Objectionable Odors None

Total Hydrocarbons as Methane 25 PPM/v

Water Vapor 2 ppm

For breathing air used in conjunction with self-contained breathing apparatus in extreme cold wheremoisture can condense and freeze, causing the breathing apparatus to malfunction, a dew point not toexceed -50°F (63 pm v/v) or 10 degrees lower than the coldest temperature expected in the area isrequired.



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SOURCES OF BREATHING-GAS

3.6.1. University Controlled Sources

A log shall be maintained showing operation, repair, overhaul, filter maintenance, temperature adjustment,and results of all gas analysis and air tests for all University controlled breathing air compressor apparatus.Records shall be available for audit.

3.6.2. Non-University Controlled Sources

Breathing-air from commercial sources approved by University authorities shall be certified by the supplier

as suitable for breathing, according to specifications in Section 3.6.



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4. ENTRY-LEVEL TRAINING REQUIREMENTS

This section describes training for the non-diver applicant, previously not certified for diving, andequivalency for the certified diver.

4.1. ELIGIBILITY

Only persons involved with scientific diving under University auspices are eligible for University training andcertification.

4.2. PREREQUISITES

4.2.1. SCUBA Certification

Persons desiring to secure ECU certification as a diver using compressed gas must first hold a validSCUBA certification from a nationally recognized diving instructional agency such as NAUI, PADI, NASDS,YMCA, etc. Verification of prior training and experience must be submitted to the Diving Safety Officer.

4.2.2. Medical Insurance Required

Persons desiring to secure ECU certification as a diver are required to obtain personal medical insurance,either a general policy which covers diving accidents or a general policy and a policy designed specificallyfor diving related injuries, prior to participation in any activity associated with diving. The participant mustprovide proof of this (these) policy(s) to the Diving Safety Office prior to participation in any activitiesassociated with diving and that must maintain this (these) policy(s) throughout participation in any activitiesassociated with diving under ECU auspices. The purchase of personal medical insurance is theresponsibility of the participant, and the cost for any medical treatment required as a result of or arising outof participation in any aspect of any program associated with East Carolina University is the participant‘sresponsibility.

4.2.3. Application

Persons desiring training shall submit to the Diving Safety Office a completed ECU Scientific DivingApplication available online at http://www.aaus.ecu.edu/ecudivingsafety/ecudsoapp1.cfm.

4.3. DIVER-IN-TRAINING PERMIT

The Diver-In-Training Permit is issued after the applicant for diving certification has applied for and beenaccepted into the ECU training program and has met the following requirements:

4.3.1. Completed a medical evaluation (See section 6).

4.3.2. Filed a signed and witnessed release and waiver (appendix 1) with the Diving Safety Office.

4.3.3. Provide a copy of required personal medical insurance (See section 4.2.2)

4.3.4. Completed the swimming & skin diving skills tests (See section 4.4.2).

4.3.5. Completed a written examination (See section 4.5.2).

4.3.6. Provided a copy of their certification in SCUBA from a nationally recognized agency.

4.3.7. Provided a copy of their dive log (if applicable).

http://www.aaus.ecu.edu/ecudivingsafety/ecudsoapp1.cfm






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4.3.8. Completed any additional training deemed necessary by the Diving Safety Officer or his/herdesignee.

4.4. EVALUATION

4.4.1. Medical Examination

The applicant for training shall be certified by a licensed physician to be medically qualified for diving beforeproceeding with the training as designated in Sec. Error! Reference source not found. (See section 6 and

Appendices 1-4).

4.4.2. Swimming and Skin Diving Evaluation

The applicant for training shall successfully perform the following tests, or their equivalent, in the presenceof the Diving Safety Officer, or an examiner approved by the Diving Safety Officer.

4.4.2.1. Swim underwater without swim aids for a distance of 25 yards without surfacing.

4.4.2.2. Swim 400 yards in less than 12 minutes without swim aids.

4.4.2.3. Tread water for 10 minutes, or 2 minutes without the use of hands, without swim aids.

4.4.2.4. Without the use of swim aids, transport another person of equal size a distance of 25 yardsin the water.

The following items require the use of mask, fins and snorkel:

4.4.2.5. Snorkel 450 yards, non stop, using no hands and breathing from snorkel at least one half ofthe distance.

4.4.2.6. Survival swim of five minutes while removing and replacing in turn, mask, fins, and weightbelt (if worn).

4.4.2.7. Underwater swim of 20 yards on one breath, no push off or dive.

4.4.2.8. Underwater swim of 40 yards, taking no more than three breaths during swim. Breathsshould be taken through the snorkel using proper snorkel clearing techniques.

4.4.2.9. Recover a ten pound object from a depth of at least ten feet.

4.4.2.10.Bring a skin diver simulating unconsciousness to the surface from a depth of ten to fifteenfeet of water.

4.4.2.11.Transport a diver of equal size 40 yards on the surface while simulating in-water rescuebreathing.

4.4.2.12.During the above tests demonstrate "good" individual watermanship.

4.5. SCUBA AND PRACTICAL TRAINING

4.5.1. Confined Water Evaluation

At the completion of training, the trainee must satisfy the Diving Safety Officer or designee of his/her abilityto perform the following, as a minimum, in a pool or in sheltered water:



DSM2007 29

4.5.1.1. Enter water with full equipment.

4.5.1.2. Clear face mask.

4.5.1.3. Demonstrate air sharing, including both buddy breathing and the use of alternate airsource, as both donor and recipient, with and without a face mask.

4.5.1.4. Demonstrate ability to alternate between snorkel and scuba while kicking.

4.5.1.5. Demonstrate understanding of underwater signs and signals.

4.5.1.6. Demonstrate simulated in-water mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.

4.5.1.7. Rescue and transport, as a diver, a passive simulated victim of an accident.

4.5.1.8. Demonstrate ability to remove and replace equipment while submerged.

4.5.1.9. Demonstrate watermanship ability which is acceptable to the instructor.

4.5.2. Written Examination

Before completing training, the trainee must pass, with a minimum score of 75%, a written examination thatdemonstrates knowledge of at least the following:

4.5.2.1. Function, care, use, and maintenance of diving equipment.

4.5.2.2. Physics and physiology of diving.

4.5.2.3. Diving regulations and precautions.

4.5.2.4. Near-shore currents and waves.

4.5.2.5. Dangerous marine animals.

4.5.2.6. Emergency procedures, including buoyant ascent and ascent by air sharing.

4.5.2.7. Currently accepted decompression procedures.

4.5.2.8. Demonstrate the proper use of dive tables.

4.5.2.9. Underwater communications.

4.5.2.10.Aspects of freshwater and altitude diving.

4.5.2.11.Hazards of breath-hold diving and ascents.

4.5.2.12.Planning and supervision of diving operations.

4.5.2.13.Diving hazards.

4.5.2.14.Cause, symptoms, treatment, and prevention of the following: near drowning, airembolism, carbon dioxide excess, squeezes, oxygen poisoning, nitrogen narcosis,



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exhaustion and panic, respiratory fatigue, motion sickness, decompression sickness,hypothermia, and hypoxia/anoxia.

4.5.3. Open Water Evaluation

The trainee must satisfy an instructor, approved by the Diving Safety Officer, of his/her ability to perform atleast the following in open water:

4.5.3.1. Skin Diving Evaluation

4.5.3.1.1.Proper donning of equipment.

4.5.3.1.2.Adjust weights for proper buoyancy control to experience neutral buoyancy at thesurface.

4.5.3.1.3.Surface dive to a depth of 10 to 20 feet and recover an object.

4.5.3.1.4.Ascend from depth, demonstrating control, and proper ascent and surfacing techniques,including snorkel clearing.

4.5.3.1.5.Surface ditch and recovery in sequence of mask, fins and weight belt.

4.5.3.1.6.Equalize all air spaces in equipment and body during descent.

4.5.3.1.7.Demonstrate self-rescue techniques, including ditching weights and relieving cramps.

4.5.3.1.8.Assist and transport another diver on the surface.

4.5.3.1.9.Demonstrate correct procedures for entries and exits from the water.

4.5.3.1.10.Demonstrate proficiency in all required skills, and fitness for skin diving.

4.5.3.2. Scuba Evaluation

4.5.3.2.1.Demonstrate proficiency in air sharing as both donor and receiver.

4.5.3.2.2.Enter and leave open water or surf, or leave and board a diving vessel, while wearingscuba gear.

4.5.3.2.3.Kick on the surface 400 yards while wearing scuba gear, but not breathing from thescuba unit.

4.5.3.2.4.Demonstrate judgment adequate for safe diving.

4.5.3.2.5.Demonstrate, where appropriate, the ability to maneuver efficiently in the environment, atand below the surface.

4.5.3.2.6.Complete a simulated emergency swimming ascent.

4.5.3.2.7.Demonstrate clearing of mask and regulator while submerged.

4.5.3.2.8.Demonstrate ability to achieve and maintain neutral buoyancy while submerged.



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4.5.3.2.9.Demonstrate techniques of self-rescue and buddy rescue.

4.5.3.2.10.Navigate underwater.

4.5.3.2.11.Plan and execute a dive.

4.5.3.2.12.Successfully complete 5 open water dives for a minimum total time of 3 hours, of which1-1/2 hours cumulative bottom time must be on scuba. No more than 3 training divesshall be made in any one day.



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5. SCIENTIFIC DIVER CERTIFICATION

5.1. CERTIFICATION TYPES

5.1.1. Scientific Diver Certification.

This is a permit to dive, usable only while it is current and for the purpose intended.

5.1.2. Temporary Diver Permit.

This permit constitutes a waiver of the requirements of Sec. 5 and is issued only following a demonstrationof the required proficiency in diving. The permit is usually reserved for visiting scientists or personnel,including volunteers, not normally associated with ECU programs. It is valid only for a limited time, asdetermined by the Diving Safety Officer. This permit is not to be construed as a mechanism to circumventexisting standards set forth in this manual.

Certain requirements may be waived by the Diving Safety Officer if the person in question hasdemonstrated proficiency in diving and can contribute measurably to a planned dive. A statement of thetemporary diver's qualifications shall be submitted to the Diving Safety Officer as a part of the dive plan.Temporary permits shall be restricted to the planned diving operation and shall comply with all otherpolicies, regulations, and standards of this manual, including medical requirements. Unless waived by theDiving Safety Officer, personnel desiring a temporary diver permit must:

5.1.2.1. Submit an ECU Scientific Diving Application to the Diving Safety Office(http://www.aaus.ecu.edu/ecudivingsafety/ecudsoapp1.cfm).

5.1.2.2. Properly file a Release and Waiver (appendix 8) with the Diving Safety Office.

5.1.2.3. Complete a physical examination (See section 6 and appendices 1-4) and be cleared fordiving by the examining physician.

5.1.2.4. Satisfactorily complete a swim test. (See section 4.4.2)

5.1.2.5. Satisfactorily complete a confined water evaluation (See section 4.5.11).

5.1.2.6. Satisfactorily complete an open water evaluation (See section 4.5.3).

5.1.2.7. Provide proof of training in: CPR (must be current), emergency oxygen administration(must be current) and first aid for diving accidents (must be current).

5.1.2.8. Complete any special training requirements deemed necessary by the Diving Safety Officeor the Diving Safety Control Board for participation in a given project.

5.1.2.9. File copies of all pertinent certifications and log book with the Diving Safety Office.

5.2. GENERAL POLICY

Scientific diver certification is issued to University personnel and students participating in scientific divingunder ECU auspices. The diver must complete additional theoretical aspects and practical training for acumulative minimum time of 100 hours.

Upon completion of the requirements for Scientific Diving Certification, a Scientific Diving Certificate will beplaced in the divers record. A copy of this certificate is available to the diver upon request to the DivingSafety Office. A diver's qualifications, as stated on the initial certificate, may be changed by the DivingSafety Officer to reflect additional experience and/or training.



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5.2.1. Eligibility

Only persons involved with scientific diving under University auspices are eligible for University training andcertification.

5.3. REQUIREMENTS FOR SCIENTIFIC DIVER CERTIFICATION

5.3.1. Submission of documents and participation in aptitude examinations does not automaticallyresult in certification. The applicant must convince the Diving Safety Officer and members of the

DSCB that he/she is sufficiently skilled and proficient to be certified. This skill will beacknowledged by the signature of the Diving Safety Officer. Any applicant who does notpossess the necessary judgment, under diving conditions, for the safety of the diver and his/herpartner, may be denied scientific diving privileges.

5.3.2. Prerequisites

5.3.2.1. Application - Application for certification shall be made to the Diving Safety Officer on theform prescribed by the organizational member.

5.3.2.2. Medical approval. Each applicant for diver certification shall submit a statement from alicensed physician, based on an approved medical examination, attesting to the applicant‘sfitness for diving (Section 6.00 and Appendices 1 through 4).

5.3.2.3. Scientific Diver-In-Training Permit - This permit signifies that a diver has completed andbeen certified as at least an open water diver through an internationally recognizedcertifying agency or scientific diving program, and has the knowledge skills and experienceto that gained by successful completion of training as specified in Section 4.00.

5.3.3. In addition to the Entry Level Training Requirements outlined in section 4, the applicant mustcomplete training in First Aid, CPR and Oxygen Administration. Persons providing proof ofcurrent certification in these areas may be exempt from this training.

5.3.4. Theoretical and Practical Training

The diver must complete additional theoretical aspects and practical training for a minimum cumulative timeof 100 hours.

5.3.4.1. Theoretical aspects should include principles and activities appropriate to the intended areaof scientific study.

