diseño de letrinas secas
TRANSCRIPT
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GUAS DE DISEO PARA LETRINAS DE
PROCESOS SECOS
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UNATSABAR
Tabla de contenido
Pgina
Gua de die!o "a#a let#ina de $o%o eco
1.
Objetivo ...............................................................................................................
2.
!e"i#i$io#e% .........................................................................................................
&.
A'(i$a$i)# ............................................................................................................
.
Co#%i*e+a$io#e% e#e+a(e% ...................................................................................
.1.
Ubi$a$i)# ....................................................................................................
5
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.2.
-ate+ia(e% ....................................................................................................
5
.&. Com'o#e#te% *e (a (et+i#a oo %e$o .........................................................
5
5.
C+ite+io% *e *i%eo ................................................................................................
5
5.1.
oo o $ma+a ............................................................................................
6
5.2.
B+o$a( ..........................................................................................................
3
5.&.
Lo%a .............................................................................................................
3
5..
Te++a'(4# .....................................................................................................
5.5.
A'a+ato %a#ita+io........................................................................................
10
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5.6.
Ca%eta ........................................................................................................
11
6.
Co#%i*e+a$io#e% $om'(eme#ta+ia% .....................................................................
12
Gua de die!o "a#a let#ina de $o%o eco &entilado
1.
Objetivo .............................................................................................................
1&
2.
!e"i#i$io#e% .......................................................................................................
1&
&.
A'(i$a$i)# ..........................................................................................................
1&
.
Co#%i*e+a$io#e% e#e+a(e% .................................................................................
1
.1.
Ubi$a$i)# ..................................................................................................
1
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.2.
-ate+ia(e% ..................................................................................................
1
.&. Com'o#e#te% *e (a (et+i#a *e oo %e$o ve#ti(a*o ...................................
1
5.
C+ite+io% *e *i%eo .............................................................................................
15
5.1.
oo o $ma+a ..........................................................................................
15
5.2.
B+o$a( ........................................................................................................
16
5.&.
Lo%a ...........................................................................................................
1
5..
Te++a'(4# ...................................................................................................
13
5.5.
A'a+ato %a#ita+io .......................................................................................
13
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5.6.
Ca%eta ........................................................................................................
1
5..
7e#ti(a$i)# ................................................................................................
20
6.
Co#%i*e+a$io#e% $om'(eme#ta+ia% .....................................................................
21
8 2 8
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UNATSABAR
Gua de die!o "a#a let#ina ecol'gica eca
1.
Objetivo .............................................................................................................
22
2.
!e"i#i$io#e% .......................................................................................................
22
&.
A'(i$a$i)# ..........................................................................................................
22
.
Co#%i*e+a$io#e% e#e+a(e% .................................................................................
22
.1.
-ate+ia(e% ..................................................................................................
2&
.2. Com'o#e#te% *e (a (et+i#a e$o()i$a ........................................................
2&
5.
C+ite+io% *e *i%eo .............................................................................................
2&
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5.1.
Cma+a% ....................................................................................................
2&
5.2.
Lo%a ...........................................................................................................
25
5.&.
A'a+ato %a#ita+io .......................................................................................
26
5..
Ca%eta ........................................................................................................
2
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8 & 8
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UNATSABAR
Gua de die!o "a#a let#ina de $o%o eco
Ob(eti&o
La '+e%e#te 9:a tie#e $omo objetivo e%tab(e$e+ 'a9ta% 'a+a e( *i%eo *e (et+i#a% *e oo
%e$o.
De)inicione
Let#ina* E%t+9$t9+a ;9e %e $o#%t+9e 'a+a *i%'o#e+ (a% ea e# (a tie++a $o# 9#a *ete+mi#a*a '+o"9#*i*a*, e( $9a(%e+vi+
'a+a *e'o%ita+ (a% e$e% 9ma#a% mate+ia( *e (im'ie>a a#a(.
C,a#a* Ob+a "ab+i$a*a $o# mam'o%te+:a, $om'9e%ta *e (a*+i((o% o b(o;9e% *e'ie*+a%9#i*o% $o# mo+te+o *e $eme#to8a+e#a, $o#$+eto %im'(e o +e"o+>a*o, ;9e %e (eva#ta %ob+e e(
#ive( #at9+a( *e( %9e(o 'a+a *e'o%ita+ (a% e$e% 9ma#a%, (a% o+i#a% e( mate+ia( *e (im'ie>a
a#a(.
-#ocal* A#i((o *e '+ote$$i)# *e( oo *e (a (et+i#a. Se 9bi$a e# (a 'a+te %9'e+io+ *ee%te %i+ve 'a+a e%tabi(i>a+ (a bo$a *e( oo, %o%te#e+ (a (o%a 'a+a im'e*i+ e( i#+e%o *e( a9a *e
((9via.
Loa* E%t+9$t9+a *e $o#$+eto a+ma*o 9 ot+o mate+ia( +e%i%te#te ;9e %e $o#%t+9e%ob+e e(b+o$a( %i+ve 'a+a %o'o+ta+ a( 9%9a+io.
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Te##a"l.n* Tie++a a'i%o#a*a ;9e %e a$omo*a a(+e*e*o+ *e( b+o$a(, %i+ve 'a+a'+otee+ a(oo *e( i#+e%o *e a9a% %9'e+"i$ia(e% *e ((9via.
A"a#ato Sanita#io* !i%'o%itivo *i%ea*o 'a+a ;9e b+i#*e $omo*i*a* a (a 'e+%o#aa(mome#to *e *e"e$a+.
Caeta* Ambie#te $o#%t+9i*o $o# mate+ia(e% *e (a >o#a. Si+ve 'a+a *a+ '+iva$i*a* a(9%9a+io.
