Diving Knowledge WorkbookA Guided Approach to Understanding Recreational Diving

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Diving Knowledge WorkbookProfessional Association of Diving Instructors

© International PADI, Inc. 1991, 1993, 1996, 2003, 2005

All rights reserved.No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.

Published by PADI 30151 Tomas Street Rancho Santa Margarita, CA 92688-2125 USA

Printed in U.S.A.Product No. 70214 (Rev. 9/05) Version 1.03

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Table of Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Section One: Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

Section Two: Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

Section Three: Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

Section Four: General Skills and Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

Section Five: The Recreational Dive Planner . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

Appendix:

IE Theory Exams Study Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2

Recreational Dive Planner Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-5

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ReferencesThis workbook serves as a guide to enhance and evaluate your knowledge of recreational diving. While the answer to each question is given in the workbook, its purpose is not to function as a complete reference manual. Instead, you'll find that each objective in the workbook is followed by a “resources” statement which directs you to the appropriate section in other PADI texts for review and further learning. The books referenced are:

The Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving

PADI Open Water Diver Manual

Adventures in Diving manual

PADI Rescue Diver Manual

PADI Divemaster Manual

Emergency First Response Participant Manual

These texts are available at PADI Dive Centers and Resorts.

Introduction 1

IntroductionRead This First

Rationale

One interesting aspect of scuba diving is the incredible diversity in the science of diving. Unique and intriguing phenomena confront us on every dive. Our perception is altered. Objects appear differently to us, and we must adjust to a state of near weightlessness. Because we breathe air under increased pressure, our physiology reacts in important and potentially hazardous ways. To sustain our lives under water we must know how to use a wide array of complex and sophisticated equipment. To ensure our safety we must be thoroughly familiar with a variety of skills and procedures. And to appreciate the aquatic environment to its fullest, we must have a basic understanding of its inhabitants and the world in which they live.

Your Open Water Diver course introduced you to the rudiments of diving science. However, entry-level training exposed you only to what you needed to know to dive safely. But, many divers want to learn more than the basics. That’s why this workbook was created — to help develop your academic diving knowledge beyond a basic level.

You will find that the workbook not only helps you to identify critical information, but it even helps to confirm your understanding of it. If used as designed, it will guide you through various PADI textbooks and references assuring that you will not just read the information, but learn it!

In completing the workbook your primary reference source will be The Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving (hereafter referred to simply as the Encyclopedia). This valuable reference book was designed to fill the void between what you need to know about diving and what you might like to know. The Encyclopedia is a unique resource — a treasure chest of information and insights for the sport diver. However, some important information is contained in sources other than the Encyclopedia. Therefore, as you complete the workbook you will sometimes be referred to other PADI books. For this reason, in addition to the Encyclopedia, you will also want a PADI Open Water Diver Manual, PADI’s Adventures in Diving Manual, PADI Rescue Diver Manual, PADI Divemaster Manual and the Emergency First Response Participant Manual. These books are available through a PADI Dive Center, PADI Resort or PADI Instructor.

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Some Uses for the Workbook

Due to the workbook’s flexible design, it lends itself to several possible applications. First, the Diving Knowledge Workbook will be of interest to anyone with a desire to learn more about the academics of diving. Also, its use supports various PADI Diver Education programs. For example:

1. If you are enrolled in PADI Divemaster training, you’ll use the workbook as part of the knowledge development portion of your course.

2. If you are a PADI Instructor candidate (completing or have completed a PADI IDC), the workbook is an invaluable aid in preparing for the diving theory exams that will be administered during your Instructor Examination (IE).

Regardless of your reason for using it, we hope that the workbook will be a valuable aid in making you a better diver by making you a more informed diver.

Note to Instructor Candidates:

As with any examination preparatory aid, successful mastery of the knowledge learned from this workbook does not guarantee success with actual IE exams. At the IE you are expected to have a thorough (instructor-level) knowledge of critical diving information and concepts. Instructor-level knowledge is defined as the ability to identify the correct answer for a question as well as being able to explain why the other choices are incorrect.

Structure of the Workbook

The workbook is organized using a step-by-step, self-paced approach. You may complete it as quickly or as slowly as you wish. What you will learn by completing the workbook is based on a set of seventy specific learning objectives. These objectives provide focus to your study effort, and help ensure that you learn the critical information. However, you might ask that out of all the information that exists in the field of diving, why have we selected these particular objectives?

