1

DISSEMINATION AND SCALING UP OF DEMAND DRIVEN

AGROFORESTRY TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATIONS IN

UGANDA

Uganda Stakeholders’ Workshop Report on TOFNET Project 3:

Dissemination and Scaling Up of Demand Driven Agroforestry Technologies

and Innovations in the ECA Region

HELD AT MUKONO ARDC, 10TH

- 11TH

AUGUST 2006

Clement A. Okia

2

Table of contents

Acronyms and abbreviations ------- ---------------------------- --------------------------------- 3

1. Introduction ---------------------- ---------------------------- --------------------------------- 4

2.Workshop overview and objectives -------------------------- --------------------------------- 6

3. Workshop opening ---------------- ---------------------------- --------------------------------- 6

4. Validation of AF technologies/innovations ---------------- --------------------------------- 7

5. Prioritization of AF Technologies --------------------------- -------------------------------- 11

6. Group work ---------------------- ---------------------------- -------------------------------- 13

6.1 Priority AF technologies for different problems domains in Uganda ----------------- 14

6.2 Challenges to tree nursery development in Uganda ----- -------------------------------- 15

6.3 Priority facilitation aspects for tree nurseries ------------ -------------------------------- 15

6.4 Priority information needs for different stakeholders --- -------------------------------- 16

6.5 A strategy for information, communication and dissemination ------------------------ 16

6.6 Roles of different partners and their training needs ----- -------------------------------- 17

6.7 Criteria for identifying effective CBOs and partners---- -------------------------------- 18

6.8 Requisites for strengthening partnerships ----------------- -------------------------------- 18

7. Elements of a framework for scaling up AF in Uganda -- -------------------------------- 18

8. Policy issues relevant to scaling up of AF in Uganda ---- -------------------------------- 19

8.1 opportunities and constraints of policies relevant to AF -------------------------------- 19

8.2 Recommendations on policies to facilitate scaling up of AF in Uganda -------------- 20

9. A framework for scaling up fruit trees considering economic aspects ---------------- 21

10. A framework for scaling up woodlots considering gender aspects -------------------- 23

11. A framework for scaling up trees on cropland considering environmental aspects - 25

12. A framework for scaling up home gardens considering social aspects ---------------- 26

Conclusion ---------------------- ---------------------------- -------------------------------- 27

Appendices ---------------------- ---------------------------- -------------------------------- 28

Appendix 1 – List of participants -- ---------------------------- -------------------------------- 28

Appendix 2 – Workshop Programme -------------------------- -------------------------------- 28

3

Acronyms and Abbreviations

AF Agroforestry

ARDC Agricultural Research and Development Center

ASARECA Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in East and Central

Africa

CBO‟s Community Based Organizations

CIG Common Interest Groups

ECA Eastern and Central Africa region

FBO Faith Based Organization

FFS Farmer Field Schools

FORRI Forestry Resources Research Institute

ICT Information Communication Technology

ICRAF International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (World Agroforestry

Centre)

LATF Local Authority Transfer Fund

NGO‟s Non Governmental Organizations

PRA Participatory Rapid Appraisal

R4D Research for Development

TOFNET Trees on Farm Network of ASARECA

ToT Training of Trainers

UGADEN Uganda Agroforestry Development Network

UNFFE Uganda National Farmers Federation

VI VI Agroforestry Project

4

1. INTRODUCTION

Mr. Jude Sekatba welcomed participants and led them in introducing themselves,

indicating their names, organizations and the latest exciting experience for each

participant. The introduction revealed a rich diversity of resource persons drawn from

various institutions, a condition that augured well with for the development of authentic

deliberations. Mr. Clement Okia then took participants through the workshop programme

indicating key issues to be deliberated in the workshop. The session on workshop

introduction and objectives then followed. Participants were given apologies from the

Project PI Mr. Collins Obonyo who was engaged in Nairobi hence could not be able to

attend the workshop.

2. WORKSHOP OVERVIEW AND OBJECTIVES

By James Aucha

2.1 About Trees on Farm Network (TOFNET) of ASARECA

The Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa

(ASARECA) is a not-for-profit organization of the National Agricultural Research

Systems (NARS) in the ten countries of Eastern and Central Africa (ECA) - Burundi,

D.R. Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda.

ASARECA is governed by a Committee of the Director Generals of the National

Agricultural Research Organizations (NAROs) in the 10 countries. A Secretariat headed

by an Executive Secretary and located in Entebbe, Uganda, coordinates and facilitates

the implementation of the regional agricultural research activities through a number of

networks. These are conducted through collaborative links with International

Agricultural Research Centres (IARCs), Advanced Research Institutes (ARIs,) and

National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) in a range of thematic Networks

Programmes and Projects (NPPs).

The ASARECA Trees On-Farm Network (TOFNET) or the „‟agroforestry network” of

ASARECA is designed to concentrate its research for development programme in

promotion and support of agroforestry and tree crops research for development within the

entire ASARECA region. The goal of TOFNET is to contribute to increased economic

growth and improved social welfare of smallholder farmers in ECA Region while

enhancing the quality of environment through agroforestry interventions and practices

in a sustainable manner

5

In pursuit of this goal, the network is expected to deliver the following four main

results:

1. Demand driven agroforestry technologies/innovations utilized.

2. Enabling regional policy environment for agroforestry as relates to agricultural

transformation in ECA Region facilitated.

3. Performance driven institutional arrangements for agroforestry promoted.

4. Enhanced utilisation of information for regional agroforestry research for

development.