A"licaci'n
Se a'(i$a+ e# >o#a% +9+a(e% /o 9+ba#o8ma+i#a(e% *o#*e #o %ea 'o%ib(e (a im'(eme#ta$i)#
*e ot+o %i%tema *e *i%'o%i$i)# %a#ita+ia *e e
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Ubicacin
Pa+a evita+ 'o%ib(e% $o#tami#a$io#e% %e +e$omie#*a *i%ta#$ia% m:#ima% e#t+e (a (et+i#a (a%
%i9ie#te% e%t+9$t9+a%=
Let+i#a
8
'o>o e
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Let+i#a
8
Ta#;9e *e a9a %ob+e to++e
=
3,00 m
Let+i#a
8
T9bo *e a9a 'otab(e
=
&,00 m
La% (et+i#a% *e oo %e$o ve#ti(a*o #o %e *ebe+# $o#%t+9i+ e# %itio% *e "$i( i#9#*a$i)# #i
'a#ta#o%o%.
S9 i#%ta(a$i)# e# %9e(o% +o$o%o% #o e% $o#ve#ie#te 'o+ (a% *i"i$9(ta*e% ;9e o"+e$e#.
S9 9bi$a$i)# *ebe+ %e+ *e '+e"e+e#$ia e# (a 9e+ta, ;9e #o %ea m9 a(eja*o 'a+a %e+
9%a*o 'o+ to*a (a "ami(ia.
C9a#*o e( te++e#o e% mo#tao%o (a (et+i#a *e oo %e$o %e *ebe+ 9bi$a+ e# 9#a 'a+te m%
baja ;9e (a "9e#te *e %9mi#i%t+o *e a9a 'a+a evita+ ;9e e%ta %e $o#tami#e.
E# te++e#o% ;9e '+e%e#te# a9a% %9bte++#ea% %e +e$omie#*a ;9e (a ba%e *e( oo %e
e#$9e#t+e %e'a+a*a *e( #ive( *e a9a 'o+ (o me#o% e# 1,50 met+o%.
Materiales
E# (o 'o%ib(e (o% mate+ia(e% a 9ti(i>a+%e *ebe# %e+ mate+ia(e% (o$a(e%, ;9e 'e+mita# (a
a9to$o#%t+9$$i)# 'o+ 'a+te *e (o% be#e"i$ia+io%.
Componentes de la letrina hoyo seco
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E# (a (et+i#a *e oo %e$o %e '+e%e#ta# (o% %i9ie#te% $om'o#e#te%=
oo o $ma+a
B+o$a(
Lo%a
Te++a'(4#
A'a+ato %a#ita+io
Ca%eta
C#ite#io de die!o
Lo% $+ite+io% *e *i%eo 'a+a (o% $om'o#e#te% 'a+a (et+i#a% *e oo %e$o %e+# (o%
$o#%i*e+a*o% a $o#ti#9a$i)#=
8 5 8
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OPS/CEPIS/05.162
UNATSABAR
La (et+i#a %e $om'o#e *e %ei% e(eme#to%= a? oo o $ma+a, b? b+o$a(, $? (o%a, *? te++a'(4#,
e? a'a+to %a#ita+io "? $a%eta.
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Hoyo o cmara
E( a'o+te 'e+$'ita *e *e%e$o% o+#i$o% *e'e#*e *e( m4to*o *e (im'ie>a a#a(. E# (a
*ete+mi#a$i)# *e (a $a#ti*a* *ebe te#e+%e e# $9e#ta (o %i9ie#te=
Lim'ie>a $o# a9a o 'a'e( ii4#i$o
0,080,05 m3/ab8ao
Lim'ie>a $o# 'a'e( +9e%o 9 oja%
0,0580,06 m3/ab8ao
Lim'ie>a $o# mate+ia( *9+o o vo(9mi#o%o
0,080,05 m3/ab8ao
E( vo(9me# e"e$tivo *e( 'o>o ;9e e% e( vo(9me# tota( me#o% e( vo(9me# *e( e%'a$io (ib+e,
e% i9a( a( '+o*9$to *e( a'o+te 'e+8$'ita 'o+ e( #@me+o *e 9%9a+io% (a vi*a *e( *i%eo.
E( oo *ebe+ %e+ *i%ea*o 'a+a 9#a vi*a @ti( #o mao+ a $9at+o ao%, (a $ma+a #o
mao+ a 2 ao%.
E( e%'a$io (ib+e *e( oo #o *ebe+ %e+ me#o% *e 0,50 m 'a+a e( $a%o *e (a $ma+a #o
me#o% *e 0,20 m, e( mi%mo ;9e %e+vi+ 'a+a e( %e((a*o *e( oo o 9#a $ma+a 9#a ve> ((e#a.
E( oo 'o*+ %e+ $i+$9(a+ o $9a*+a*o $o# 9# *imet+o o (a*o #o me#o+ a 0,30 m #i mao+ a
1,50 m.
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UNATSABAR
E# te++e#o% i#e%tab(e% o "$i(me#te *e(e>#ab(e%, (a% 'a+e*e% ve+ti$a(e% *e( oo *ebe+#
%e+ '+otei*a% $o# ot+o% mate+ia(e% 'a+a evita+ %9 *e%mo+o#amie#to.
E( vo(9me# e"e$tivo *e( oo $9a% 'a+e*e% %o# '+otei*a%, *ebe+# %e+ $a($9(a*o
*e%$o#ta#*o e( e%'a$io ;9e o$9'a e( mate+ia( 9%a*o 'a+a (a '+ote$$i)#.
