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Vol.-9 Issue-2 Oct-Dec., 2013
Diversity of “Flora and Fauna of Uttarakhand”
ENVIS Centre, UEPPCB, Dehra Dun
Website: www.utrenvis.nic.in
Uttarakhand is the state located at the foothills of the snow clad Himalayas with lush
green vegetation. There is a diverse range of flora and fauna habitated in Uttarakhand. The State has rich and diverse floral, faunal and microbial wealth including rare and threatened species of plants and animals.
Traditionally, the mountains in the lower regions of Uttarakhand were covered with moist deciduous forest. Between elevations of 1,500-3,000m, the major natural vegetation entails of Pine, Oak, Rhododendron, Walnut and Larch. Below the snow line, the vegetation consists of forests of Spruce, Fir, Cypress, Juniper and Birch, while above the snow line (in the higher altitude of the State) is Alpine vegetation which includes Mosses, Lichen and a diversity of wildflowers such as Blue Poppies and Edelweiss. As a result of deforestation, much of the original fauna of the Himalayas are restricted to protected areas and sanctuaries. Major fauna in the region are Himalayan Bear, Musk Deer, the wild Goat Ghoral, Bharal or Blue Goat, Wolves, Snow Leopards and varieties of deer such as Barking Deer. Avifauna in the region is regarded as one of the richest in the sub-continent, with over 500 species of birds.
Well Known famous Jim Corbett National Park is one of the major habitation of the flora and fauna in the state. The Royal Bengal Tigers are also found here. The Rajaji National Park which is a rainforest area is known for its Elephants and the Valley of Flowers National Park which is an alpine forest and has a number of herbs, shrubs, roses and a variety of Rhododendrons. Apart from these National Parks in state are the Nanda Devi National Park, Govind National Park and Gangotri National Park. Such parks are habitat of variety of wild animals like Tigers, Leopards, Langurs and different species of Deers. A number of birds are also found here, many of which are migratory birds.
Floral Diversity
In Floral diversity point of view, Uttarakhand falls under the West Himalayan Biogeographic zone, situated in the lap of the Himalaya ther region is rich in forest wealth that ranges from subtropical to Alpine types.The flora and vegetation of the state ranges from tropical deciduous to alpine vegetation; broadly catagorised into three mazor types :
1. Sub-Tropical Zone of Uttarakhand
The sub-tropical zone has pure as well as mixed forests of Shore Robusta (Sa I), the others being Lannea coromandelica (Jhingan), Buchanania lanzan, Dalbergia disso (Shisham), Haldina cordifolia (Haldu), Syzygium cumini (Jamun), Mallotus philippinensis (Rohini), Mitragyna parvifolia, Terminalia spp. (Myrobalans), Ficus spp. (Figs), Macaranga pustulata, Callicarpa arborea,
Diopoknema butyracea (Chyura), Bauhinia variegate (Kachnar), Bomb ax cobia (Semal), Lydia claying (Pula), Schleicher oleos (Kokum), Holoptelea integrities (Karanj), Cassia fistula (Amaltas), Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Parijat),
Anogeissus latifolia (Bakli, Dhaura), etc. The shrubby vegetation is represented by Murraya koenigii, Carissa opaca, Clerodendrum viscous, Adhatoda vasica, Jasminum multiflorum, Solanum erianthum, Cal/icarpa macrophylla, Eranthemum nervosum, Phlogacanthus thyrsiformis, Jatropha curcas, Rhus parviflora, Dodonaea viscosa, Woodfordia fruticosa and many others.
2. Temperate Zone of Uttarakhand
The Temperate zone is marked by the presence of Quercus leucotrichophora (Banj oak), Rhododendron arboretum (Burans), Myrica esculent a (Kaphal), Leonia ovalifolia (Aynor), Ibex dipyrena, Quercus semecarpifolia (Kharsu Oak), Q. dilatata (Moru Oak), etc. The coniferous forests in this zone are unique. Pure stands of Pinus roxburghii (Chir Pine) and Cadres deodar (Deodar, Cedar), Abides windrow (Raga), Pinus wal/ichiana (Kail), Taxus wal/ichiana (Thuner, Himalayan Yew) at places give a pristine look to the slopes. The slopes in temperate zone also have insectivorous plants like Drosera peltata and species of Utricularia. Another such species is Pinguicula alpina seen in Martoli Bugyal, Kumaon. The Saprophytes and Parasites are also well represented by Monotropa unit/ora, Dendrophthoe falcata (Banda), Balanophora in volucrata, and species of Viscum, Korthalsella, Arceuthobium, Scurrula, etc. The zone has a variety of useful plants, some of them well known for centuries. These include Cedrus deodar a, Pinus spp., Abies pindrow, Quercus spp., Aconitum heterophyllum, Paeonia emodi, Swertia chirayita, Bergenia ciliata, Dioscorea deltoidea, Angelica glauca (Choru), etc.
3. Sub-Alpine and Alpine Zones of Uttarakhand
The altitude above 3,000 metres is generally considered a zone of sub-alpine and alpine vegetation. The tree species are represented by Pinus wallichiana, Abies pindrow, Prunus cornuta, Acer caesium, Betula utilis (Bhoj Patra) and Salix sp. Species of the genera Cotoneaster, Rosa, Berberis, Ribes, Junipers, Rhododendron anthropogenic, Rhododendron campanulas are the shrubby components of the zone. The herbaceous vegetation is represented by a number of species of genera Po ten till, Primula, Aster, Saxifrage, Achaean, Delphinium, Polygonal,Corydalis, Pleurospermum, Meconopsis, Pedicularis, Saussurea, Rheum, Silene, etc. The Bugyals of this zone are well known for a rich and diversified flora. Plant species like Nardostachys grand flora (Jatamansi), Podophyllum hexandrum (Himalayan May-Apple, Papri), Picrorhiza kurrooa (Kutaki), Gentian burro, Armenia benthonic (Bal char), Rheum moorcroftianum
(Dole), Ephedra gerardiana, Dactylorhiza hatagirea (Hatthajari), etc., common in this zone, are of immense medicinal value.
