distribution and present condition of the royal fern osmunda

173 Royal-fern-Osmunda-regalis-L.-in-Lower-Silesia 173

�LIWIÑSKI M., SZCZÊ�NIAK E. 2008. Distribution and present condition of the royal fernOsmunda regalis L. in Lower Silesia. � In: E. Szczê�niak, E. Gola (eds), Club mosses,horsetails and ferns in Poland � resources and protection. � Institute of Plant Biology,University of Wroc³aw, Wroc³aw, p. 173�182.

Distribution and present condition of theroyal fern Osmunda regalis L. in LowerSilesia

MICHA£ �LIWIÑSKI, EWA SZCZÊ�NIAK

Institute of Plant Biology, University of Wroc³aw, Kanonia 6/8, PL-50-328Wroc³aw, Poland; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT: Osmunda regalis L. is a rare and endangered species in Poland, strictlyprotected by the low since 1946. The research, which started in 2008, has confirmedits presence in 12 out of 31 localities in Lower Silesia known up to date. There wereless than 5 individuals of Osmunda regalis in 8 localities, and in 3 localities morethan 10 plants were present. Juvenile plants occurred only in two populations.Osmunda regalis is a species critically endangered by the extinction in LowerSilesia, therefore its active protection is an urgent and extremely important necessity.All populations are monitored.

ABSTRAKT: Osmunda regalis L. jest w Polsce gatunkiem rzadkim i zagro¿onym, od1946 roku objêtym �cis³¹ ochron¹ prawn¹. Badania podjête w 2008 r. potwierdzi³yjego obecno�æ na 12 spo�ród 31 stanowisk znanych z Dolnego �l¹ska. Na 8 stano-wiskach wystêpuje mniej ni¿ 5 okazów Osmunda regalis, na 3 obserwowano wiêcejni¿ 10 ro�lin. Okazy juwenilne wyst¹pi³y jedynie w 2 populacjach. Osmundaregalis jest gatunkiem krytycznie zagro¿onym wymarciem na Dolnym �l¹sku i nie-zw³ocznie wymagaj¹cym aktywnej ochrony. Wszystkie populacje zosta³y objêtemonitoringiem.

KEY WORDS: Osmunda regalis, fern, protected plant, endangered species, LowerSilesia

Introduction

Osmunda regalis is a cosmopolitan species, occurring in Eurasia, America,Africa and Madagascar, and the Mascarene Islands. In Europe, it occurs mostlyin western part (Jalas et al. 1999), in a range of the oceanic climate. In Po-land, it is spread out over the country, excluding mountains and the north-eastern

174 Micha³-�liwiñski,-Ewa-Szczê�niak 174

side of the lowland. Since 1946 it has been protected by the law. The royalfern is included into the Red List of Vascular Plants of Poland as a vulnerablespecies (category V; Zarzycki, Szel¹g 2006), and into the Red List of LowerSilesia as an endangered species (EN; K¹cki et al. 2003). A map of its distri-bution in the Atlas of Distribution of Vascular Plants in Poland (ATPOL) pre-sents all sites in Lower Silesia as not confirmed (Zaj¹c, Zaj¹c 2001).

The royal fern is a slow-growing but probably very long-lived fern; indi-vidual clumps have been known in culture for a century or more (004).Branched rhizomes produce many tall and mostly upright fronds. Old clumpsmay reach the height of 1,2�1,5(2) m and 3�4 m of width. Mature fronds areregularly bipinnately divided with the sterile or fertile upper part. Productionof spores depends on habitat conditions. Fronds emerge relatively late, in earlyMay, grow very fast, and at the beginning of June they produce mature spores,which are released during June and July almost simultaneously. After that, thefertile part becomes cinnamon-coloured. Green spores contain chloroplasts,thus they are adapted to the rapid development, and quickly lose their abilityto germinate (3�6 months). Gametophytes are relatively large (up to 3 cm)and grow rather slowly (Zenkteler 1994). Osmunda regalis is a hemicryptophyteand winter with the buds covered with the frond bases.