TOFNET has been developed from the previous Agroforestry Research Networks for

Africa (AFRENA-ECA) but structured in the framework of ASARECA networks with

expanded technical mandate to promote agroforestry for products and services targeting

tree crops with emphasis on economic trees (fruit trees, medicinal trees and nuts). In

addition, the network seeks to strengthen the capacity of national institutions to conduct

research and development on agroforestry, and ultimately to be able to develop

agroforestry interventions and practices for improving the productivity, profitability and

sustainability of agricultural systems and environment in the region.

TOFNET‟s research agenda is developed on the basis of identified and prioritized

Problem Domains (PD). Problem domains are broad problem categories of geographic

and socio-economic significance within the region. As such, five principal problem

domains have been identified and prioritized as follows (in decreasing order): (1)

productivity and sustainability of smallholder agriculture in high potential highlands,

humid and sub-humid lowlands; (2) relationship of land use systems and environmental

problems of Lake Victoria and associated river basins (e.g., Nile basin); (3) Interaction

between agriculture and forests in areas bordering forest/conservation areas; (4)

agroforestry and natural resource management in ASAL through tree domestication and

improved land management; and (5) agroforestry technologies and innovations for urban

and peri-urban agricultural and landscape management systems.

2.2 TOFNET current projects

The Network currently runs the following 3 projects;

1. Tree products market chains and trade arrangements in the ECA region

2. Development of sustainable regional seed and germplasm supply system

for priority AF species, fruit trees and medicinal plants

3. Generation and scaling up of demand driven of technologies &

innovations in the ECA sub region

This workshop report is part of the progress achieved by UGADEN initiatives under

TOFNET project 3 (Dissemination and scaling up of agroforestry technologies and

innovations in the ECA region). Generation, promotion and scaling up of priority

agroforestry technologies and innovations is significant in ensuring that demand driven

agroforestry technologies and innovations are utilized (TOFNET Result 1). The project is

designed with the understanding that a considerable number of promising agroforestry

6

technologies and innovations have been generated but their impact in improving

livelihoods is less due to low uptake by the target users. It is therefore imperative that

strategies be developed to promote uptake. This effort is being realized by undertaking

R4D to develop a framework to refine, package and promote promising technologies for

enhanced uptake by technology users.

Similarly, the adoption and scaling-up potential of successful technologies and

innovations has been constrained by a number of factors ranging from biophysical,

technological, socio-economic/cultural, human resource capacity, policy and institutional

framework. Meaningful regional impact of agroforestry will seldom be realized unless

the capacity of agroforestry stakeholders is strengthened. Therefore, the project proposes

that future investment in agroforestry R4D should be accompanied by initiatives that

strengthen local institutions and help public sector agencies, promote public policies that

favour agroforestry and also promote technology transfer mechanisms that can take

agroforestry innovations to scale.

The workshop was convened to enhance collaborative efforts in scaling up and scaling

out of agroforestry technologies and innovations. The workshop addresses all the four

Network results.

2.3 Workshop objectives

1. Validate AF technologies and innovations as per the 5 problem domains

2. Review AF dissemination frameworks & their associated constraints and

opportunities

3. Develop a suitable framework for scaling up AF technologies and innovations

4. Review policy constraints and opportunities to scaling up of AF technologies and

innovations

5. Develop policy guidelines and recommendations for scaling up AF technologies

and innovations

3. WORKSHOP OPENING

Mr. Clement Okia invited the UGADEN Coordinator, Dr. John Okorio to invite the

Director of FORRI Mr. Francis Esegu to open the workshop. Dr. Okorio underscored the

importance of validating the technologies and developing guidelines for effective scaling

up of agroforestry technologies and innovations. He encouraged participants to contribute

freely to realize the objectives of the workshop noting that prioritization is a dynamic

process. Mr. Francis Esegu encouraged participants to aim at achieving all the workshop

objectives. On validation of demand driven technologies and innovations, he reiterated

the importance of considering the impact of technologies to improvement of livelihoods.

This is to be achieved through increased incomes to households. He encouraged

participants to look critically into tapping the domestic market for agroforestry produce

by timing the production, value addition and increasing the shelf life of the products. This

would ensure consistent supply of the produce and reduce post-harvest losses. For

effective uptake of the technologies, he encouraged participants to display the

7

technologies indicating where they can take end users (i.e. benefits of the technologies),

giving an analogy of the many taxis in stages with clear indication of the destinations.

Mr. Esegu further shared the vision of FORRI with participants which focuses on

creating a centre of excellence for forestry research for improved livelihoods, economic

growth and conservation of natural resources. Its mission centers on generating and

disseminating technologies on forests and tree resources to ensure increased productivity,

conservation of biodiversity and enhancement of environment. He underscored the

workshop‟s output in achieving FORRI mission and vision. He looked forward to getting

a document that would enhance the scaling up of agroforestry technologies and

innovations in Uganda. He declared the workshop officially opened.

4. VALIDATION OF AF TECHNOLOGIES/INNOVATIONS

A stepwise method was used to achieve this objective. The first stage involved the

presentation of an overview of agroforestry technologies and innovations by Mr. Hillary

Agaba. Two survey reports were then presented by Messrs Jude Sekatuba and Katumba

respectively. The following nine technologies and innovations were identified in the

overview;

(i) Scattered trees in fields

This includes trees found scattered in crop fields without any particular pattern. This was

found to be a common practice in the country. The trees were managed for various

products such as poles, firewood, fruit, timber, fodder and medicine. Management of

trees scattered in crop fields requires reducing shade by pruning of branches and tops

(ii) Contour hedges for soil conservation

This is a common practice in highland areas like Kabale and Mbale districts. It involves

planting trees nitrogen fixing fodder legumes along contour bunds with or without grass

strips. Calliandra and Leucaena are the main species under this practice. Management of

such trees involves periodical pruning at knee height, and prunings may be used for

fodder.