The rich floral diversity of the state comprises 5096 species of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms.Uttarakhand is a home for many species species of birds, mammals and reptiles. A total of 4907 faunal species including mammals, birds, reptiles, etc have been reports from the state. (Table 1.1).
Table : 1.1 Status of Flora and Fauna
Group Number of Species
Group Number of Species
Floral Diversity Faunal Diversity Algae 346 Thysanura 4 Bryophytes 478 Odonata 163 Lichens 539 Plecoptera 20 Pteridophytes 365 Orhoptera 116 Gymnosperms 35 Dermaptera 43 Monocotyledons including Orchids (Angiosperms)
1250 Isoptera 52
Orchids 235 Hemiptera 479 Dicotyledons 3811 Coleoptera 422 Faunal Diversity Lepidoptera 567 Trematodes 48 Trichoptera 60 Cestodes 36 Hymenoptera
(excluding Ichneumonidae)
235
Plants and soil Nematodes 196 Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera)
302
Mollusca 129 Diptera 676 Annelida 69 Fishes 142 Crustacea 20 Amphibia 20 Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha (Centipedes)
32 Reptiles 75
Arachnida 249 Aves 622 Collembola 31 Mammals 100 Sources: Bioresources of Uttarakhand: Their Conservation & management.
Faunal Diversity A total of 4907 faunal species have been reported which include 3948 invetrebrate fauna and 959 vetrebrate fauna.Ther fauna exhibits an admixture of Oriental, Palaerectic and Indo-Malayan elements. It is home to many endemic and threatened species of both vertebrates and invertberates
Table : 1.2 Fauna
BIRDS SNO SPECIES SCIENTIFIC NAME IMAGES 1- Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus
2- Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica
3- Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos
4- Great Hornbil Buceros bicornis
5- Grey Francolin Francolinus
pondicerianus
6- Himalayan Monal Lophophorus impejanu
7- Indian Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus
8- Indian Grey-Hornbill Ocyceros birostris
9- Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis
10- Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis
11- Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus
12- Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis
13- Parakeet Psittacula krameri
manillensis
14- Robin Saxicoloides fulicatus
15- Blue-capped Rock Thrush Monticola cinclorhynchus
ANIMALS
SNO SPECIES SCIENTIFIC NAME Images 1- Elephant Elephas maximus
2- barking deer Muntiacus
3- Bharal Pseudois nayaur
4- black bear Euarctos americanus
5- Ghoral Nemorhaedus goral
6- musk deer Moschus leucogaster
7- serow Capricornis sumatraensis
8- Leopard Panthera pardus
9- Sambar Rusa unicolor
10- Snow leopard Panthera uncia
11- Spotted deer Axis axis
12- Swamp Deer Rucervus duvaucelii
13- Tiger Panthera tigris
The sub-alpine zones of Almora and outskirts are a natural sanctuary for leopard, Langur, Himalayan black bear, kakar, goral etc. Whereas the high altitude zones abound musk deer, popularly called Kastura Mrig, snow leopard, blue sheep, thar etc. The entire zone is rich in a remarkable variety of birds possessing plumage of magnificent design and colours like peacock, which include grey quail, Kala Titar, Whistling thrush, Chakor, monal pheasant cheer pheasant, koklas pheasant etc.
Ethnomedicinal Plants in Uttarakhand Himalayan Region, India
The Himalayas have a great wealth of medicinal plants and traditional medicinal knowledge. The Indian Himalayan region alone supports about 18,440 species of plants (Angiosperms: 8000 spp., Gymnosperm: 44 spp., Pteridophytes: 600 spp., Bryophytes: 1736 spp., Lichens: 1159 spp. and Fungi: 6900 spp.) of which about 45% are having medicinal properties. Uttarakhand is a storehouse of a rich variety herbs and medicinal and aromatic plant species
Table1.3 includes the medicinal plants that have been widely used as veterinary ethno-medicine in Uttarakhand region. Such aromatic plants which occur locally in the Uttarakhand himalaya and their medicinal importance.
Table 1.3 : Prominent Medicinal Plants.