5.3.4.1.1.Required Topics (include, but not limited to);

Diving Emergency Care Training

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

Standard or Basic First Aid

Recognition of DCS and AGE

Accident ManagementField Neurological Exam

Oxygen Administration

Dive Rescue

Dive Physics

Dive Physiology



DSM2007 34

Dive Environments

Decompression Theory and its Application

AAUS Scientific Diving Regulations and History

Scientific Dive Planning

Coordination with other Agencies

Appropriate Governmental Regulations

Scientific Method

Data Gathering Techniques (Only Items specific to area of study are required)

Transect Sampling (Quadrating)

Transecting

Mapping

Coring

Photography

Tagging

Collecting

Animal Handling

Archaeology

Common BiotaOrganism Identification

Behavior

Ecology

Site Selection, Location, and Re-location

Specialized Equipment for data gathering

HazMat Training

HP Cylinders

Chemical Hygiene, Laboratory Safety (Use Of Chemicals)

5.3.4.1.2.Suggested Topics (include, but not limited to):

Specific Dive Modes (methods of gas delivery)

Open Circuit

Hooka

Surface Supplied diving

Small Boat Operation

Rebreathers

Closed

Semi-closed

Specialized Breathing Gas

Nitrox

Mixed Gas

Specialized Environments and Conditions

Blue Water Diving,

Ice and Polar Diving (Cold Water Diving)

Zero Visibility Diving

Polluted Water Diving,



DSM2007 35

Saturation Diving

Decompression Diving

Overhead Environments

Aquarium Diving

Night Diving

Kelp Diving

Strong Current Diving (Live-boating)

Potential Entanglement

Specialized Diving Equipment

Full face mask

Dry Suit

Communications

5.3.4.2. Practical training must include a checkout dive, with evaluation of the skills listed inSection 4.5.3 (Open Water Evaluation), with the DSO or qualified delegate followed by atleast 11 ocean or open water dives in a variety of dive sites and diving conditions, for acumulative bottom time of 6 hours. Dives following the checkout dive must be supervisedby a certified Scientific Diver with experience in the type of diving planned, with theknowledge and permission of the DSO.

5.3.5. Examinations

Written examination

General exam required for scientific diver certification.

Examination covering the suggested topics at the DSO‘s discretion.

Examination of equipment.

Personal diving equipment

5.3.5.1. Task specific equipment

5.3.5.2. Open water check-out dives to appropriate depths with evaluation of the required skills.

5.4. WAIVER OF SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

5.4.1. If an applicant for certification can show evidence of previous qualifying experience and training,a waiver of specific requirements may be granted. The requirements for medical evaluation,written examination, release and waiver, or medical insurance shall not in any case be waived.

5.5. DEPTH CERTIFICATIONS

5.5.1. Depth Certifications and Progression to Next Depth Level

A certified diver diving under the auspices of the organizational member may progress to the next depthlevel after successfully completing the required dives for the next level. Under these circumstances the

diver may exceed their depth limit. Dives shall be planned and executed under close supervision of a divercertified to this depth, with the knowledge and permission of the DSO.

5.5.1.1. Certification to 30 Foot Depth - Initial permit level, approved upon the successfulcompletion of training listed in Section 4.00 and 5.30.

5.5.1.2. Certification to 60 Foot Depth - A diver holding a 30 foot certificate may be certified to adepth of 60 feet after successfully completing, under supervision, 12 logged training divesto depths between 31 and 60 feet, for a minimum total time of 4 hours.



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5.7. REVOCATION OF CERTIFICATION

Any certificate issued under this standard may be revoked or restricted for cause by the Diving SafetyOfficer or the Diving Safety Control Board. Violations of regulations set forth in this manual or violations ofother governmental subdivisions not in conflict with this manual may be considered cause. The DivingSafety Officer shall inform the person in writing of the reason(s) for revocation. The individual will be giventhe opportunity to present his/her case in writing for consideration and/or re-certification. All such writtenstatements and requests, as identified in this section, are University documents and will become a part ofthe individual's file maintained by the Diving Safety Officer.

5.8. RE-CERTIFICATION

If a diver's certificate expires or is revoked, he/she may be re-certified after complying with such conditionsas the Diving Safety Officer and/or the DSCB may impose. The diver shall be given an opportunity topresent his/her case to the DSCB before conditions for re-certification are stipulated.



DSM2007 38

6. MEDICAL STANDARDS

6.1. MEDICAL REQUIREMENTS

6.1.1. General

6.1.1.1. The Diving Safety Officer or his designee shall determine that dive team members who willbe exposed to hyperbaric conditions have passed a current diving physical examination andhave been declared by the examining physician to be fit to engage in diving activities as

may be limited or restricted in the medical evaluation report.

6.1.1.2. All medical evaluations required by this standard shall be performed by, or under thedirection of, a licensed physician of the applicant-diver's choice, preferably one trained indiving/undersea medicine. The University will provide Faculty and Staff divers with allmedical examinations required by this standard.

6.1.1.3. The diver should be free of any chronic disabling disease and be free of any conditionscontained in the list of conditions for which restrictions from diving are generallyrecommended. (Appendix 1)

6.1.2. Frequency of Medical Evaluations

Medical evaluation shall be completed:

6.1.2.1. Before a diver may begin diving, unless an equivalent initial medical evaluation has beengiven within the preceding 5 years (3 years if over the age of 40, 2 years if over age 60), theUniversity has obtained the results of that examination, and those results have beenreviewed and found satisfactory.

6.1.2.2. Thereafter, at 5 year intervals up to age 40, every 3 years after age 40 and every 2 yearsafter age 60 from the date of initial evaluation or last equivalent evaluation.

6.1.2.3. Clearance to return to diving must be obtained from a physician following any major injuryor illness, or any condition requiring hospital care. If the injury or illness is pressure relatedthen the clearance to return to diving must come from a physician trained in divingmedicine.

6.1.3. Information Provided Examining Physician

The University shall provide a copy of the medical evaluation requirements of this standard to the examiningphysician. (Appendices 1 through 3).

6.1.4. Content of Medical Evaluations

Medical examinations conducted initially and at the intervals specified in section 6.1.6 shall consist of thefollowing:

6.1.4.1. Applicant agreement for release of medical information to the Diving Safety Officer and theDSCB (See Appendix 2).

6.1.4.2. Medical history (See Appendix 3)

6.1.4.3. Diving physical examination (Section 6.1.6 and Appendix 2).

6.1.5. Conditions for which Restriction from Diving is Recommended (Adapted from Bove, 1998) .



DSM2007 39

6.1.5.1. Abnormalities of the tympanic membrane, such as perforation, presence of a monomericmembrane, or inability to auto inflate the middle ears.

6.1.5.2. Vertigo including Meniere‘s Disease.

6.1.5.3. Stapedectomy or middle ear reconstructive surgery.

6.1.5.4. Recent ocular surgery.

6.1.5.5. Psychiatric disorders including claustrophobia, suicidal ideation, psychosis, anxiety states,untreated depression.

6.1.5.6. Substance abuse, including alcohol.

6.1.5.7. Episodic loss of consciousness.

6.1.5.8. History of seizure.

6.1.5.9. History of stroke or a fixed neurological deficit.

6.1.5.10.Recurring neurologic disorders, including transient ischemic attacks.

6.1.5.11.History of intracranial aneurysm, other vascular malformation or intracranial hemorrhage.

6.1.5.12.History of neurological decompression illness with residual deficit.

6.1.5.13.Head injury with sequelae.

6.1.5.14.Hematologic disorders including coagulopathies.

6.1.5.15.Evidence of coronary artery disease or high risk for coronary artery disease.

6.1.5.16.Atrial septal defects.

6.1.5.17.Significant valvular heart disease - isolated mitral valve prolapse is not disqualifying.

6.1.5.18.Significant cardiac rhythm or conduction abnormalities.

6.1.5.19.Implanted cardiac pacemakers and cardiac defibrillators (ICD).

6.1.5.20.Inadequate exercise tolerance.

6.1.5.21.Severe hypertension.

6.1.5.22.History of spontaneous or traumatic pneumothorax.

6.1.5.23.Asthma.

6.1.5.24.Chronic pulmonary disease, including radiographic evidence of pulmonary blebs, bullae orcysts.

6.1.5.25.Diabetes mellitus.



DSM2007 40

6.1.5.26.Pregnancy.

6.1.6. Laboratory Requirements for Diving Medical Examination:

6.1.6.1. Initial examination under age 40:

* Medical History* Complete Physical Exam, emphasis on neurological and otological components* Chest X-ray

* Spirometry* Hematocrit or Hemoglobin* Urinalysis* Any further tests deemed necessary by the physician.

6.1.6.2. Periodic re-examination under age 40 (every 5 years):

* Medical History* Complete Physical Exam, emphasis on neurological and otological components* Hematocrit or Hemoglobin* Urinalysis* Any further tests deemed necessary by the physician

6.1.6.3. Initial exam over age 40:

* Medical History* Complete Physical Exam, emphasis on neurological and otological components* Assessment of coronary artery disease using Multiple-Risk-Factor Assessment

1

(age, lipid profile, blood pressure, diabetic screening, smoker)* Resting EKG* Chest X-ray* Spirometry* Urinalysis* Hematocrit or Hemoglobin* Any further tests deemed necessary by the physician* Exercise stress testing may be indicated based on risk factor assessment.

2

6.1.6.4. Periodic re-examination over age 40 (every 3 years); over age 60 (every 2 years):

* Medical History* Complete Physical Exam, emphasis on neurological and otological components* Assessment of coronary artery disease using Multiple-Risk-Factor Assessment

(age, lipid profile, blood pressure, diabetic screening, smoker)* Resting EKG* Urinalysis* Hematocrit or Hemoglobin* Any further tests deemed necessary by the physician* Exercise stress testing may be indicated based on risk factor assessment.

6.1.7. Physician's Written Report.

6.1.7.1. After any medical examination relating to the individual‘s fitness to dive, the Diving SafetyOffice shall obtain a written report prepared by the examining physician, which shall containthe examining physician's opinion of the individual's fitness to dive, including anyrecommended restrictions or limitations. This will be reviewed by the Diving Safety Officerand/or the Diving Safety Control Board or his/their designee, who shall recommend whetherthe individual should be certified unconditionally, be certified as a "Restricted Activity Diver",be required to undergo further testing, or be rejected.

6.1.7.2. The Diving Safety Office shall, upon request, provide the individual with a copy of thephysician's written report.



DSM2007 41

1 ―Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk by Use of Multiple-Risk-Factor Assessment Equations.‖ Grundy et. al.1999. AHA/ACC Scientific Statement. http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/circulationaha;100/13/1481

2 Gibbons RJ, et al. ACC/AHA Guidelines for Exercise Testing. A report of the American College ofCardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Exercise Testing).Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 30:260-311, 1997.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/96/1/345

http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/circulationaha;100/13/1481


http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/96/1/345






DSM2007 42

7. NITROX DIVING GUIDELINES

The following guidelines address the use of nitrox by scientific divers under the auspices of East CarolinaUniversity. Nitrox is defined for these guidelines as breathing mixtures composed predominately of nitrogenand oxygen, most commonly produced by the addition of oxygen or the removal of nitrogen from air.

7.1. PREREQUISITES

7.1.1. Eligibility

7.1.1.1. Only a certified Scientific Diver or Scientific Diver In Training (Sections 4.00 and 5.00)diving under the auspices of a ECU is eligible for authorization to use nitrox. Aftercompletion, review and acceptance of application materials, training and qualification, anapplicant will be authorized to use nitrox within their depth authorization, as specified inSection 5.5.

7.1.2. Application and Documentation

7.1.2.1. Persons desiring training shall submit to the Diving Safety Office a completed ECUScientific Diving Application available online athttp://www.aaus.ecu.edu/ecudivingsafety/ecudsoapp1.cfm

7.2. REQUIREMENTS FOR AUTHORIZATION TO USE NITROX

7.2.1. Submission of documents and participation in aptitude examinations does not automaticallyresult in authorization to use nitrox. The applicant must convince the DSO and members of theDCB that they are sufficiently skilled and proficient. The signature of the DSO on theauthorization form will acknowledge authorization. After completion of training and evaluation,authorization to use nitrox may be denied to any diver who does not demonstrate to thesatisfaction of the DSO or DCB the appropriate judgment or proficiency to ensure the safety ofthe diver and dive buddy.

7.2.2. Prior to authorization to use nitrox, the following minimum requirements should be met:

7.2.2.1. Training

7.2.2.1.1.The diver must complete additional theoretical and practical training beyond theScientific Diver In Training air certification level, to the satisfaction of the memberorganizations DSO and DCB (Section 7.30).

7.2.2.2. Examinations

7.2.2.2.1.Each diver should demonstrate proficiency in skills and theory in written, oral, andpractical examinations covering:

7.2.2.2.1.1.Written examinations covering the information presented in the

classroom training session(s) (i.e., gas theory, oxygen toxicity,partial pressure determination, etc.);

7.2.2.2.1.2.Practical examinations covering the information presented in thepractical training session(s) (i.e., gas analysis, documentationprocedures, etc.);

7.2.2.2.1.3.Openwater checkout dives, to appropriate depths, todemonstrate the application of theoretical and practical skillslearned.






DSM2007 43

7.2.2.3. Minimum Activity to Maintain Authorization

7.2.2.3.1.The diver should log at least one nitrox dive per year. Failure to meet the minimumactivity level may be cause for restriction or revocation of nitrox authorization.

7.3. NITROX TRAINING GUIDELINES

Training in these guidelines should be in addition to training for Diver-In-Training authorization (Section4.00). It may be included as part of training to satisfy the Scientific Diver training requirements (Section5.30).

7.3.1. Classroom Instruction

7.3.1.1. Topics should include, but are not limited to: review of previous training; physical gas lawspertaining to nitrox; partial pressure calculations and limits; equivalent air depth (EAD)concept and calculations; oxygen physiology and oxygen toxicity; calculation of oxygenexposure and maximum safe operating depth (MOD); determination of decompressionschedules (both by EAD method using approved air dive tables, and using approved nitroxdive tables); dive planning and emergency procedures; mixing procedures and calculations;gas analysis; personnel requirements; equipment marking and maintenance requirements;dive station requirements.

7.3.1.2. DCB may choose to limit standard nitrox diver training to procedures applicable to diving,and subsequently reserve training such as nitrox production methods, oxygen cleaning, anddive station topics to divers requiring specialized authorization in these areas.

7.3.2. Practical Training

7.3.2.1. The practical training portion will consist of a review of skills as stated for scuba (Section4.00), with additional training as follows:

7.3.2.1.1.Oxygen analysis of nitrox mixtures.

7.3.2.1.2.Determination of MOD, oxygen partial pressure exposure, and oxygen toxicity timelimits, for various nitrox mixtures at various depths.

7.3.2.1.3.Determination of nitrogen-based dive limits status by EAD method using air dive tables,and/or using nitrox dive tables, as approved by the DCB.

7.3.2.1.4.Nitrox dive computer use may be included, as approved by the DCB.

7.3.3. Written Examination (based on classroom instruction and practical training)

7.3.3.1. Before authorization, the trainee should successfully pass a written examinationdemonstrating knowledge of at least the following:

7.3.3.1.1.Function, care, use, and maintenance of equipment cleaned for nitrox use.

7.3.3.1.2.Physical and physiological considerations of nitrox diving (ex.: O2 and CO2 toxicity).

7.3.3.1.3.Diving regulations and procedures as related to nitrox diving, either scuba or surface-supplied (depending on intended mode).