The objectives used in the design of the workbook have been carefully selected to include a broad range of information and skills. They encompass the fields of physics, physiology, equipment, general diving skills, the underwater environment and the Recreational Dive Planner. In fact, we consider these objectives so fundamental that they are also used to define what knowledge all PADI diving professionals must possess. For example, they serve as the basis for the knowledge development portion of the PADI Divemaster Course. In addition, these objectives are used to construct the theory exams given as part of the PADI Instructor Examination (IE).

Introduction 3

How to Use the Workbook

Prior to your use of the workbook secure a pencil, calculator and a Recreational Dive Planner Table, eRDP and The Wheel. You won’t need additional paper since you will be marking directly in the workbook itself.

Each section of the workbook relates to one of the five areas of diving knowledge mentioned previously. In each section, the objectives are detailed. As an example, they appear as follows:

Objective 1.1Explain why water is able to dissipate body heat faster than air, at what rate this occurs and what effect this has upon the diver.

After the objective, directions are provided on where you can find material relating specifically to the stated objective. Remember, this is usually within the Encyclopedia, but there are exceptions. You will sometimes be referred to other PADI books for information. The “Resources” note appears as follows:

Resources:• Encyclopedia, Chapter Four, under the heading of “Water and Heat”

Once you have identified where the information can be found, read the appropriate material thoroughly. Complete the reading assignment before you attempt the exercises. Otherwise the exercises won’t necessarily reflect your actual understanding of the material but, perhaps just how lucky you are at guessing answers. After you have thoroughly reviewed the reading assignment you return to the workbook and complete the exercises. The exercises appear after the directions as follows:

Sometimes there will be a true/false or multiple choice item, like this:

1. A scuba tank is filled to capacity at the surface. When this tank is used at a depth of 30 metres/99 feet, the air within the tank is four times more dense than it was at the surface.

True False

2. Water is able to conduct heat far more efficiently than air because it is:

a. less dense than air.

b. more dense than air.

c. more fluid than air.

d. less fluid than air.

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Other times you will be asked to provide a list or short answer, like this:

1. If all of our tissues are essentially comprised of water, why don’t they all absorb and eliminate nitrogen at about the same rate?

After completing the exercises, check your responses against the answer key. However, avoid reviewing the answer key until you have completed the appropriate exercises.

Using the Answer Key

In reviewing the answer key you will notice that it does far more than just tell you the correct answer. It has been specially designed to give you the answer AND to explain the rationale for the answer, help you determine your understanding of the rationale, plus — if your response was incorrect — analyze the reason for any incorrect response. Often, you are given specific directions on what to study to overcome any gaps in your understanding of the subject. For maximum effectiveness you should follow the directions in the answer key closely.

1. Locate the objective(s) you wish to review. They are numbered the same way they were in the exercise section.

2. After reviewing the answers, place a check in the appropriate box in the left hand margin indicating your response under “correct” or “incorrect.” The boxes will appear as follows:

Correct:

Confident

GuessIncorrect:

Simple Mistake

Lack of Knowledge

Introduction 5

3. If your response was correct, note that you have two options. If you feel confident that your answer was based on a thorough understanding of the knowledge or concept involved, place a check as follows:

Correct:

■ Confident

Guess

4. If your answer was correct, but you arrived at it by guessing, check the box as shown below. This may indicate that you do not have a thorough grasp of the knowledge involved to arrive at a correct answer on another similar question. Review the explanation carefully, and if after the review, you still do not feel completely confident of your understanding, re-read the referenced materials for the objective being tested.

Correct:

Confident

■ Guess

5. If your response was incorrect, note that you also have two options. If your answer was incorrect but it was a simple mistake, check the box as shown below. This indicates that you understand the question and feel you are unlikely to make the same mistake again on a similar question. Important: review the explanation and be sure you understand the reason for the mistake. In making this assessment, be honest. The only one hurt by a less than candid analysis of your performance is you!