The royal fern grows in a very wide range of acidic, shaded and half-shadedwetland habitats. It is considered as a diagnostic species to the alder forestsof Alnetea glutinosae Br.-Bl. et R.Tx. 1943, where occurs in the collectivecommunities of Carici elongatae-Alnetum Koch 1926 and Salici-FranguletumMalc. 1929, mainly in the community of Myrico-Salicetum auritae (Allg. 1922)R.Tx. et Pass. 1961. It occurs also in the communities of Vaccinio uliginosi-Pinetum Kleist 1929 (Matuszkiewicz 2008).

1. Material and methods

Field studies were performed in July and August 2008 in the administrativeborders of the Lower Silesia Province in consultation with the employees ofLasy Pañstwowe S.A. All known localities of the species were checked. Thenumber of clumps, and fertile leaves as well as the type of the plant commu-nity were determined for every confirmed locality.

A map of the fern distribution was generated using the GNOMON soft-ware, and all locations were presented in 10×10 km squares of the ATPOLgrid (Zaj¹c 1978). Exact geographical coordinates, measured with the GPS,are in the authors� possession. They will also be transferred to the forest dis-tricts, where the presence of Osmunda regalis has not been noted before.


2. Results

In Lower Silesia, all populations of the royal fern occur in northern low-land part of the region. Before 1945, nineteen localities of Osmunda regaliswere noted there (Fiek 1881; Schube 1903, 1904, 1906, 1914, 1915; Schalow1931, 1935; see the list of localities). Current studies confirmed the presenceof the species at three localities: Rokitki, Straszowice and Wo³ów. Moreover,ferns found by Gorzelak (2008) near Ostrowina seem to be the remnants ofa larger population of Osmunda regalis reported by Schube in Miêdzybórz (1914).

After 1945, another seven localities have been found (G³owacki 1962; Marek1965; Kozio³ 1973; Berdowski, Narkiewicz 1996; Macicka-Pawlik, Wilczyñska1995; Bena 2003; Gorzelak 2008). The presence of Osmunda regalis wasconfirmed in 5 of these sites.

Next four localities have not been published up to date. These are locali-ties near Smogorzów Ma³y and Golina, and two locations in Pasternik. Two

Fig. 1. Distribution map of Osmunda regalis in the Lower Silesia Province; a � actuallocalities, b � historical localities; 1�12 numbers refer to existing localities (see Tab. 1)

Ryc. 1. Mapa rozmieszczenia na Dolnym �l¹sku; a � istniej¹ce stanowiska, b � stanowiskahistoryczne; 1�12 numery istniej¹cych stanowisk (opis patrz tab. 1)


individuals of Osmunda regalis found in Pasternik occur 500 m from eachother. The presence of the division line was decisive to give them a status oftwo separate localities. However, it is possible that they could be the remnantsof one larger population. The map of the actual distribution of Osmunda regalisin Lower Silesia is shown in Figure 1.

In Lower Silesia, Osmunda regalis is present now in twenty localities. Ineight existing populations (66%) there are 3 or less individuals, and only threepopulations (27%) have more than 10 plant (Tab. 1).

Populations of Osmunda regalis in Wrzosy and Rokitki are relatively abundantwith plants varying in age (Fig. 2). The population in Straszowice also con-sists of numerous plants but the juvenile plants are absent. Some localities ofthe species have been known for decades, and still consist of one or two plants(e.g. one huge specimen in Stawno); juvenile ferns do not appear in these places.

The number of fertile leaves is correlated with habitat conditions, especiallywith the intensity of light and the moisture of soil. The highest number of fer-tile leaves was present in the sunny or semi-shaded, wet location in Rokitki,and in the semi-shade and moist location in Golina (Tab. 1). Fewer fertile leavesoccurred in the shaded or semi-shaded and wet place in Wrzosy. The scarceamount of fertile leaves developed in the deeply shaded moist location inStraszowice. The fertile leaves were not produced at all in the last year, in thedeeply shaded and dry location in Smogorzów Ma³y.