7.3.3.1.4.Given the proper information, calculation of:

7.3.3.1.4.1.Equivalent air depth (EAD) for a given fO2 and actual depth;



DSM2007 44

7.3.3.1.4.2.pO2 exposure for a given fO2 and depth;

7.3.3.1.4.3.Optimal nitrox mixture for a given pO2 exposure limit andplanned depth;

7.3.3.1.4.4. Maximum operational depth (MOD) for a given mix and pO2exposure limit;

7.3.3.1.4.5.For nitrox production purposes, percentages/psi of oxygen

present in a given mixture, and psi of each gas required to producea fO2 by partial pressure mixing.

7.3.3.1.5.Dive table and dive computer selection and usage.

7.3.3.1.6.Nitrox production methods and considerations.

7.3.3.1.7.Oxygen analysis.

7.3.3.1.8.Nitrox operational guidelines (Section 7.40), dive planning, and dive station components.

7.3.4. Openwater Dives

7.3.4.1. A minimum of two supervised openwater dives using nitrox is required for authorization.The mode used in the dives should correspond to the intended application (i.e., scuba orsurface-supplied). If the MOD for the mix being used can be exceeded at the traininglocation, direct, in-water supervision is required.

7.3.5. Surface-Supplied Training

7.3.5.1. All training as applied to surface-supplied diving (practical, classroom, and openwater) willfollow the member organization‘s surface-supplied diving standards, including additionslisted in Section 11.60.

7.4. SCIENTIFIC NITROX DIVING REGULATIONS

7.4.1. Dive Personnel Requirements

7.4.1.1. Nitrox Diver In Training - A Diver In Training, who has completed the requirements ofSection 4.00 and the training and authorization sections of these guidelines, may beauthorized by the DSO to use nitrox under the direct supervision a Scientific Diver who alsoholds nitrox authorization. Dive depths should be restricted to those specified in the diver‘sauthorization.

7.4.1.2. Scientific Diver - A Scientific Diver who has completed the requirements of Section 5.00and the training and authorization sections of these guidelines, may be authorized by the

DSO to use nitrox. Depth authorization to use nitrox should be the same as those specifiedin the diver‘s authorization, as described in Section. 5.40.

7.4.1.3. Lead Diver - On any dive during which nitrox will be used by any team member, the LeadDiver should be authorized to use nitrox, and hold appropriate authorizations required forthe dive, as specified in AAUS Standards. Lead Diver authorization for nitrox dives by theDSO and/or DCB should occur as part of the dive plan approval process.

7.4.1.4. In addition to responsibilities listed in Section 1.20, the Lead Diver should:



DSM2007 45

7.4.1.4.1.As part of the dive planning process, verify that all divers using nitrox on a dive areproperly qualified and authorized;

7.4.1.4.2.As part of the pre-dive procedures, confirm with each diver the nitrox mixture the diver isusing, and establish dive team maximum depth and time limits, according to the shortesttime limit or shallowest depth limit among the team members.

7.4.1.4.3.The Lead Diver should also reduce the maximum allowable pO2 exposure limit for thedive team if on-site conditions so indicate (see Sec. 7.42.).

7.4.2. Dive Parameters

7.4.2.1. Oxygen Exposure Limits

7.4.2.1.1.The inspired oxygen partial pressure experienced at depth should not exceed 1.6 ATA.All dives performed using nitrox breathing mixtures should comply with the current NOAADiving Manual ―Oxygen Partial Pressure Limits for ‗Normal‘ Exposures‖

7.4.2.1.2.The maximum allowable exposure limit should be reduced in cases where cold orstrenuous dive conditions, or extended exposure times are expected. The DCB shouldconsider this in the review of any dive plan application, which proposes to use nitrox. The

Lead Diver should also review on-site conditions and reduce the allowable pO2 exposurelimits if conditions indicate.

7.4.2.1.3.If using the equivalent air depth (EAD) method the maximum depth of a dive should bebased on the oxygen partial pressure for the specific nitrox breathing mix to be used.

7.4.2.2. Bottom Time Limits

7.4.2.2.1.Maximum bottom time should be based on the depth of the dive and the nitrox mixturebeing used.

7.4.2.2.2.Bottom time for a single dive should not exceed the NOAA maximum allowable ―Single

Exposure Limit‖ for a given oxygen partial pressure, as listed in the current NOAA DivingManual.

7.4.2.3. Dive Tables and Gases

7.4.2.3.1.A set of DCB approved nitrox dive tables should be available at the dive site.

7.4.2.3.2.When using the equivalent air depth (EAD) method, dives should be conducted using airdive tables approved by the DCB.

7.4.2.3.3.If nitrox is used to increase the safety margin of air-based dive tables, the MOD andoxygen exposure and time limits for the nitrox mixture being dived should not be

exceeded

7.4.2.3.4.Breathing mixtures used while performing in-water decompression, or for bail-outpurposes, should contain the same or greater oxygen content as that being used duringthe dive, within the confines of depth limitations and oxygen partial pressure limits setforth in Section 7.40 Dive Parameters.



DSM2007 46

7.4.2.4. Nitrox Dive Computers

7.4.2.4.1.Dive computers may be used to compute decompression status during nitrox dives.Manufacturers‘ guidelines and operations instructions should be followed.

7.4.2.4.2.Use of Nitrox dive computers should comply with dive computer guidelines included inthe AAUS Standards.

7.4.2.4.3.Nitrox dive computer users should demonstrate a clear understanding of the display,

operations, and manipulation of the unit being used for nitrox diving prior to using thecomputer, to the satisfaction of the DSO or designee.

7.4.2.4.4.If nitrox is used to increase the safety margin of an air-based dive computer, the MODand oxygen exposure and time limits for the nitrox mixture being dived should not beexceeded.

7.4.2.4.5.Dive computers capable of pO2 limit and fO2 adjustment should be checked by the diverprior to the start each dive to assure compatibility with the mix being used.

7.4.2.5. Repetitive Diving

7.4.2.5.1.Repetitive dives using nitrox mixtures should be performed in compliance withprocedures required of the specific dive tables used.

7.4.2.5.2.Residual nitrogen time should be based on the EAD for the specific nitrox mixture to beused on the repetitive dive, and not that of the previous dive.

7.4.2.5.3.The total cumulative exposure (bottom time) to a partial pressure of oxygen in a given 24hour period should not exceed the current NOAA Diving Manual 24-hour Oxygen PartialPressure Limits for ―Normal‖ Exposures.

7.4.2.5.4.When repetitive dives expose divers to different oxygen partial pressures from dive todive, divers should account for accumulated oxygen exposure from previous dives when

determining acceptable exposures for repetitive dives. Both acute (CNS) and chronic(pulmonary) oxygen toxicity concerns should be addressed.

7.4.2.6. Oxygen Parameters

7.4.2.6.1.Authorized Mixtures - Mixtures meeting the criteria outlined in Section 7.40 may be usedfor nitrox diving operations, upon approval of the DCB.

7.4.2.6.2.Purity - Oxygen used for mixing nitrox-breathing gas should meet the purity levels for―Medical Grade‖ (U.S.P.) or ―Aviator Grade‖ standards.

7.4.2.6.3.In addition to the AAUS Air Purity Guidelines (Section 3.60), the following standardshould be met for breathing air that is either:

7.4.2.6.3.1.Placed in contact with oxygen concentrations greater than 40%.

7.4.2.6.3.2.Used in nitrox production by the partial pressure mixing methodwith gas mixtures containing greater than 40% oxygen as theenriching agent.

Air Purity: CGA Grade E (Section 3.60)



DSM2007 47

Condensed Hydrocarbons 5mg/mHydrocarbonContaminants

No greater than 0.1mg/m

3

7.4.2.7. Gas Mixing and Analysis

7.4.2.7.1.Personnel Requirements

7.4.2.7.1.1.Individuals responsible for producing and/or analyzing nitrox

mixtures should be knowledgeable and experienced in all aspectsof the technique.

7.4.2.7.1.2.Only those individuals approved by the DSO and/or DCB shouldbe responsible for mixing and/or analyzing nitrox mixtures.

7.4.2.7.2.Production Methods - It is the responsibility of the DCB to approve the specific nitroxproduction method used.

7.4.2.7.3.Analysis Verification by User

7.4.2.7.3.1.It is the responsibility of each diver to analyze prior to the dive

the oxygen content of his/her scuba cylinder and acknowledge inwriting the following information for each cylinder: fO2, MOD,cylinder pressure, date of analysis, and user‘s name.

7.4.2.7.3.2.Individual dive log reporting forms should report fO2 of nitroxused, if different than 21%.

7.5. NITROX DIVING EQUIPMENT

77..55..11.. All of the designated equipment and stated requirements regarding scuba equipment required inthe AAUS Standards should apply to nitrox scuba operations. Additional minimal equipmentnecessary for nitrox diving operations includes:

7.5.1.1. Labeled SCUBA Cylinders

7.5.1.2. Oxygen Analyzers

7.5.2. Oxygen Cleaning and Maintenance Requirements

7.5.2.1. Requirement for Oxygen Service

7.5.2.1.1.All equipment, which during the dive or cylinder filling process is exposed toconcentrations greater than 40% oxygen at pressures above 150 psi, should be cleanedand maintained for oxygen service.

7.5.2.1.2.Equipment used with oxygen or mixtures containing over 40% by volume oxygen shallbe designed and maintained for oxygen service. Oxygen systems over 125 psig shallhave slow-opening shut-off valves. This should include the following equipment: scubacylinders, cylinder valves, scuba and other regulators, cylinder pressure gauges, hoses,diver support equipment, compressors, and fill station components and plumbing.



DSM2007 48

7.5.2.2. Scuba Cylinder Identification Marking

7.5.2.2.1.Scuba cylinders to be used with nitrox mixtures should have the following identificationdocumentation affixed to the cylinder:

7.5.2.2.1.1.Cylinders should be marked ―NITROX‖, or ―EANx‖, or ―Enriched Air‖.

7.5.2.2.1.2.Nitrox identification color-coding should include a 4-inch wide

green band around the cylinder, starting immediately below theshoulder curvature. If the cylinder is not yellow, the green bandshould be bordered above and below by a 1-inch yellow band.

7.5.2.2.1.3.The alternate marking of a yellow cylinder by painting thecylinder crown green and printing the word ―NITROX‖ parallel to thelength of the cylinder in green print is acceptable.

7.5.2.2.1.4.Other markings, which identify the cylinder as containing gasmixes other than Air, may be used as the approval of the DCB.

7.5.2.2.1.5.A contents label should be affixed, to include the current fO2,

date of analysis, and MOD.

7.5.2.2.1.6.The cylinder should be labeled to indicate whether the cylinderis prepared for oxygen or nitrox mixtures containing greater than40% oxygen.

7.5.2.3. Regulators - Regulators to be used with nitrox mixtures containing greater than 40%oxygen should be cleaned and maintained for oxygen service, and marked in an identifyingmanner.

7.5.2.4. Other Support Equipment

7.5.2.4.1.An oxygen analyzer is required which is capable of determining the oxygen content inthe scuba cylinder. Two analyzers are recommended to reduce the likelihood of errorsdue to a faulty analyzer. The analyzer should be capable of reading a scale of 0 to 100%oxygen, within 1% accuracy.

7.5.2.4.2.All diver and support equipment should be suitable for the fO2 being used.

7.5.2.5. Compressor system

7.5.2.5.1.Compressor/filtration system must produce oil-free air.

77..55..22..55..22..An oil-lubricated compressor placed in service for a nitrox system should be checked foroil and hydrocarbon contamination at least quarterly.

7.5.2.6. Fill Station Components - All components of a nitrox fill station that will contact nitroxmixtures containing greater than 40% oxygen should be cleaned and maintained for oxygenservice. This includes cylinders, whips, gauges, valves, and connecting lines.



DSM2007 49

8. RECREATIONAL DIVING PROGRAMS

8.1. SCOPE

Employees of the Recreational Diving Program (RDP) and students participating in sanctioned Universitycourses are governed by standards set forth by the national certifying agencies.

8.1.1. Students

Students under the direct supervision of leadership personnel as defined by the national certifying agenciesare considered exempt from both AAUS and ECU compressed gas diving regulations so long as they

comply with the standards set forth by the national certifying agency.

8.1.2. Employees

Individuals employed by the RDP for either instruction or evaluation of students must comply with allstandards set forth by the national certifying agencies. In addition, employees of the RDP must meet thefollowing requirements of this manual.

8.1.2.1. Employees must have and maintain a current medical as outlined in Section 6.

8.1.2.2. Employees must maintain maintenance records for all life support equipment as outlined insection four.

8.1.2.3. Employees must maintain current CPR and First Aid ratings.

8.1.2.4. Employees must be familiar with the use of Oxygen and related equipment for dive accidentmanagement.

8.1.2.5. Any newly hired employee will be subject to a swimming and in-water evaluation by theDiving Safety Officer or his designee.

8.1.2.6. Employees are required to log all dives made in conjunction with employment at ECU.Training dives must include student names.

8.2. REQUIRED ACCIDENT REPORTING

8.2.1. All diving accidents requiring recompression or resulting in serious injury shall be reported to theDiving Safety Office. Accident report forms are available from the Diving Safety Office.

8.2.2. All diving related injuries or illnesses of East Carolina employees which require medical attentionmust be recorded and reported to the Environmental Health and Safety Office using a University"Employee Injury Report". (These are available in the Environmental Health & Safety Office).

8.3. OXYGEN AND FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AVAILABILITY

Oxygen and first aid equipment must be readily available at all dive sites. Oxygen and first aid equipmentwill be supplied, upon request, by the Diving Safety Office for any dives made under University auspices.

8.4. NEW PROGRAMSIn the event that additional diving programs (non-curriculum), which are not currently addressed in thismanual, are started at ECU, they must first receive approval from the Diving Safety Officer and the DivingSafety Control Board.



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9. STAGED DECOMPRESSION DIVING

Decompression diving shall be defined as any diving during which the diver cannot perform a direct returnto the surface without performing a mandatory decompression stop to allow the release of inert gas from thediver‘s body.

The following procedures shall be observed when conducting dives requiring planned decompression stops.

9.1. MINIMUM EXPERIENCE AND TRAINING REQUIREMENTS

9.1.1. Prerequisites:

9.1.1.1. Scientific Diver qualification according to Section 5.00.

9.1.1.2. Minimum of 100 logged dives.

9.1.1.3. Demonstration of the ability to safely plan and conduct dives deeper than 100 feet.

9.1.1.4. Nitrox certification/authorization according to AAUS Section 7.00 recommended.

9.1.2. Training shall be appropriate for the conditions in which dive operations are to be conducted.

9.1.3. Minimum Training shall include the following:

9.1.3.1. A minimum of 6 hours of classroom training to ensure theoretical knowledge to include:physics and physiology of decompression; decompression planning and procedures; gasmanagement; equipment configurations; decompression method, emergency procedures.