S. No. Botanical Name Local Name
Parts Used Uses
1 Capsella bursa-pastoris, Moench. Torighash Whole plant For Sikka Rog 2 Cardamine impatiens, Linn. - Whole plant For Tantrka in calf 3 Viola biflora, Linn. Banpansa Whole plant In calf for heart & faint problem 4 Viola patrinii, DC - Root For liver 5 V.serpens, Wall. - Root For Liver 6 Hypericum cernum, Vaya, Culi Whole plant For Hoskins, For wound
7 Linum usitatissinum,Linn. Alsi Whole plant For strength 8 Melilotus alba, Lamk. Banmethi Whole plant For stomach problem and
Indigestion
9 Trifolium repens, Linn. Garila Whole plant For Satrika
10 Agrimonia pilosa, Ledeb. Kafliya Whole plant For purification of blood
11 Fragaria vesca, Linn. Pudalia Kafal
Leaf To protect abortion
12 Potentilla argyrophylla, Danti, Brajdanti
Leaf/Root For stomach problem
13 Rhamnus virgata, Roxb. Chaitula Fruit In Leg swelling 14 Rosa moschata, Herrm. Kunj pani Fruit For leucorrhea, bleeding,
Pregnancy termination 15 Rubus paniculatus,Sm. Kala
Hisalu(Kadula)
Leaf In pregnancy
16 R. lasiocarpus, Sm. Kala Hisalu Leaf In pregnancy 17 Bergenia ciliata, Moench. Silfhora Root For Hydrophobia 18 Ribes grossularia,Linn. Caktu Whole plant For preventing abortion 19 Punica granatum, Linn. Darim Skull of fruit As antimicrobials 20 Woodfordia floribunda, Salisb. Dhow Flower As energy syrup 21 Centella asiatica, (Linn.)Urban Brahmi Leaf For brain fever 22 Cuminum cyminum, L. Jeera Seed For indigestion 23 Foeniculum vulgare, Mill. Saup Seed For Hookworm 24 Pimpinella diversifolia, Dc Dhanjari Seed For Lactation 25 Abina cordifolia, Hook. F Haldu Bud& leaf For Wound & fever 26 Valeriana hardwichii, wall. Samyo, Dhup Root For titaini 27 Aesculus indica, Colebr. Pangar Fruit In stomach problem 28 Artemisia maritime,Linn. - Bud/Leaf For Indigestion 29 A. nilagirica, Pampanini. Patti,Kunj Whole Plant For urinary tract infection 30 Artemisia parviflora, Roxb. Patti,
Dhopani Leaf/ Bud For round worm
31 A. sacrorum, Ladeb. Kapar Patti,Jholpatti
Leaf/Bud For hair fall
32 Senecio chrysanthemoides, DC. Ratpatia Whole plant For skin disease 33 S. rufinervis, DC. - Seed For wound 34 G. pretense, Linn. Chalmori Whole plant In fever, urine problem, eye
problem 35 Tanacetum nubigenum, Wall. - Leaf/ Fruit As energy syrup, anti microbes. 36 Lobelia pyramidalis, Wall. Bran
tambacoo Whole Plant For liver disease
37 Anagallis arvensis, Linn. Vish Khaparia
Fruit/Leaf As pain killer
38 Primula denticulate, Smith. Vish Khaparia
Fruit In cough, useful for mammary glands
39 P. macrophylla, D. Don. - Whole Plant As painkiller 40 Holarrhena antidysenterica, Wall. Quiar,
Indraw Seed & bark In fever, Gastric & dysentery
41 Calotropis procera, R. Br. Ank Root In indigestion 42 Gentiana tenella,(Roltb) H. Smith. Kutuki,
Katuwi Fruit In hysteria, In weakness
43 Swertia purpurascens, Wall. Ciraita Whole Plant In fever, In weak appetite. 44 Capsicum annum, Linn. Khusane,
Marac Fruit As oil massage.
45 Datura metal, Linn. Dhatura Seed As pain killer (for external use only)
46 Hyoscyamus niger, Linn. Bran juwan Leaf & Seed As pain killer 47 Digitalis purpurea,Linn. Prawasit
Degitelis tilpushpi
Leaf In burning
48 Verbascum thapsus, Linn. Akalvir Leaf In bronchitis 49 Clerodendrum infortunatum,
Gaertn. Aranyo Bark In Efra
50 Ajuga parviflora, Benth. Ratpatia Whole plant In arthritis 51 Mentha arvensis, Linn. Pudina,
Eliachi Whole plant In post pregnancy problems
52 Ocimum sanctum, Linn. Tulsi Whole plant In fever 53 Origanum vulgare, Linn. Jangali tulsi Whole plant Indigestion 54 Salvia lanata, Roxb. Sania, Sunip Whole plant For vomiting, painkiller 55 Scutellaria angulosa, Benth. Karuijhar Whole plant In acidity 56 Thymus serpyllum, Linn. Van ajmain Whole plant In chest pain 57 Plantago major, Linn. Vrantank Leaf In Injury, teeth problem, fever
58 P. orata, Forsk. Esabgol Seed In dysentery 59 Boerhaavia diffusa, Linn. Parnata Leaf In blood dysentery, In dropsy
60 Achyranthes aspera, Linn. Chirchira Whole plant For teeth problem 61 A. bidentata, Blume. Dansh Root As Laxative
62 Chenopodium album, Linn. Bethuwa Leaf/ seed For worm 63 Rheum emodi, Wall. Dolu, Archa Root For blood purification, for energy 64 Rumex hastatus, D. Don Bhilmora Whole plant For skin disease, In fever 65 Piper longum, L. Pipal fruit In Low appetite, As oil massage 66 Cinnamomum tamala, Ness. Kiriya,
karkiriya, Dalchini
Leaf In stomach problem, in gastric problem
67 Litsaea polyantha, Juss. Cirira Leaf In injury 68 L. umbrosa, Ness. Circira Leaf In bone injury 69 Viscum album, Linn. Bana Fruit In pregnancy problem 70 Emblica officinalis,Gaertn. Aula, Awla Fruit In eye disease/ good health 71 Euphorbia prolifera, Buch.