Tab. 1. Quantity of Osmunda regalis populations

Tab. 1. Liczebno�æ populacji Osmunda regalis

* � juvenile plants, ** � location was found too late to determine the number of sporebearing leaves, probably all individuals develop fertile leaves

* � okazy juwenilne, ** � stanowisko odnalezione zbyt pó�no, by okre�liæ liczbê li�cip³odnych, prawdopodobnie wszystkie okazy je wykszta³ci³y

N o. (N um er)

L oca liza tion (S tanow isko )

N o . o f ind iv idua ls (L iczb a osobn ików )

N o . o f leaves bearing spo res (m ean )

[L iczb a sp o ro fili (� red n ia )] 1 W rzo sy 10 (+ 6 * ) 54 (5 .4 )

2 R ok itk i 11 (+ 1 * ) 140 (12 .7 )

3 S traszow ice 12 40 (3 .3 )

4 S m o g o rzó w M a³y 8 0 (0 )

5 W o ³ó w 3 ?* *

6 G o lin a 2 22 (11 )

7 O strow ina 2 10 (5 )

8 B ie law a D o lna 1 5

9 W êg lin iec 1 10

10 P astern ik (N o . 1 ) 1 10

11 P astern ik (N o . 2 ) 1 24

12 S taw no 1 10


3. Habitat

In Lower Silesia, all areas with Osmunda regalis occurrence were reclaimed.The majority of observed localities are related to the degenerated or regener-ating communities of alder and broadleaved willows from the Alnetea glutinosaeBr.�Bl. et R.Tx. 1943 class, with the contribution of the pine and birch.

In the six places, specimens of Osmunda regalis occupy banks of drain-age ditches, which were tasked to drain the former alder bogs. In Wrzosy, fernsgrow in their typical local habitat i.e., in ditches at the edge of alder forestscontaining pine and birch trees. In such places, the ground water level is highduring all the year (Jacek Czepnik, pers. inf.) and juvenile plants can developeasily (Fig. 3). The part of the forest is partially flooded and Osmunda regalisgrows there in the rushes of Phragmites australis. In Rokitki, ferns occurbetween tufts of Molinia caerulea, near a deep drainage ditch running alongthe forest road at the edge of the pine forest. Here, the ground water level isalso high (H. Szlapiñski, pers. inf.), but only one juvenile specimen has beennoted. In Straszowice, Osmunda regalis grows in the alder forest with a sig-nificant contribution of spruce; partially, the forest is turned into the pinemonoculture. Ferns occur mostly in ditches but also in the shallow depressionsin the forest, along the roadsides, and in ruts of forest roads. In SmogorzówMa³y, ferns grow in the dense clump of willow, poplar and birch shrubs. Fur-thermore, the drainage ditch, in which ferns occurred previously, completelydried out because of the extensive lowering of the ground water level, and thepopulation is disappearing. Because of the shrubs, the location is in the deepshadow, and the scarce undergrowth is formed by only single plants of Holcusmollis and Deschampsia caespitosa. In Ostrowina, Osmunda regalis growsat the edge of the pine and alder forest, which is partially turned into the oakforest. Specimens occur in a small ditch, overgrown by Molinia caerulea. InPasternik (site no. 1), the royal fern grow in a drainage ditch with Moliniacaerulea, in the forest division road, between the pine and spruce forest.

Three places of Osmunda regalis are located outside ditches. In Wo³ów,specimens of Osmunda regalis grow in the pine-spruce forest with a shareof birch. In Golina, ferns occur in the degenerated alder-oak forest. Addition-ally, one plant grows in the forest roadside and is surrounded by a dense patchof Rubus sp. In Stawno, one old individual of Osmunda regalis grows on thepond dike, in the tall alder-willow shrubs with Molinia caerulea.

Three localities of Osmunda regalis are in the peat bogs. In Pasternik (siteno. 2) one old fern grows in the pine forest with a large contribution of birch,at the edge of the drained peat bog. Osmunda regalis is accompanied by Ledumpalustre, Molinia caerulea, Vaccinium myrtillus and Dryopteris carthusiana.Similarly, the locality in Bielawa Dolna is placed at the edge of the drainedpeat bog with Ledum palustre, and also in Wêgliniec, Osmunda regalis growsin the peat bog.


