disease protection, biological control, indigenous knowledge, arid areas, rajasthan, india, enzymes,...
DESCRIPTION
Indigenous Knowledge is being used by arid zone farmers from the time immemorial to protect their crops from various diseases and pests. The use of Raw cow milk is validated through scientific experimentation using standard methods and it was found that it worked nicely when used with other biocontrol agents as seed treatment as well as spray treatments. The phenomenon of induced resistance was evident in the results obtained.TRANSCRIPT
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DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIC FARMING
ARUN KUMARCentral Arid Zone Research Institute
Jodhpur-342003, India
LCD DM
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A susceptible host , a virulent pathogen and favourable environment is essential
Manipulating environment to discourage pathogen is grower’s best tools to prevent or minimize disease
Interactions of temperature and moisture affect disease development
Field sanitation; Crop and Cultivar; Cultivation Practice; Crop rotation; Mixed and intercropping; Fertilization; Irrigation and seed treatments affect disease occurrence
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INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE AND PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT
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Traditional FungicidesTraditional Fungicides
Traditional Fungicides Disease Management
Ash Powdery mildew of cumin & mustard; white rust and downy mildew of mustard
Ash with common salt
Cuscuta of Lucerne
Ash with castor oil Damping-off of cotton
Asafoetida Collar rot of bottle gourd
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CULTURAL PRACTICESCULTURAL PRACTICESMultiple cropping:
Mixture sowing (7:1:1:1) of pearl millet with legumes, sesame and cucurbits
Minimize crop losses in drought, soil crusting, pest and diseases
Fallowing for 2-years Reduce soil-borne diseases of pearl millet with legumes, sesame and cucurbits
Crop Rotation Reduces cumin wilt, DM of Isabgol, mustard-wheat rotation in Rabi & Pearl millet in Kharif
Flooding Suppression of sooty mould and insect of cotton
Restrained Irrigation Checks spread of aphids and DMs
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INPUTS, LABOUR REQUIREMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY INPUTS, LABOUR REQUIREMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY OF TRADITIONAL PRACTICES FOR MANAGING OF TRADITIONAL PRACTICES FOR MANAGING
DISEASESDISEASES
Traditional practices
External inputs needed
Labour requirement
Sustainable?
Adjusting planting time
Low Low Yes
Mixture planting Low Low Yes
Crop rotation Low Low Yes
Fallowing Low High Yes
Multiple cropping
Low High Yes
Ash dusting High High Yes
Deep plowing Low High Yes
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MANAGEMENT OF CHILLI DISEASES:MANAGEMENT OF CHILLI DISEASES:
• Leaf curl disease
• Die-back
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•Rajasthan is the 6th largest producer in India
•Jodhpur region produces 42.7% red chilli on 20,000 ha of land
•Jodhpur district alone contributes 20% of total production of red chilli in the State
•Popular chilli cvs: Mathania Red, Mehsana, Haripur-Raipur and Mandoria
Continued..
BACKDROPBACKDROP
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•Large and fleshy fruits, mild pungency and brilliant red colour with rich spicy flavour
•Susceptible to diseases like LCD and die-back or ripe fruit rot
Green Fruit Yield of chilliGreen Fruit Yield of chilli
YearYear Fruit Yield (KgFruit Yield (Kg-ha-ha))
Before 1990 600
1991 - 2004 140
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SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS•Curling of upper leaves Curling of upper leaves with shortened internodeswith shortened internodes• Severely infected plants Severely infected plants produce clusters of produce clusters of reduced sized leaves with reduced sized leaves with fewer flowers and fruitsfewer flowers and fruits•Small sized fruits are Small sized fruits are produced with deformed produced with deformed seeds seeds
LCD of chilliLCD of chilli
Small sized fruits Clusters of reduced size leaves
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• Farmers extensively use a number of insecticides to protect the crop from LCD
• Use of pesticides has failed to minimize the losses.
• Causes environmental pollution, resistance in insect vectors and health hazards
EXISTING MANAGEMENT PRACTICEEXISTING MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
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BIO-CONTROL AGENTSBIO-CONTROL AGENTS
•Bio-control agents have emerged as a new method of managing plant diseases.
•Different botanicals (Plant spp.), animal products and other materials such as ash, cow urine and dung, fish meal and milk etc.