E# (a '+ote$$i)# *e( oo %e 'o*+ em'(ea+ $i(i#*+o% met(i$o% +e$9bie+to% $o# mo+te+o
*e $eme#to8a+e#a o '+otei*o% $o# 9#a $a'a +9e%a *e b+ea a#i((o% *e $o#$+eto ma*e+a
+e%i%te#te a (a 9me*a* mate+ia( *e mam'o%te+:a $om'9e%ta 'o+ (a*+i((o% o b(o;9e% *e'ie*+a o *e $o#$+eto %ob+e'9e%to% $o# j9#ta% (ate+a(e% e%'a$ia*a% e# #o m% *e 9#
met+o.
E# e( $a%o *e e"e$t9a+ e( +e$9b+imie#to *e (a% 'a+e*e% ve+ti$a(e% *e( oo, e( e%'a$io
e#t+e e( m9+o e( te++e#o #at9+a( *ebe %e+ +e((e#a*o $o# +ava.
E# e( "o#*o *e( oo *ebe+ ;9e*a+ 'o+ (o me#o% a *o% met+o% 'o+ e#$ima *e( m
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8 8
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UNATSABAR
Brocal
Po*+ %e+ $o#%t+9i*o $o# via% *e ma*e+a, $o#$+eto %im'(e o +e"o+>a*o, (a*+i((o% o b(o;9e%
*e 'ie*+a o *e $o#$+eto a%e#ta*o% $o# mo+te+o *e $eme#to8a+e#a.
!ebe+ i#i$ia+%e "a(ta*o 0,20 m 'a+a ((ea+ a (a %9'e+"i$ie '+o(o#a+%e 0,10 m 'o+ e#$ima
*e e((a.
E( b+o$a( *ebe te#e+ (a mi%ma eomet+:a ;9e e( oo %9 'a+te i#te+#a *ebe $oi#$i*i+ $o#
(a% 'a+e*e% i#te+#a% *e( oo.
E( e%'e%o+ *e( b+o$a( e# $o#$+eto o mam'o%te+:a #o *ebe+ %e+ me#o+ *e 0,20 m *e (o%
$9a(e% 0,10 m %e+vi+# *e a'oo a (a (o%a.
C9a#*o e( b+o$a( e% *e ma*e+a, (o% e
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Losa
Po*+ %e+ $o#%t+9i*o *e ma*e+a +e%i%te#te a (a 9me*a*, $o#$+eto +e"o+>a*o, '(%ti$o, "ib+a
*e vi*+io o $9a(;9ie+ ot+o mate+ia( *9+ab(e $a'a> *e %o'o+ta+ e( 'e%o *e (a 'e+%o#a *e(
a'a+ato %a#ita+io.
La% *ime#%io#e% *e (a (o%a *ebe# '+o(o#a+%e a $a*a 9#o *e %9% (a*o% i#te+#o% *e( b+o$a(,
e# 'o+ (o me#o% 0,10 m *e mo*o *e $9b+i+ $o# am'(it9* e( :#te+o *e( oo.
La (o%a *ebe 'o%ee+ 9#a abe+t9+a ;9e e%ta+ 9bi$a*o e# e( eje $e#t+a( *i%ta#$ia*o #o
me#o% *e 0,13 m *e( bo+*e *e (a (o%a. La% *ime#%io#e% *e (a abe+t9+a %e+# *e 0,1 *e
*imet+o e# %9 'a+te ma% $e+$a#a a( bo+*e *e (a 'a+e*, 0,12 m *e a#$o e# (a ma% a#o%ta,
(a *i%ta#$ia *e %9% ea+ a'a+to %a#ita+io o ta>a (a
*ime#%i)# *e( o+i"i$io %e a*e$9a+ a( mi%mo.
E# e( $a%o ;9e (a (o%a #o $9e#te $o# 9# a'a+to %a#ita+io, (a (o%a *ebe+ $o#ta+ $o# '(a#ti((a%
'a+a 9bi$a+ (o% 'ie%.
E( #ive( *e (a (o%a i#%ta(a*a *ebe+ 9bi$a+%e a 9# #ive( #o me#o% *e 0,10 m #o m% *e 0,60 m
$o# +e%'e$to a( te++e#o #at9+a(, 'a+a evita+ e( a$$e%o *e a9a *e ((9via.
3 8
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UNATSABAR
A "i# *e *a+ %e9+i*a* %o%te#ibi(i*a* e%t+9$t9+a( a (o%a% "ab+i$a*a% $o# ma*e+a, deber
proyectarse dos viguetas de madera resistente de 0,10 x 0,10 m e
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Terrapln
Se $o(o$a+ a(+e*e*o+ *e (a (o%a 'a+a '+otee+(a '9e*e %e+ *e a+$i((a o tie++a.
Ubicaci'n
!ebe e%ta+ 9bi$a*a 'o+ (o me#o% a 15 $m. #o m% *e 60 $m. %ob+e e( #ive( +e9(a+ *e(
te++e#o, e((o% e a$e 'a+a im'e*i+ e( 'a%o *e a9a% %9'e+"i$ia(e% o *e ((9via
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8 8
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UNATSABAR
Aparato sanitario
Po*+ em'(ea+%e e( ti'o t9+$o o e( ti'o ta>a.
E# to*o% (o% $a%o%, *ebe+ $o#ta+ $o# 9#a ta'a *e aj9%te e+m4ti$o ;9e $9b+a e( o+i"i$io *e(
a'a+ato %a#ita+io, $o# a#$9+a (o#it9* ;9e %e a*a'te a %9 tamao a#$9+a.
E( a'a+ata %a#ita+io ti'o t9+$o 'o*+ %e+ 9# a$$e%o+io i#*e'e#*ie#te o %e+ $o#%t+9i*o$o#j9#tame#te $o# (a (o%a.