9.1.3.2. It is recommended that at least one training session be conducted in a pool or shelteredwater setting, to cover equipment handling and familiarization, swimming and buoyancycontrol, to estimate gas consumption rates, and to practice emergency procedures.

9.1.3.3. At least 6 open-water training dives simulating/requiring decompression shall be conducted,emphasizing planning and execution of required decompression dives, and including

practice of emergency procedures.

9.1.3.4. Progression to greater depths shall be by 4-dive increments at depth intervals as specifiedin Section 5.5.

9.1.3.5. No training dives requiring decompression shall be conducted until the diver hasdemonstrated acceptable skills under simulated conditions.

9.1.3.6. The following are the minimum skills the diver must demonstrate proficiently during divessimulating and requiring decompression:

Buoyancy control

Proper ascent rate

Proper depth controlEquipment manipulation

Stage/decompression bottle use as pertinent to planned diving operation

Buddy skills

Gas management

Time management

Task loading

Emergency skills



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9.1.3.7. Divers shall demonstrate to the satisfaction of the DSO or the DSO‘s designee proficiencyin planning and executing required decompression dives appropriate to the conditions inwhich diving operations are to be conducted.

9.1.3.8. Upon completion of training, the diver shall be authorized to conduct requireddecompression dives with DSO approval.

9.2. MINIMUM EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS:

9.2.1. Valve and regulator systems for primary (bottom) gas supplies shall be configured in aredundant manner that allows continuous breathing gas delivery in the event of failure of anyone component of the regulator/valve system.

9.2.2. Cylinders with volume and configuration adequate for planned diving operations.

9.2.3. One of the second stages on the primary gas supply shall be configured with a hose of adequatelength to facilitate effective emergency gas sharing in the intended environment.

9.2.4. Minimum dive equipment shall include:

9.2.4.1. Snorkel is optional at the DCB's discretion, as determined by the conditions and

environment.

9.2.4.2. Diver location devices adequate for the planned diving operations and environment.

9.2.4.3. Compass

9.2.5. Redundancy in the following components is desirable or required at the discretion of the DCB orDSO:

9.2.5.1. Decompression Schedules

9.2.5.2. Dive Timing Devices

9.2.5.3. Depth gauges

9.2.5.4. Buoyancy Control Devices

9.2.5.5. Cutting devices

9.2.5.6. Lift bags and line reels

9.3. MINIMUM OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS

9.3.1. Approval of dive plan applications to conduct required decompression dives shall be on a case-by-case basis.

9.3.2. The maximum pO2 to be used for planning required decompression dives is 1.6. It isrecommended that a pO2 of less than 1.6 be used during bottom exposure.

9.3.3. Divers gas supplies shall be adequate to meet planned operational requirements andforeseeable emergency situations.



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9.3.4. Decompression dives may be planned using dive tables, dive computers, and/or PC softwareapproved by the DSO/DCB.

9.3.5. Breathing gases used while performing in-water decompression shall contain the same orgreater oxygen content as that used during the bottom phase of the dive.

9.3.6. The dive team prior to each dive shall review emergency procedures appropriate for the planneddive.

9.3.7. If breathing gas mixtures other than air are used for required decompression, their use shall bein accordance with those regulations set forth in the appropriate sections of this standard.

9.3.8. The maximum depth for required decompression using air as the bottom gas shall be 190 feet.

9.3.9. Use of additional nitrox and/or high-oxygen fraction decompression mixtures as travel anddecompression gases to decrease decompression obligations is encouraged.

9.3.10. Use of alternate inert gas mixtures to limit narcosis is encouraged for depths greater than150 feet.

9.3.11. If a period of more than 6 months has elapsed since the last mixed gas dive, a series of

progressive workup dives to return the diver(s) to proficiency status prior to the start of projectdiving operations are recommended.

9.3.12. Mission specific workup dives are recommended.



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10. MIXED GAS DIVING

Mixed gas diving is defined as dives done while breathing gas mixes containing proportions greater than 1%by volume of an inert gas other than nitrogen.


10.1.1. Prerequisites:

10.1.1.1.Nitrox certification and authorization (Section 7.00)

10.1.1.2.If the intended use entails required decompression stops, divers will be previously certifiedand authorized in decompression diving (Section 9.00).

10.1.1.3.Divers shall demonstrate to the DCB's satisfaction skills, knowledge, and attitudeappropriate for training in the safe use of mixed gases.

10.1.2. Classroom training including:

10.1.2.1.Review of topics and issues previously outlined in nitrox and required decompression

diving training as pertinent to the planned operations.

10.1.2.2.The use of helium or other inert gases, and the use of multiple decompression gases.

10.1.2.3.Equipment configurations

10.1.2.4.Mixed gas decompression planning

10.1.2.5.Gas management planning

10.1.2.6.Thermal considerations

10.1.2.7.END determination

10.1.2.8.Mission planning and logistics

10.1.2.9.Emergency procedures

10.1.2.10.Mixed gas production methods

10.1.2.11.Methods of gas handling and cylinder filling

10.1.2.12.Oxygen exposure management

10.1.2.13.Gas analysis

10.1.2.14.Mixed gas physics and physiology

10.1.3. Practical Training:

10.1.3.1.Confined water session(s) in which divers demonstrate proficiency in required skills andtechniques for proposed diving operations.



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10.1.3.2.A minimum of 6 open water training dives.

10.1.3.3.At least one initial dive shall be in 130 feet or less to practice equipment handling andemergency procedures.

10.1.3.4.Subsequent dives will gradually increase in depth, with a majority of the training divesbeing conducted between 130 feet and the planned operational depth.

10.1.3.5.Planned operational depth for initial training dives shall not exceed 260 feet.

10.1.3.6.Diving operations beyond 260 feet requires additional training dives.

10.2. EQUIPMENT AND GAS QUALITY REQUIREMENTS

10.2.1. Equipment requirements shall be developed and approved by the DCB, and met by divers, priorto engaging in mixed-gas diving. Equipment shall meet other pertinent requirements set forthelsewhere in this standard.

10.2.2. The quality of inert gases used to produce breathing mixtures shall be of an acceptable gradefor human consumption.

10.3. MINIMUM OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS

10.3.1. Approval of dive plan applications to conduct mixed gas dives shall be on a case-by-case basis.

10.3.2. All applicable operational requirements for nitrox and decompression diving shall be met.

10.3.3. The maximum pO2 to be used for planning required decompression dives is 1.6. It isrecommended that a pO2 of less than 1.6 be used during bottom exposure.

10.3.4. Maximum planned Oxygen Toxicity Units (OTU) will be considered based on mission duration.

10.3.5. Divers decompressing on high-oxygen concentration mixtures shall closely monitor one anotherfor signs of acute oxygen toxicity.

If a period of more than 6 months has elapsed since the last mixed gas dive, a series of progressive workupdives to return the diver(s) to proficiency status prior to the start of project diving operations arerecommended.



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11. OTHER DIVING TECHNOLOGY AND SPECIALIZED ENVIRONMENTS

Certain types of diving, some of which are listed below, require equipment or procedures that requiretraining. Supplementary guidelines for these technologies are in development by the AAUS. Organizationalmember‘s using these, must have guidelines established by their Diving Control Board. Divers shall complywith all scuba diving procedures in this standard unless specified.

11.1. BLUE WATER DIVING

11.1.1. Blue water diving is defined as diving in open water where the bottom is generally greater than200 feet deep. It requires special training and the use of multiple-tethered diving techniques.Specific guidelines that should be followed are outlined in ―Blue Water Diving Guidelines‖(California Sea Grant Publ. No. T-CSGCP-014).

11.2. ICE AND POLAR DIVING

11.2.1. Divers planning to dive under ice or in polar conditions should use the following: ―Guidelines for Conduct of Research Diving‖, National Science Foundation, Divis ion of Polar Programs, 1990.

11.3. OVERHEAD ENVIRONMENTS

11.3.1. Where an enclosed or confined space is not large enough for two divers, a diver shall bestationed at the underwater point of entry and an orientation line shall be used.

11.4. SATURATION DIVING

11.4.1. If using open circuit compressed air scuba in saturation diving operations, divers shall complywith the saturation diving guidelines of the organizational member.

11.5. HOOKAH

11.5.1. Divers using the hookah mode shall be equipped with a diver-carried independent reservebreathing gas supply.

11.5.2. Each hookah diver shall be hose-tended by a separate dive team member while in the water.

11.5.3. The hookah breathing gas supply shall be sufficient to support all hookah divers in the water forthe duration of the planned dive, including decompression.

11.6. SURFACE SUPPLIED DIVING

11.6.1. Surface supplied divers shall comply with all scuba diving procedures in this standard(Section 2.30). Surface supplied diving shall not be conducted at depths greater than 190 feet.

11.6.2. Divers using the surface supplied mode shall be equipped with a diver-carried independent

reserve breathing gas supply.

11.6.3. Each surface supplied diver shall be hose tended by a separate dive team member while in thewater.

11.6.4. Divers using the surface supplied mode shall maintain voice communication with the surfacetender.

11.6.5. The surface supplied breathing gas supply shall be sufficient to support all surface supplieddivers in the water for the duration of the planned dive, including decompression.



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11.6.6. During surface supplied diving operations when only one diver is in the water, there must be astandby diver in attendance at the dive location.

11.7. CLOSED AND SEMI-CLOSED CIRCUIT SCUBA (REBREATHERS)

11.7.1. Oxygen partial pressure in the breathing gas shall not exceed values approved by theorganizational member‘s DCB. The generally accepted maximum value is 1.5 atmospheres pO2at depths greater than 25 feet.

11.7.2. Chemicals used for the absorption of carbon dioxide shall be kept in a cool, dry location in asealed container until required for use.

11.7.3. The designated person-in-charge shall determine that the carbon dioxide absorption canister isused in accordance with the manufacturer‘s instructions.

11.7.4. Closed and semi-closed diving equipment will not be used at a depth greater than thatrecommended by the manufacturer of the equipment.

Section 1. Definitions and General Information

1. Rebreathers are defined as any device that recycles some or all of the exhaled gas in the breathing loop

and returns it to the diver. Rebreathers maintain levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide that will support life bymetered injection of oxygen and chemical removal of carbon dioxide. These characteristics fundamentallydistinguish rebreathers from open-circuit life support systems, in that the breathing gas composition isdynamic rather than fixed.

A. Advantages of rebreathers may include increased gas utilization efficiencies that are oftenindependent of depth, extended no-decompression bottom times and greater decompressionefficiency, and reduction or elimination of exhaust bubbles that may disturb aquatic life or sensitiveenvironments.

B. Disadvantages of rebreathers include high cost and, in some cases, a high degree of systemcomplexity and reliance on instrumentation for gas composition control and monitoring, which may fail.The diver is more likely to experience hazardous levels of hypoxia, hyperoxia or hypercapnia, due touser error or equipment malfunction, conditions which may lead to underwater blackout and drowning.Inadvertent flooding of the breathing loop and wetting of the carbon dioxide absorbent may expose thediver to ingestion of an alkaline slurry ("caustic cocktail").

C. An increased level of discipline and attention to rebreather system status by the diver is required forsafe operation, with a greater need for self-reliance. Rebreather system design and operation variessignificantly between make and model. For these reasons when evaluating any dive planincorporating rebreathers, risk-management emphasis should be placed on the individualqualifications of the diver on the specific rebreather make and model to be used, in addition to specificequipment requirements and associated operational protocols,.

2. Oxygen Rebreathers. Oxygen rebreathers recycle breathing gas, consisting of pure oxygen, replenishingthe oxygen metabolized by the diver. Oxygen rebreathers are generally the least complicated design, butare normally limited to a maximum operation depth of 20fsw/6m due to the risk of unsafe hyperoxic

exposure.

3. Semi-Closed Circuit Rebreathers. Semi-closed circuit rebreathers (SCR) recycle the majority of exhaledbreathing gas, venting a portion into the water and replenishing it with a constant or variable amount of asingle oxygen-enriched gas mixture. Gas addition and venting is balanced against diver metabolism tomaintain safe oxygen levels by means which differ between SCR models, but the mechanism usuallyprovides a semi-constant fraction of oxygen (FO2) in the breathing loop at all depths, similar to open-circuitSCUBA.

4. Closed-Circuit Mixed Gas Rebreathers. Closed-circuit mixed gas rebreathers (CCR) recycle all of theexhaled gas and replace metabolized oxygen via an electronically controlled valve, governed by electronic



DSM2007 57

oxygen sensors. Manual oxygen addition is available as a diver override, in case of electronic systemfailure. A separate inert gas source (diluent), usually containing primarily air, heliox, or trimix, is used tomaintain oxygen levels at safe levels when diving below 20fsw/6m. CCR systems operate to maintain aconstant oxygen partial pressure (PPO2) during the dive, regardless of depth.

Section 2. Minimum Prerequisites, Training, and Experience RequirementsSpecific training requirements for use of each rebreather model shall be defined by DCB on a case-by-casebasis. Training shall include factory-recommended requirements, but may exceed this to prepare for thetype of mission intended (e.g., staged decompression or heliox/trimix CCR diving).

1. Prerequisites for Training. The following are prerequisites for entry into rebreather training:

A. Active scientific diver status, with depth qualification sufficient for the type, make and model ofrebreather, and planned application.

B. Completion of a minimum of 50 open-water dives on SCUBA;

C. For SCR or CCR, a minimum 100-fsw-depth qualification;

D. Enriched Air Nitrox training. Training in use of nitrox mixtures containing 40% to 100% oxygen maybe required, as needed for the planned application and rebreather system. Training may be provided

as part of rebreather training.

2. Training. Satisfactory completion of a rebreather training program authorized or recommended by themanufacturer of the rebreather to be used, or other training approved by the DCB. Successful completionof training does not in itself authorize the diver to use rebreathers. The diver must demonstrate to the DCBor its designee that the diver possesses the proper attitude, judgment and discipline to safely conductrebreather diving in the context of planned operations.

