dissertation defense 4.26.2013 ppt
TRANSCRIPT
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 1/51
Frank Anthony Rodriguez
College of Juvenile Justice & Psychology
Prairie View A&M University
Friday, April 26, 2012
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 2/51
Title
Unaccompanied Latino Youth On The UnitedStates – Mexico Border: A Qualitative Study
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 3/51
Abstract
Through in-depth interviews with undocumented Latino
youth in the Rio Grande Valley, Texas, area I haveexamined how legal status shapes the way 12undocumented youth perceive their existence in the U.S.
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 4/51
Chapter 1/Introduction
History and demographics of undocumented youth andtheir families.
Immigration and post-immigration experiences
Lack of information on unaccompanied Latino youth.
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 5/51
History
With the exception of Native Americans, all United States citizenshave been connected to immigration.
New immigrant arrivals both illegal and legal have reachedhistoric proportions.
40% have overstayed their visa date, entered fraudulently, or failed to depart, and 60% of these undocumented immigrantscrossed the U.S. – Mexican border illegally (LeMay, 2007).
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 6/51
Demographics
Approximately 1.5 million children under age 18 live in theUnited States as unauthorized immigrants (Passel & Taylor,
2010).
65,000 undocumented students graduate from U.S. high schoolseach year (UCLA Center for Labor Research and Education,2007).
Latinos represent 78% of this undocumented population (Perez,Espinoza, Ramos, Coronado, & Cortes, 2009).
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 7/51
Demographics
Approximately 1,000,000 individuals are apprehended
while crossing the U.S./Mexico border each year.
Nearly 100,000 are unaccompanied children (Chavez,
2009).
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 8/51
ChildrenMany children come with their families, others come
alone - seeking jobs, protection, family reunification,
smuggled into the U.S. for sweatshop labor, or sexual
exploitation (Chavez, 2009; Ellis, 2010; National
Juvenile Justice Network, 2006).
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 9/51
Demographics Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR), assumed custodial authority of unaccompanied children in 2003, pursuant to the Homeland Security
Act of 2002 (HSA) (Byrne, 2008).
ORR statistics show that 7,000 to 9,000 unaccompanied children have been referred to the ORR from the Department of Homeland Security(DHS) each year since 2005.
This figure does not include the large number of Mexican children whochoose to be “voluntarily returned” to Mexico at the U.S. border, andthus never enter ORR custody) (Byrne, 2008; Ellis, 2010).
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 10/51
Immigration Experience
The immigration experience has many stressors and affectsimmigrant youth in different ways (Dettlaff, Earner, & Phillips,
2009; Ellis, 2010; Portes & Rumbaut, 2001; Suarez – Orozco &Suarez – Orozco, 2001).
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 11/51
Immigration Experience
Testimonies from undocumented youth claim their aggressors
range from border bandits and smugglers, to Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) officers (Solis, 2003).
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 12/51
Post-crossing Social Experiences
Three central emotional concerns for undocumented youth arefear of deportation, loneliness, and depression (Chavez, 2009;Dozier, 1993; Ellis, 2010; Zhou, 1997).
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 13/51
Stress & Risk Factors
According to Flores (2009) undocumented youth also face identity
concerns, challenging socioeconomic and environmental
conditions, vulnerability to trauma, stress, substance abuse
disorders, depression, and other psychiatric disorders, and
multiple barriers to obtaining needed treatment.
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 14/51
Post-crossing Social Experiences
Fear of deportation is so central to undocumented youths’experiences, it influences every aspect of their lives (Perez,Espinoza, Ramos, Coronado, & Cortez, 2010).
•Medical Treatment
•Employment
•Close Emotional Relationships•Victims of Crime
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 15/51
Senate Bill 1070, 2010
…where reasonable suspicion exists that the person is an alien who is
unlawfully present in the United State, a reasonable attempt shall be made,when practicable, to determine the immigration status of the person.
U.S. v. State of Arizona: In 2011, the U.S. Court of Appeals upheld a
preliminary injunction.
U. S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT (Filled April 11, 2011).
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 16/51
President Obama
commented that the law
could “undermine basic
notions of fairness that wecherish as Americans, as
well as the trust between
police and our communities
that is so crucial to keepingus safe” (Archibold, 2010).
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 17/51
Post-crossing Social Experiences
This reality of abuse fostered by discriminatory immigration lawsforce undocumented youth to enter an illegal underground culturelater reinforced by labor abuse and even racial or physicalmaltreatment (Perez, Espinoza, Ramos, Coronado, & Cortes,2009; Solis, 2003).
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 18/51
Prior ResearchAlthough literature exists on first and second generationimmigrants, there is a lack of research on unaccompanied youth.
Attention to social development is missing and is much neededgiven the ongoing national political debate about immigration,citizenship, and what it means to be “American” (Perez,Espinoza, Ramos, Coronado, & Cortez, 2010).