La ta'a 'a+a e( a'a+to %a#ita+io ti'o t9+$o, te#*+ e( tamao "o+ma *e( o+i"i$io $o#ta+
$o# 9# ma#o *e %9je$i)# $o# 9# (a+o m:#imo *e 0,&0m.
E( a'a+ato %a#ita+io o ta>a *ebe+ %e+ 9# a$$e%o+io i#*e'e#*ie#te.
La ta'a 'a+a (a ta>a 'o*+ %e+ *e ma*e+a *ebe+ a*e$9a+%e a( tamao (a "o+ma *e(
a%ie#to $o#ta+, e# (o 'o%ib(e, $o# 9#a bi%a+a *e %9je$i)# 'a+a $ie++e a9tomti$o.
E( a'a+to %a#ita+io o ta>a *ebe+ %e+ *e 9#a %o(a 'ie>a $o# a$aba*o (o ma% (i%o 'o%ib(e.
E( a'a+ato %a#ita+io, bie# %ea ti'o t9+$o o ta>a, *ebe+ e%ta+ e+m4ti$ame#te 9#i*o a (a (o%a'a+a im'e*i+ e( i#+e%o *e i#%e$to% o (a %a(i*a *e ma(o% o(o+e%.
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UNATSABAR
Caseta
Pa+a *i%ea+ e( (a+o a#$o *e (a $a%eta %e toma+ $omo +e"e+e#$ia (a% *ime#%io#e% *e (a
(o%a, *e ta( ma#e+a ;9e (a% 'a+e*e% %ea# $o#%t+9i*a% %ob+e (a ba%e e( e
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!ebe '+e%e#ta+ 9#a i#$(i#a$i)# *e a'+oo
a(+e*e*o+ *e (a $a%eta.
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UNATSABAR
Conide#acione co,"le,enta#ia
E# e( *i%eo *e (a% (et+i#a% *e oo %e$o, %e *ebe+ te#e+ '+e%e#te (a% %i9ie#te%
$o#%i*e+a$io#e% $om'(eme#ta+ia%=
P9e*e# %e+ $o#%t+9i*a% 'o+ e( 9%9a+io.
U#a (et+i#a *e oo %e$o e# b9e#a% $o#*i$io#e% *e ma#te#imie#to '9e*e '+o'o+$io#a+#o%9# #ive( *e %a#eamie#to 'o+ (o me#o% ta# %ati%"a$to+io $omo ot+o% m4to*o% ma%
$om'(i$a*o%.
!ebe+ *e ma#te#e+%e e( (9a+ bie# (im'io, e( o+i"i$io ta'a*o $9a#*o 4%te #o %ea 9%a*o.
La i#$(i#a$i)# *e( te$o %e +ea(i>a+a 'a+a ;9e #o %e em'o$e *e a9a $9a#*o %e '+e%e#ta#
((9via%.
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UNATSABAR
Gua de die!o "a#a let#ina de $o%o eco &entilado
Ob(eti&o
La '+e%e#te 9:a tie#e $omo objetivo e%tab(e$e+ 'a9ta% 'a+a e( *i%eo *e (et+i#a% *e oo
%e$o ve#ti(a*o.
De)inicione
Let#ina &entilada* E%t+9$t9+a ;9e %e $o#%t+9e 'a+a *i%'o#e+ (a% ea 'o+ te#e+ 9# t9bo ve+ti$a( *e ve#ti(a$i)# 'o+ e( $9a( %e e(imi#a+#
(o% ma(o% o(o+e%.
+o%o= Cavi*a* ;9e %e +ea(i>a e# (a tie++a $o# 9#a *ete+mi#a*a '+o"9#*i*a*, e( $9a(%e+vi+'a+a *e'o%ita+ (a% e$e% 9ma#a% mate+ia( *e (im'ie>a a#a(.
C,a#a* Ob+a "ab+i$a*a $o# mam'o%te+:a, $om'9e%ta *e (a*+i((o% o b(o;9e% *e'ie*+a%9#i*o% $o# mo+te+o *e $eme#to8a+e#a, $o#$+eto %im'(e o +e"o+>a*o, ;9e %e (eva#ta %ob+e e(
#ive( #at9+a( *e( %9e(o 'a+a *e'o%ita+ (a% e$e% 9ma#a%, (a% o+i#a% e( mate+ia( *e (im'ie>a
a#a(.
-#ocal* A#i((o *e '+ote$$i)# *e( oo *e (a (et+i#a. Se 9bi$a+ e# (a 'a+te %9'e+io+*e e%te %i+ve 'a+a e%tabi(i>a+ (a bo$a *e( oo, %o%te#e+ (a (o%a $e++a+(a 'a+a im'e*i+ e( i#+e%o *e
i#%e$to% +oe*o+e%.
Loa* E%t+9$t9+a *e $o#$+eto a+ma*o ;9e %e $o#%t+9e %ob+e e( b+o$a( %i+ve 'a+a%o'o+ta+a( 9%9a+io.
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Te##a"l.n* Tie++a a'i%o#a*a ;9e %e a$omo*a a(+e*e*o+ *e( %ob+e$imie#to, %i+ve'a+a'+otee+ a( oo *e( i#+e%o *e a9a% %9'e+"i$ia(e% *e ((9via.
A"a#ato anita#io* !i%'o%itivo *i%ea*o 'a+a ;9e b+i#*e $omo*i*a* a (a 'e+%o#a a(mome#to *e *e"e$a+.
Caeta* Ambie#te $o#%t+9i*o $o# mate+ia(e% *e (a >o#a. Si+ve 'a+a *a+ '+iva$i*a* a(9%9a+io.
