disproportionality & producing better outcomes june 14, 2013
TRANSCRIPT
Disproportionality & Producing Better Outcomes
June 14, 2013
What is Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC)?
• DMC is the over or under representation of youth of color in the juvenile justice system.
• DMC is one of the 4 core requirements of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act.
What are the 4 Core Requirements?
1. Deinstitutionalization of Status Offenders.2. Sight and Sound Separation3. Jail and Lockup Removal4. Disproportionate Minority Contact
“Recent research …indicates that in nearly all instances, the best public safety outcomes coincide with the least restrictive interventions for youth…”
NJJN (2012), The Truth About Consequences
Low Level Offenders
1. Diversion is more effective than formal processing
2. Diversion is more cost effective
Anthony Petrosina, “Formal System Processing of Juveniles: Effects on Delinquency.” Campbell Systematic Reviews, 2010:1 (January 29, 2010)
Serious Offenders
1. Institutionalization increased the level of offending.
2. Longer stays do not decrease recidivism.3. Most felony offenders will stop offending on
their own.4. Community-based supervision is as effective
as incarcerationEdward P. Mulvey, et al., “Trajectories of a Desistance and Continuity in Antisocial Behavior
Following Court Adjudication Among Serious Adolescent Offenders, “Development & Psychopathology, Vol. 22, Issue 2 (2010).
History of DMC
1988 - Congress mandated DMC in state plans.1992 – Congress tied 25% of funding to DMC work.2000 – MJJA gathered county DMC statistics.2001 – DMC Coordinators in large counties in MO.2002 – Congress changed “confinement” to “contact.”2003 – MJJA published a report demonstrating DMC in detention.2004 –OSCA published Racial and Gender Equity Study.2006 – Research project by MU.2009 – Additional county DMC teams working.
Missouri Facts
37 (out of 114 counties and 1 city)
had some disproportionality at the referral decision point in 2011.
What is the Relative Rate Index (RRI)?
RRI compares rate of youth of color to rate of white youth at particular decision point
RRI Calculation Example
# of Black youth referred 60 = .30# of Black in population 200______________________________ (÷)# of White youth referred 40 = .05# of White youth in pop. 800
.30 = 6 RRI
.05Black youth are 6 times more likely to be referred.
Missouri RRI 2011 for Status and Law Violations
Court Contact Point AA Hisp. Asian1. Referrals 2.1 0.5 0.32. Diverted 0.9 0.9 *3. Secure Detention 1.5 1.7 *4. Charges Filed 1.6 1.4 *5. Delinquent 0.9 * *6. Probation 0.9 * *7. Confinement DYS * * *8. Certification 3.0 * *
*Not statistically significant1.0 = Proportionality
Statewide African American Referral RRIOSCA JIS Data
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
2009 2010 2011
Referrals
Diversions
Detention
Petitions
Delinquent
Probation
RRI Ranges for Individual Counties for Law and Status Violations in 2011
Court Contact Point RangesReferral 1.5 - 10.0Diverted 0.7 - 1.2 (<1 is not good)Detention 0.7 - 4.0Charged 0.7 – 3.0Delinquent 0.9Probation 0.7 (<1 is not good)Confinement 1.5 - 2.6
Commonalities in Disproportionality
1. Most disproportionality occurs at the referral decision point, and is with African Americans.
2. The majority of referrals are from law enforcement (this includes School Resource Officers).
Chart 4: Missouri Disproportionate Minority Contact Project Source of Referrals
Generic County OSCA Extract of JIS Data CY 2011
County Sheriff6%
School Resource Officer
3%
School Personnel2%
Other2%
Municipal Police87%
Municipal Police
County Sheriff
School Resource Officer
School Personnel
Other
Commonalities in Disproportionality
3. The Offenses with the most disproportionality are Assault 3rd Degree and Peace Disturbance.
Chart 3: Missouri Disproportionate Minority Contact Project Top 7 Type of Offenses by Race
Generic County OSCA Extract of JIS CY2011 Data
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Ass
ault
(n=1
11)
Pea
ceD
istu
rban
ce(n
=82)
Ste
alin
g (n
=59)
Dan
gero
usD
rugs
(n=
42)
Pro
pert
yD
amag
e(n
=31)
Liqu
or L
aws
(n=2
5)
Sex
Offe
nses
(n=2
1)
Type of Charge
Per
cen
tag
e w
ith
in R
ace
Caucasian
African American
Commonality in Disproportionality
4. More disproportionality occurs with five or more referrals
0%5%
10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%
1stReferral
2ndReferral
3rdReferral
4thReferral
5thReferral
More than5
Referrals
Pe
rce
nta
ge w
ithin
Ra
ce
Number of Previous Referrals
Missouri Disproportionate Minority Contract ProjectPercentage by Referral Number and Race
Generic CountyOSCA Extract of JIS CY 2011
Caucasian
AfricanAmerican
DMC Action Network Model for DMC Reduction
Diverse Governing Body for DMC
Reduction
Effective Strategies
1. School Agreements2. Mentoring Kids for At Risk3. Law Enforcement Training4. Teen Court in Schools
Memphis, TNSchool House Adjustment Program Enterprise
• Alternative to school referral for minor offenses
• Written agreement• Parental consent• Restorative justice, behavior modification, etc.• Reduced DMC
Memphis, TNSchool House Adjustment Program Enterprise
John T. Hall, Memphis City Schools Coordinator, Department of School Security2597 Avery Avenue, Room 145 Memphis, Tennessee 38112Email: [email protected], 901-416-6259 http://www.mcsk12.net/shape/
Birmingham, AL
• 1st offense: Warning/Written citation. Child and parent are informed about what happens with 2nd offense
• 2nd offense: Child & parent attend School Offense Workshop. Both informed about what happens with the 3rd offense
• 3rd Offense: Referral to Juvenile Court
Birmingham, AL
Presiding Judge Brian Huff, Jefferson County Family Court, 205-325-5538 [email protected]
Atlanta, GA
• 1st offense: Warning notice• 2nd offense: Referral to School Conflict
Diversion Program• 3rd offense: Referral to Juvenile Office
Atlanta, GA
Steven Teske, Clayton County Juvenile Judge9163 Tara BoulevardJonesboro, GA 30236Main Number: (770) 477-3270
State System Progress
• New statewide protocol for distinguishing the race and ethnicity of court-involved youth
• New school resource officer (SRO) code for the statewide data system
• New certification codes will be released soon to do a better job of tracking these cases
Carolyn Kampeter, MO Juvenile Justice Association573-636-6101 [email protected]
Christine Patterson, OSCA573-751-4377 [email protected]