Incorrect:

■ Simple Mistake

Lack of Knowledge

6. If your answer was incorrect and due to a lack of knowledge, check the box as shown below. This is an important assessment because it indicates that you missed some important knowledge or concept in the reading assignment. Review the explanation carefully, and if after the review, you still do not feel completely confident of your understanding, re-read the referenced materials for the objective being tested. You may need to seek additional clarification from your PADI Instructor.

Incorrect:

Simple Mistake

■ Lack of Knowledge

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Conducting a Section Analysis

At the conclusion of the answer key you will find a segment entitled “Section Analysis.” This analysis will help you determine how well you have understood the material presented in this section. More importantly it will identify any areas of your knowledge that might still be a little weak. Once any weaknesses have been identified, you will be directed back to the appropriate resources to ensure that you have a full understanding of this subject.

The first portion of the section analysis explores “correct responses.” It appears as follows:

Confident Guess Total

Correct Responses

After you have completed all the exercises in a particular section, review the answer key once more. Determine the number of correct responses — and whether you indicated “guess” or “confident” — and enter those in the appropriate boxes. Next, enter the sum of the two numbers in the “total” box.

The next portion of the analysis examines “incorrect responses.” This time review the answer key to determine how many of your incorrect answers were a result of a “simple mistake” versus a “lack of knowledge.” Enter these numbers in the appropriate boxes as shown below, indicating the sum in the “total” box.

Simple Mistake Lack of Knowledge Total

Incorrect Responses

You now have an analysis of the total number of correct versus incorrect responses. It indicates how confident you were regarding the correct responses, and whether your incorrect responses were a result of simple mistakes or lack of knowledge.

Once you have completed the correct/incorrect response boxes, go back through the answer key and identify any items marked “correct-guess” or “incorrect-lack of knowledge.” These items represent important points of information or concepts you still might not fully understand. In the section entitled “Objectives to be Reviewed”, check any objectives that contained items with a “correct-guess” or “incorrect-lack of knowledge” response. This section will appear as follows:

Introduction 7

Objectives To Be Reviewed:

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14

Before you consider any section complete, review once again the appropriate PADI resource material for the objectives checked in the review box. You should then go back and re-read the resource material related to those objectives. After re-reading the resource material, attempt to answer the problem items once again. If you are still unable to honestly determine the answer, you should contact a PADI Instructor for clarification.

Once you have completed all the exercises, thoroughly reviewed the answer key and completed the “Section Analysis,” you may proceed to the next section.

Using The Answer Key as a Knowledge Review ToolIn certain situations, you may wish to use the Answer Key at the end of each section as a knowledge review tool. The Answer Keys are designed to allow you to study information presented on any given topic without returning to the question section. The objectives are restated along with the questions. This format allows for efficient study of the material in preparation for the Divemaster Final Exams or the IE exams.

Notes:

• Some of the metric values used in the workbook are not direct conversions of their imperial measurement counterparts.

• Some of the theoretical examples in this workbook use depths beyond the recommended recreational limit; actual dives should never exceed 40 metres/ 130 feet/.

• The method of calculating the answer to a specific question may vary from country to country. You are encouraged to work with a PADI Instructor to determine the appropriateness of any given response for your local area.

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Constants Used Throughout This Workbook

Metric one litre of seawater weighs 1.03 kilograms one litre fresh water weights 1.00 kilograms 10 metres of seawater = 1 atm 10.3 metres of fresh water = 1 atm

Imperial one cubic foot of seawater weighs 64 pounds one cubic foot of fresh water weighs 62.4 pounds 33 feet seawater = 1 atm 34 feet fresh water = 1 atm

Pressure change per unit of depth equivalences for both salt water and fresh water:

1. salt water pressure change per unit of depth: .100 atm/m = 1033.2 kg/m3 = .0303 atm/ft = 0.445 psi/ft

2. fresh water pressure change per unit of depth: .097 atm/m = 1002.2 kg/m3 = .0294 atm/ft = 0.432 psi/ft

Note: For the sake of simplicity, this book recognizes 1 atm = 1 bar

Appendix A-1

Appendix

IE Theory Exams Study Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2

Recreational Dive Planner Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-5

A-2 Diving Knowledge Workbook

Use the guidelines in this document to help you prepare for the following written Final Exams administered at all PADI Instructor Examinations (IEs):

• Skills And Environment • Physiology• Equipment • Physics• Recreational Dive Planner

1. Review academic diving information presented in the following PADI manuals and books. Be sure you’ve mastered the academic objectives in each of the diver manuals:a. PADI Open Water Diver Manualb. Adventures in Diving c. PADI Rescue Diver Manuald. PADI Divemaster Manuale. The Encyclopedia of Recreational Divingf. Diving Knowledge Workbookg. The Wheel Instructions for Use Bookleth. Recreational Dive Planner Instructions for Use

booklet.i. Electronic Recreational Dive Planner Instructions

for Use booklet If these books are not available (or they do not exist

in your primary language), other diving texts with detailed, elaborated academic diving information may be used.

