Distribution for Test 2 (%)Statistics:

Graded out of: 100.0

Number of records: 73       Highest grade: 99.0Lowest grade: 42.0       Mean grade: 64.7

Median grade: 63.0Score Range Frequency

[ 0, 6.7 )

[ 6.7, 13.3 )

[ 13.3, 20 )

[ 20, 26.7 )

[ 26.7, 33.3 )

[ 33.3, 40 )

[ 40, 46.7 ) 3                                                 

[ 46.7, 53.3 ) 13                                                                                                                                                                                                                

[ 53.3, 60 ) 13                                                                                                                                                                                                                

[ 60, 66.7 ) 15

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

      

[ 66.7, 73.3 ) 11                                                                                                                                                                                

[ 73.3, 80 ) 8                                                                                                                                

[ 80, 86.7 ) 5                                                                                

[ 86.7, 93.3 ) 2                                

[ 93.3, 100 ) 3                                                 

[ 100 ]

Social Development and Gender

Attachment

Bowlby emotional connection encourages continued contact between

infant and caregivers adaptive

if infant shows attachment behaviours, more likely to survive and therefore more likely to pass on his/her genes

Attachment (Imprinting)_

Nina Leen/Life Magazine © Time Inc. from Westen.

Har

low

Pri

mat

e L

abor

ator

y, U

nive

rsit

y of

Wis

cons

in.

Behaviour is controlled by reward or punishment

Attachment leads to what reward? Food

So … mother (caregiver) valued as a result of secondary reinforcement due to role as provider of food

Attachment - Behaviourism

Harlow’s Monkeys

Carlson’s Romanian Orphans

Attachment - Orphans

Institutional orphanagesphysical care only

1 caretaker for 20 infants3rd to 10th percentile for growth motor delayscognitive delayssocially inappropriate

Attachment - Orphans

inappropriate behaviours rocking self-grasping behaviours resembled those seen in

Harlow’s monkeyscontinued as children aged

homeless secret police

W. W. Norton

Strange Situation Test

Types of Child Attachment

Secure AttachmentAvoidant AttachmentAnxious-Ambivalent Attachment

Child Attachment

Parental style emotionally or behaviourally inconsistent

child with anxious-ambivalent attachment

rejectingchild with avoidant attachment style

Interactions though are a two-way street

Biological Basis for Attachment

Hormone oxytoxin

Biological Basis for Non-Attachment

Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis stress activates hypothalamus which

releases excess corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

excessive CRH leads to excessive release of glucocorticoids by adrenal gland

excessive glucocorticoids associated with damage to neurons in hippocampus

hippocampus - learning and memory

Biological Basis for Non-Attachment

Carlson - Romanian Orphans found elevated levels of stress hormone

(glucocorticoids) in orphans orphans with greatest abnormalities in

levels of glucocorticoids scored lowest on motor and mental development tests

Biological Basis for Non-Attachment

animal research tactile stimulation reduces levels of

glucocorticoids tactile stimulation associated with more

brain growth/connections

Social Development

Who influences behaviours the most: parents or peers?

Why?

Moral Development

Moral development: how people decide between behaviours

that have competing social outcomesmoral reasoning

cognitive process does not always lead to moral behaviour

moral emotions

Kohlberg’s Stage Theory

Analyzing Moral Reasoning

Criticisms of Kohlberg

individuals may be at different levels depending on the situation moral reasoning is “fluid”

too much emphasis on specific dilemmas devised by Kohlberg and not about real-life judgement

cultural disparities - value judgements reflect Western cultural bias

Criticisms of Kohlberg

cultural disparities - value judgements reflect Western cultural bias

What was wrong with option #1 in the analyzing moral reasoning task?

Criticisms of Kohlberg

“Although it’s wrong to kill, there’s a greater good that can be realized through the research.” bias in thinking - could have easily read

“Although good can be realized through the research, it does not justify the sacrifice of a human ova.”

Moral Dilemmas

What are the current moral dilemmas facing Canadian society? cheating

Chapter 12 indicates that morality develops in response to the environment and challenges. Has morality changed over the past 40 years?

Do Kohlberg’s stages apply to current moral dilemmas?

Gender Identity

There are sex differences between males and females

gender - refers to differences that result from socialization

To what extent are sex differences a reflection of innate versus acquired behaviours?

Statistical vs Clinical

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

W. W. Norton

Expansion of Identity (Stage 5) by Marcia

Marcia’s Version of Identity

Identity is a dynamic constructtheory developed for social identity

but can also apply to gender identity and ethnic identity