disorders of the endocrine system. thyroid gland hormone: thyroxin overactivity (too much hormone)...
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Thyroid Gland
Hormone: Thyroxin
Overactivity (Too much hormone)
- Increased metabolic rate
- Increased food intake but loss of weight
- Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s disease)
- Goiter (swollen neck, maybe bulging eyes)
Goiter
Thyroid Gland
Hormone: Thyroxin
Underactivity (Not enough hormone)- Hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s disease)- Reduced metabolic rate- Low food intake but gain of weight- Myxoedema (when onset in adults)- Cretinism (when onset in children)- Can also cause a goiter
Myxoedema
• Puffiness (swelling)
• Fatigue
• Obesity
• Dry, thickened skin
• Mental impairment
• Thin, brittle hair
Cretinism
• Protuberant abdomen
• Short Stature
• Infertility
• Neurological impairment
• Constant Fatigue
• Obesity
Thyroid Gland
Hormone: Calcitonin
Overactivity- Increased Bone Ca, decreased Blood Ca- Tetany (nerve problems leading to muscle spasms or
cramps)
Underactivity- Increase Blood Ca, decreased Bone Ca- Osteoporosis (brittle bones)- Kidney stones
Parathyroid Glands
Hormone: Parathormone (PTH)
Underactivity- Low Blood calcium, High Bone Ca- Tetany
Overactivity- High Blood calcium, Low Bone Ca- Osteoporosis
Pancreas
Hormone: Insulin
Overactivity- Low blood sugar level ( ↓BSL)- Hypoglycemia
Underactivity- High blood sugar level ( ↑BSL)- Hyperglycemia - Diabetes
Pancreas
Hormone: Glucagon
Overactivity- High blood sugar level ( ↑BSL)- Diabetes
Underactivity- Low blood sugar level ( ↓BSL)- Hyper insulinism
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Hormone: Growth Hormone
Overactive- Gigantism (children - very tall)- Acromegaly (adults - bones & skin thicken)
Underactive- Dwarfism (very short)
Gigantism
The man holding the baby in the photo is 8 ft, 2.5 inches tall
Acromegaly
Dwarfism
Dwarfism occurs when there is short supply of GH in childhood. There are two types of dwarfism – Lorrain and Frohlich’s
Thyroxin – increases metabolic rate
Overactive• Goiter• Hyperthyroidism• Grave’s Disease
Underactive• Goiter• Hypothyroidism• Hashimoto’s Disease• Myxoedema (adults)• Cretinism (kids)
Calcitonin – Increase Ca uptake by bones and decrease Ca level in blood
Overactive• Tetany
Underactive• Kidney Stones• Osteoporosis
Parathormone (PTH) – inc. Ca level in blood, dec. Ca level in bone
Overactive• Kidney Stones• Osteoporosis
Underactive• Tetany
Insulin – dec. blood sugar levels
Overactive• Hypoglycemia• Hyperinsulinism
(insulin shock)
Underactive• Hyperglycemia• Diabetes
Calcitonin Vs. Parathormone
Calcitonin – Parathormone -
Over Reactivity
Under Reactivity
Blood Ca
Blood Ca
Blood Ca
Blood Ca
Tetany
Tetany
•Osteoporosis•Kidney Stones
•Osteoporosis•Kidney Stones
Blood Ca Blood Ca
Glucagon – inc. blood sugar levels
Overactive• Hyperglycemia• Diabetes
Underactive• Hypoglycemia• Hyperinsulinism
Insulin vs Glucagon
Insulin – Glucagon -
Over Reactivity
Under Reactivity
BSL
•Hyperglycemia•Diabetes
BSL
•Hyperglycemia•Diabetes
Hypoglycemia
BSL
BSLBSL
Hypoglycemia
BSL
GH - Growth Hormone – increases bone growth
Overactive• Gigantism (children)• Acromegaly (adults)
Underactive• Dwarfism (Frohlich’s
and Lorrain)
MSH - Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone – causes color cells (melanocytes) in skin to darken
Overactive• Skin darkens
Under active• Skin will not darken• Most severe condition
is albinism
LH, FSH, ICTH – sex hormones in males and females that aid in
sperm or egg (gamete) production
Overactive• Unknown
Underactive• Sterility
Corticoid imbalances:
https://www.google.com/search?q=cushing+syndrome+picture&newwindow=1&tbm=isch&imgil=i4SmlQRCgGCoMM%253A%253BG_ueIwrtnqoQnM%253Bhttp%25253A%25252F%25252Fmedicineconspectus.blogspot.com%25252F2014%25252F06%25252Fcushing-syndrome-hypercorticism-adrenal.html&source=iu&pf=m&fir=i4SmlQRCgGCoMM%253A%252CG_ueIwrtnqoQnM%252C_&usg=__RFAxiPerBprh01T7C56wx96irXY%3D&biw=1280&bih=855&ved=0CD0Qyjc&ei=XSwsVZ3NF5HksAS2yoCYAg#imgrc=i4SmlQRCgGCoMM%253A%3BG_ueIwrtnqoQnM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fimg.docstoccdn.com%252Fthumb%252Forig%252F77842308.png%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fmedicineconspectus.blogspot.com%252F2014%252F06%252Fcushing-syndrome-hypercorticism-adrenal.html%3B1500%3B1125
ADDISON’S DISEASE – RARE
http://hardinmd.lib.uiowa.edu/ui/addisons/plate1.html
Corticoids – inc. blood pressure, inc. food metabolism and dec.
inflammation
Overactive• Cushing’s Syndrome
Underactive• Addison’s Disease• Decreased cortisol
and/or aldosterone production