2. Complete the PADI quizzes and final exams for each of the following courses: Open Water Diver, Rescue Diver and Divemaster. On these exams, be able to identify the correct answer for each question. If the question is multiple choice, you must also be able to explain why the other choices are incorrect.

3. Complete the PADI Instructor Preassessment Exam in the Instructor Candidate Workbook. Your performance on this exam is a general indicator of your knowledge of diving theory and information. Concentrate your study efforts in the areas of weakness indicated by the preassessment exam.

Note: As with any preassessment document, successful mastery does not ensure success with the actual IE exams. At the IE you are expected to have a thorough (instructor-level) knowledge of critical diving information and concepts.4. Questions on all PADI exams are criterion-

referenced, meaning they relate directly to one or more performance objectives. Because these performance objectives are the basis on which PADI materials are written, the correct responses to all questions can be found within PADI materials.

The following list of objectives were used to construct the IE written Final Exams. As a result, a thorough understanding of these objectives provide you with a solid foundation of knowledge for taking the exams. You must do more, however, than simply memorize responses to the objectives — you must be able to solve never-before-encountered problems and identify specific applications of the concepts involved.

The objectives are listed according to exam topic.Note: Although The Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving is a convenient assembly of academic diving knowledge, information on each objective can be obtained from other diving manuals and texts in various languages.

A. Skills And Environment A PADI Instructor must be able to:

1. State the maximum altitude above which special procedures are required for the use of most dive tables, and explain why diving at altitude requires special consideration.

2. Explain how tides are caused. 3. Define the term environmental orientation,

explain for whom such an orientation is intended and state which PADI Experience program offers an orientation.

4. Explain the proper procedure for executing a Controlled Emergency Swimming Ascent.

5. Define the term neutral buoyancy and describe how to execute a buoyancy check at the surface.

6. Demonstrate the 25 common hand signals and explain the meaning of each.

7. Explain what action should be taken with a victim of a near-drowning accident.

8. List at least three common signs/symptoms of marine life injuries.

9. Explain why an unconscious, non-breathing diver should be resuscitated while being towed to shore even if no pulse is suspected.

10. Explain what action should be taken for a diver suffering from decompression sickness, and under what circumstances the victim should be taken back into the water for recompression.

11. State the compression-to-ventilation ratio for administering one-person CPR.

12. Given the nature of the circulation of major ocean currents (Coriolis effect), state the direction of flow for such currents in relation to the coastline of any continent.

13. State the guideline for the recovery of a negatively buoyant object without the assistance of a lift bag.

PADI Instructor ExaminationWritten Final Exams Study Guidelines

Appendix A-3

14. List the minimum suggested equipment necessary to safely engage in night diving activities.

15. State the most accurate means of measuring distance under water without the use of a calibrated measuring device.

16. List at least two factors that dictate the type of pattern to be used when searching for an underwater object.

17. List at least three guidelines divers should follow to help protect the marine environment.

18. State the diving skill most useful in avoiding damage to the marine environment.

B. Physics A PADI Instructor must be able to:

1. Explain why water is able to dissipate body heat faster than air, at what rate this occurs and what effect this has on the diver.

2. Explain the behavior of light as it passes from an air/water interface and what effect this has on the diver.

3. Define the visual reversal phenomenon and explain its effect on the dive.

4. Explain why sound travels faster in water than in air, by approximately how much and what effect this has on the diver.

5. State Archimedes’ Principle and calculate the buoyancy required to either lift or sink an object in both fresh- and seawater.

6. Define the terms absolute, ambient and gauge pressures and calculate the pressure at any depth as expressed by these terms in both fresh- and seawater.