Tube#a de &entilaci'n* Co#*9$to ;9e %e $o(o$a 'a+a evita+ ma(o% o(o+e% e(i#+e%o %a(i*a *e mo%$a% ot+o% i#%e$to%.
A"licaci'n
E% 9# %i%tema a*e$9a*o 'a+a (a *i%'o%i$i)# *e (a% eo#a +9+a( 9+ba#a ma+i#a(,
$9a% $o#*i$io#e% %o$ioe$o#)mi$a% #o 'e+mita# 9#a %o(9$i)# $o# a++a%t+e i*+9(i$o.
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UNATSABAR
Conide#acione gene#ale
Ubicacin
Pa+a evita+ 'o%ib(e% $o#tami#a$io#e% %e +e$omie#*a *i%ta#$ia% m:#ima% e#t+e (a (et+i#a (a%
%i9ie#te% e%t+9$t9+a%=
Let+i#a
8 'o>o e
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3,00 m
Let+i#a
8 t9bo *e a9a 'otab(e
=
&,00 m
La (et+i#a ve#ti(a*a *e oo %e$o %e 9bi$a+ e# e( ea+%e *ebe# %e+ mate+ia(e% (o$a(e%, ;9e 'e+mita# (a
a9to$o#%t+9$$i)# 'o+ 'a+te *e (o% be#e"i$ia+io%.
Componentes de la letrina de hoyo seco ventilado
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E# (a (et+i#a *e oo %e$o ve#ti(a*o %e '+e%e#ta (o% %i9ie#te% $om'o#e#te%=
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UNATSABAR
oo o $ma+a
B+o$a(
Lo%a
Te++a'(4#
A'a+ato %a#ita+io
Ca%eta
7e#ti(a$i)#
C#ite#io de die!o
Lo% $+ite+io% *e *i%eo 'a+a (o% $om'o#e#te% 'a+a (et+i#a% *e oo %e$o ve#ti(a*o %e+# (o%
$o#%i*e+a*o% a $o#ti#9a$i)#=
Hoyo o cmara
Pa+a '+o$e*e+ a( *i%eo *e( oo %e tie#e ;9e te#e+ e# $o#%i*e+a$i)# (o% %i9ie#te% $+ite+io%=
0olu,en del $o%o
E%to *e'e#*e+ *e t+e% $o#*i$io#e% '+i#$i'a(e%=
7e(o$i*a* *e a$9m9(a$i)# *e %)(i*o% m3/ab8ao?.
Ca#ti*a* *e 'e+%o#a% ;9e (o 9ti(i>a#.
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Tiem'o *e ((e#a*o e# ao%?.
7o(9me# *e oo D 7e(o$i*a* *e a$9m9(a$i)# < Ca#ti*a* *e 'e+%o#a% < tiem'o. La
ve(o$i*a* *e a$9m9(a$i)# *e %)(i*o% %e e#$o#t+a+ e#t+e (o% %i9ie#te% va(o+e%=
Lim'ie>a $o# a9a o 'a'e( ii4#i$o
0,080,05 m3/ab8ao
Lim'ie>a $o# 'a'e( +9e%o 9 oja%
0,0580,06 m3/ab8ao
Lim'ie>a $o# mate+ia( *9+o o vo(9mi#o%o
0,080,05 m3
/ab8ao
Pe#iodo de die!o
E% e( tiem'o *e vi*a @ti( '+oe$ta*o *e( oo, e% *e$i+ e( tiem'o e# e( $9a( e%te a %i*o
((e#a*o. E( 'e+io*o *e *i%eo %e *a e# ao%=
-:#imo= ao%
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OPS/CEPIS/05.162
UNATSABAR
1o#,a
E( oo *e (a (et+i#a '9e*e %e+ *e "o+ma $i+$9(a+, +e$ta#9(a+ $9a*+a*o, 'a+a %9 *i%eo %e
te#*+ (a% %i9ie#te% $o#%i*e+a$io#e%=
Pa+a oo% $i+$9(a+e%= !imet+o= 1,5 1,30 met+o%
Pa+a +e$ta#9(a+e% $9a*+a*o%= A#$o= 1,20 1,60 met+o%
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Brocal
Po*+ %e+ $o#%t+9i*o $o# via% *e ma*e+a, $o#$+eto %im'(e o +e"o+>a*o, (a*+i((o% o b(o;9e%
*e 'ie*+a o *e $o#$+eto a%e#ta*o% $o# mo+te+o *e $eme#to8a+e#a.
!ebe i#i$ia+%e "a(ta#*o 0,20 m 'a+a ((ea+ a (a %9'e+"i$ie '+o(o#a+%e 0,10 m 'o+ e#$ima*e e((a.
E( b+o$a( *ebe te#e+ (a mi%ma eomet+:a ;9e e( oo %9 'a+te i#te+#a *ebe+ $oi#$i*i+ $o#
(a% 'a+e*e% i#te+#a% *e( oo.
E( e%'e%o+ *e( b+o$a( e# $o#$+eto o mam'o%te+:a #o *ebe+ %e+ me#o+ *e 0,20 m *e (o%
$9a(e% 0,10 m %e+vi+# *e a'oo a (a (o%a.
C9a#*o e( b+o$a( e% *e ma*e+a, (o% e
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UNATSABAR
Losa
Po*+ %e+ $o#%t+9i*o *e ma*e+a +e%i%te#te a (a 9me*a*, $o#$+eto +e"o+>a*o, '(%ti$o, "ib+a
*e vi*+io o $9a(;9ie+ ot+o mate+ia( *9+ab(e $a'a> *e %o'o+ta+ e( 'e%o *e (a 'e+%o#a *e(
a'a+ato %a#ita+io.