A. Classroom training shall include:

1. A review of those topics of diving physics and physiology, decompression management, anddive planning included in prior scientific diver, nitrox, staged decompression and/or mixed gastraining, as they pertain to the safe operation of the selected rebreather system and planned

diving application.2. In particular, causes, signs and symptoms, first aid, treatment and prevention of the following

must be covered:

a) Hyperoxia (CNS and Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity);

b) Middle Ear Oxygen Absorption Syndrome (oxygen ear);

c) Hyperoxia-induced myopia;

d) Hypoxia;

e) Hypercapnia;

f) Inert gas narcosis

g) Decompression Sickness

3. Rebreather-specific information required for the safe and effective operation of the system to

be used, including:a) System design and operation, including:

(1) Counterlung(s);

(2) CO2 scrubber;

(3) CO2 absorbent material types, activity characteristics, storage, handling anddisposal;

(4) Oxygen control system design, automatic and manual;

(5) Diluent control system, automatic and manual (if any);

b) Pre-dive set-up and testing;



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c) Post-dive break-down and maintenance;

d) Oxygen exposure management;

e) Decompression management and applicable decompression tracking methods;

f) Dive operations planning;

g) Problem recognition and management, including system failures leading to hypoxia,hyperoxia, hypercapnia, flooded loop, and caustic cocktail;

h) Emergency protocols and bailout procedures.

B. Practical training with the particular model of rebreather to be used shall include:

1. A minimum number of hours of underwater time, as indicated in Table 2.1.

2. The amount of required in-water time should increase proportionally to the complexity of therebreather system used.

3. Training shall be in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.

C. Practical Evaluations. Upon completion of practical training, the diver must demonstrate to the DCBor its designee proficiency in pre-dive, dive, and post-dive operational procedures for the particularmodel of rebreather to be used. Skills shall include, at minimum:

1. Oxygen control system calibration and operation checks;

2. Carbon dioxide absorbent canister packing;

3. Supply gas cylinder analysis and pressure check;

4. Test of one-way valves;

5. System assembly and breathing loop leak testing;

6. Pre-dive breathing to test system operation;

7. In-water leak checks;

8. Buoyancy control during descent, bottom operations, and ascent;

9. System monitoring and control during descent, bottom operations, and ascent;

10. Proper interpretation and operation of system instrumentation (PO2 displays, dive computers,gas supply pressure gauges, alarms, etc, as applicable);

11. Unit removal and replacement on the surface.

12. Bailout and emergency procedures for self and buddy, including:

a) System malfunction recognition and solution;

b) Manual system control;

c) Flooded breathing loop recovery (if possible);

d) Absorbent canister failure;

e) Alternate bailout options;

f) Symptom recognition and emergency procedures for hyperoxia, hypoxia, andhypercapnia;

13. Proper system maintenance, including:

a) Full breathing loop disassembly and cleaning (mouthpiece, check-valves, hoses,counterlung, absorbent canister, etc.);

b) Oxygen sensor replacement (for SCR and CCR);

c) Other tasks required by specific rebreather models;

D. Written Evaluation. A written evaluation approved by the DCB with a pre-determined passing score,covering concepts of both classroom and practical training, is required.

E. Upon successful completion of open water training dives, the diver is authorized to conduct a series ofsupervised rebreather dives, during which the diver gains additional experience and proficiency.

1. The supervisor for these dives should be the DSO or his/her designee, and should be an



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active scientific diver experienced in diving with the make/model of rebreather being used.

2. Dives at this level may be targeted to activities associated with the planned science divingapplication. See Table 2.1 for number and cumulative water time for different rebreathertypes.

3. Maximum ratio of divers per designated dive supervisor is 4:1. The supervisor may dive aspart of the planned operations.

3. Successful completion of the above shall qualify the diver for rebreather diving using the system on which

the diver was trained, in depths of 130fsw and shallower, for dives that do not require decompression stops,using nitrogen/oxygen breathing media.

4. Extended Range, Required Decompression and Helium-based Inert Gas. Rebreather dives involvingoperational depths in excess of 130 fsw, requiring staged decompression, or using diluents containing inertgases other than nitrogen are subject to additional training requirements, as determined by DCB on a case-by-case basis. Prior experience with required decompression and mixed gas diving using open-circuitSCUBA is desirable, but is not sufficient for transfer to dives using rebreathers without additional training.

A. As a prerequisite for training in staged decompression using rebreathers, the diver shall have loggeda minimum of 25 hours of underwater time on the rebreather system to be used, with at least 10rebreather dives in the 100 fsw to 130 fsw range.

B. As a prerequisite for training for use of rebreathers with gas mixtures containing inert gas other thannitrogen, the diver shall have logged a minimum of 50 hours of underwater time on the rebreathersystem to be used and shall have completed training in stage decompression methods usingrebreathers. The diver shall have completed at least 12 dives requiring staged decompression on therebreather model to be used, with at least 4 dives near 130 fsw.

C. Training shall be in accordance with standards for required-decompression and mixed gas diving, asapplicable to rebreather systems, starting at the130 fsw level.

Table 2.1. Minimum Recommended Number of Dives and Cumulative Underwater Times for Various

Rebreather Types (dive numbers, hours) for entry-level authorization.Type Pool/Confined Water O/W Training O/W Supervised

Oxygen Rebreather 1 dive, 90 min. 4 dives, 120 min.* 2 dives, 60 min.

Semi-Closed Circuit 1 dive, 90-120 min. 4 dives, 120 min.** 4 dives, 120 min.

Closed-Circuit 1 dive, 90-120 min. 8 dives, 380 min.*** 4 dives, 240 min.

* Dives should not exceed 20 fsw.

** First two dives should not exceed 60 fsw. Subsequent dives should be at progressively greater depths, withat least one dive in the 80-100 fsw range.

*** Total underwater time (pool and open water) of approximately 500 minutes. First two open water divesshould not exceed 60 fsw. Subsequent dives should be at progressively greater depths, with at least 2 dives

in the 100-130 fsw range.

5. Maintenance of Proficiency

To maintain authorization to dive with rebreathers, an authorized diver shall make at least one dive using arebreather every 8 weeks. For divers authorized for the conduct of extended range, stagedecompression or mixed-gas diving, at least one dive per month should be made to a depth near130 fsw, practicing decompression protocols.

For a diver in arrears, the DCB shall approve a program of remedial knowledge and skill tune-up training



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and a course of dives required to return the diver to full authorization. The extent of this programshould be directly related to the complexity of the planned rebreather diving operations.

Section 3. Equipment Requirements

1. General Requirements of All Rebreathers.

A. Only those models of rebreathers specifically approved by DCB shall be used.

B. Rebreathers should be manufactured according to acceptable Quality Control/Quality Assuranceprotocols, as evidenced by compliance with the essential elements of ISO 9004. Manufacturersshould be able to provide to the DCB supporting documentation to this effect.

C. Unit performance specifications should be within acceptable levels as defined by standards of arecognized authority (CE, US Navy, Royal Navy, NOAA, etc…).

D. Prior to approval, the manufacturer should supply the DCB with supporting documentation detailingthe methods of specification determination by a recognized third-party testing agency, includingunmanned and manned testing. Test data should be from a recognized, independent test facility.

E. The following documentation for each rebreather model to be used should be available as a set ofmanufacturer's specifications. These should include:

1. Operational depth range;

2. Operational temperature range;

3. Breathing gas mixtures that may be used;

4. Maximum exercise level which can be supported as a function of breathing gas and depth;

5. Breathing gas supply durations as a function of exercise level and depth;

6. CO2 absorbent durations, as a function of depth, exercise level, breathing gas, and watertemperature;

7. Method, range and precision of inspired PPO2 control, as a function of depth, exercise level,breathing gas, and temperature;

8. Likely failure modes and backup or redundant systems designed to protect the diver if suchfailures occur;

9. Accuracy and precision of all readouts and sensors;

10. Battery duration as a function of depth and temperature;

11. Mean time between failures of each subsystem and method of determination.

F. A complete instruction manual is required, fully describing the operation of all rebreather componentsand subsystems as well as maintenance procedures.

G. A maintenance log is required. The unit maintenance shall be up-to-date based upon manufacturersrecommendations.

H. All rebreathers will be equipped with:

1. A surface/dive valve in the mouthpiece assembly, allowing sealing of the breathing loop fromthe external environment when not in use;

2. An automatic gas addition valve, so that manual volumetric compensation during descent isunnecessary.

3. Manual gas addition valves, so that manual volumetric compensation during descent andmanual oxygen addition at all times during the dive are possible.

4. The diver shall carry alternate life support capability (open-circuit bail-out or redundant



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E. Buddy Qualifications.

1. A diver whose buddy is diving with a rebreather shall be trained in basic rebreather operation,hazard identification and assist/rescue procedures for a rebreather diver.

2. If the buddy of a rebreather diver is using open-circuit scuba, the rebreather diver must beequipped with a means to provide the open-circuit scuba diver with a sufficient supply ofopen-circuit breathing gas to allow both divers to return safely to the surface.

F. Oxygen Exposures

1. The planned oxygen partial pressure in the breathing gas shall not exceed 1.4 atmospheresat depths greater than 30 feet.

2. The planned oxygen partial pressure setpoint for CCR shall not exceed 1.4 atm. Setpoint atdepth should be reduced to manage oxygen toxicity according to the NOAA Oxygen ExposureLimits (AAUS Manual Table citation Here…)

3. Oxygen exposures should not exceed the NOAA Oxygen single and daily exposure limits.Both CNS and Pulmonary (whole-body) oxygen exposure indices should be tracked for eachdiver.

G. Decompression Management. The DCB shall review and approve the method of decompressionmanagement selected for a given diving application and project.

1. Decompression management can be safely achieved by a variety of methods, depending on

the type and model of rebreather to be used. Following is a general list of methods for differentrebreather types:

a) Oxygen rebreathers: Not applicable.

b) SCR (presumed constant FO2):

(1) Use of any method approved for open-circuit scuba diving breathing air,above the maximum operational depth of the supply gas;

(2) Use of open-circuit nitrox dive tables based upon expected inspired FO2. Inthis case, contingency air dive tables may be necessary for active-additionSCR's in the event that exertion level is higher than expected.

(3) Equivalent Air Depth correction to open-circuit air dive tables, based uponexpected inspired FO2 for planned exertion level, gas supply rate, and gascomposition. In this case, contingency air dive tables may be necessary for

active-addition SCR's in the event that exertion level is higher than expected.c) CCR (constant PPO2):

(1) Integrated constant PPO2 dive computer;

(2) Non-integrated constant PPO2 dive computer;

(3) Constant PPO2 dive tables;

(4) Open-circuit (constant FO2) nitrox dive computer, set to the inspired FO2 predicted using the PPO2 setpoint at the maximum planned dive depth.

(5) Equivalent air Depth (EAD) correction to standard open-circuit air dive tables,based on the inspired FO2 predicted using the PPO2 setpoint at the maximumplanned dive depth.

(6) Air dive computer, or air dive tables used above the maximum operatingdepth (MOD) of air for the PPO2 setpoint selected.

H. Maintenance logs, CO2 scrubber logs, battery logs, and pre-and post-dive checklists will be developedfor the model of rebreather used, and will be used before and after every dive. The diver shallindicate by initialing that checklists have been completed before and after each dive. Suchdocuments shall be filed and maintained as permanent project records.

I. Pre-dive Checks shall include:

1. Gas supply cylinders full;



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12. SCIENTIFIC CAVE AND CAVERN DIVING STANDARD

This standard helps to ensure all scientific diving in overhead environments is conducted in a mannerwhich will maximize the protection of scientific divers from accidental injury and/or illness and provide thebasis allowing the working reciprocity between AAUS organizational members.

If a conflict exists between this standard and other standards in this manual, the information set forth inthis standard only takes precedence when the scientific diving being conducted takes place wholly orpartly within an underwater cave or cavern environment.

A dive team shall be considered to be cave or cavern diving if at any time during the dive they findthemselves in a position where they cannot complete a direct, unobstructed ascent to the surface becauseof rock formations.

The member organization requires that no person shall engage in scientific cave or cavern diving unlessthat person holds a recognized certificate/authorization issued pursuant to the provisions of this manual.

The diver must demonstrate to the DCB or it's designee that the diver possesses the proper attitude, judgment, and discipline to safety conduct cave and cavern diving in the context of planned operations.

Operational requirements for cave and cavern diving have been established through accident analysis ofprevious cave diving accidents.

12.1. DEFINITIONS

Alternate Gas Supply - Fully redundant system capable of providing a gas source to the diver should theirprimary gas supply fail.

Bubble Check - Visual examination by the dive team of their diving systems, looking for o-ring leaks orother air leaks conducted in the water prior to entering a cave. Usually included in the "S" Drill.

Cave – A dive shall be considered a cave dive if any one or more of the environmental limits specified inthe definition of cavern are exceeded or otherwise not followed. Linear penetrations limits shall notexceed the limits of each diver's training.

Cave Dive - A dive, which takes place partially or wholly underground, in which one or more of the

environmental parameters defining a cavern dive are exceeded.

Cavern - An entrance and first chamber to a cave where:1. Sunlight from the entrance is visible to all dive team members at all times during the dive.2. Members of the dive team do not pass through any restrictions that don't allow the divers to swimside by side during the dive, nor are there any restrictions between the divers and the mostexpeditious exit to the surface.3. Maximum depth achieved shall not exceed the depth ratings of dive team.

Cavern Dive - A dive which takes place partially or wholly underground, in which the followingenvironmental parameters are met:1. Natural sunlight is continuously visible from the entrance.2. Environmental conditions will be evaluated by the DSO or designee and appropriate limits

incorporated into the dive plan.

Dual Valve Manifold with Isolator Valve - A manifold joining two diving cylinders, that allows the use of twocompletely independent regulators. If either regulator fails, it may be shut off, allowing the remainingregulator access to the gas in both of the diving cylinders.

Gas Management - Gas planning rule which is used in cave diving environments in which the diverreserves a portion of their available breathing gas for anticipated emergencies (See Rule of Thirds,Sixths).



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Guideline - Continuous line used as a navigational reference during a dive leading from the team positionto a point where a direct vertical ascent may be made to the surface.

Jump/Gap Reel -Spool or reel used to connect one guide line to another thus ensuring a continuous lineto the exit.

Knife/Line Cutter - Small, sharp blade capable of easily cutting a guideline and that is accessible to thediver.

Lava Tube - Type of cave or cavern formed by the surface hardening of a stream of flowing molten rock,which may later become flooded due to static sea level changes.

Line Marker - Any one of several types of markers attached to a guideline, which provides additionalnavigational information to the dive team, most commonly the direction out to the nearest surface.

Mine Diving - Diving in the flooded portions of a man-made mine. Necessitates use of techniques detailedfor cave diving.