Fig. 2. Old clumps of Osmunda regalis in Rokitki; autumn colours (phot. E. Szczê�niak)

Ryc. 2. Stare kêpy Osmunda regalis w Rokitkach; jesienne przebarwienie (fot. E. Szczê�niak)

Fig. 3. Juvenile ferns in Wrzosy (phot. E. Szczê�niak)

Ryc. 3. Juwenilne paprocie we Wrzosach (fot. E. Szczê�niak)


4. Conclusions and discussion

Only twelve localities with sixty specimens of Osmunda regalis wereconfirmed in the Lower Silesia Province in 2008. The majority of stands con-sist of only one or two plant clusters. Juvenile plants were found only in twolocalities.

The reclaiming changed the habitat of Osmunda regalis in all localities,and the reproduction and growth of juvenile ferns could be limited by the de-creasing ground water level. In addition, the previous years� drought causedpossibly some disturbances in spore production and in development of game-tophytes. Ferns, which produced spores few years earlier, were sterile in 2008,reached the small size, and even some weaker plants died. Such a fern condi-tion was observed in Smogorzów Ma³y, where in 2001 the population counted13 plants, 2 of them producing spores. After seven years, population droppedto 8 individuals and none of their fronds bore sporangia.

The possible reason of the constant number of plants and the lack of juve-nile ferns in small populations could be the presence of the sporophytic lethal-ity gene, which is expressed as a result of intragametophytic selfing (Zenkteleret al. 1997; Zenkteler 1998, 1999). Without the gene exchange, the isolatedpopulations become homozygotic and they lose the ability to reproduce gen-eratively.

In 2003, the species was estimated to be endangered with extinction in LowerSilesia (category EN; K¹cki et al. 2003). Results of the presented researchand analyses of the species viability indicate, however, even the higher threatfor the species. Osmunda regalis is critically endangered with extinction inthe region (cat. CR), and requires active protection. All localities of this fernwill be monitored in a long-term observation program. We plan to gather andto inoculate spores on purpose to strengthen populations by planting youngindividuals from the local lines of Osmunda regalis, if we succeed to obtainthem. Introduction of the foreign specimens with different genotypes couldbe crucial to survive for small populations or one-plant-stands. Elimination ofcompetitive species (e.g. Molinia caerulea, Phragmites australis, Rubussp.), which can overgrow and shade plants of Osmunda regalis, as well asfill the space, where the juvenile ferns can potentially develop, will be con-ducted.

List of localities (l.n.c. � locality not confirmed):AE: 06 � Wêgliniec (Schube 1903; Bena 2003); 15 � Bielawa Dolna

(Berdowski, Narkiewicz 1996); 29 � Boles³awiec, town forest (Schalow 1931),l.n.c.;

BD: 82 � G³ogów, town forest, v. acuminata (1863, leg. W. Trappert WRSL;Fiek 1881; Schube 1903), l.n.c.; 91 � Krêpa near Przemków (Fiek 1881; Schube


1903), l.n.c.; 97 � Wiklina near W¹sosz (Fiek 1881; Schube 1903), l.n.c., be-tween Zbaków and Wodniki (Fiek 1881; Schube 1903; 1930, leg. LimprichtWRSL), l.n.c.; Za³êcze near W¹sosz (Schube 1903; Schalow 1931), l.n.c.;Zbaków Dolny (Schube 1904), l.n.c.; Pobiel (Schube 1904), l.n.c.;

BE: 00 � Pasternik site no. 1, Pasternik site no. 2, Andrzej Peter 2008,pers. inf.; �liwiñski, Szczê�niak 2008;

BE: 09 � between Niezgoda and Ruda ¯migrodzka (Marek 1965), l.n.c.;BE: 10 � Wierzbowa near Chocianów (Schube 1903), l.n.c.; Grodzanowice

(1891, leg. Alt WRSL; Schube 1903), l.n.c.; 11: Parchów Forest near Chocianów(Fiek 1881; Schube 1903), l.n.c., Rokitki (Schube 1903); Henryk Szlapiñski2007, pers. inf.; �liwiñski, Szczê�niak 2008; 16 � Moczydlnica Klasztorna, manorpark (G³owacki 1962), l.n.c.; Straszowice (Fiek 1881); Grzegorz Tymczyszyn,pers. inf.; �liwiñski, Szczê�niak 2008; Wrzosy (Macicka-Pawlik, Wilczyñska1995); �liwiñski, Szczê�niak 2008; Golina: Krzysztof Kusy, pers. inf.; �liwiñski,Szczê�niak 2008; Smogorzów Ma³y (Szczê�niak 2001, npbl.), �liwiñski,Szczê�niak 2008; 17 � between £okietków and Gródek (Fiek 1881; G³owacki1962), l.n.c.; 21: Chojnów (Schube 1903), l.n.c., Chojnów town forest (Schube1915; Schalow 1931), l.n.c.; 24 � Golanka near Prochowice (Schube 1903)l.n.c.; 26 � Wo³ów, with f. acuminata (1870, leg. Milde; Fiek 1881; Schube1903); Maciej Matraj 2008, pers. inf.; �liwiñski 2008;