La% *ime#%io#e% *e (a (o%a *ebe+# '+o(o#a+%e a $a*a 9#o *e %9% (a*o% i#te+#o% *e( b+o$a(,
e# 'o+ (o me#o% 0,10 m, *e mo*o *e $9b+i+ $o# am'(it9* e( :#te+o *e( oo.
La (o%a *ebe+ 'o%ee+ 9#a abe+t9+a ;9e e%ta+ 9bi$a*a e# e( eje $e#t+a( *i%ta#$ia*o #o
me#o% *e 0,13 m *e( bo+*e *e (a (o%a. La% *ime#%io#e% *e (a abe+t9+a %e+# *e 0,1 *e
*imet+o e# %9 'a+te m% $e+$a#a a( bo+*e *e (a 'a+e*, 0,12 m *e a#$o e# (a m% a#o%ta,
(a *i%ta#$ia *e %9% ea+ a'a+ato %a#ita+io o ta>a (a
*ime#%i)# *e( o+i"i$io %e a*e$9a+ a( mi%mo.
E# e( $a%o ;9e (a (o%a #o $9e#te $o# 9# a'a+to %a#ita+io, (a (o%a *ebe+ $o#ta+ $o# '(a#ti((a%
'a+a 9bi$a+ (o% 'ie%.
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E( #ive( *e (a (o%a i#%ta(a*a *ebe+ 9bi$a+%e a 9# #ive( #o me#o% *e 0,10 m #o m% *e
0,60 m $o# +e%'e$to a( te++e#o #at9+a(, 'a+a evita+ e( a$$e%o *e a9a *e ((9via.
A fin de dar seguridad y sostenibilidad estructural a losas fabricadas con madera, deber
proyectarse dos viguetas de madera resistente de 0,10 x 0,10 m extendindose comomnimo 0,20 m ms alldel corte del terreno.
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UNATSABAR
Terrapln
Se $o(o$a+ a(+e*e*o+ *e (a (o%a 'a+a '+otee+(a '9e*e %e+ *e a+$i((a o *e tie++a.
Ubicaci'n
!ebe+ e%ta+ 9bi$a*a 'o+ (o me#o% a 15 $m #o m% *e 60 $m %ob+e e( #ive( +e9(a+ *e(
te++e#o, e((o %e a$e 'a+a im'e*i+ e( 'a%o *e a9a% %9'e+"i$ia(e% o *e ((9via.
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Aparato sanitario
Po*+ em'(ea+%e e( ti'o t9+$o o e( ti'o ta>a.
E( a'a+ato %a#ita+io ti'o t9+$o 'o*+ %e+ 9# a$$e%o+io i#*e'e#*ie#te o %e+ $o#%t+9i*o
$o#j9#tame#te $o# (a (o%a.
E( a'a+ato %a#ita+io o ta>a *ebe+ %e+ 9# a$$e%o+io i#*e'e#*ie#te.
E( a'a+to %a#ita+io o ta>a *ebe+ %e+ *e 9#a %o(a 'ie>a $o# a$aba*o, (o m% (i%o 'o%ib(e.
E( a'a+ato %a#ita+io, bie# %ea ti'o t9+$o o ta>a, *ebe+ e%ta+ e+m4ti$ame#te 9#i*o a (a (o%a
'a+a im'e*i+ e( i#+e%o *e i#%e$to% o %a(i*a *e ma(o% o(o+e%.
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UNATSABAR
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Caseta
Pa+a *i%ea+ e( (a+o a#$o *e (a $a%eta %e toma+ $omo +e"e+e#$ia (a% *ime#%io#e% *e (a
(o%a, *e ta( ma#e+a ;9e (a% 'a+e*e% %ea# $o#%t+9i*a% %ob+e (a ba%e e( e
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UNATSABAR
Ilu,inaci'n % &entilaci'n
La i(9mi#a$i)# i#te+io+ *e (a $a%eta *ebe+ %e+ '+ovi%ta% 'o+ 9#a ve#ta#a %it9a*a e#t+e (a
'a+te a(ta %9'e+io+ *e (a $a%eta. E( +ea tota( *e (a ve#ta#a #o *ebe+ %e+ mao+ a 0,10m2
e( a(to #o mao+ a 0,15 m.
Tec$o
Pa+a e( *i%eo *e( te$o %e +e$omie#*a (o %i9ie#te=
!ebe '+e%e#ta+ 9#a i#$(i#a$i)# *e a'+oo
a(+e*e*o+ *e (a $a%eta.
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Ventilacin
E%te %e *i%ea 'a+a %a$a+ (o% ma(o% o(o+e% *e( oo a$ia e( e
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UNATSABAR
Pa+a e( $a%o *e t9be+:a *e P7C %e *ebe+ $o(o$a+ 9# %omb+e+o *e ve#ti(a$i)#, ;9e %e+vi+
'a+a e(imi#a+ (o% ma(o% o(o+e% e i#%e$to% ;9e '9*ie+a# a"e$ta+ %9 b9e# "9#$io#amie#to,tambi4# %e +e$omie#*a ot+a a(te+#ativa ;9e $o#%i%te e# $o(o$a+ e# (a 'a+te %9'e+io+ *e( t9bo
9# $o*o *e 0G, $o# 9#a ma((a o $e*a>o ;9e '9e*e %e+ *e $o(o+ b(a#$o o ama+i((o, a "i# *e
;9e e( $o(o+ #o ob%t+9a e( b+i((o '+o*9$i*o 'o+ e( %o(, a e"e$to ;9e (o% i#%e$to% b9%;9e# (a
%a(i*a 'o+ e%te $o#*9$to. La ma((a *ebe a+a#ti>a+%e ;9e ;9e*e %9jeta a( t9bo.