Ham.,ex.Don. Duwila Fruit Used in dog bite
72 Mallotus philippinensis, Muell. & Arg.
Roli, Kasela Fruit To protect from worm
73 Ricinus communis, Linn. Erind Leaf For internal injury 74 Betula utilis,Don. Bhuj,
Bhojpatra Seed To protect from worm
75 Quercus dilatata, Lindl. Banj Bark In dysentery 76 Q. semecarpifolia, Sm. - Bark In dysentery 77 Salix elegans, Wall. Garbainsh Fruit In rickets 78 Ephedra gerardiana, Wall. Gidjing Stem In pain 79 Juniperus communis ,Linn. Jhora,
khichiya Fruit In liver disease
80 Abies webbiana, Lindl. Raisal barmi radha
Bud In Cough
81 Cassoa absus, Linn. Banar, Chakwar
Seed In urine problem
82 Satyrium nepalense, D. Don. - Root As tonic 83 Zingiber officinals Banhaldi Root Internal injury, As anti worm 84 Cureuma angustifolia, Roxb. Banhaldi Root In gastric problem, anti worm 85 Acorus calamus, Linn. Banj Root Fever, pain 86 Allium stracheyi,Baker. Jambu Whole Plant For stomach problem 87 Allium wallichii, Kunth. Jangali Lasun Root In infection 88 Asparagus racemosus, willd. Kairuwa Bud In liver problem & To enhance
Lactation 89 Aloe vera, Linn. Patquar Leaf Stomach problem 90 Adiantum venusthum,G. Don. Hanshraj Seed For Chest problem and hair fall 91 Equisetum arvense, Linn. Horsetel Whole plant For urinary problem 92 Althaea officinalis, Linn. Jangalihauli Root For termination of pregnancy 93 Reinwardtia trigyna, Planch. Pyuli Root In wound 94 Tagetes arecta, Linn. Hazari Fruit In vomiting, In healing wound 95 Calendula officinalis, Linn. Ganda(Toka
r) Leaf In bleeding
96 Atropa belladonna, Linn. Dhatur Jahar Leaf In injury as pain killer 97 Datura stramonium, Linn. Dhatura Leaf In injury as pain killer 98 Urtica dioica, Linn. Sisauna Leaf Skin disease, For lactation 99 Juglans regia, Linn. Akhore Leaf/ fruit In stomach problem, As anti worm 100 Hedychium spicatum,Ham.ex. Smith Kapur
Kachari Root For fever & cough
101 Canna indica, Linn. Kewara Root In disinterest, In afra
102 Anemona obtusiloba Don. Kakaria Leaf In sinus 103 Delphinium denudatum, Wall Nirwishi,
Munel Seed In tics
104 Aconitum balfouria, stapf. Bishjahar Root In wound 105 Paeonia emodi, Wall. Bhoi Pawin Root In stomach problem 106 Berberis aristata, DC Kilmori Root & stem In fever, weakness 107 Fumaria parviflora, Lamk. Pitpapara Whole plant In skin etching(disease)
108 Brassica napus, Linn. Kali sarso Seed In poor appetite 109 Geranium ocellatum, Camb. Bhiljari Whole plant As insecticide
110 Acacia catechu, Wild. Khair Stem In Urine problem, dysentery
111 Butea frondosa, Koen. Dhank Flower, Seed As painkiller
Source : http://www.forest.uk.gov.in/pages/display/99-medicinal-aromatic-plants There are list of some more plant speices with their status and the part used in different Medicinal purpose.
Table 1.4 Scientific name Habit Plant part used Medicinal uses
Abies pindrow Royle. T Bark extract2 Cough & Bronchitis2
Aconitium hetrophyllum Wallich
H Root5 Fever, cough,stomachache5
Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Cambess.) Hook.f.
T Seed paste2 Rheumatic Pain2
Ainsliaea apetra DC. H Root extract2 Fever, painful urination2 Ainsliaea latifolia (D.Don) Sch.-Bip.
H Root decoction2 Colic2
Anaphalis contorta (D.Don) Hook.f.
H (Leaf & heads past, plant smoke)2 (Cuts, wounds & boils, insect repellent)2
Anaphalis margaritaceae (L.) Benth
H (Leaf & head paste)2
(Cuts, wounds & boils)2
Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims.) C.B. Clarke
H
Leaf juice2, Flower5
Laceration of toes2, Dressing wounds5
Anemone obtusiloba D.Don H Root decoction2 Diarrhoea2
Anemone rivularis Buch.-Ham. ex DC
H (Leaf past & juice)2 Leaves5 (Wounds5, sores & ear ache in local therapy)2
Arachne cordifolia (Decne.) Hurusawa
S Leaf & Stem paste2
Wounds & Antidote to snake bite2
Arisaema jacquemontii Blume
H Fruits2, Tuber5 (Antidote of poisonous mushrooms & snake bite)2, (Cough, kidney &skin diseases)5
Artemisia japonica Thunb H (Leaves & flower tops)2
Incense & insecticide2
Artemisia roxburghiana Bess.
H Plant extract2
(Antipyretic, Tonic & also rubbed on skin allergy)2
Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
H Root tuberous2 (Diabetes, diarrhoea & dysentery)2
Aster peduncularis Wallich
H (Plant extract & Root powder)2
(Renal-calculi & stomachic)2
Barleria cristata L.
H (Root decoction, Root & Leaves paste)2
(Bronchitis & pneumonia, wound swelling)2
Begonia picta Smith
H Plant decoction2 Colic & dyspepsia2
Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb.
H Root5 rhizomatous)2
(Tonic, febrifuge, digestive & cutaneous disorders)2, (Fevers, diarrhoea & pulmonary infections)5
Bidens bipinnata L.
H Leaf juice2
(Leprosy initial stages, lactating mothers, cuts)2
Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff
H Leaf juice2
(Leprosy initial stages, lactating mothers, cuts)2
Bidens pilosa L.
H (Plant extract & herbs of plants)2
(Cough & Bronchitis, leucoderma)2
Bistorta amplexicaulis (D.Don) Greene
H (Plant decoction & Leaf paste)2
(Cause abortion, wounds & relieves dysentery)2
Bistorta vaccinifolia (Wall. ex Meisn.) Greene
H Root decoction2
Tuberculosis2
Blumea lanceolaria (Roxb.) Druce
H Leaf paste2
Wounds & cuts2
Buddleja asiatica Lour.
S Leaf extract & Roots2
Skin diseases & Abortifacient2
Bupleurum falcatum L. H Root decoction2 Fever & liver troubles2
Calanthe tricarinata Lindl. H (Leaf paste Leaves & Pseudo-bulbs)2
(Sores & eczema, aphrodisiac)2
Callicarpa arborea Roxb. T Bark2 Skin ailments2
Cannabis sativa L. H Flowers2 Intoxicating agent2
Carpinus viminea Lindl.