8

(iii) Rotational wood fallows

This practice uses improved fallows of leguminous shrub species shorten the fallow

period and restore fertility. Common trees/shrubs used are Sesbania sesban, Crotalaria

grahamiana, C.paulina, C.ochloleuca and T.vogelli. Trees/shrubs are established at close

spacing to encourage quick production of large amounts of biomass and to suppress

weeds. Management of such trees involve initial weeding to give trees an advantage over

the weeds

Fig. 2: A newly established rotational fallow

Fig. 1: Hedge row intercropping with calliandra

9

(iv) Fodder banks

This entails establishment of fast growing fodder tree species planted in a block on their

own or in a mixture with fodder grasses for cut and carry. Common shrubs used are

Calliandra calothyrsus, Leucaena diversifolia, Gliricidia sepium. The shrubs have high

level of protein which is beneficial for milk production. Management of fodder banks

involves cutting of the leaf biomass to encourage more growth.

(v) Woodlots

These are single tree species or a mixture established usually for firewood, poles and

timber. The common tree species are Eucalyptus, Grevillea, Cupressus. A major

limitation of the system is shortage of land. Management involves initial spot weeding

and protection from fires.

(vi) Trees in home gardens

These are common in areas of high population density. Trees or shrubs are grown in close

association with annual and perennial crops within compounds of individual homesteads.

Dominant species include avocadoes, mangoes, tree tomatoes, Ficus natalensis,

Markhamia and Maesopsis eminni. Trees in home gardens are managed conveniently

with associated crops in the garden

(vii) Trees on pastures and rangelands

Under this practice, trees are either scattered randomly or arranged according to some

systematic pattern on established pastures or rangelands. This is commonly done in areas

of extensive grazing land. Some of the common species include Acacia spp., Ficus spp

and Euphobia spp. Management involves letting trees establish well before livestock are

allowed in. Otherwise area with young trees should be fenced off.

(viii) High value tropical fruit trees

Under this practice, grafting of selected high yielding fruit varieties is done. Scions are

gotten from elite mother trees. The species currently grafted include mangoes,

avocadoes, oranges. The advantages of this practice include high value, fast maturity and

high market demand. Management involves pruning off branches below the union point,

protection from grazing animals when young and spraying against pests

10

Fig. 3: Mango rootstocks for grafting aT FORRI Agroforestry nursery in Kifu, Mukono

(ix) High value temperate fruit trees

This is common in cold highland areas, Kabale and Mbale. Preferred species include

Apples and Pears due to their high value fast maturity and high market demand.

Appropriate branch bending for maximum exposure to sunlight is needed. Artificial leaf

pruning is also recommended to imitate temperate conditions.

Fig. 4: Apple fruits in Kabale, South western Uganda

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5. PRIORITIZATION OF AF TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATIONS

Participants prioritized the above technologies by scoring them on a scale of 1(least

contribution) to 10 (maximum contribution). An average score for each technology was

got from the participants‟ ranking (Table 1).

Table 1: Stakeholder Prioritization of agroforestry technologies

Agroforestry technology

Economic

growth

Environ-

ment Gender Social Adoption

Average

score

1. Fruit tree gardens/orchards 9 6 8 8 8 8

2. Home gardens 8 8 8 7 8 8

3. Trees on cropland 7 8 6 6 6 7

4. Woodlots 8 8 6 6 5 7

5. Terrace

stabilisation/contour hedges 7 8 5 6 5 6

6. ornamental/Avenue

planting 5 7 6 7 6 6

7. Fodder banks 7 6 6 6 6 6

8. Fallowing (improved,

coppicing, relay,

Rotational) 7 7 6 6 5 6

9. Boundary planting 5 7 6 5 6 6

10. Trees on hillsides 6 8 5 5 5 6

11. Apiary systems 8 7 5 5 4 6

12. Aquaculture 8 6 5 5 4 6

13. Windbreaks & shelter belts 5 8 5 6 5 6

14. Medicinal tree gardens 6 6 6 6 5 6

15. Trees on pastures and

rangelands 6 7 4 5 5 5

16. Hedgerow/ Alley cropping 6 7 5 5 4 5

17. Seed banks 7 6 5 5 4 5

18. Taungya system 5 6 5 5 4 5

19. Biomass transfer 5 6 5 4 5 5

20. Sericulture 7 6 4 4 4 5

21. Live fences 4 6 5 5 5 5

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The average scores in table 1 were then weighted on the basis of the ASARECA criteria

outlined below;

Economic criteria - 30%

Environmental criteria - 25%

Social criteria - 20%

Adoptability - 15%

Gender parity - 10%

The results of the weighted averages are as shown in Table 2 below.