7. Explain the relationship between pressure and volume on a flexible gas-filled container, and calculate (in increments of whole atmospheres) the changes that will occur to that container as it is raised and lowered in the water column.

8. Explain the relationship between depth and the density of the air a diver breathes, and calculate this relationship in increments of whole atmospheres.

9. Given a diver’s air consumption rate at one depth, calculate (in increments of whole atmospheres) how that consumption rate changes with depth.

10. Describe how the behavior of a gas within both a flexible and inflexible container is affected by changes in pressure and temperature.

11. Given their percentages, calculate the partial pressure of gases in a mixture at any depth.

12. Explain the effect of breathing contaminated air mixtures at depth, and calculate the equivalent effect such contamination would have upon the diver at the surface.

13. Explain what will occur to a gas saturated at high pressure when the pressure on gas in contact with the liquid is quickly reduced.

14. Define supersaturation and explain what conditions are necessary for gas bubbles to form in a supersaturated liquid.

C. Physiology A PADI Instructor must be able to:

1. Name the substance within the blood that aids in the transport of oxygen.

2. Explain how proper diving techniques and equipment can help avoid exhaustion and excessive buildup of carbon dioxide.

3. Explain the physiological mechanism by which voluntary hyperventilation enables a diver to extend breath-holding time.

4. Explain the physiological mechanism that causes a carotid sinus reflex, and how this affects the diver.

5. Explain the physiological mechanism that causes a shallow water blackout and why this condition usually occurs during ascent rather than descent.

6. Explain the physiological effect of increased carbon monoxide levels (including cigarette smoking) on the diver and how it can be avoided.

7. Define the term silent bubbles as it relates to decompression sickness.

8. Explain why victims of decompression sickness are given pure oxygen as a first aid measure.

9. Explain the cause of nitrogen narcosis, state the approximate depth at which the disorder occurs and list three common signs/symptoms.

10. Explain the physiological mechanism of decompression sickness, and list the common susceptibility factors that can contribute to its occurrence.

11. Define the term barotrauma, and how it can occur to the lungs, sinuses and ears of the diver during both ascent and descent.

12. Define the term vertigo and explain the mechanism by which this normally occurs in the diver.

13. Describe the basic anatomy of the ear and which areas/structures are most affected by changing pressures.

14. Compare and contrast the various signs/symptoms of decompression sickness and air embolism.

15. State the most serious form of lung-expansion injury in diving, how it occurs, and what factors can contribute to its occurrence.

A-4 Diving Knowledge Workbook

D. Equipment A PADI Instructor must be able to:

1. Explain the meaning of each legally required mark that appears on the neck of a scuba tank including: alloy designation, hydrostatic test date, working pressure, and over-pressurization designation.

2. Contrast the differences between steel and aluminum scuba tanks in terms of maximum pressures, thickness and capacity.

3. Explain the purpose of a J-valve and how it is designed to work

4. Explain the safety device and design feature that prevents an overpressurized scuba tank from exploding.

5. Explain the effect of extreme heat upon the structural integrity of a scuba tank and what should be done in the event tanks are exposed to such conditions.

6. Explain how scuba tanks are hydrostatically tested and to what pressures these tests are conducted.

7. List at least four reasons a scuba tank should be visually inspected annually.

8. Explain the term open-circuit demand regulator and describe what advantages this design has over other types.

9. List the major parts and explain the general function of the first and second stage of a scuba regulator.

10. Define the terms balanced, unbalanced, upstream and downstream as they relate to regulator design.

11. Define the term environmental seal and what this feature is designed to prevent.

12. Define the term fail-safe as it relates to regulator design and how this feature operates in the event of regulator malfunction.

13. Explain the proper procedures for the use of dive computers among buddy teams.

14. State the type of depth gauge that automatically compensates for high altitude diving.

15. List at least three equipment-related reasons why divers should always avoid maximum no decompression limits.

E. Recreational Dive Planner A PADI Instructor must be able to:

1. Explain why the RDP Surface Interval Credit Table is significantly shorter than that of the U.S. Navy tables and why such a difference is possible.

2. Explain what is meant by a multi-tissue decompression model and the number of tissues used in the creation of the RDP versus U.S. Navy models.

