disease transmission and infection control
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Disease Transmission and Infection Control. Medical Foundations. Objectives. Introduce microorganisms Become familiar with infections and control measures Introduce the need for standards and precautions Become familiar with sterile environments . Introduction to Microorganisms. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Disease Transmission and Infection Control
Medical Foundations
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Objectives• Introduce microorganisms• Become familiar with infections and
control measures• Introduce the need for standards and
precautions• Become familiar with sterile
environments
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Introduction to Microorganisms
Pathogenic microorganisms: cause illness, infection, or disease
Nonpathogenic microorganisms: help keep a balance in the environment and in the body
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Microorganism Survival• Most microorganisms that cause disease
– Thrive in warm temperatures• How warm is the human body?
– Need moisture• How much of the human body is made up of
water?– Prefer a dark area to grow in– Need food
• Some live on dead tissue (saprophytes), some live on live tissue
• Some need oxygen (aerobic), some do not need oxygen (anaerobic)
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Nonpathogenic Microorganisms
“Good” microorganisms are used in a variety of ways: examples? (P. 489)
Buttermilk, fermenting alcohol, making bread rise
Where do nonpathogenic microorganisms live in your body
and what do they do?
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Types of Pathogens
• Bacteria–One celled plants–Classified by shape
and arrangement–Causes strep throat,
staph infections, syphilis
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• Protozoa– One celled animals– Found in water and soil environments
• decayed material and contaminated water– Cause amebic dysentery and malaria
Types of Pathogens
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• Fungi– Simple, low form of
plant life– May live on dead matter– Yeasts, molds– Causes athlete’s foot,
thrush, vaginitis, and serious lung diseases
Types of Pathogens
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Types of Pathogens
Rickettsiae • Parasitic microorganism
– Transmitted to humans through the bite of lice, fleas, ticks, and mites
– Responsible for some of the world’s worst epidemics
– Rocky Mountain spotted fever
– Typhus
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• Viruses– Smallest microorganism,
smaller than bacteria– Can only reproduce inside
humans cells– Causes common cold,
upper respiratory infections, smallpox, chickenpox, measles, mumps, influenza, fever blisters
– Also cause HIV which can lead to AIDS
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Additional Classifications • Endogenous
– Originates inside the body• Exogenous
– Originates outside the body• Nonsocomial
– An infection acquired inside the hospital• Opportunistic
– Infections that occur when the body’s immune system is weak
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How Microorganisms Affect the Body
• Production of toxins– Staphylococcus produces enterotoxin that causes
food poisoning = fatigue, diarrhea, vomiting– Tetanus bacilli produces a toxin that attacks the
central nervous system = damage, possible death• Cell invasion
– A protist can enter red blood cells, making them rupture = chills and fever
• Allergic reactions– Allergies = runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing
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Chain of Infection
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How Microorganisms and Viruses Spread
• Direct Contact• Indirect Contact• Airborne• Oral Route• Insects and Pests
(Pg. 493)
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Disease Prevention• Standard Precautions and Transmission-Based
Precautions were created to provide guidelines that prevent the spread of microorganisms.
• Signs and Symptoms—Which is which?– Infections can be generalized or localized
• Affecting all of the body• Affecting one area of the body
– Give signs and symptoms of each