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Conide#acione co,"le,enta#ia
E# e( *i%eo *e (a% (et+i#a% *e oo %e$o ve#ti(a*o, %e *ebe+ te#e+ '+e%e#te (a% %i9ie#te%
$o#%i*e+a$io#e% $om'(eme#ta+ia%=
!ebe+ %e+ *i%ea*a *e a$9e+*o a (a >o#a e# ;9e %e va a em'(ea+.
!ebe+ *e ma#te#e+%e e( (9a+ bie# (im'io, e( o+i"i$io ta'a*o $9a#*o e%te #o %ea 9%a*o.
La $o++ie#te *e ai+e e% mao+ %i (a '9e+ta *e (a $a%eta e%t $o(o$a*a *e( (a*o ;9e %o'(a m%
"+e$9e#teme#te e( ai+e.
La t9be+:a *e ve#ti(a$i)# %e '9e*e 'i#ta+ *e #e+o 'a+a a9me#ta+ (a ab%o+$i)# %o(a+.
La i#$(i#a$i)# *e( te$o %e +ea(i>a+ 'a+a ;9e #o %e em'o$e *e a9a $9a#*o %e '+e%e#te#
((9via%.
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Gua de die!o "a#a let#ina ecol'gica eca
Ob(eti&o
La '+e%e#te 9:a tie#e $omo objetivo e%tab(e$e+ 'a9ta% 'a+a e( *i%eo *e (et+i#a
e$o()i$a %e$a.
De)inicione
Let#ina ecol'gica* A(te+#ativa *e t+atamie#to ;9e $o#%ta *e 9#a *ob(e $ma+aim'e+meab(e 9#a ta>a, %e $o#%t+9e 'a+a *i%'o#e+ (a% eo#a. Si+ve 'a+a *a+'+iva$i*a* a(9%9a+io.
U#ina#io* A'a+ato *o#*e e% *e%ti#a*o (a o+i#a *e (o% abita#te% *e (a 'ob(a$i)#.
A"licaci'n
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E% 9# %i%tema a*e$9a*o 'a+a (a *i%'o%i$i)# *e (a% eo#a +9+a( 9+ba#a
ma+i#a( *o#*e e#e+a(me#te e( aba%te$imie#to *e a9a %e a$e e# "o+ma ma#9a(. No
%o# a'+o'ia*o% e# (o% (9a+e% e# *o#*e e( a9a e% 9%a*a 'a+a (a (im'ie>a a#a(.
Conide#acione gene#ale
Se *i%ea 'a+a >o#a% e# *o#*e #o e% "a$tib(e im'(eme#ta+ (et+i#a% t+a*i$io#a(e% 'o+ (a
'+e%e#$ia *e %9e(o +o$o%o o $9a#*o e( #ive( *e a9a %9bte++#ea e% m9 %9'e+"i$ia(.
Lo% +e%i*9o% *e'o%ita*o% e# e%ta% (et+i#a% %o# em'(ea*o% 'o+ (o% 9%9a+io%.
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S9 9bi$a$i)# %e+ a 6 m $omo m:#imo *e (a vivie#*a, 6 m $omo m:#imo a 9# 'o>o *e
a9a & m $omo m:#imo *e (a (:#ea *e '+o'ie*a*.
Co#%ta *e *o% $ma+a% %e'a+a*a% 'o+ 9# tabi;9e $e#t+a(, $o# 9# a9je+o %9'e+io+ $a*a
9#a *e e((a% 'o+ *o#*e %e i#t+o*9$e# (a% e$e% (a $e#i>a 9#a $om'9e+ta *e *e%$a+a
(ate+a( 'o+ *o#*e %e e *ie+i*o%.
La% $ma+a% %e *i%ea# 'a+a e%ta+ 9bi$a*a% a #ive( *e( %9e(o.
E( *i%eo *e'e#*e+ *e( ti'o *e te++e#o *e (a% '+e"e+e#$ia% *e ;9ie#e% (o 9%a#.
C9a#*o e( te++e#o e% '(a#o %e *ebe a$e+ e%$a(o#e% 'a+a %9bi+ a( %a#ita+io.
Si e( te++e#o tie#e 'e#*ie#te %e '9e*e a'+ove$a+ 'a+a a$e+ e( %a#ita+io $o# me#o%
e%$a(o#e%.
Materiales
E# (o 'o%ib(e (o% mate+ia(e% a 9ti(i>a+%e *ebe+# %e+ mate+ia(e% (o$a(e%, ;9e 'e+mita# (a
a9to$o#%t+9$$i)# 'o+ 'a+te *e (o% be#e"i$ia+io%.
Componentes de la letrina ecolgica
E# (a (et+i#a *e oo %e$o %e '+e%e#ta# (o% %i9ie#te% $om'o#e#te%=
oo
Cma+a
Lo%a
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A'a+ato %a#ita+io
U+i#a+io
Ca%eta
C#ite#io de die!o
Lo% $+ite+io% *e *i%eo 'a+a (o% $om'o#e#te% 'a+a (et+i#a% *e oo %e$o %e+# (o%
$o#%i*e+a*o% a $o#ti#9a$i)#=
Cmaras
Pa+a '+o$e*e+ a( *i%eo *e (a% $ma+a% %e tie#e ;9e te#e+ e# $o#%i*e+a$i)# (o% %i9ie#te%
$+ite+io%=
0olu,en de la c,a#a
Ca*a $ma+a %e+ ta# +a#*e ;9e a(+e*e*o+ *e 9# ao te#a (a% H *e %9 vo(9me# ((e#a%.