Penetration Distance - Linear distance from the entrance intended or reached by a dive team during a diveat a dive site.

Primary Reel - Initial guideline used by the dive team from open water to maximum penetration or apermanently installed guideline.

Restriction - Any passage through which two divers cannot easily pass side by side while sharing air.

Rule of Thirds - Gas planning rule which is used in cave diving environments in which the diver reserves2/3's of their breathing gas supply for exiting the cave or cavern.

Rule of Sixths - Air planning rule which is used in cave or other confined diving environments in which thediver reserves 5/6's of their breathing gas supply (for DPV use, siphon diving, etc.) for exiting the cave orcavern.

Safety Drill - ("S" Drill) - Short gas sharing, equipment evaluation, dive plan, and communication exercisecarried out prior to entering a cave or cavern dive by the dive team.

Safety Reel - Secondary reel used as a backup to the primary reel, usually containing 150 feet of guidelinethat is used in an emergency.

Scientific Cave or Cavern Diver In Training - Authorized to dive in the cave or cavern environment underthe direct supervision of qualified instructional personnel for training purposes only.

Scientific Cavern Diver - Authorization to dive in an overhead environment as defined in cavern.

Scientific Cave Diver - Authorization to dive in an overhead environment as defined in cave.

Sidemount Diving - A diving mode utilizing two independent SCUBA systems carried along the sides of thediver's body; either of which always has sufficient air to allow the diver to reach the surface unassisted.

Siphon - Cave into which water flows with a generally continuous in-current.

Solution Cave - Cave formed in carbonate or carbonate-cemented bedrock, formed by the dissolution ofthe rock by groundwater.

Spring - Cave with water flowing with a generally continuous outflow.

Sump - An area in a dry cave that can no longer be negotiated without the use of diving equipment.

Well - A vertical or nearly vertical shaft, usually manmade, through which a diver can access a dive site.



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12.2. CAVE AND CAVERN ENVIRONMENT HAZARDS

Current/Flow - Underwater caves have currents that vary in strength and direction. Of particular note is acondition known as siphoning. Siphoning caves have flow or current directed into the cave. This cancause poor visibility as a result of mud and silt being drawn into the cave entrance.

Silt - The presences of silt, sand, mud, clay, etc. on the cave floor can cause visibility to be reduced tonothing in a very short time.

Restrictions - Any passage through which two divers cannot easily pass side by side while sharing air

make air sharing difficult.

Cave-ins - Cave-ins are a normal part of cave evolution; however experiencing a cave-in during divingoperations is extremely unlikely.


Cavern Diver

Prerequisites

The applicant for training shall have met the requirements in Section 5.00 of the AAUSStandards for Scientific Diving Certification and Operation of Scientific Diving Programs ,fourth edition (2003), and hold as a minimum a scientific diver permit.

Cavern Training

The applicant is to participate in the following areas of training, or their equivalent:

Classroom Lecture and Critique—The applicant shall participate in classroom discussion orequivalent type activities covering these topics: Policy for cavern diving, cavernenvironment and environmental hazards, accident analysis, psychological considerations,equipment, body control, communications, cavern diving techniques, navigation andguidelines, dive planning, cave geology, cave hydrology, cave biology, and emergencyprocedures.

Land Drills—The applicant shall participate in drills above water using the guideline and reel.

Drills are to emphasize proper use of the reel, techniques and considerations for laying aguideline, guideline following, buddy communication, and emergency procedures.Cavern Dives—A minimum of four (4) cavern dives, preferably to be conducted in a minimum

of two (2) different caverns. Skills the applicant should demonstrate include: Safety drill(S-drill), gear matching, bubble check prior to entering the cavern on each dive, properbuoyancy compensator use, proper trim and body positioning, hovering and buoyancywith hand tasks, specialized propulsion techniques (modified flutter kick, modified frogkick, pull and glide, ceiling walk or shuffle), proper guideline and reel use, ability to followthe guideline with no visibility, sharing air while following a guideline, and sharing air whilefollowing the guideline with no visibility light and hand signal use, and ability to comfortablywork in a cavern without assistance.

Written Examination - A written evaluation approved by the DCB with a predeterminedpassing score, covering concepts of both classroom and practical training is required.

Cave Diver

Prerequisites

The applicant for training shall hold as a minimum a cavern diver permit.

Cave Training

The applicant is to participate in the following areas of training, or their equivalent:



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Classroom Lecture and Critique—The applicant shall participate in classroom discussion orequivalent type activities covering these topics: Review of the topics listed in cavern divertraining and differing techniques and procedures used in cave diving, additional equipmentprocedures used in cave diving, cave diving equipment configurations, procedures forconducting diving operations involving complex navigation and use of line markers,advanced gas management and a thorough review of dive tables, decompression tables,and decompression theory.

Land Drills—The applicant shall participate in drills above water included in cavern training.Drills are to emphasize proper use of the reel in lost diver procedures, as well as line

placements and station location as required for surveying.Cave Dives—A minimum of twelve (12) cave dives, to be conducted in a minimum of four (4)

different cave sites with differing conditions recommended. Skills the applicant shoulddemonstrate include: Review of skills listed in cavern training, and special techniques inbuoyancy control, referencing and back-up navigation, air sharing in a minor restrictionusing a single file method, special propulsion techniques in heavy outflow, anti-siltingtechniques, line jumping techniques and protocols, surveying, and ability to critique theirdives. Emergency procedures training shall include proficiency in lost line, lost diver, gassharing, light failure, valve manipulation, and no/low visibility situations.

12.4. WRITTEN EXAMINATION

A written evaluation approved by the DCB with a predetermined passing score, covering

concepts of both classroom and practical training is required.

12.5. EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS

Equipment used for SCUBA in cave or cavern diving is based on the concept ofredundancy. Redundant SCUBA equipment shall be carried whenever the plannedpenetration distances are such that an emergency swimming ascent is not theoreticallypossible.

Cavern Diving Equipment

The following equipment shall be required, in excess of that detailed for open water SCUBA diving inVolume 1, Section 3.00. Each member of the dive team shall have:

At minimum, a single tank equipped with an ―H‖ valve or an alternate air supply. A BCD capable of being inflated from the tank.Slate and pencil.Two battery powered secondary lights of an approved type.Knife or line cutter.One primary reel of at least 350 feet for each team.Snorkel—No snorkel shall be worn while inside underwater cave or cavern.

Cave Diving Equipment

The following equipment shall be required, in excess of that detailed for cavern diving: Eachmember of the dive team shall have:

Cylinders with dual orifice isolation valve manifold or independent SCUBA systems eachcapable of maintaining enough gas for the diver during exit and ascent to the surface.Two completely independent regulators, at least one of each having submersible tank pressuregauge, a five foot or longer second stage hose, low pressure inflator for the BCD.A primary light with sufficient burn time for the planned dive.Safety reel with at least 150 feet of line.Appropriate submersible dive tables and/or dive computer (computers w/ backup tables).Line markers.Snorkel—No snorkel shall be worn while inside underwater cave or cavern.



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12.6. OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND SAFETY PROTOCOLS

All members of the dive team must have met the applicable all sections of Volume One and applicablesections of Volume Two of the AAUS manual and be authorized for that type of diving by the DCB beforeconducting scientific cave dives.

Cavern Diver Procedures

Cavern diving shall not be conducted at depths greater than 100 feet.

Dive teams shall perform a safety drill prior to each cave or cavern penetration that includesequipment check, gas management, and dive objectives.Each team within the cavern zone must utilize a continuous guideline appropriate for the environmentleading to a point from which an uninterrupted ascent to the surface may be made.Gas management must be appropriate for the planned dive with special considerations made for;DPV's, siphon diving, rebreathers, etc.The entire dive team is to immediately terminate the dive whenever any dive team member feels anunsafe condition is present.

Cave Diving Procedures

Dive teams shall perform a safety drill prior to each cave or cavern penetration that includesequipment check, gas management, and dive objectives.Diver teams must run or follow a continuous guideline from the surface pool to maximum penetration.Gas management must be appropriate for the planned dive with special considerations made for:DPV's, siphon diving, rebreathers, etc.Each diver must carry one primary and two back up lights.Divers utilizing side mount diving or other dual independent diving systems must have the approval ofthe Diving Safety Officer or his/her designee.The entire dive team is to immediately terminate the dive whenever any dive team member feels anunsafe condition is present.



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APPENDICES



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1. DIVING MEDICAL EXAM OVERVIEW FOR THE EXAMINING PHYSICIAN

TO THE EXAMINING PHYSICIAN:This person, _____________________, requires a medical examination to assess their fitness for certification asa Scientific Diver for East Carolina University (ECU). Their answers on the Diving Medical History Form(attached) may indicate potential health or safety risks as noted. Your evaluation is requested on the attachedscuba Diving Fitness Medical Evaluation Report. If you have questions about diving medicine, you may wish toconsult one of the references on the attached list or contact one of the physicians with expertise in divingmedicine whose names and phone numbers appear on an attached list. Please contact the undersigned DivingSafety Officer if you have any questions or concerns about diving medicine or the ECU standards. Thank you for

your assistance.

______________________________________ ______________ Diving Safety Officer Date

______________________________________ ______________ Printed Name Phone Number

Scuba and other modes of compressed-gas diving can be strenuous and hazardous. A special risk is present ifthe middle ear, sinuses, or lung segments do not readily equalize air pressure changes. The most commoncause of distress is eustachian insufficiency. Most fatalities involve deficiencies in prudence, judgment,emotional stability, or physical fitness. Please consult the following list of conditions that usually restrictcandidates from diving.

CONDITIONS WHICH MAY DISQUALIFY CANDIDATES FROM DIVING(Adapted from Bove, 1998: bracketed numbers are pages in Bove)

1. Abnormalities of the tympanic membrane, such as perforation, presence of a monomericmembrane, or inability to autoinflate the middle ears. [5 ,7, 8, 9]

2. Vertigo including Meniere‘s Disease. [13]3. Stapedectomy or middle ear reconstructive surgery. [11]4. Recent ocular surgery. [15, 18, 19]5. Psychiatric disorders including claustrophobia, suicidal ideation, psychosis, anxiety states,

untreated depression. [20 - 23]6. Substance abuse, including alcohol. [24 - 25]7. Episodic loss of consciousness. [1, 26, 27]8. History of seizure. [27, 28]

9. History of stroke or a fixed neurological deficit. [29, 30]10. Recurring neurologic disorders, including transient ischemic attacks. [29, 30]11. History of intracranial aneurysm, other vascular malformation or intracranial hemorrhage. [31]12. History of neurological decompression illness with residual deficit. [29, 30]13. Head injury with sequelae. [26, 27]14. Hematologic disorders including coagulopathies. [41, 42]

15. Evidence of coronary artery disease or high risk for coronary artery disease1. [33 - 35]16. Atrial septal defects. [39]17. Significant valvular heart disease - isolated mitral valve prolapse is not disqualifying. [38]18. Significant cardiac rhythm or conduction abnormalities. [36 - 37]19. Implanted cardiac pacemakers and cardiac defibrillators (ICD). [39, 40]20. Inadequate exercise tolerance. [34]21. Severe hypertension. [35]

22. History of spontaneous or traumatic pneumothorax. [45]23. Asthma2. [42 - 44]24. Chronic pulmonary disease, including radiographic evidence of pulmonary blebs, bullae, or cysts.

[45,46]25. Diabetes mellitus. [46 - 47]

1 ―Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk by Use of Multiple-Risk-Factor Assessment Equations.‖ Grundy et.al. 1999. AHA/ACC Scientific Statement. http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/circulationaha;100/13/1481

2 ―Are Asthmatics Fit to Dive? ― Elliott DH, ed. 1996 Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Kensington,MD.






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26. Pregnancy. [56]

SELECTED REFERENCES IN DIVING MEDICINE

Most of these are available from Best Publishing Company, P.O. Box 30100, Flagstaff, AZ 86003-0100, theDivers Alert Network (DAN) or the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Association (UHMS), Bethesda, MD.

ACC/AHA Guidelines for Exercise Testing. A report of the American College of Cardiology/AmericanHeart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Exercise Testing). Gibbons RJ, et al.1997. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 30:260-311. http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/96/1/345

Alert Diver Magazine; Articles on diving medicinehttp://www.diversalertnetwork.org/medical/articles/index.asp

―Are Asthmatics Fit to Dive? ― Elliott DH, ed. 1996 Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Kensington,MD.

―Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk by Use of Multiple-Risk-Factor Assessment Equations.‖ Grundy et.al. 1999. AHA/ACC Scientific Statement. http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/circulationaha;100/13/1481

DIVING MEDICINE, Third Edition, 1997. A. Bove and J. Davis. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia

DIVING AND SUBAQUATIC MEDICINE, Third Edition, 1994. C. Edmonds, C. Lowery and J.Pennefather. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. Oxford

MEDICAL EXAMINATION OF SPORT SCUBA DIVERS, 1998. Alfred Bove, M.D., Ph.D. (ed.). MedicalSeminars, Inc. San Antonio, TX

NOAA DIVING MANUAL, NOAA. Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,Washington, D.C.

U.S. NAVY DIVING MANUAL. Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,Washington, D.C.



http://www.diversalertnetwork.org/medical/articles/index.asp








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REMARKS: ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

PHYSICIAN’S STATEMENT:

I have evaluated the above-mentioned individual according to the American Academy of Underwater Sciences

medical standards for scientific diving (Section 6.00), and find no conditions that may be disqualifying. I have

discussed with the patient any medical condition(s) that would not disqualify him/her from diving but which may

seriously compromise subsequent health. The patient understands the nature of the hazards and the risks

involved in diving with these conditions.

___________________________________________________________ M.D.Date Signature

Name (Print or Type)

Address

Telephone NumberMy familiarity with applicant is: _____With this exam only _____Regular Physician for _____ years _____Other (describe)__________________________________________________

My familiarity with diving medicine is:

APPLICANT’S RELEASE OF MEDICAL INFORMATION FORM I authorize the release of this information and all medical information subsequently acquired in associationwith my diving to the East Carolina University Diving Safety Officer and Diving Control Board or theirdesignee at (place) ________________________________ on (date)__________.