CD: 91 � Stawno (Kozio³ 1973; Anio³-Kwiatkowska et al. 1995; �liwiñski,Szczê�niak 2008);

CE: 13 � Miêdzybórz (Schube 1914), l.n.c.;CE: 22 � Sosnówka near Twardogóra (Schalow 1935). l.n.c.; 32 � Ostrowina

(Gorzelak 2008; �liwiñski, Szczê�niak 2008).

Acknowledgements. Authors would like to express thanks to BeataOr³owska, Waldemar Bena, Maciej Matraj and employees of Lasy PañstwoweS.A.: Gra¿yna Góral, Andrzej Peter, Arkadiusz Ksi¹¿ek, Grzegorz Tymczyszyn,Henryk Szlapiñski, Jacek Czepnik, Krzysztof Kusy and Piotr Gorzelak for in-formation regarding Osmunda regalis � without their co-operation, spottingsome fern localities would be impossible.

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Rozmieszczenie i aktualna kondycja d³ugosza królewskiegoOsmunda regalis L. na Dolnym �l¹sku

Osmunda regalis L. jest d³ugowiecznym gatunkiem paproci, wystêpuj¹cymw Eurazji, obu Amerykach i w Afryce. W Polsce jest gatunkiem rzadkim, od1946 roku objêtym ochron¹ prawn¹. Mapa rozmieszczenia tej paproci, zamiesz-czona w Atlasie Rozmieszczenia Ro�lin Naczyniowych Polski w 2001 roku(Zaj¹c, Zaj¹c 2001), podaje jej stanowiska na Dolnym �l¹sku jako niepotwier-dzone. Badania prowadzone w 2008 roku w województwie Dolno�l¹skim,potwierdzi³y wystêpowanie Osmunda regalis na 3 z 19 stanowisk podawanychprzed 1945 r., 5 z 7 podawanych po 1945 i 4 stanowiskach dotychczasniepublikowanych. £¹cznie wystêpuje na 12 z 31, na których dotychczas by³azaobserwowana (ryc. 1).

Wszystkie stanowiska, na których notowano d³ugosza, by³y meliorowane.Paprocie najczê�ciej rosn¹ w rowach melioracyjnych (ryc. 2), w ró¿nym stopniuzdegenerowanych olszynach i zaro�lach szerokolistnych wierzb, sporadycznierównie¿ w lasach sosnowych i d¹browach z udzia³em �wierka i brzozy. Zaledwie3 z istniej¹cych stanowisk zwi¹zane s¹ z torfowiskami.

Ogó³em zaobserwowano 60 ro�lin, z których 7 to okazy m³odociane(ryc. 3), odnalezione tylko na dwóch stanowiskach, na których utrzymuje siêsta³y wysoki poziom wody gruntowej. Zaledwie 3 populacje licz¹ powy¿ej10 osobników, a a¿ 8 poni¿ej 5 (tab. 1). Ocena stanu wszystkich populacjiOsmunda regalis na Dolnym �l¹sku jest podstaw¹ do zmiany kategorii zagro¿eniaz EN (wymieraj¹cy; K¹cki i in. 2003) na CR (krytycznie zagro¿ony wymarciem)w tym regionie. Istniej¹ce stanowiska bêd¹ objête monitoringiem. Planowanes¹ równie¿ zabiegi ochronne, maj¹ce na celu podtrzymanie istniej¹cych populacjiOsmunda regalis przez eliminacjê ekspansywnych gatunków runa i dosadzaniem³odych osobników, o ile uda siê je otrzymaæ.

distribution and present condition of the royal fern osmunda

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