Table 2: Weighted scores of AF technologies

Agroforestry technology

Economic

growth

Environ-

ment Gender Social Adoption

Weighted

score

1. Fruit tree gardens/orchards 2.7 1.6 0.8 1.5 1.2 7.8

2. Home gardens 2.3 2.0 0.8 1.5 1.1 7.6

3. Woodlots 2.4 2.0 0.6 1.1 0.8 6.9

4. Trees on cropland 2.1 2.0 0.6 1.2 1.0 6.9

5. Terrace

stabilisation/contour hedges 2.1 2.0 0.5 1.2 0.8 6.7

6. Fodder banks 2.2 1.5 0.6 1.2 0.9 6.4

7. Fallowing (improved,

coppicing, relay,

Rotational) 2.1 1.8 0.6 1.1 0.8 6.3

8. Ornamental/Avenue

planting 1.6 1.8 0.6 1.4 0.9 6.3

9. Trees on hillsides 1.9 2.1 0.5 1.1 0.7 6.3

10. Apiary systems 2.3 1.6 0.5 1.0 0.7 6.2

11. Aquaculture 2.3 1.5 0.5 1.1 0.7 6.0

12. Boundary planting 1.6 1.8 0.6 1.1 0.9 6.0

13. Windbreaks & shelter belts 1.6 1.9 0.5 1.1 0.7 5.9

14. Trees on pastures &

rangelands 1.8 1.9 0.4 1.0 0.7 5.8

15. Seed banks 2.1 1.5 0.5 1.1 0.6 5.7

16. Medicinal tree gardens 1.7 1.5 0.6 1.2 0.7 5.7

17. Hedgerow/ Alley cropping 1.7 1.8 0.5 1.0 0.6 5.6

18. Taungya system 1.6 1.6 0.5 1.1 0.6 5.4

19. Sericulture 2.0 1.5 0.4 0.9 0.5 5.3

20. Biomass transfer 1.6 1.5 0.5 0.9 0.7 5.3

21. Live fences 1.1 1.4 0.5 0.9 0.8 4.7

The stakeholder ranking above revealed that direct income generating agroforestry

technologies/innovations were the most preferred. The table shows that fruit tree gardens,

home gardens, woodlots, contour hedges and fodder banks were the six top priority

agroforestry technologies for Uganda.

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6. GROUP WORK

After the general ranking of the technologies using sheets, participants were divided into

three groups with the terms of reference as shown in table 3 below:

Table 3: Working group tasks

Group Task (s)

Group 1

1. Prioritize agroforestry technologies according to the following problem domains;

(a) Lake Victoria and associated river basins

(b) Humid highlands

(c) Marginal areas

(d) Buffer zones

(e) Urban and peri-urban sites

2. (a) Identify challenges to nursery development in Uganda

(b ) List facilitation aspects for nurseries

Group 2

(a) Prioritize information needs

(b) Identify appropriate communication channels

(c) Challenges to effective information and communication

(d) Develop a strategy for communication information dissemination

Group 3

(a) Prioritize capacity building needs for effective partnerships

(b) Develop a framework for scaling up agroforestry technologies/innovations

(c) Develop a criteria for identifying effective CBO‟s and partners

The group reports were presented and discussed during a plenary session. The following

sections present below present the final group outputs:

14

6. 1 Priority AF technologies for the different problems domains in Uganda

Table 4: Priority AF technologies for the different TOFNET problems domains in Uganda

Problems domains Priority AF technologies/innovations

Victoria and associated

river basins

Apiary systems

Boundary planting

Aquaculture

River bank /lakeshore /terrace stabilization

Windbreaks & shelter belts

Jatropha-vanilla

Taungya

Humid highlands

Trees on hillsides

Terrace stabilization & contour hedges

Fruit orchards (temperate)

Hedgerows

Woodlots

Fallowing

Marginal areas (drylands)

Apiculture

Trees on pastures and rangelands

Fodder banks

Windbreaks & shelter belts

Live fences

Fruit orchards (tropical)

Taungya

Buffer zones

Apiary

Seed banks

Boundary planting

Biomass transfer

Medicinal trees

Sericulture

Peri-urban areas Home gardens

Ornamental/avenue plantings

Windbreaks and shelter belts

Biomass transfer

Fodder banks

Boundary planting

15

6.2 Challenges to tree nursery development in Uganda

Unavailability of tree planting material (germplasm)

Poor quality of planting material

Labour intensity

Water unavailability

Diseases and pests

Lack of necessary technical skills (e.g. timing for sowing for different tree

species)

Market for seedlings

Theft of seedlings

Initial capital for potential nursery operators

6.3 Priority facilitation aspects for tree nurseries

Training on:-

simple water harvesting techniques

marketing aspects

skills in seed collection and handling

nursery operations and management

Sensitization of the masses to create market

Decentralize tree seed centres

Formation of nursery operators groups in order to curb thefts and streamline

activities.

Starter seed packs for rare species

Seed banks

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6.4 Priority information needs for different stakeholders in Uganda

Table 5: Priority information needs for different stakeholders, appropriate communication

channels and challenges to effective information and communication

Stakeholders Information needs Communication channels Challenges

Government Available proven

technologies for

dissemination

Gazzeted laws

Contribution of the

technologies for

household improvement

should be known

Policy briefs

Media (print and

electronic),

Parliament and legislative

systems

Education institution

Workshops and

conferences

Limited funds

Lack of common language

Literacy low

Beaureacratic tendencies

Training

institutions Up to date information on

new technologies

Internet access

AC

Technology fact sheets

Internet

Email

Telephone

Open days/field days

Seminars

Inadequate funds

Information not packaged

Remote location of some

institutions e.g. Arapai,

FORRI)

Incompetence in the use of

modern technology

Research

institutions Farmers/client needs,

constraints

Knowledge on

government policies

Extension systems

Publication

Talk shows

Agricultural shows

Farmer research linkages weak

Lack of specific target group

for some technologies

(farmers not consulted)

Faith based

organisations,

NGOs, CBOs

Publications, approved

technologies, fact sheets,

internet, well packaged

information, client/target

constraints

Latest market information

which will influence

demand for technology

Farm visits, workshops,

exhibitions, planning

review workshops,

exchange programmes,

media, newsletters

Poor networking

Conflicting messages

Fighting for clients

Failure to act according to

clients but donors interests

Farmers Simplified fact sheet

Knowledge on reliable

sources of information

Radio, farmer field days,

demos, agric shows,

exchange visits,

sensitization meetings,

research, planning and

review meetings, internet,

farmer group meetings

Continuous change of

extension methodologies

Lack of market organisation

(farmers lack common voice)