3. When diving above sea level, explain why it is critical to know the altitude at which the dive is to take place.

4. Explain why Pressure Groups from one model/table cannot necessarily be transferred to another model/table.

5. Using the RDP Table or eRDP and The Wheel, demonstrate how to find a No-decompression Limit (NDL), and state the procedures for Emergency Decompression and Omitted Decompression.

6. Using the RDP Table or eRDP and The Wheel, calculate dive profiles for three or more repetitive dives, demonstrating the correct guidelines and procedures for: determining minimum surface intervals, taking safety stops, and applying the special multiple dive rule (groups W,X,Y & Z).

7. State the guidelines for flying after diving and demonstrate the application of the rule for each circumstance addressed.

8. Using The Wheel format of the RDP, demonstrate how to calculate a multilevel dive.

Appendix A-5

To determine your current ability to solve Recreational Dive Planner calculations, complete this Preassessment Inquiry. Choose the best answer to each question.1. Residual nitrogen time is the total time in minutes from the beginning of descent until the beginning of final

ascent to the surface or safety stop. a. True b. False

2. When using the dive tables, divers must ascend no faster than a rate of ______ feet per minute. a. 6 metres/20 feet b. 18 metres/60 feet c. 12 metres/40 feet d. 24 metres/80 feet3. A dive to 18 metres/59 feet for 29 minutes yields what pressure group? a. L b. J c. K d. M4. A diver in pressure group "K" plans a dive to 18 metres/56 feet. What is the maximum allowable bottom time

according to the Recreational Dive Planner? a. 26 minutes b. 44 minutes c. 29 minutes d. 16 minutes

5. A diver in pressure group "D" completes a dive to 14 metres/46 feet for 29 minutes. What is his new pressure group upon surfacing?

a. T b. P c. O d. U6. A diver makes a dive to 18 metres/56 feet for 44 minutes. After a one-hour surface interval, he returns to

18 metres/56 feet. Losing track of time, he notices that his bottom time is now 37 minutes. According to the Recreational Dive Planner, what action should he take?

a. Surface immediately and contact the nearest recompression chamber. b. Immediately ascend to 5 metres/15 feet and remain there for 3 minutes before surfacing. c. Immediately ascend to 5 metres/15 feet and remain there for 8 minutes before surfacing. d. Ascend to 3 metres/10 feet and remain there until air is exhausted.

7. After completing the dives indicated in question 6, what is the minimum amount of time the diver must wait prior to flying?

a. The diver may fly immediately after the dive. b. 12 hours c. An extended time beyond 18 hours d. 4 hours

8. What is the minimum surface interval required to make a dive to 22 metres/80 feet for 23 minutes, followed by a 15 metre/50-foot dive for 47 minutes?

a. 23 minutes b. 20 minutes c. 8 minutes d. 15 minutes9. A divemaster is planning to take a group of advanced divers to two different locations. One is a reef in 16

metres/54 feet of water, and he plans a bottom time of 25 minutes. The second location is on a wreck in 28 metres/95 feet of water, where he plans a bottom time of 20 minutes. The surface interval between the dives will be two hours. In the interest of safety, which dive should the divemaster plan first?

a. The order of dives is of no consequence in this example. b. The 16 metre/54-foot dive c. The 28 metre/95-foot dive d. Whichever the group wishes to dive

10. A diver makes a dive to a depth of 19 metres/68 feet for 24 minutes. After a one-hour surface interval, he wishes to return to a depth of 17 metres/58 feet. What is the maximum allowable bottom time for the second dive?

a. 14 minutes b. 17 minutes c. 41 minutes d. 63 minutes

Wheel users, answer the following question:You plan a multilevel dive to begin at a depth of 30 metres/100 feet. You plan to stay at 30 metres/100 feet for 10 minutes, then ascend to 20 metres/70 feet for an additional 15 minutes. What will your pressure group (p.g.) be upon surfacing? a. Pressure Group "O" b. Pressure Group "Q" c. Pressure Group "T" d. Pressure Group "V"

How did you do? 1. False, 2. b, 3. c, 4. a, 5. Metric - c; Imperial - b, 6. c, 7. c, 8. Metric - a; Imperial - d, 9. c, 10. c, Wheel - a.

Recreational Dive Planner