disorders of memory made simple john o’donovan. functional anatomy of cognitive functions...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Disorders of memory made simple John O’Donovan. Functional anatomy of cognitive functions Distributed Consciousness Memory Higher order intellectual functions,](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051614/551af22d5503465e7d8b4f9a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Disorders of memory made simple
John O’Donovan
![Page 2: Disorders of memory made simple John O’Donovan. Functional anatomy of cognitive functions Distributed Consciousness Memory Higher order intellectual functions,](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051614/551af22d5503465e7d8b4f9a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Functional anatomy of cognitive functions
Distributed• Consciousness • Memory • Higher order intellectual
functions, personality and executive functioning
Focal• Dominant versus non
dominant hemisphere
![Page 3: Disorders of memory made simple John O’Donovan. Functional anatomy of cognitive functions Distributed Consciousness Memory Higher order intellectual functions,](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051614/551af22d5503465e7d8b4f9a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Attention
• ARAS• Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Multimodal association
cortex • Right parietal cortex
![Page 4: Disorders of memory made simple John O’Donovan. Functional anatomy of cognitive functions Distributed Consciousness Memory Higher order intellectual functions,](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051614/551af22d5503465e7d8b4f9a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Tests of attention
• Orientation • Digit span • Recitation of months of
year or days of weeks • Words forwards and
backwards • Serial 7s
• Remember, if attention does not work then neither does anything else.
![Page 5: Disorders of memory made simple John O’Donovan. Functional anatomy of cognitive functions Distributed Consciousness Memory Higher order intellectual functions,](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051614/551af22d5503465e7d8b4f9a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Memory
• Very messy-need to know it inside out. • You will have questions on memory as it
covers psychology, neurology and psychiatry.
![Page 6: Disorders of memory made simple John O’Donovan. Functional anatomy of cognitive functions Distributed Consciousness Memory Higher order intellectual functions,](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051614/551af22d5503465e7d8b4f9a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Episodic
![Page 7: Disorders of memory made simple John O’Donovan. Functional anatomy of cognitive functions Distributed Consciousness Memory Higher order intellectual functions,](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051614/551af22d5503465e7d8b4f9a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Episodic
![Page 8: Disorders of memory made simple John O’Donovan. Functional anatomy of cognitive functions Distributed Consciousness Memory Higher order intellectual functions,](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051614/551af22d5503465e7d8b4f9a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Semantic
![Page 9: Disorders of memory made simple John O’Donovan. Functional anatomy of cognitive functions Distributed Consciousness Memory Higher order intellectual functions,](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051614/551af22d5503465e7d8b4f9a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Memory divisions
Explicit or declarative • Available to conciousness
Implicit or procedural• Not available to
consciousness
![Page 10: Disorders of memory made simple John O’Donovan. Functional anatomy of cognitive functions Distributed Consciousness Memory Higher order intellectual functions,](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051614/551af22d5503465e7d8b4f9a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Explicit memory
Epidodic• Personal events • Autobiographical events
• Birthday last year?• First kiss?• First job?• What was on TV last night?
Semantic • General knowledge
• Capital of France?• Who wrote War and Peace?• Distance from Exeter to
Plymouth?
![Page 11: Disorders of memory made simple John O’Donovan. Functional anatomy of cognitive functions Distributed Consciousness Memory Higher order intellectual functions,](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051614/551af22d5503465e7d8b4f9a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Memory divisions
Episodic• Hippocampal formation• Limbic system • Diencephalic system: basal
forebrain and thalamus.
Semantic • Temporal neocortex with
perhaps more verbal semantic memory on left and more visual semantic memory on right.
![Page 12: Disorders of memory made simple John O’Donovan. Functional anatomy of cognitive functions Distributed Consciousness Memory Higher order intellectual functions,](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051614/551af22d5503465e7d8b4f9a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Implicit
• Motor skills • Basal ganglia • Cerebellum • Riding a bike, car, playing the piano, motor
skills.
![Page 13: Disorders of memory made simple John O’Donovan. Functional anatomy of cognitive functions Distributed Consciousness Memory Higher order intellectual functions,](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051614/551af22d5503465e7d8b4f9a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Short versus long term memory
• Avoid the term short term memory, it’s a mess.
• Think instead in terms of working memory and long term memory.