Poor market information

6.5 A strategy for communication information dissemination

Identification of information and communication needs

Organize meeting for stakeholders

Developing common packages

Up grading the knowledge base of extension of workers

Periodical review meetings by stakeholders

Establishment of a body that links stakeholders

17

6.6 Roles of different AF partners in Uganda and their training needs

Table 6: Roles of different partners and their training needs

Partner Roles Capacity building needs

1. Local leaders

• Approving budgets

• Mobilization and awareness

creation

• Policy formulation

• Monitoring and

implementation

• Knowledge and awareness in

agroforestry

• Field tours and hands on training on

agroforestry issues

2. Technical staff

• Planning and budgeting

• Implementation

• Technology promotion

• Training in agroforestry

• Provision of literature on various AF

issues

3. Public extension

(NGOs, CBOs, FBOs,

NAADS service

providers)

• Planning and budgeting

• Disseminate technologies

• Technology promotion

• Mobilisation

• Training

• Facilitate farmers to plan

• Monitoring

• Feed back

• Training in agroforestry

• Provision of literature on various AF

issues

• Funds facilitation

4. Training institutions

(Primary, secondary,

tertiary and other

organisations specialising

in training e.g SATNET)

• Training in specialised skills

• Information dissemination

• Specialised training in agroforestry

• Agreed curriculum/technical guide

• Financial and human resources

• Provision of literature on various AF

issues

•

5. Business people and

marketing communities)

• providing in puts

• marketing

• provide information

• Technical information on

agroforestry

• Quality assurance

• Business plans and Feasibility

studies

• Marketing strategies

6. Research institutions

and institutions of higher

learning (NARS

institutions)

• Technology development

• Innovations and value

addition

• Human and financial resources

• Participatory approaches in research

• Gender sensitivity

7. Farmers

• Technology development

• Technology transfer

• Mobilisation

• Technology adoption

• Training in relevant AF technologies

• Literature on AF issues

• In puts (start up packages)

• Technical backstopping

18

6.7 Criteria for identifying effective CBOs and partners

Area of operation

Membership (associations, networks etc)

Activities on ground and their relevance

Administrative and management structures

Resource base (human, financial, assets and equipment)

Experience

Goals and objectives (mutual

6.8 Requisites for strengthening partnerships

Participatory planning

Information sharing

Roles sharing

Formal agreements (MoUs)

Training of human resource

7. ELEMENTS OF A FRAMEWORK FOR SCALING UP AF IN UGANDA

The following important elements are to be taken into account when scaling out and

scaling up agroforestry technologies at the grassroots level.

Strengthen UGADEN to effectively implement its activities, especially, information

dissemination, capacity building and lobbying and advocacy.

Development of extension materials that can then be translated into various local

dialects

Lobby and advocate for favourable policy environment for agroforestry and also for

its integration into the various government development programmes

Carry out massive awareness creation in all the agro-ecologial zones of Uganda

Identify strategic partners in different zones of the country

Carry out situational analysis/needs assessment in different regions and develop

targeted programmes/activities

Carry out participatory planning and be clear on roles of the different partners

Support partners in participatory monitoring and evaluation

Institutional support for UGADEN and some its key partners

Strengthen the existing interactive learning sites

Facilitate acquisition of the required tree planting materials, especially seed.

Establish interactive learning sites in the different zones of the country

19

8. POLICY ISSUES RELEVANT TO SCALING UP OF AF

TECHNOLOGIES IN UGANDA

8.1 Opportunities and constraints of policies relevant to agroforestry

This subject was first discussed a second session of group work and later presented

during a plenary session. The outcome of the plenary session is presented below:

Table 7: Opportunities and constraints of policies relevant to agroforestry in Uganda

Policy Opportunities Constraints

1. PMA Increased access to Agroforestry information

Opportunities for market oriented production

(woodlots, fodder, ornament, fruit trees, seed

banks, apiary systems, medicinal trees &

aquaculture).

Sustainable use of natural resources (terrace

stabilization/ contour hedges, trees on hillsides,

windbreaks & shelter belts, fallowing, trees on

cropland).

Over emphasis on agriculture

versus forestry in resource

allocation.

Conflicts with sectoral policies e.g.

PMA advocates for

commercialization yet the land act

favours customary tenure (land

belongs to the people)

Articulation for forestry minimal

as compared to agriculture

2. NAADS Opportunities for service delivery, (e.i.

information & input: fruit tree growing, apiary,

fodder)

Enables scaling out & scaling up of AF

technologies to farmers

Building capacity of extension service providers

especially on AF technologies that require high

technical skills (improved fallows, apiary systems)

Advocate NRM as a cross-cutting issue in

technology selection: (e.g. trees on cropland)

Low of priority given to

Agroforestry enterprises

Emphasis on short term, income

generating enterprises (lack of

economic valuation of AF

technologies).

3. Land act & policy Provides legal protection on land & tree

tenure, which favors long-term technologies e.g.

Woodlots, trees on croplands, windbreaks/shelter

belts & boundary planting.

Land tribunals help in settling disputes that

are common with boundary planting, live fences,

ornamental & fruit trees.

Lack of implementation due to

weak structures and corruption.

Short tenure (less than 12 years)

does not encourage squatters to

engage in tree growing e.g.

woodlots, boundary planting.

4. Forestry policy &

National tree

planting act

Encourages farm forestry to boost incomes &

reduce pressure on natural forests: fruit trees, trees

on croplands, home gardens, and medicinal trees.

Clarity on land & tree tenure which favors long

term AF technologies.

Lack of awareness about the policy

& the act.

FP & NTPA do not recognize all

land tenure systems e.g.communal

systems which makes growing

trees on rangelands difficult.

Lack of political will to support

forestry policies.