To my knowledge this research is the first to examineundocumented youth living in the U.S. without parents or guardians.
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 19/51
Discrimination & Racism
Undocumented youth are faced with more pervasive
experiences of exploitation, vulnerability, and hardships andsometimes are discriminated against by documentedindividuals in their own cultural communities (Chavez, 1991;
Luttinger & Chen, 2008).
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 20/51
Objective This study explored whether unaccompanied youth in the U.S. areable to overcome obstacles (racism, discrimination, language
barriers, deportation, violence, abuse, poverty, lack of education,etc.) to be or continue to be productive individuals who remain tolive in our society.
Through in-depth interviews with 12 undocumented youthwithout parents or guardians, I examined how they got to the U.S.,how legal status shapes the way these youth live in the U.S., andif they want to return to their native country.
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 21/51
Method
The research design was based on qualitative methodology of grounded theory research (Fassinger, 2005; McShane & Williams,
2005; Strauss & Corbin, 1998).
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 22/51
Method
Conducting in – depth interviews utilizing open – ended questions
is the most appropriate methodology for conducting research with
undocumented immigrants who cannot be defined or sampled
through conventional means (Chavez,1992; Cornelius, 1982;
McGuire & Georges, 2003).
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 23/51
Method
Questions focused not only on their aspirations, but also on their
childhood and family history, their border crossing stories, school
experiences, and victimization experiences.
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 24/51
Demographic Questions
What country are you from?
When were you born?
How old were you when you first came to United States?How much education do you have?
Which family members did you leave behind in your country?
Did you pay a coyote to smuggle you?
Have you committed a crime while in the U.S.? If yes, describe.Have you been a victim of a crime in the U.S.? If yes, describe.
Have you ever been detected by U.S. immigration?
If yes, describe.
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 25/51
Questions about self and personal experiences
Tell me about yourself?
Please describe how you came to be in the United States from
your country of origin?With whom did you travel to the United States?
Tell me about your use of drugs and, or alcohol?
Have you ever been a victim of a crime?
Have you ever committed a crime?Tell me about the last time you cried?
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 26/51
Questions about shortly after arriving in the U.S.
What is your current living situation? (With whom do you live?)Tell me about the nicest thing that someone said to you recently?In general, what has life been like for you since coming to the
U.S.?What about life in the U.S. is similar to life in your home country?Tell me what it is like day to day living in America?Tell me about how you get groceries, entertainment, help from thedoctor when you need it?
aw
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 27/51
Questions about shortly after arriving in the U.S.
Tell me about how you get groceries, entertainment, help from the
doctor when you need it?
What have your employment experiences been like?How have you been treated by your employer?
How do you find employment (e.g., challenging)? Why?
Have you ever been asked to join a gang here in the America?
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 28/51
Questions about reflections on your overallexperience in America
How has your actual experience in the U.S. differed (if at all)from the expectation you had prior to coming here?
How have your experiences impacted the person you have become?
How have you changed as a person as a result of your experiencein the U.S.? To what do you attribute those changes?
What is the best part about being here?What is the hardest/worst part about being here?
What would you change about your life here if you could changeanything?
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 29/51
The final set of questions is about the future.
Do you plan to go back to your native country?
Do you want to become a United States citizen?
In light of your status, what hopes and fears do you have about
your future?
What thoughts do your family have about your future?
Is there anything else about your experience that we have not
covered in this interview that you feel is important for me (others)to know?
Is there any question that you would like me to repeat?
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 30/51
Participants
12 Youth
Undetected
Under 19 years upon arrival
Youngest was 12 years old
No adult supervision upon migration to the U.S.
Have no children during migration
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 31/51
Data Collection & Procedure Prairie View A&M University Institutional Review BoardSnowball
PseudonymsInterview locationInterview range: 90 – 120 min.Audio recordingTranscriptionTranslations
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 32/51
Analysis
Translations were completed, and entered into Microsoft Word
2010, the transcriptions were then uploaded into ATLAS.ti
Version 7.0 for analysis.
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 33/51
Analysis
Each transcript was analyzed separately in order to capture
meaning and main ideas.
Interviews were transcribed, coded, and examined for patterns and
themes using a preliminary code list.
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 34/51
Preliminary Code List Racism – RSM Discrimination – DISC
Fear – FR Stress – STRS
Abuse – AB Perpetrator – PERPBorder Crossing – BC Hunger – HGR
Rape – RP Poverty – PV
Drugs – DRGS Exploitation – XPTN
Violence – V Assault – AST
Victim – VIC Hope – HOPEResponsibility – RESP
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 35/51
Analysis
This allowed additional categorizing and the recognition of major
themes.
Thick description allowed for “thick” explanations, resulting in
“thick” meaning. Known as saturation.
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 36/51
Analysis
This allowed the reader to understand the perspectives and
experiences of the 12 participants being interviewed from the
participants’ view.