T Leaves5 Bone fracture5
Clematis buchananiana DC. S Leaf paste2 Skin ailments2
Clematis montana Buch.-Ham. ex DC.
H Leaf extract2
Diabetes & urinary troubles2
Clinopodium umbrosum (M.Bieb.) C. Koch
H (Plant extract & Leaf infusion)2 (Astringent, carminative, Blood purifier & Gastric troubles)2
Corallodiscus lanuginosus (Wall. ex DC.) B.L. Burtt
H Leaves2
Kidney stone2
Coriaria nepalensis Wallich S Fruits2
Emetic2
Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl.
S Leaf, Fruits & Root Paste2
Diarrhoea, Cuts & Wounds2
Cyathula capitata Moq. H (Leaf extract & Urticle)2 Emetic & abortifacient2 Cyathula tomentosa Moq.
H Leaf extract2
(Emetic property & given in snake bite)2
Cynoglossum glochidiatum Wall. ex Benth.
H Root extract2
Dyspepsia & digestive disorders2
Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forssk.
H Plant infusion2
Cold & cough2
Debregeasia salicifolia (D.Don) Rendle
S Bark2
Plaster for Bone Fracture2
Delphinium vestitum Wall. ex Royle
H Plant Stem5 Body swelling5
Desmodium elagans DC. S Root infusion & Roots2 Epilepsy & Carminatives2
Deutzia compacta Craib. S Leaves2 Diuretic2
Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees H (Leaf5 paste & juice)2
(Wounds cough & gastro-enteritis)2 (Fever, skin diseases & stomachache)5
Dipsacus inermis Wallich
H Root paste2 Leucoderma & contusions2
Elephantopus scaber L.
H (Root extract & leaves)2
(Fever, stops vomiting, tonic for blood diseases)2
Elsholtzia fruticosa (D.Don) Rehder.
S Seeds2
Sciatica reliever2
Elsholtzia strobilifera Benth. H (Plant5 paste)2
(Bruises & wounds5)2
Eupatorium odenophorum Spreng.
S Leaves2,5
Wounds2, Skin diseases5
Euphorbia chamaesyce L. H Plant juice2
(Constipation & dysentery to infants)2
Euphorbia hypericifolia L. H Leaf infusion2
(Dysentery, diarrhoea, menorrhagia)2
Euphorbia pilosa Linn.
H (Root decoction & Fruits)2, Seed & Leaves5
Constipation & emetic2, Food poisoning5
Fagopyrum dibotrys (D.Don) Hara
H Leaf paste2
Insect bite2
Fragaria nubicola Lindl. ex Lacaita
H Leaf juice2
Ear ache2
Galinsoga parviflora Cav. H Plant extract2 Antidote of nettle sitting2
Galium aparine L. H (Leaf extract & plant5 waste)2, Astringent5, skin diseases2
Galium asperifolium Wallich. H Plant waste2
Skin ailments2
Geranium wallichianum D. Don ex Sweet
H Root5 juice2
(Otorrhoea & opthalmia)2, (Dysentery & cold)5
Gerbera gossypina (Royle) P. Beauv.
H (Leaf juice & paste)2
(Cuts, wounds, plaster on bone fracture)2
Girardiana diversifolia (Link) Friis
H Leaf juice2, Plant whole5
Gonorrhoea2, Diuretic5
Gonatanthus pumilus (D.Don) Engl. & Krause
H Root tuber paste2
Burns & wounds2
Gonostegia hirta (Blume) Miq H Roots2
Plaster on fractured bones2
Hippophae salicifolia D.Don T Fruits2,5
(Dandruff)2 & (Cardiac trouble)5
Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz. S Leaf paste & Roots2
Body Swelling & Febrifuge2
Hypericum choisianum Wall. ex N. Robson
S Leaf powder2
Fever2
Impatiens scabrida DC. H Plant Stem2 Cause abortion2
Indigofera heterantha Wall. ex Brandis
S Leaf juice2
Diarrhoea, Dysentery & Cough2
Inula cappa (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) DC.
S
Roots2 Suppressed urination2
Juglans regia L.
T Leaves2 , (Bark & Roots)5 Fungicide & Insecticide2 , Tooth ache5
Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss. H Root5 Incense, fever5 Lamium album L. H Plant decoction2, Flower5
Contraceptive2, Bleeding after childbirth5
Leptodermis Lanceolata Wallich
S Bark paste2
Migraines2
Leucas lanata Benth. H Plant infusion2 Whooping cough2
Leycesteria formosa Wallich S Leaf paste2
Dandruff & Lice in hair2
Lindenbergia indica (L.) Vatke
H Leaves2
(Bronchitis, Cuts & wounds)2
Lonicera angustifolia Wall. ex DC.
S Fruits2 Gastric troubles of cattle2
Lyonia ovalifolia (Wallich) Drude
T Seed paste2
Wounds & Boils2
Maianthemum purpureum (Wall.) La Frankie
H Leaf extract2
Dysmenorrhoea2
Morina longifolia Wall. ex DC.
H (Root5 paste & dried roots)2
(Wounds & incense)2, (Burns & boils)5
Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
T Bark2,4 ,Leaves5 & Fruit4,5
(Intoxicate to fishes)2 (Vit. C, Asthama, Bronchitis, Diarrhoea & tooth ache)4 (Skin diseases & wounds)5
Neolitsea pallens (D.Don) Momiyama & Hara
T Fruits2 Scabies & Eczema2
Nepeta ciliaris Benth. H (Leaf & seed decoction)2
Fever2
Nomocharis oxypetala (Royle.) E.H.Wilson.