20

5. Decentralization

policy AF promoted at village & district levels

Provides better access to services as they are

nearer to the farmers

Easier to lobby for resources for AF

Corruption does not allow funds

provides for AF to trickle down.

Difficulty in instituting checks &

balances.

6. National Gender

policy Brings out issues of resource ownership, division

of labour, & benefit sharing in AF

Encourages more involvement of both men &

women farmers in tree growing

Men feel the policy deprives them

of some of their traditional rights

The policy created more conflicts

in land use e.g. over which trees to

grow & who owns the trees planted

on-farm.

7. National bio-

diversity plan Encourages integration of more trees on farm

(trees on croplands, apiculture, medicinal trees)

Farmers complain that trees attract

vermins e.g. baboons, monkeys &

other pests like birds.

8. National

environmental

policy

NEMA mandates every one to plant trees

(boundary planting, ornamental, wind breaks, live

fences, and terrace stabilization).

NEMA provides resources to organized farmer

groups for tree planting activities.

Over emphasis on tree planting for

environmental conservation.

9. Privatization

policy Promotes more tree planting especially by private

investors (Trees on hillsides, trees in rangelands,

woodlots & fruit orchards).

Policy denies poorer farmers the

opportunity for involvement as

they can not access large pieces of

land.

Also allows government to give

forest land to developers e.g.

Namanve & Mabira forests.

8.2 Recommendations on policies to facilitate scaling up AF in Uganda

General policy recommendations

Packaging policy concerns into policy briefs rather than large documents that are

often not read.

Popularization of policies through strategic media avenues e.g. radio.

Establishment of information kiosks at community level to enhance awareness.

21

Table 8: Policy specific recommendations for scaling up of agroforestry

Policy Specific recommendation

Land Act Needs to discard communal land ownership and advocate for private land ownership

Gender policy Needs to sensitize people on the intents of the policy especially its benefits to other

gender categories other than women

Decentralization

policy

Should institute sound mechanism for monitoring at the grassroots (i.e. village, parish

levels).

PMA & NAADS Check the system used in contracting extension service providers (SPs) and whether

these SPs target beneficiary farmers, and advocacy for AF service delivery as one of the

enterprises promoted.

Forestry policy &

tree planting act

farmers should be made aware of the policy especially on aspects of farm forestry

Privatization

policy

Revise land privatization procedures in order to accommodate the interests of small scale

tree farmers.

9. A FRAMEWORK FOR SCALING UP FRUIT TREES CONSIDERING

ECONOMIC ASPECTS

9.1 Some considerations for scaling up fruit tree growing

Table 9: Some considerations for scaling up fruit tree growing

Sparks/

motivating

factors

Understanding scaling

up

Managing scaling up

process

Monitoring

indicators

Desired Impact

Household

nutritional

requirements

Income

generation

Food security

Inadequate superior

germ plasm/planting

material

Inadequate knowledge

on fruit production and

management

Lack of market

information

Lack of value addition

(processing, sun drying)

Carry out more

outreach through group

work with increased

access to improved fruit

trees.

To have many

commercial fruit

farmers, through group

work approach

Popularizing

commercial fruit

growing through group

approach

Tones of fruits

produced,

processed and

marketed

Number of

organized groups

engaged in fruit

production,

processing and

marketing

Farmers becoming

rich

Improved standards

of living (able to pay

school fees, food,

housing and health)

Empowered farmers

in fruit production

22

9.2 Strategic elements for scaling up fruit tree growing

Pre-project strategic element I: Policy

Marketing

Germplasm/planting material

Land tenure /ownership

Implementation Phase

Revisit and Improve existing policies on Gender (ownership/marketing)

Post-Project phase

Marketing policies

Strategic element II (Situation analysis)

Strength

Research institutions

Start up germplasm

Existing fruit growers

Existence of fruit processors

Local and international markets

Weaknesses

Poor marketing systems

Inadequate quantities for export

Scattered and un-networked producers

Lack of skills in processing and post harvest handling

Pests and diseases

Strategic elements III: Research objectives

Type of varieties required

Source of dissemination materials

How to handle diseases and pests in fruit gardens

Research in post harvest handling

Strategic element IV: Indicators

Number of farmer groups created

Tonnes of fruits produced, processed and marketed

Type of variety of fruits

Strategic element V: Networks

Advocacy for farmer institutions at local, regional and national levels e.g District

Farmer Associations, then national which is Uganda National Farmers Federation

(UNFFE)

23

Strategic element VI: Capacity building

Capacity building in leadership and Communication

Marketing

Group sustainability

Training in disease and pest management

Training of extension officers in appropriate technologies

Strategic element VII: Funding mechanism

Fundraising

Writing proposal

Members/farmers savings

In built income generating projects for sustainability

Strategic element VIII: Exit strategy/sustainability issues

Connect farmers to district farmer organisations

In built income generating projects for sustainability

10. A FRAMEWORK FOR SCALING UP WOODLOTS CONSIDERING

GENDER ASPECTS

10.1 Some considerations for scaling up woodlots

Table 10: Some considerations for scaling up woodlots

The sparks/

motivating

factors

Understanding

the scaling up

Managing the

scaling up process

Monitoring

indicators

Desired Impact

Outcome

Firewood

Timber

Poles

(house

constructio

n and

fencing)

Income

Ownership

(mainly owned

by men)

Conflict on

benefits of the

woodlots

Who receives

the technical

information

Having a

community

engaged in

woodlot growing

where both men

and women

participate and

benefit

Easy access

to the

“sparks”

Equitable

access to the

benefits of

woodlot

both h men

and women

Attendance

of training

of both men

and women

Reduced time

wasting and

workload on the part

of women

Available cheap

fencing materials

Sharing of roles and

responsibilities by

both men and women

in woodlot growing

Equitable sharing of

benefits from

woodlots

Self

sufficiency

and

sustainability

in woodlot

products and

services

Equitable

sharing of

products and

benefits

24

10.2 Strategic elements for scaling up fruit tree growing

Policy Issues

During Pre-project, there is need for sensitization on gender and creating awareness on

the roles of men and women in woodlot production. At the Implementation phase, it was

noted that guidelines on equitable sharing of benefits are needed. For the Post-project

phase a gender policy in agroforestry practices are gender mainstreaming will be

necessary.