Signature of Applicant ____________________________________________



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3. DIVING MEDICAL HISTORY FORM

(To Be Completed By Applicant-Diver)

Name ______________________________________ Sex ____ Age ___ Wt.___ Ht. ___

Sponsor ____________________________________________ Date ___/___/___ (Dept./Project/Program/School, etc.) (Mo/Day/Yr)

TO THE APPLICANT:

Scuba diving makes considerable demands on you, both physically and mentally. Diving with certain medicalconditions may be asking for trouble not only for yourself, but also to anyone coming to your aid if you get intodifficulty in the water. Therefore, it is prudent to meet certain medical and physical requirements before beginninga diving or training program.Your answers to the questions are as important, in determining your fitness as your physical examination.Obviously, you should give accurate information or the medical screening procedure becomes useless.This form shall be kept confidential. If you believe any question amounts to invasion of your privacy, you may electto omit an answer, provided that you shall subsequently discuss that matter with your own physician and they mustthen indicate, in writing, that you have done so and that no health hazard exists.Should your answers indicate a condition, which might make diving hazardous, you will be asked to review thematter with your physician. In such instances, their written authorization will be required in order for furtherconsideration to be given to your application. If your physician concludes that diving would involve undue risk foryou, remember that they are concerned only with your well-being and safety. Please respect the advice and theintent of this medical history form.

Have you ever had or do you presently have any of the following? Yes No Comments Trouble with your ears, including ruptured eardrum, difficulty clearing your ears, orsurgery.

Trouble with dizziness.

Eye surgery.

Depression, anxiety, claustrophobia, etc.

Substance abuse, including alcohol.

Loss of consciousness.

Epilepsy or other seizures, convulsions, or fits.

Stroke or a fixed neurological deficit.

Recurring neurologic disorders, including transient ischemic attacks.

Aneurysms or bleeding in the brain.

Decompression sickness or embolism.Head injury.

Disorders of the blood, or easy bleeding.

Heart disease, diabetes, high cholesterol.

Anatomical heart abnormalities including patent foramen ovale, valve problems, etc.

Heart rhythm problems.

Need for a pacemaker.

Difficulty with exercise.

High blood pressure.

Collapsed lung.

Asthma.

Other lung disease.

Diabetes mellitus.

Pregnancy.Surgery If yes explain below.

Hospitalizations. If yes explain below.

Do you take any medications? If yes list below.

Do you have any allergies to medications, foods, and environmentals?

Do you smoke?

Do you drink alcoholic beverages?

Is there a family history of high cholesterol?

Is there a family history of heart disease or stroke?

Is there a family history of diabetes?



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Is there a family history of asthma?

Please explain any ―yes‖ answers to the above questions. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

I certify that the above answers and information represent an accurate and complete description of my medicalhistory.

Signature Date



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4. RECOMMENDED PHYSICIANS WITH EXPERTISE IN DIVING MEDICINE

List of local Medical Doctors that have training and expertise in diving or undersea medicine:

1. Dr. Shirley WilliansonStudent Health Center 115East Carolina UniversityGreenville, NC 27858-4353252-328-6841

2. Dr. Bela Laroia Aneja.Student Health Center 112East Carolina UniversityGreenville, NC 27858-4353252-328-684

3. Dr. Marian SwinkerOffice of Prospective Health118 Warren Life Scineces Bldg.Greenville, NC 27858-4354252,744-2074

4. Dr. Judith E KallweitOffice of Prospective Health

118 Warren Life Scineces Bldg.Greenville, NC 27858-4354252,744-2074



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5. DEFINITION OF TERMS

AAUS - The American Academy of Underwater Sciences

Air sharing - Sharing of an air supply between divers.

ATA(s) - ―Atmospheres Absolute‖, Total pressure exerted on an object, by a gas or mixture of gases, at aspecific depth or elevation, including normal atmospheric pressure.

Bottom Time - The total elapsed time measured in minutes from the time when the diver leaves the surfacein descent to the time that the diver begins a direct ascent to the surface.Bounce Dive - A dive of relatively short duration. Generally less than 10 minutes.

Breath-hold Diving - A diving mode in which the diver uses no self-contained or surface-supplied air oroxygen supply.

Buddy Breathing - Sharing of a single air source between divers.

Buddy Diver - Second member of the dive team.

Buddy System -Two comparably equipped scuba divers in the water in constant communication.

Buoyant Ascent - An ascent made using some form of positive buoyancy.

Burst Pressure - Pressure at which a pressure containment device would fail structurally.

Certified Diver - A diver who holds a recognized valid certification from an organizational member orinternationally recognized certifying agency.

Closed Circuit Diving - Diving in which the breathing gas is recirculated, scrubbed, and rebreathed.

Controlled Ascent - Any one of several kinds of ascents including normal, swimming, and air sharingascents where the diver(s) maintain control so a pause or stop can be made during the ascent.

Cylinder - A pressure vessel for the storage of gases.

Decompression Chamber - A pressure vessel for human occupancy. Also called a hyperbaric chamber ordecompression chamber.

Decompression Sickness - A condition with a variety of symptoms, which may result from gas, and bubblesin the tissues of divers after pressure reduction.

Decompression Table - A profile or set of profiles of depth-time relationships for ascent rates and breathingmixtures to be followed after a specific depth-time exposure or exposures. These profiles are based ontheoretically safe nitrogen/inert gas absorption and elimination times. (Also called dive tables.)

Dive - A descent into the water, an underwater diving activity utilizing compressed gas, an ascent, andreturn to the surface.

Dive Computer- A microprocessor based device which computes a diver‘s theoretical decompressionstatus, in real time, by using pressure (depth) and time as input to a decompression model, or set ofdecompression tables, programmed into the device.

Dive Location - A surface or vessel from which a diving operation is conducted.

Dive Master - A certified diver with experience and training to conduct the diving operation and who hasbeen designated to be in charge of the diving operation by the Diving Safety Officer. This term isinterchangeable with "lead diver" as used in the AAUS manual.

Dive Platform - A surface or vessel from which a diving operation is conducted.

Dive Site - Physical location of a diver during a dive.

Dive Table - A profile or set of profiles of depth-time relationships for ascent rates and breathing mixtures tobe followed after a specific depth-time exposure or exposures.

Diver - An individual in the water who uses apparatus, including snorkel, which supplies breathing gas atambient pressure.

Diver-In-Training - An individual gaining experience and training in additional diving activities under thesupervision of a dive team member experienced in those activities.



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Diver-Carried Reserve Breathing Gas - A diver-carried independent supply of air or mixed gas (asappropriate) sufficient under standard operating conditions to allow the diver to reach the surface, oranother source of breathing gas, or to be reached by another diver.

Dive Tables - See "Decompression Tables".

Dive Team - Divers and support individuals who are exposed to or control the exposure of others tohyperbaric conditions.

Diving - see ―Dive‖.

Diving Mode - A type of diving required specific equipment, procedures, and techniques, for example,snorkel, scuba, surface-supplied air, or mixed gas.

Diving Control Board (DCB) - Group of individuals who act as the official representative of the membershiporganization in matters concerning the scientific diving program (Section 1.24).

Diving Safety Officer (DSO) - Individual responsible for the safe conduct of the scientific diving program ofthe membership organization (Section 1.20).

Diving Supervisor - Divers with sufficient experience and demonstrated ability to supervise a new diverunder openwater conditions for the purpose of completing training or certification dives.

EAD - Equivalent Air Depth (see below).

Emergency Ascent - An ascent made under emergency conditions where the diver exceeds the normalascent rate.

Enriched Air (EANx) - A name for a breathing mixture of air and oxygen when the percent of oxygenexceeds 21%. This term is considered synonymous with the term ―nitrox‖ (Section 7.00).

Equivalent Air Depth (EAD) - Depth at which air will have the same nitrogen partial pressure as the nitroxmixture being used. This number, expressed in units of feet seawater or saltwater, will always be less thanthe actual depth for any enriched air mixture.

fN2 - Fraction of nitrogen in a gas mixture, expressed as either a decimal or percentage, by volume.

fO2 - Fraction of oxygen in a gas mixture, expressed as either a decimal or percentage, by volume.

FFW – Feet or freshwater, or equivalent static head.

FSW - Feet of seawater, or equivalent static head.

Hookah Diving - A type of shallow water surface-supplied diving where there is no voice communication with

the surface.

Hyperbaric Chamber - See decompression chamber.

Hyperbaric Conditions - Pressure conditions in excess of normal atmospheric pressure at the dive location.

Lead Diver - Certified scientific diver with experience and training to conduct the diving operation. This termis interchangeable with Dive Master.

Liveboating - The practice of supporting a diver from a vessel which is underway.

Maximum Working Pressure - Maximum pressure to which a pressure vessel may be exposed understandard operating conditions.

Organizational Member - An organization which is a current member of the AAUS, and which has aprogram, which adheres to the standards of the AAUS as, set forth in the AAUS Standards for Scientific

Diving Certification and Operation of Scientific Diving Programs.Mixed Gas - MG

Mixed-Gas Diving - A diving mode in which the diver is supplied in the water with a breathing gas other thanair.

MOD - Maximum Operating Depth, usually determined as the depth at which the pO2 for a given gasmixture reaches a predetermined maximum.

MSW - Meters of seawater or equivalent static head.

Nitrox - Any gas mixture comprised predominately of nitrogen and oxygen, most frequently containingbetween 21% and 40% oxygen. Also be referred to as Enriched Air Nitrox, abbreviated EAN.



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NOAA Diving Manual: Refers to the NOAA Diving Manual, Diving for Science and Technology , 2001 edition.National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Undersea Research, US Department ofCommerce.

No-Decompression limits – 1. Depth-time limits of the ―no-decompression limits and repetitive dive groupdesignations table for no-decompression air dives‖ of the U.S. Navy Diving Manual or equivalent limits. 2.The theoretical depth-time limits of a dive, specified by a table or model, from which a diver can returndirectly to the surface at a control rate without being required to spend time at shallower depths to allowinert gas to be eliminated from the body.

Normal Ascent - An ascent made with an adequate air supply at a rate of 60 feet per minute or less.

Open Circuit SCUBA - No portion of the breathing gas is rebreathed.

Organizational member - An organization which is a current member of the AAUS, and which has aprogram which adheres to the standards of the AAUS as set forth in the AAUS Standards for ScientificDiving Certification and Operation of Scientific Diving Programs.

Oxygen Clean - All combustible contaminants have been removed.

Oxygen Compatible - A gas delivery system that has components (o-rings, valve seats, diaphragms, etc.)that are compatible with oxygen at a stated pressure and temperature.

Oxygen Service - A gas delivery system that is both oxygen clean and oxygen compatible.

Oxygen Toxicity Unit - OTU

Oxygen Toxicity - Any adverse reaction of the central nervous system (―acute‖ or ―CNS‖ oxygen toxicity) or lungs (―chronic‖, ―whole-body‖, or ―pulmonary‖ oxygen toxicity) brought on by exposure to an increased(above atmospheric levels) partial pressure of oxygen.

Pressure-Related Injury - An injury resulting from pressure disequilibrium within the body as the result ofhyperbaric exposure. Examples include: decompression sickness, pneumothorax, mediastinalemphysema, air embolism, subcutaneous emphysema, or ruptured eardrum.

Pressure Vessel - See cylinder.

pN2 - Inspired partial pressure of nitrogen, usually expressed in units of atmospheres absolute.

pO2 - Inspired partial pressure of oxygen, usually expressed in units of atmospheres absolute.

Psi - Unit of pressure, ―pounds per square inch.

Psig - Unit of pressure, ―pounds per square inch gauge.

Recreational Diving - All diving conducted for leisure purposes and diving associated with the PhysicalEducation curriculum (see section 8).

Recompression Chamber - see decompression chamber.

Reserve Breathing Gas - An emergency supply of breathing gas. A supply system of air or mixed gas (asappropriate) which is independent of the primary supply system and sufficient to support divers for ascentincluding any planned decompression stops.

Scientific Diver - A diver holding a current, valid scientific diving certificate or temporary scientific divingcertificate as defined in section 5.

Scientific Diving – 1.Scientific diving is defined (29CFR1910.402) as diving performed solely as a necessarypart of a scientific, research, or educational activity by employees whose sole purpose for diving is to

perform scientific research tasks. 2. All diving performed by individuals necessary to and part of a scientificresearch, or educational activity in conjunction with a project or study under the jurisdiction of any public orprivate research or educational institution or similarly recognized organization, department, or groups.

Scientific Supervisor - Scientific personnel with experience and training to instruct and/or supervise thescientific techniques that are involved in the research operation.

Scuba Diving - A diving mode independent of surface supply in which the diver uses open circuit self-contained underwater breathing apparatus.

Skin Diving - A diving mode in which the diver is equipped with mask, fins and snorkel, but which does notinvolve the use of compressed breathing gas as would be used in SCUBA or Surface Supplied Diving.



DSM2006 81

Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) - Those rules, regulations, policies and procedures as are writtenand described in this manual, i.e. ECU Diving Manual.

Standby Diver - A diver at the dive location capable of rendering assistance to a diver in the water.

Surface Supplied Diving - A diving mode in which the diver in the water is supplied from the dive locationwith compressed gas for breathing.

Swimming Ascent - An ascent, which can be done under normal or emergency conditions accomplished bysimply swimming to the surface.

Umbilical - Composite hose bundle between a dive location and a diver or bell, or between a diver and abell, which supplies a diver or bell with breathing gas, communications, power, or heat, as appropriate to thediving mode or conditions, and includes a safety line between the diver and the dive location.

University Auspices - Anything associated with the support, protection or patronage of or by ECU, including,but not limited to: occupation, research, education and training.

Working Pressure - Normal pressure at which the system is designed to operate.



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6. AAUS REQUEST FOR DIVING RECIPROCITY FORMVERIFICATION OF DIVER TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE

Diver: ________________ Date: _______________

This letter serves to verify that the above listed person has met the training and pre-requisites as indicated

below, and has completed all requirements necessary to be certified as a _______________ as

established by the _____________ Diving Safety Manual, and has demonstrated competency in the

indicated areas. _______________ is an AAUS OM and meets or exceeds all AAUS training requirements.

The following is a brief summary of this diver's personnel file regarding dive status at _________________.

Date of Original OM diving Authorization: __________________________________________

Date of Scientific Diving examination: _____________________________________________

Dive Physical Due Date: ___________________________________________________________

Max. Depth Rating: _______________________________________________________________

CPR Course Due Date: ___________________________________________________________

Oxygen Admin. Course Due Date: _________________________________________________

First Aid Course Due Date: ________________________________________________________

Total Number of Dives in Past 12 Months: ___________________________________________

Max. Depth in Past 6 Months: ______________________________________________________

Equipment service date: ___________________________________________________________

Total Number of Dives, Career: _____________________________________________________

Special Authorizations: ____________________________________________________________

Emergency Contact: _______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Diver's Name, address, phone number: ______________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

Sincerely,

Date

Mark KeusenkothenDiving Safety OfficerEast Carolina UniversityBuilding 43Greenville NC 27858(252)328-4041



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7. DIVING EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES

IntroductionA diving accident victim could be any person who has been breathing air underwater regardless of depth. Itis essential that emergency procedures are pre-planned and that medical treatment is initiated as soon aspossible. It is the responsibility of each AAUS organizational member to develop procedures for divingemergencies including evacuation and medical treatment for each dive location.