H Bulb5 Vigorous5
Origanum vulgare L.
H Plant extract2, Leaves5
(Bronchitis, colic & diarrhoea)2, Toothache, swelling5
Paeonia emodii Wall. ex Royle
H (Roots & flower infusion)2, Tuber& leaves5
(Whooping cough, diarrhoea, intestinal spasms)2, Uterine diseases5
Parnassia nubicola Wall. ex Royle
H Root5 paste2
Antidote of snake bite2, Boils5
Pedicularis hoffmeisteri Klotz. H Plant whole5
Food poisoning5
Persicaria polystachya (Wall. ex Meissn.) H. Gross
S Leaf paste2
Laceration of toes2
Phalaris minor Retz. H Root paste2 Wounds2
Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth.
H Root5 Fever, stomachache5
Pimpinella acuminata (Edgew.) C.B. Clarke
H Plant extract2
Diarrhoea & dysentery2
Pimpinella diversifolia DC. H Plant extract2
(Digestive disorders, cold & cough)2
Pinus roxburghii Sargent T Saw Dust2 & Aerial parts4
(Asthma & Bronchitis)2 , (Resin for cracked toes)4
Plantago depressa Willd. H (Leaf & seed paste)2 (Cuts, wounds, piles)2
Plantago himalaica Pilger. H Leaves5 Dysentery5
Podophyllum hexandrum Royle.
H Root5
Wounds5
Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All.
H (Root5 paste & powder)2
(Gastric problems5, wounds)2
Primula denticulata Sm.
H (Flower & root paste)2
(Diabetes & urinary ailments, lice killing)2
Prinsepia utilis Royle
S (Seed5 oil)2 & (Root5-bark)2
(Rheumatic pain, Diarrhoea)2 & (Pile, Stomach disorders)5
Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
T Fruits2,4,5 & Bark4
(Digestive disorder)2 ,5(Astringent, Laxative, Anthelmintic, Febrifuge)4
Ranunculus hirtellus Royle. H Plant paste2 Wounds2
Reinwardtia indica Dumort. H Flowers2 Tongue wash2
Rhamnus virgatus Roxb.
S Bark paste & Fruits2
Eczema & Ring Worm, Emetic & Purgative2
Rhododendron arboreum Smith
T Flower2,4 , Bark2, & (Young Shoots)5
(Digestive and respiratory disorder)2 (tonic for heart, diarrhoea & dysentery)4 (Headache, Blood dysentery)5
Rhus javanica L.
S Fruits & Bark Paste2
Colic & Cholera, Swelling & Wounds2
Rosa sericea Lindl.
S Flower juice2 & Fruits5
Bowel complaints2, (Headaches & Liver complaints)5
Roscoea alpina Royle
H (Plant extract, leaf powder)2, Root5
(Tonic, cuts & wounds of cattle)2, (urinary diseases & tuberculosis)5
Roylea cinerea (D.Don) Baill. S Leaves decoction2
Malarial fever2
Rubia manjith Roxb. ex Fleming
S (Roots5 & Flowers)2
(Tonic & Astringent, Bacillary Dysentery)2, (Lower blood pressure, Kidney stone)5
Rubus nepalensis (Hook.f.) Kuntze
H Root paste2
Burns & scalds2
Rubus niveus Thunb
S Fruit extract & Fruit juice2
Dysmenorrhoea & Antidote of snake bite2
Rumex hastatus D.Don
H Leaf extract2
(Cuts & wounds, nettle sitting reliever)2
Rumex nepalensis Spreng. H Leaf5 infusion2
(Dysmenorrhoea, stomach ache)2, Etching5
Salvia hians Royle ex Benth.
H Leaf juice2, Root5
(Arthritic, pain & eczema, body swelling)2, (cold, coughs & anxiety)5
Salvia nubicola Wall. ex Sw. H (Leaf paste, Root5 extract)2
(Wounds, cold & cough)2, Fever5
Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn T Fruit2,4 & Seed4
Hair2, (Expectorant, antiepileptic, Emetic, febrifuge & Dental cares)4
Sarcococca saligna (D.Don) Muell.-Arg.
S Leaves2, Roots5
Joint pain2, Bawseer5
Saussurea albescens (DC.) Sch.-Bip.
H Flower heads2
Bronchitis reliever2
Saussurea auriculata (Spreng. ex DC.) Sch.-Bip
H Leaf paste2
Venereal diseases2
Saxifraga diversifolia Wall. ex Ser.
H Root extract2
Vermifuge2
Selinum candollii DC. H Root5 powder2
(Asthma, cough, hysteria)2, Toothache5
Senecio graciliflorus DC.
H (Leaf paste & Juice of heads)2
(Ringworm diseases & insect bites, pussed ear)2
Silene edgeworthii Bocquet. H (Leaf & young shoots juice)2
Eye infections2
Solanum suratteuse Burm H (Fruits & flower buds)2
(Fever, cough, asthama, gonorrhoea, eye ailments)2
Solidago virgaurea L.
H (Leaves & herb juice, Chewed roots)2
(Kidney troubles, asthma, rheumatism, wounds, throat irritation)2
Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindl.) Rehder
S Fruits (smoke)2 Asthama2
Sorbus aucuparia L. T Fruit extract2
Cough & Cold2
Sorbus cuspidata (Spach) Hedlund
T Bark decoction2
Fever2
Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Fleming) Karsten
H Leaves5
Blood diseases5
Swertia ciliata (G.Don) Burtt. H Plant extract2, Leaves5
Malaria2, Blood purifier5
Synotis alatus (Wall. ex DC.) C. Jeffrey & Chen.
H Plant decoction2
Fever2
Taraxacum officinale Weber.