Ca*a 'e+%o#a '+o*9$i+ a(+e*e*o+ *e 0,2 m&*e ba%9+a 'o+ ao, $o#%i*e+a+ (a
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+e*9$$i)# *e( vo(9me# *e (a ea (o% H 'a+te% *e %9 vo(9me# ((e#a*o. Po+ (o ta#to e( "a$to+ *e vo(9me# %e+
i9a( a 0,2m&< 1,&& D 0,2m
&'o+ 'e+%o#a.
E( $($9(o *e vo(9me# +e;9e+i*o 'o+ $a*a $ma+a, %e+ (a m9(ti'(i$a$i)# *e( "a$to+ *e
vo(9me# 'o+ e( #@me+o *e 'e+%o#a% ;9e 9ti(i>a+# (a (et+i#a e$o()i$a.
Pe#iodo de die!o
E% e( tiem'o *e vi*a @ti( '+oe$ta*o 'a+a (a $ma+a, e% *e$i+ e( tiem'o e# e( $9a( 4%te a
%i*o ((e#a*o. Se +e$omie#*a e%tima+ 9# 'e+io*o *e *i%eo *e 9# ao.
Di,enione inte#na de cada c,a#a
La *ete+mi#a$i)# *e (a% *ime#%io#e% i#te+#a% *e $a*a $ma+a %e ba%a+ e# (o%
+e;9e+imie#to% *e vo(9me# e# (a i#"o+ma$i)# *e (a %i9ie#te tab(a.
Ca#acte#tica
Di,enione ,2i,a
A(t9+a i#te+#a
1,1 m
Lo#it9* i#te+#a
1,2 m
A#$o i#te+io+
1,5 m
E( vo(9me# %e+ i9a( a( '+o*9$to *e (a a(t9+a i#te+io+, (o#it9* i#te+io+ a#$o i#te+io+.
Di,enione )ue#a del #et#ete
-
7/23/2019 Diseo de letrinas secas
62/72
La *ime#%io#e% "9e+a +et+ete *e'e#*e+ *e (a% *ime#%io#e% i#te+#a% *e $a*a $ma+a *e
(a i#"o+ma$i)# *e (a %i9ie#te tab(a.
Ca#acte#tica
G#oo# ,ni,o
Pa+e*e% e
-
7/23/2019 Diseo de letrinas secas
63/72
A#$o D a#$o *e( +et+ete 0,15 m.
E%to *eja+ 9#o% 5 mm a(+e*e*o+ *e (a ba%e *e %o'ote *e (a $ma+a.
-
7/23/2019 Diseo de letrinas secas
64/72
Losa
La (o%a *ebe+ %e+ *i%ea*a *e ta( ma#e+a ;9e %ea +e%i%te#te a( $ami#a+ %ob+e (a% $ma+a%
%i# +ie%o *e $ae+#o% tambi4# $o#%i*e+a+ ;9e %e *ebe+ *e te#e+ 9#a a'e+t9+a 'o+ $a*a
$ma+a *o#*e %e va a i#%ta(a+ (a ta>a
La% *ime#%io#e% e
-
7/23/2019 Diseo de letrinas secas
65/72
8 25 8
-
7/23/2019 Diseo de letrinas secas
66/72
Losa
Orificio: Conecta la taza con el colector de orina
A"a#ato anita#io
E( a'a+ato %a#ita+io %e '9e*e *i%ea+ *e a+$i((a o *e $eme#to.
Se 9%a+ 9# $o#te#e*o+ $i(:#*+i$o *e 20 (it+o% *e $a'a$i*a*, a'+o
-
7/23/2019 Diseo de letrinas secas
67/72
8 26 8
-
7/23/2019 Diseo de letrinas secas
68/72
Caeta
Pa+a *i%ea+ e( (a+o a#$o *e (a $a%eta %e toma+ $omo +e"e+e#$ia (a% *ime#%io#e% *e
(a (o%a, *e ta( ma#e+a ;9e (a% 'a+e*e% %ea# $o#%t+9i*a% %ob+e (a ba%e e( e
-
7/23/2019 Diseo de letrinas secas
69/72
!ebe '+e%e#ta+ 9#a i#$(i#a$i)# *e a'+oo a(+e*e*o+ *e (a $a%eta.
0entilaci'n
La ve#ti(a$i)# %e *i%ea 'a+a eva$9a+ (o% ma(o% o(o+e% *e (a% $ma+a% evita+ (a e#t+a*a
%a(i*a *e (o% i#%e$to%.
Ubi$a$i)#= Se *ebe+ *e 9bi$a+ e# (a 'a+te 'o%te+io+ *e (a $a%eta.
Lo#it9*= E%ta *ebe+ %e+ *e ta( ma#e+a ;9e '9e*a %ob+e%a(i+ m:#imo 0,10 m *e (a
%e$$i)# %9'e+io+ *e( te$o *e (a $a%eta.
Se +e$omie#*a i#%ta(a+ e# (a 'a+te %9'e+io+ *e( t9bo, 9# %omb+e+o *e ve#ti(a$i)# o 9#
$o*o *e 0J '+otei*o $o# 9#a ma((a, (a $9a( '9e*e %e+ *e $o(o+ b(a#$o o ama+i((o, a "i#*e ;9e e( $o(o+ #o ob%t+9a e( b+i((o '+o*9$i*o 'o+ e( %o(, a e"e$to ;9e (o% i#%e$to%
b9%;9e# 9#a %a(i*a 'o+ e%e $o#*9$to.
8 2 8
-
7/23/2019 Diseo de letrinas secas
70/72
-
7/23/2019 Diseo de letrinas secas
71/72
-
7/23/2019 Diseo de letrinas secas
72/72
8 23 8