General Procedures Depending on and according to the nature of the diving accident:

1. Make appropriate contact with victim or rescue as required.2. Establish (A)irway, (B)reathing, (C)irculation as required.3. Stabilize the victim3. Administer 100% oxygen, if appropriate (in cases of Decompression Illness, or Near Drowning).4. Call local Emergency Medical System (EMS) for transport to nearest medical treatment facility. Explain the

circumstances of the dive incident to the evacuation teams, medics and physicians.Do not assume that they understand why 100% oxygen may be required for the diving accident victim orthat recompression treatment may be necessary.

5. Call appropriate Diving Accident Coordinator for contact with diving physician and decompressionchamber. etc.

6. Notify DSO or designee according to the Emergency Action Plan of the organizational member.7. Complete and submit Incident Report Form (www.aaus.org) to the DCB of the organization and the AAUS

(Section 2.70 Required Incident Reporting).

List of Emergency Contact Numbers Appropriate For Dive Location

Available ProceduresEmergency care

Recompression

EvacuationEmergency Plan Content

Name, telephone number, and relationship of person to be contacted for each diver in the event of anemergency.

Nearest operational decompression chamber.

Nearest accessible hospital.

Available means of transport.



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8. RELEASE AND WAIVER

I, the undersigned, for and in consideration of the granting of permission by East Carolina University, forsaid undersigned to receive certification as outlined in the ECU Diving Manual and to engage in diving underthe auspices of East Carolina University hereby hold(s) harmless and release(s) and forever discharge(s)East Carolina University, the Board of Trustees, the Diving Safety Control Board, the Diving Officer, theirdesignee(s), and all of The Administrators' agents, officers, assistants, and employees, either in theirindividual capacities or by reason of their relationship to East Carolina University, and their successors, from

any and all claims and demands whatsoever, which the undersigned and any of them, and the heirs,representatives, executors and administrators thereof, or any other persons acting on the behalf, or on thebehalf of their respective agents, have or may have against East Carolina University, or any or all of theabove mentioned persons or their successors, by reason of any accident, illness, or death, or otherconsequences arising or resulting directly or indirectly from participating in diving under the auspices of EastCarolina University, and occurring during said participation, or at any time subsequent thereto, exceptingsuch injuries caused solely by gross negligence or willful misconduct.

I understand that diving may expose me to certain risks of injury or death and I freely and voluntarilyassume any and all risks of injury, including death, which might result from my participation in this activity. Iunderstand that the dangers and risks of participating in diving and/or the activities associated with thediving program include, but are not limited to, death, drowning, near drowning, decompression sickness,arterial gas embolism, pneumothorax, barotrauma of air-containing spaces of the head, serious neck andspinal injuries which may result in complete or partial paralysis, brain damage, serious injury to virtually all

internal organs, serious injury to virtually all bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, tendons, and other aspectsof the muscular skeletal system and serious injury or impairment to other aspects of my body, generalhealth and well-being.

I the undersigned hereby affirm that I have the prudence, judgment, emotional stability, physical fitness,physical ability and/or skill level to participate safely in diving activities.

I agree to follow the rules and regulations applicable to the activity I am participating in. I agree to follow allapplicable directions of the individual in charge of the activity I am participating in.

I understand that I am required to obtain personal medical insurance, either a general policy which coversdiving accidents or a general policy and a policy designed specifically for diving related injuries, prior to myparticipation in any activity associated with diving. I understand that I must provide proof of this (these)

policy(s) to the Diving Safety Office prior to my participation in any activities associated with diving and that Imust maintain this (these) policy(s) throughout my participation in any activities associated with diving underECU auspices. I understand that the purchase of personal medical insurance is my responsibility, and thatthe cost for any medical treatment I might require as a result of my or arising out of participation in anyaspect of any program associated with East Carolina University is my responsibility.

I the undersigned hereby acknowledges that I have read the ECU Diving Manual and agree to comply withthe regulations of this manual and those of governmental subdivisions not in conflict with this manual.

Dated this______day of______19____

Witness________________________________ ____________________________

ParticipantWitness________________________________

___________________ Date Received ______________________________________

Signature of Diving Safety Officer



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9. DIVE PLAN

PROJECT _______________________________ DATES ______________________________

SCIENTIFIC SUPERVISOR ______________________ DIVE MASTER ________________________

PURPOSE: Scientific Proficiency Training Recreational

MODE: SCUBA Surface Supplied Other: ___________________

BREATHING GAS: Air Nitrox (mix _________) Other: ___________________

DIVE SITE(s):

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

MAXIMUM DEPTH(s) & BOTTOM TIME(s) ANTICIPATED __________________________________________

APPROXIMATED NUMBER OF PROPOSED DIVES ______________________________________________

INDIVIDUAL REPETITIVE DIVE SCHEDULE: Daily: ______________________________________________

Weekly: ____________________________________________

SUMMARY OF PROPOSED WORK (List equipment & boats to be employed, a description of site conditions,and details of any hazardous conditions anticipated. Use additional paper as needed.):

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

REQUIRED CONTACT INFORMATION (List location, telephone number and, if prudent, detailed directions):

Hospital: __________________________________________________________________________

Ambulance: _______________________________________________________________________

Law Enforcement: __________________________________________________________________

Recompression Chamber: ____________________________________________________________

Divers Alert Network: (919)684-8111

EQUIPMENT OR SUPPORT REQUESTED FROM THE DIVING SAFETY OFFICE: ______________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

PARTICIPANTS: ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

______________________ ______________________ ______________________

______________________ ______________________ ______________________

______________________ ______________________ ______________________

______________________ ______________________ ______________________

______________________ ______________________ ______________________

______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

______________________ ______________________ ______________________

______________________ ______________________ ______________________

PREPARED BY ______________________ APPROVED BY: _______________________ DATE: _________



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10. DIVING ACCIDENT REPORTING WORKSHEET

THIS FORM IS DESIGNED TO BE FILLED OUT IN THE FIELD AND ACCOMPANY THE DIVER TOHOSPITAL

NAME AND ADDRESS OF DIVER:

DETAILS OF DIVE: DEPTH _________ BOTTOM TIME _________ DECOMPRESSION TIME ____________

EVENTS PRECEDING THE ACCIDENT, e.g. RAPID ASCENT, ILLNESS, ETC.

ACCIDENT DESCRIPTION:

DIVING HISTORY (including depths, times, and surface intervals for the last 48 hours)

PLEASE RECORD ANY SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS AND THE CORRESPONDING ON SET TIMES.

SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS: TIME FIRST OBSERVED:FATIGUERASH OR ITCHINGJOINT PAINPARALYSIS OR WEAKNESSNUMBNESS OR TINGLINGDIZZINESS OR DISORIENTATIONNAUSEADECREASED CONSCIOUSNESSBREATHING DIFFICULTY

VISION OR SPEECH DIFFICULTYCHEST PAINPERSONALITY CHANGEBLOODY FROTH FROM NOSE OR MOUTHCONVULSIONSUNCONSCIOUSNESSSTOPPED BREATHINGNO PULSE

OTHER:

FIRST AID GIVEN: TIME GIVEN:

PERSON COMPLETING FORM: __________________ _____________________ DATE ________________

NAME

SIGNATURE

DAN EMERGENCY: (919) 684-8111



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11. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES GUIDELINES

General Policy

In an emergency, personnel must act quickly and effectively to minimize injury and/or prevent death. While it isimpossible to anticipate all emergencies, prior planning and proper training are key to dealing with emergencysituations. These guidelines provide a planning tool which, when used properly, will allow an Emergency ActionPlan to be developed and in place prior to the start of diving operations.

Formulating an emergency Action Plan

When formulating an Emergency Action Plan for an ECU scientific diving project, many factor should beconsidered. The following is a partial list of information and considerations which deserve forethought as youpull together the Emergency Action Plan for a specific site.

Emergency Numbers and Information

Number of EMS and nearest hospital phone and location

Location and contact information for nearest recompression chamber

Number of poison control

DAN emergency number (919) 684-8111

Emergency contact information for divers

ECU Diving Safety number (919) 328-4041

Contact list (Diving Safety Officer, Diving Safety Control Board, Environmental Health &

Safety, University Risk Manager, etc. This information may vary from project to project andshould be updated prior to each operation.)

Equipment Requirements at Location

Oxygen kit

First Aid kit

Pen and paper

Forms

Lines for search/recovery

Backboard, Life rings, Life jackets, etc.

Communications equipment (VHF radio, cellular phone, pay phone, CB radio, etc.)

Flares and signaling devices

Additional site specific equipment

Personnel Considerations

Team members backgrounds and personalities

Who will be in charge of what?

Site considerations

Marine life

Entrapments or entanglements

Physical Hazards

Depth

Currents

Action Plan

Emergency Recognition / Activation of Emergency Action PlanHow to recall divers and alert personnel

Search for and recover injured / missing diver

Spotting Team

Search and Recovery Team

Transport Team (swimmers or boat)

Individual to get help

In-water evaluation and response (airway & breathing)

Transport to platform or beach

Extrication from water

Evaluation and ABC's



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Activation of EMS (ambulance, Coast Guard. etc.)

Appropriate first aid (CPR, Oxygen, Shock treatment, etc.)

Gather information (diver, buddy, equipment, observer, DAN nuero-cue-card, ECU AccidentReporting Worksheet)

Evacuation procedures

Evacuation mode/route

Call DAN if appropriate.

Send information and a carrier with EMS (ensure understand compressed gas wasused)

Notification protocolsFollow up and reporting procedures

Obviously, a dive accident plan can vary substantially from project to project. Regardless of the project, theemergency accident plan and contingency plans should be formulated and made clear to the dive team. It oftenhelps to visualize a worst case scenario. On-site accident drills are recommended to illustrate roles, requiredactions, and potential problems.

HELICOPTER EVACUATION PROCEDURES

Each helicopter evacuation is different, each one presents its own problems, but knowing what toexpect and the procedures to follow can save time, effort, and perhaps a life.

Try to establish communications with the helicopter. If your boat is unable to furnish thenecessary frequency, try to work through another boat.

Maintain speed of 10 to 15 knots, do not slow down or stop.Maintain course into wind about 20 degrees on port bow.

Put all antennas down if possible, without losing communications.

Secure all loose objects on/or around decks.

Always let the lifting device (stretcher) touch the boat before handling it to prevent electricshock.

Place lift jacket on patient.

Tie patient in basket, face up.

If patient cannot communicate, place in the stretcher as much information as you can abouthim, such as, name, age, address, what happened, and what medication he has been given.

If the patient is a diving accident victim, ensure flight crew has copy of or is instructed onmedical procedures for diving accidents.

If diving accident victim, ensure flight crew delivers victim to hyperbaric trauma system

(recompression chamber complex).If patient dies, inform flight crew so that they take no unnecessary risks.

12. Diving Log Form

ECU Dive Log Forms are available at: http://www.ecu.edu/diving/ECUdivelog.pdf

13. Shark Diving Guidelines

1) Recreational spear fishing should not be conducted in the presence of sharks.a. If sharks appear after spear fishing has begun, spear fishing activities should cease.b. If fish have been speared, then the dive should be terminated as quickly as possible.

c. If sharks become aggressive, divers should drop any fish on stringers.2) Recreational divers should not plan spear fishing dives on sites that are known shark aggregation areas.3) Divers who aren‘t spear fishing may dive with sharks, but should terminate dives when sharks become

aggressive.a. Possible signs of aggression include rapid and/or erratic movement, circling, and bumping.

4) Scientific divers conducting research may spear fish around sharks.a. One member of the buddy team must act as a ―guard‖ as the other member of the buddy team

spear fishes.b. The ―guard‖ must carry some sort of appropriate implement – such as the blunt end of a pole

spear - to ward off sharks.c. Sharks should not be stabbed with any sharp implement.

http://www.ecu.edu/diving/ECUdivelog.pdf





DSM2006 89

d. When sharks express interest in the spear fishing team by approaching or showing any signs ofaggression, the dive should be terminated.

14. ECU Diving and Water Safety Office Fill Station Operations

Policies Governing Fill Station Personnel:

Policy: Only persons approved by the Director of Diving and Water Safety or the Diving Safety Officer

shall operate the fill stations in the diving safety office dive locker and trailer.Procedures:

1. The Director of Diving and Water Safety or the Diving Safety Officer will ensure that all personsdesignated to operate the cylinder fill station are approved for operations.

2. All persons designated to operate the cylinder fill station shall successfully complete an educationalmodule on fill station safety and operations.

3. Persons completing the educational module will seek approval of the Director of Diving and Water Safetyor the Diving Safety Officer.

4. The Director of Diving and Water Safety or the Diving Safety Officer will complete a formal operationalcheck of each approved person.

Policies Governing Fill Operations

Policy: Only authorized personnel are permitted in the diving safety office dive locker or trailer duringcylinder filling operations.

Procedures:

1. Only approved fill station personnel or personnel in training, as designated in the Fill Station Personnelpolicy, may be present during the filling of SCUBA air cylinders.

2. All persons not approved must remain outside the door during fill operations.

15. ECU Recreational Diving Fill Station Operations

Policies Governing Fill Station Personnel:

Policy: Only persons approved by the ECU Diving and Water Safety Office (DSO) or the Director of theEXSS Recreational Diving Program shall operate the fill station in the dive locker in MingesColiseum.

Procedures:

1. The DSO or Director of the EXSS Recreational diving operations will ensure that all persons designated tooperate the cylinder fill station are approved for operations.

2. All persons designated to operate the cylinder fill station shall successfully complete an educationalmodule on fill station safety and operations.

3. Persons completing the educational module will seek approval of the DSO or Director of the EXSS

Recreational Diving Program.4. The DSO or Director of the EXSS Recreational Diving Program will complete a formal operational checkof each approved person.

Policies Governing Fill Operations

Policy: Only authorized personnel are permitted in the fill station dive locker during cylinder fillingoperations.

Procedures:



1. Only approved fill station personnel or personnel in training, as designated in the Fill Station Personnelpolicy, may be present during the filling of SCUBA air cylinders.

2. All persons not approved must remain outside the door during fill operations.