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 37/51
Analysis
Descriptive data provide a sense of how significant a particular
participant’s experience is while migrating, border crossing, and
living on the US/Mexican border.
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 38/51
Analysis
After coding, domain charts were created in order to map ideas
and the inter-relationships among concepts.
ATLAS.ti Version 7.0 assisted in categorizing and recognizing
major themes revealed throughout analysis of the interviews.
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 39/51
The Researcher as Instrument
The researcher is a Latino male, Mexican/American
The researcher grew up with many undocumented family members in the Rio
Grande Valley, Texas
Growing up with undocumented grandparents and numerous undocumented
aunts, uncles and cousins in the Rio Grande Valley has allowed the researcher
to view, first-hand, some of the struggles mixed-status families go through
while existing with the terror of possible deportation
The researcher approaches the topic with sympathetic lens
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 40/51
Limitations of the Study
Limited Participant Contact
Mexican and Honduran Origin
Low socio-economic status
U.S./Mexican border (Rio Grande Valley)
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 41/51
Table 1: Profiled Unaccompanied Immigrant Youth
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
Pseudonym
Age
Now,
as of
2012
Detected
by US
Border
Patrol
Country
of Origin
Age of
Arrival
Victim
of Crime
and/or
Violence
Level of
Education
Acquired
Human
Smuggler
Marvin** 18 No Honduras 14 Yes 5th grade $600
Bryan 20 No Honduras 10 Yes College $3,500
Cowboy 16 No Honduras 12 Yes 9th grade No
Morris* 21 No Honduras 18 Yes 6th grade $800
Joey* 21 Yes Honduras 13 Yes 6th grade $800
Bobby 23 No Mexico 16 Yes 5th grade $350
Henry 25 No Mexico 16 Yes 2nd grade $350
Dynamo 22 Yes Mexico 13 Yes College No
Dan 24 No Mexico 17 Yes 5th grade $800
Marco 33 No Mexico 15 Yes College $Yes
Christopher 25 No Mexico 19 No 8th grade $350/$450
Victor 27 Yes Mexico 19 No 6th grade $250
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 42/51
Three Categories 1st Category: Demographic details and background information, this showed emphases ontheir individual backgrounds including country of origin, age of arrival, current age, level of education, and familial.
2nd Category: Migration and Border Crossing Experiences, provides details of their migrationexperiences and border crossings.
3rd Category: Post-crossing, Social Experiences and Information, illustrated socialexperiences, work experiences, socio economic, living situations, use of alcohol or drugs, andfuture aspirations and motivations in order to help paint a better picture of each respondent inhand.
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 43/51
FINDINGSThemes: Reasons for undocumented
entry
Finances- a better life for their family
Education- college; university (prior
minimal schooling)
Reunification
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 44/51
Themes: Victimization
Kidnapping (by gangs); smugglersUnreported criminal victimizations
(e.g. theft)
Exploited by employers
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 45/51
Themes: Unexpected Suffering
Employment (perceived work would be more plentiful and easier to get than
it actually was); work instability; range of employers (+/-)
Transportation (unable to walk everywhere as in origin country)
Not accessing healthcare (in some cases)
Persistent fear of deportation
Missing family
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 46/51
Themes: Aspirations
To see family (to one day “return home”)
But, first:
Higher education
US citizenship
Financial security
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 47/51
Findings Emerging themes were discovered from the narratives.
Outcomes produced key obstacles and motivations for participantswhile migrating and living on the US/Mexican border.
In-depth analysis concluded that the migration and border crossingexperiences impacted these youth in becoming more resilient andresponsible individuals.
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 48/51
Recommendations
What may be done in order to assist these youth in achieving their future goals?
Health care professionals and organizations need to work withLatino organizations and community leaders to ensure that
psycho-education and safety information reaches all Latinoaudiences, regardless of immigration status (Flores & Kaplan,
2009).
Support provided for current youth will not only affect themdirectly, but will change future generations.
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 49/51
Policy Implications
As more immigrants relocate to different areas of the U.S., it is
imperative for educators, health service providers, researchers,and policy makers to become familiar with their needs and
contributions to society (Coronado, 2008).
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 50/51
Conclusion
Our nation may continue to suffer needlessly if the situation for
these youth does not change.
An immigration system which facilitates legality rather than to
criminalize undocumented youth is needed to help erase the
invisibility of this clandestine population!
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Juvenile Justice
8/22/2019 Dissertation Defense 4.26.2013 PPT.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dissertation-defense-4262013-ppt 51/51
Questions?
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Dissertation Chair for Grace Thomas Nickerson, Dissertation Defense PPT
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Dissertation Chair for Rebecca Duong, Dissertation Proposal Defense PPT
Mary Ann Springs, Dissertation Proposal Defense PPT, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Dissertation Chair