• Simple concept of working memory, remembering information for 5-30 minutes
• Working memory is better as a concept.
![Page 14: Disorders of memory made simple John O’Donovan. Functional anatomy of cognitive functions Distributed Consciousness Memory Higher order intellectual functions,](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051614/551af22d5503465e7d8b4f9a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Working memory and loops
• Central executive probably based in frontal lobes
• Phonological loop to verbal area in dominant hemisphere and visuospatial loop to non dominant loop
• Ongoing simultaneously and not completely independent of long term memory
![Page 15: Disorders of memory made simple John O’Donovan. Functional anatomy of cognitive functions Distributed Consciousness Memory Higher order intellectual functions,](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051614/551af22d5503465e7d8b4f9a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Retrograde and anterograde memory
• Retrograde: recall of previously learnt material.
• Anterograde: acquisition of new memories.
![Page 16: Disorders of memory made simple John O’Donovan. Functional anatomy of cognitive functions Distributed Consciousness Memory Higher order intellectual functions,](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051614/551af22d5503465e7d8b4f9a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Where is memory stored?
• Seems that verbal memory is dominant hemisphere
• Seems that visual memory also known as iconic memory is non dominant.
![Page 17: Disorders of memory made simple John O’Donovan. Functional anatomy of cognitive functions Distributed Consciousness Memory Higher order intellectual functions,](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051614/551af22d5503465e7d8b4f9a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The amnesic syndrome
• Pure deficit in memory. • All other areas more or less intact.
![Page 18: Disorders of memory made simple John O’Donovan. Functional anatomy of cognitive functions Distributed Consciousness Memory Higher order intellectual functions,](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051614/551af22d5503465e7d8b4f9a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Amnesic syndrome
Acute and transient• TGA• Epilepsy • Closed head injury • Drugs• Psychogenic
Chronic• Hippocampal• Herpes simplex • Anoxia • Surgical resection of temporal lobes• Bilateral posterior cerebral artery
occlusion• Closed head injury • Alzheimer’s disease
• Diencephalic• Korsakoff’s • 3rd ventricle tumours • SAH-ACAM anuerysm
![Page 19: Disorders of memory made simple John O’Donovan. Functional anatomy of cognitive functions Distributed Consciousness Memory Higher order intellectual functions,](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051614/551af22d5503465e7d8b4f9a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Amnesic syndrome
• 1 generally preserved IQ. • 2 preserved short term/working memory for
example digit span. • 3 anterograde amnesia • 4 retrograde amnesia which is generally more
severe in diencephalic amnesia • 5 preserved procedural/implicit memory
![Page 20: Disorders of memory made simple John O’Donovan. Functional anatomy of cognitive functions Distributed Consciousness Memory Higher order intellectual functions,](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051614/551af22d5503465e7d8b4f9a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Amnesic syndrome
Diencephalic• Problems with encoding• Problems with retrieval of
memory from long term storage
Hippocampal• The main problem is either
encoding or consolidation, unlikely to be retrieval.
![Page 21: Disorders of memory made simple John O’Donovan. Functional anatomy of cognitive functions Distributed Consciousness Memory Higher order intellectual functions,](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051614/551af22d5503465e7d8b4f9a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Memory MCQs
Semantic memory• Is constantly acquired • Is intact in Korsakoff’s • Is intact in Alzheimer’s
Disease• Is intact in semantic
dementia • Non dominant temporal
lobe lesions can result in prosopagnosia for famous faces
Episodic memory• Is impaired in Alzheimer’s. • Is the same as
autobiographical memory. • Is normal in poorly
controlled epilepsy• Is intact in Korsakofff’s • Is normal in psychogenic
fugue.
![Page 22: Disorders of memory made simple John O’Donovan. Functional anatomy of cognitive functions Distributed Consciousness Memory Higher order intellectual functions,](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051614/551af22d5503465e7d8b4f9a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Memory MCQs
Implicit memory• If brought into
consciousness, is then explicit.
• Is affected by cerebellar disease.
• Also has an autobiographical element.
• Is intact in the amnesic syndrome
• Cannot be tested
Short term memory• Has a time limit of 30
minutes• Is the same as working
memory• Is intact in Korsakoff’s • Is a term best avoided due
to imprecision. • Is intact in Alzheimer’s
disease.