H Root5 extract2
(Migraines, hepatitis & head ache)2, Blood purifier5
Taxus baccata L.
T Bark2,5 & Bark Paste2
(Plaster on fractured bones Headache)2 & (Breast Pile)5
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. H (Root juice, Fruits & Leaves)2
(Cuts, delivery facilitation)2
Urena lobata L.
H Root paste2
(Body pain & rheumatism)2
Urtica ardens Link.
H (Seed oil & Leaf extract)2
(Sciatica, rheumatism, skin ailments, hair-wash for avoiding
baldness)2 Urtica dioica L.
H (Seed oil & Leaf extract)2, Root5
(Sciatica, rheumatism, skin ailments, hair-wash for avoiding baldness)2, Boils5
Valeriana hardwickii Wallich H (Root5 decoction & Root paste)2 (Urinary disorder, joint pains)2, Wounds5
Verbascum thapsus L.
H (Plant extract & Seeds)2, Leaf & flower5
(Asthma, bronchitis, narcotic)2, (Ulcers, tumors & piles)5
Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd.
H Leaf powder2
(Intestinal disorder, fever & skin ailments)2
Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. H (Leaf extract & seeds)2 (Dysentery, cold & cough)2
Veronica anagallis-aquatica Linn.
H Plant juice2 (Cuts, burns & sores)2
Viburnum cotinifolium D.Don T Bark decoction2
Hepatic & digestive disorder2
Viburnum erubescens Wall. ex DC.
S Leaves2 Insecticide2
Viburnum grandiflorum Wall ex DC.
S Bark Decoction2
Hepatic troubles2
Viburnum nervosum D.Don S Bark Decoction2 Menorrhagia2
Viola canescens Wallich H (Plant4 decoction, Root & Leaf5 juice)2
(Malarial fever, bronchitis, asthma, emetic, cuts & wounds)2, (Headache,cold, cough & malaria)5, (Expectorant, antipyretic, diaphoretic)4
Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz
S Leaves & bark, Dry flowers2
Febrifuge, Haemorrhoids2
Zanthoxylum armatum DC S Leaves & Fruits2 (Seed & Bark)5 Mouth wash2 & tooth ache2,5 (Infection in stored grain)5
Abbreviation Habit: T Tree, S=Shrub, H=Herb
Conservation status and diversity in the Shiwalik Himalaya of Uttarakhand.
The Uttarakhand Himalaya has its unique setting within the Western Himalayan region, India is one of the 12 mega biodiversity cen- represents about 3800-4000 species of flowering trees of the world and rich in biological diversity, plants and embodies more than one fourth of the associated traditional and contemporary know-total vegetation of India The Shiwalik Himalaya is quite enriched in its floristic composition. Traditionally the folk people and the locales utilize the vegetation of their ambient environment in form of different products as food, fodder, fuel, medicine, fibre, timber etc. Among these useful species most of them are commercially exploited by drug dealers and at present many of such species come in threat categories.
Figure 1: Adhatoda vasica Figure 2: Baliospermum montanum Figure 3: Lecus cephalotes
Therefore, there is an urgent need for conservation of such species for sustainable development. The members of threatened taxa belong to different families as Acanthaceae, Aceraceae, Asteraceae, Berberidaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Fabaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Lamiaceae and Liliaceae etc.
Figure 4:Rauvola serpentine Figure 5: Rauvolfia serpentina
Source : Conservation and diversity of important plants in Siwalik Himalaya
It has however, been noticed that the abundant occurrence of important plant species of the region has started declining considerably due to human influence.
Table 1.5: Some commonly used plant species with their conservation status.
S.No. Botanical Name Local Name Family Life Form Parts Used
Uses
Category
1. Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet
Kanghi Malvaceae Herb Stem Fibre Rare
2. Abrus precatorius L. Ratti Fabaceae Climber Seed Medicinal Rare 3. Achyranthes aspera
L. Chirchira
Amaranthaceae
Herb Root Medicinal Common
4. Acorus calamus L. Bach Araceae Herb Rhizome Medicinal Common 5. Adhatoda vasica
Nees Vasuti Acanthaceae Shrub
Leaves Medicinal Common
6. Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin
Akol Alangiaceae Tree Root, Fruit Medicinal, Edible
Rare
7. Aristolochia indica L. Bathak bel Aristolochiaceae Climber Leaves
Medicinal Endangered
8. Asparagus adscendens Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.
Satawar
Liliaceae Shrub Tuber Medicinal Rare
9. Bacopa monnieri (L.) nell
Pen- Brami Scrophulariaceae
Herb Leaves Medicinal Endangered
10. Bauhinia variegata L. Kachnar
Caesalpinaceae Tree
Seed Leaves
Medicinal Fodder
Common
11. Baliospermum (Willd.) Muell.-Arg.
montanum Jangali malghota
ja- Verbenaceae
Shrub Seed
Medicinal Common
12. Barleria prionitis L. Baansa Acanthaceae Shrub Root
Medicinal Common
13. Berberis asiatica Roxb DC.
ex Kingor Berbidaceae Shrub Root Bark Medicinal Dye
Common
14. Boerhavia diffusa L. Poornnama Nyctaginaceae Herb Root Medicinal Rare 15. Boswellia serrata
Roxb. Colebr. ex Salai Burseraceae Tree Bark Med
icinal Rare
16. Buchanania lanzan Sprengel
Chiroge Anacardiaceae Tree Wood Construction Common
17.
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze
Tesu/Dhaak Fabaceae Tree Leaf Seed
Fodder Medicinal
Common
18. Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl
Daiya Verbenaceae Shrub Seed Medicinal Rare
19. Casearia elliptica Willd.
Chilla Flacourtiaceae Tree Leaves Medicinal Rare
20. Catamixis baccharoides Thomson
Vispatra Asteraceae Shrub Root
Medicinal Rare
21. Celastrus paniculatus Willd.
Malkanghi Celasteraceae
Shrub
Seed Medicinal Rare
22. Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb.