Situation analysis

Strength include the Millennium Development Goals, awareness of the problem,

Existence of the Ministry of Gender and Social Development and the Department of

gender at the district level, It is being demanded by some farmers under NAADS

programme, and its taught in tertiary institutions. The weaknesses include; Cultural

hindrances and Lack of appreciation on achievements in gender

Research objectives

Varieties that are accepted by both men and women

Fast growing trees to ease on time spent by women and men in firewood

collection

Gender requirements (gaps in woodlot production)

M & E (indicators)

Number of households having easy access to wood products and services

Number of men and women participating and benefiting from woodlot production

Networks

Advocacy for farmer institutions at local, regional and national levels e.g District

Farmer Associations, then national which is UNAFFE

Appropriate funding mechanisms to sustain capacity for expansion and replication

(i) Funding mechanism

Fundraising

Writing proposal

Members/farmers savings

In built income generating projects for sustainability

(ii)Exit strategy/sustainability issues

Connect farmers to district farmer organisations

In built income generating projects for sustainability

25

11. FRAMEWORK SCALING UP TREES ON CROP LAND AF

TECHNOLOGY CONSIDERING ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

Policy issues

These relate to land ownership, land use, advocacy for tree planting…(national tree

planting days), corporate social responsibility (saw millers, paper industry, BATU,

petroleum companies, tea companies, sugar corporation etc.

Situation analysis

The strengths include; technology is already in practice, it is already available and land is

available. Opportunities are; supporting policy exists under the Land and Tree Planting

Act, Environment Act, National Biodiversity Plan act (trees on farm), institutions with

technical knowledge do exist, there are some market for tree products, availability of

environmentally friendly tree species.

However some of the weaknesses identified included, farmers do not value tree growing,

Subsistence nature of most Ugandan farmers, lack of knowledge on the existing policies

and low priority given to natural resource management both at national and lower

government levels. The associated threats were identified to be; small land holding, land

fragmentation, long rotation nature of trees and the bad attitudes to tree planting by

farmers.

Appropriate research objectives

More research into improving the rotation of trees,

Research on varieties of tree species for farmers to select

Research on tree management options and develop trees that are compatible with

different crops

Indigenous knowledge on the tree planting on crop land

Indicators and planning, monitoring and evaluation methods

Initial bench marks to establish what there was

Numbers of trees planted

Number of farmers planting trees

Increase in yields

Reduced soil erosion

Firewood availability

Building networks and partners

Participatory planning

Information sharing

Roles sharing

Formal agreements (MoUs)

Training of human resource

26

Building capacity and institutional systems to sustain

Specialised training

Financial and human resources

Provision of literature on various AF issues

Technical information on agroforestry

Quality assurance

Business plans and Feasibility studies

Marketing strategies

Participatory approaches in research

Gender sensitivity

Appropriate funding mechanisms to sustain capacity for expansion and replication

(i) Funding mechanism

Identify partners and their roles, then develop various proposals for funding

Community / group level

NGOs together with communities to develop proposals

(ii) Exit strategies/sustainability issues

Local contributions

Social acceptance and ownership

Involve the communities right from the initial stages

Final evaluation to be made and come up with clear recommendations for

sustainability

12. FRAMEWORK FOR SCALING UP HOME GARDENS AF

TECHNOLOGY CONSIDERING SOCIAL ASPECTS

Policy issues

Mainly relate to land ownership and land use

Situation analysis

Strengths include; the technology has long been in practice and is already acceptable.

Further more, the land available

Opportunities are; the multipurpose nature of home garden tree species, high demand for

tree products and services, and fire wood needs for households. The identified weakness

is the limited access to knowledge on home garden management. On the other hand,

threats included; small land holding, unsuitable tree species, misconception on some tree

species gender aspects (women not having rights to plant on men‟s land) and division of

labour within households.

27

Appropriate research objectives

There is need for research on Market issues and value addition

Indicators and planning, monitoring and evaluation methods

Initial bench marks to establish what there was

Numbers of trees planted

Number of farmers planting trees

Increase in yields

Reduced soil erosion

Firewood availability

Fruit consumption at home

Medicinal tree species on farm

Building networks and partners

House holds forming farmer groups

Information sharing among farmer groups

Roles sharing within the home (children and parents)

Exposure to Trainings on home garden management

Building capacity and institutional systems to sustain

Specialised training in home garden marketing

Local ownership of nurseries

Involvement of CBOs

Technical information on agroforestry

Marketing strategies

Gender sensitivity (children and parents role in home garden management)

Appropriate funding mechanisms to sustain capacity for expansion and replication

(i) Funding mechanisms

CBOs to coordinate the proposal for capacity building on management

Community / group level

NGOs together with communities to develop proposals

(ii) Exit strategies/sustainability

Local nurseries at group for continued availability of germplasm

Involve the communities right from the initial stages

Organized marketing system for home garden products

Conclusion

It was established in the workshop that there are a number of candidate AF

technologies/innovations that can be scaled up for livelihood improvement. There is also

a high level of indigenous knowledge on the technologies that needs to be utilized in

effective scaling up and scaling out. With the successful validation and prioritisation of

technologies alongside identification of scaling up methods, the challenge for the region

is the implementation of scaling up process. Effective partnerships and resource

mobilization is pertinent in the success of this process.