Pagya bel Asclepiadaceae Herb Root Edible Endangered
23.
Citrullus colocynthis Schrader
(L.) Eleru Rutaceae Climber
Seed Medicinal Common
24. Clerodendrum L.f. phlomides Arni
Verbenaceae Shrub Root
Medicinal Endangered
25. C. indicum (L.) Kuntze Bharangi Verbenaceae Shrub Root Medicinal Endangered 26. Costus speciosus
(Koeing ex Retz.) J.E. Smith
Keun Zingiberaceae
Herb
Rhizome
Medicinal
Rare
27.
Crataeva adansonii DC.
Barna
Capparaceae
Tree
Leaves
Fodder
Rare
28. Curculigo orchioides ner
Gaert- Kali-musli
Hypoxidaceae
Herb
Rhizome
Medicinal
Common
29.
Delphenium denudatum Wallich ex Hook.f. & Thomson
Nirbasi
Ranunculaceae Herb Root Medicinal
Common
30. Dioscorea bulbifera L.
Genthi Dioscoreaceae Climber Tuber Medicinal Common
31.
Evolvulus alsenoides (L.) L.
Sankhpuspi Convulvulaceae Herb
Leaves
Medicinal
Rare
32. Garuga pinnata Roxb.
Titmaar
Burseraceae
Tree
Leaves
Fodder
Endangered
33.
Glorossia suberba L. Kaalihari
Liliceae
Shrub
Leaves
Medicinal
Endangered
34. Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) Robinson
Maida lakri Lauraceae Tree
Bark Medicinal Rare
35. Lecus cephalotes (Roth) Sprengel
Gumba Lamiaceae Herb
Leaves Medicinal Rare
36. L. indica (L.) R. Br. ex Vatke
Gumma Lamiaceae Herb Leaves Medicinal Rare
37. Marsdenia (Roxb.) Moon
tenacissima Vitti bel
Asclepiadaceae Shrub Stem Fibre Rare
38. Madhuca longifolia(Koenig) Mac Bride
Mahua Sapotaceae Tree Fruit Medicinal Endangered
39. Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell. Arg.
Kamela
Euphorbiaceae
Tree
Leaves Bark
Fodder Medicinal
Common
40. Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.
Gunchi
Fabaceae
Climber Leaves
Fodder Common
41. Plumbago zeylanica L.
Chitra jadi
Plumbaginaceae
Herb Root Medicinal Common
42. Pistacia integerrima Stewart
Kakrodi Anacardiaceae Tree Wood Construction Rare
43.
Rauvolfia serpentina Benth.
Serpgandha Apocynaceae Herb
Root
Medicinal
Endangered
44. Semecarpus anacardium L.f.
Bhilao
Anacardiaceae
Tree
Fruit
Medicinal
Rare
45.
Stephania glabra(Roxb.) Miers
Gindaaro
Menispermaceae Climber
Tuber
Medicinal
Common
46.
Stereospermum chelonoides(L.f.) DC.
Parali Bignonaceae Tree
Bark Medicinal Common
47.
Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merrill
Giloe Menispermaceae Climber
Leaves
Medicinal
48.
Tribulus terrestris L. Gokhru
Zygophyllaceae
Herb Seed Medicinal Common
49. Withania somnifera Dunal
(L.) Ashwan- gandha
Solanaceae
Shrub Leaves
Medicinal
Rare
50. Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.
Timroo Rutaceae
Shrub
Fruit
Medicinal
Common
Source: Conservation and diversity of important plants in Shiwalik Himalaya References
(1) Ahuja, P. S.(2001) Current status of propagation of medicinal plants in India Himalaya.In:Himalayan Medicinal Plants: Potential and Prosepects(Eds. S. S. Samant, U. Dhar and L. M. S. Palani) Gyanodaya Prakhasan, Nainital(India).Pp:207-231.
(2) Gaur, R. D, Bhatt, K. C. and Tewari, J. K(1992). An ethno-botanical study of Uttar Pradesh Himalaya in relation to veterinary medicines. J. Indian Bot. Soc., 72: 139-144.
(3) Issar, R. K.(1981). Traditionally important medicinal plants and folklore of Uttarakhand Himalaya for animal treatment. J. Sc. Res. Pl. Med., 2: 61-66.
(4) Joshi, G. C., Tewari, K. C. & Pandey, G.(1992). A review of indigineous system of medicine with special reference to herbal drugs. Aryvaidyan, 3(3):173-179.
(5) Mishra, P. L.(1985). The medicinal plants of Himalaya. Himalayan J. Sci, 4&5:65-80. (6) Mittal, S,Tripathy, G., Sethi D.,(July2008). Development strategy for the Hill districts of Uttrakhand
(working paper no. 217) ICRIER, India. (7) Bulletin of Medico-Maheswari, J.K. 1976. Plant Resources of India. (8) Ethno-botanical Research, 3&4: 102-116 (9) Science and Culture, 42: 18-23. (10) Sati, V. P.(2005).Natural Resource Conditions and Economic Development in the Uttarakhand
Himalaya, India,” Journal of Mountain Science 2 (4), 336~350. (11) Shah, N. C.(1982). Herbal folk medicines in Northern India. J. Ethnopharmcol, 6:293-301. (12) Proceeding of the National Workshop on Joint Forest Management, Ministry of Environment and
Forest (2005). (15) State of Forest Report(2005), Forest survey of India, Ministry of Environment & Forest, Dehradun,
pp.140-142. (16) Sharma et al. http://www.openaccessscience.com
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