28

APPENDICES

AAPPPPEENNDDIIXX 11:: LLIISSTT OOFF PPAARRTTIICCIIPPAANNTTSS

NAME DESIGNATION ORGANISATION

CONTACT ADDRESS

POSTAL ADDRESS TEL EMAIL

Agaba Hillary Research Officer FORRI Box 1752, Kampala 772508513 hiagaba@yahoo.com

Agea Jacob

Godfrey Lecturer

Makerere

University Box 7062, Kampala 782653994 agea@forest.mak.ac.ug

Ameja Stella Secretary FORRI Box 1752, Kampala 772849410 stella_ameja@yahoo.com

Asege O Janet DNC NAADS Box 44, Kumi 782415810 asegejanet@yahoo.com

Aucha James Consultant AGEBB

Box 478-50300,

Maragoli 721828058 jamesaucha@yahoo.com

Balitta Paul Research Assistant FORRI Box 1752, Kampala 772891663 pbalitta@yahoo.com

Bbongole Ernest Farmer Trainer FORRI 782469335

Esyara Sam AF Technician FORRI Box 358, Iganga 772376798 esyarasam@yahoo.com

Ibwala-Opolot

Vincent Research Assistant FORRI Box 1752, Kampala 772452552 vopolot@yahoo.com

J F O Esegu Director FORRI Box 1752, Kampala 772470764 jfoesegu@infocom.co.ug

Katumba BM Research Assistant FORRI Box 1752, Kampala 772675333 bmkatumba@yahoo.com

Leonard

Imanishimwe Head of Programs SATNET Box 884, Fort Portal 772912350 leoishimwe@yahoo.com

Masiko David

Project

Coordinator

Kigezi Integrated

Development

Project Box 3, Kabale 772341092 masikod@gmail.com

Mugerwa James

Field Extension

Officer

Mukono District

Dept of Agric Box 72, Mukono 772496153 mujase2000@yahoo.com

Nakyeyune Cotlida

Training

Coordinator

SCC-VI

Agroforestry Box 1732, Masaka 772586255 cotildan@yahoo.co.uk

Kyakunzire Annet Field Officer

Mbarara Farmers

Association Box 1592, Mbarara 772306381 kyakunzire@yahoo.com

Ocar Stephen Volunteer UGADEN c/o Box 1752, Kampala 712216423 ocarsteve@yahoo.co.uk

Okia Clement

Development

Facilitator UGADEN c/o Box 1752, Kampala 772391311 okiaca@yahoo.com

Okorio J

National

Coordinator UGADEN Box 1752, Kampala 772710125 okorio@utlonline.co.ug

Oluka Nicholas P Agric Advisor

Kumi District

Farmers

Association Box 3, Kumi 782450738

Ongodia Gerald Research Assistant FORRI Box 1752, Kampala 772695262 byanagirado@yahoo.com

Sekatuba Jude Socio-scientist FORRI Box 1752, Kampala 772570452 jude_sekatuba@yahoo.com

Ssentongo JB Agric Advisor

Ntungamo District

Farmers

Association Box 19 Ntungamo 772511597 ssentongobosco@yahoo.com

Tweheyo Anthony

Project

Coordinator A2N Uganda Box 619, Iganga 772838982 anthotweh@yahoo.com

29

Appendix 2: Workshop Programme

Timing Activity Responsible person

Day One Wednesday 9th

August 2006

6:00pm Arrival of upcountry participants ARDC-Mukono

Day Two Thursday, 10th

August 2006

8:30 – 9:00 am Arrival and registration Steven

9:00 - 9:20 am Welcoming remarks & introductions Jude

9:20 - 10:00 am Workshop introduction (TOFNET and UGADEN

Current Project Brief)

James Aucha/

Clement

10:00 – 10:15 am Workshop Objectives and programme James Aucha

10:15 – 10:30 Workshop Opening JFO Esegu

10:30 – 11:00am Tea Break ARDC

11:00 – 11:30 am Agroforestry technologies & innovations in Uganda:

an overview

John Okorio

11:30 – 12:00

Noon

Results of survey one: Candidate AF technologies for

Uganda

Jude

12:00 – 12:30 pm Results of Survey Two: Opportunities & challenges

for scaling Up agroforestry in Uganda

Katumba

12:30 – 1:00 pm Discussion James Aucha

1:00 – 2:00 pm Lunch Break ARDC

2:00 – 2:30 pm Scaling up agroforestry technologies and innovations James Aucha

2:30 – 4:00 pm Group work

Prioritization of technologies, Identification of

training needs and prioritizing them, Communication

needs/strategy, support for nurseries, Development of

scaling up framework, etc)

Groups

4:00 – 4:20 Tea break ARDC

4:20 – 4:40 pm Group work cont‟d James Aucha

4:00 – 5:00 pm Wrap up of day one James Aucha

Day 2 Friday, 11th

August 2006

8:30 – 10:30 am Plenary (group one for day one) Groups leaders

10:30 -11:00 Tea break ARDC

11:00 – 11:30 am Policies and legislations relevant to scaling up

agroforestry technologies and innovations: a review

of opportunities and constraints.

Vincent Opolot

11:30 – 11:50 am Discussion James

11:50 – 1:00 pm Development of policy guidelines &

recommendations for scaling up agroforestry

technologies and innovations in Uganda (Group

work).

James

1:00 – 2:00 pm Lunch ARDC

2:00 – 4:00 pm Plenary presentations Groups

4:00 – 5:00 pm Wrap up James

5:00 pm Workshop closure and departure UGADEN

Coordinator