•Rhizobacteria (PGPR), leaf proteins, proline and Trichoderma spp. reduce diseases in many plant species manipulating host plant's physical and biochemical properties
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USE OF MILK USE OF MILK IN PLANT DISEASE IN PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
Indigenous ancient tool against plant diseases
Amino acids viz. proline, isoleucein and phenyl alanine in milk induce resistance against plant diseases
Phenolic anti-microbials are also present
Potassium phosphate content strengthens host immune system against diseases
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TREATMENT (T 1)Treated chilli seeds with RCM (1:1)
for 24 hrs
Dried in shade
Treated these seeds with Trichoderma viride ( @ 6g-kg seed)
Nursery soil treated with T. viride (@ 10gm2) after mixing with FYM
Seed sowing in nursery
45 DAS roots of plant saplings
were dipped in RCM (15% or 1:6) for 20 min. before transplanting
20 DAS
RCM (15%) sprayed on the transplanted plants
FARMER’S PRACTICE(T 2)
Most of these practices are chemical sprays with or without seed treatment
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Chilli-root-dip treatment with RCM (1:9)
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Treatment LCD Incidence (%)
Protection over FP (%)
T 1. Seed Treat. with RCM and T. viride)+ RCM root dip + nursery soil treat. of T. viride and RCM sprays on transplanted plants
19.4
48.4
T 2. Farmer’s Practice
37.6
---
On-farm management of LCD
(Pooled data of 2002-04)
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AVERAGE YIELD PARAMETERS OF CHILLI IN TWO AVERAGE YIELD PARAMETERS OF CHILLI IN TWO TREATMENTSTREATMENTS
Treatment*
Plant height (cm)
Root length(cm)
No. of fruits plant-1
(g)
Fruit size(cm)
Fruit wt. plant-1
(g)
Yieldplot-1
Kg-1
LengthLength WidthWidth
T 1T 1 66.3 20.2 66.4 10.4 4.5 306.2 3.32#
T 2T 2 57.5 13.9 40.1 9.2 3.9 219.4 2.72
**T1T1.. Seed treatment with RCM (50% dilution with water for 24 h) and Trichoderma viride (0.6%) with soil treatment with T. viride (10g m-2 ) mixed with FYM T2. Farmer’s Practice # more than 0.5 kg ha-1 increase
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ON-FARM LCD MANAGEMENT IN CHILLION-FARM LCD MANAGEMENT IN CHILLI
Treatment
Farmer’s Practice
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Particulars Farmers’ Practice(T 2)
Raw Cow’s Milk + T. viride treatment (T1)
CostSeed 375.00 (1.49)* 375.00 (1.52)FYM 1990.74 (7.92) 1990.74 (8.06)Fertilizer 1226.85 (4.88) 1171.71 (4.74)Pesticides 1157.41 (4.61) 281.48 (1.14)Irrigation 14814.26 (58.97) 14880.26 (60.26)Machinery 2078.70 (8.27) 2078.70 (8.42)Labour 3481.48 (13.86) 3916.08 (15.86)Total 25124.44 (100.00) 24693.97 (100.00)
ReturnProduction (q ha-1) 110 138 (25.45)Production (Rs. ha-1) 33000 41400Unit cost of production (Rs. q-1) 228.40 178.94Net return (Rs. ha-1) 7875.56 16706.03B-C ratio 1.31 1.68
Cost and return from chilli crop ( Rs. ha –1)
*Figures within parentheses are percentages to the total
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WE LOVE MILKWE LOVE MILK
Inspired farmersInspired farmers
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MANAGEMENT OF PEARL MANAGEMENT OF PEARL MILLET DOWNY MILDEWMILLET DOWNY MILDEW
Downy Mildew caused by Sclerospora graminicola is a national problem
Major limiting factor of pearl millet production in all millet growing tracts
Modern interventions are not cost feasible
Tried alternative technology based on IK
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Raw cow’s milk and Raw cow’s milk and Gliocladium virensGliocladium virens induced induced resistanceresistance
Tried to amalgamate indigenous and modern technology
Milk is a known abiotic inducer of resistance in susceptible plants
Pre-sowing seed treatment of RCM and G. virens with soil application of G. virens
Off- and On-farm studies provided encouraging results
Achieved protection over control (up to 72.9%)
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DOWNY MILDEW CONTROL BY DOWNY MILDEW CONTROL BY GLIOCLADIUM VIRENS & GLIOCLADIUM VIRENS & RCMRCM
Pre-treatment of pearl millet seed with RCM & 0.6% fungus Soil application(10gm-2) with FYMIsolation of roots of treated plantsProvided 48% protection over FP
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Certain amino acids demonstrated to act as inducers of plant resistance against biotic or abiotic stresses in many host-pathogen systems (Buzi et al., 2004)
Besides inducing resistance these amino acids also enhance growth of plants and act as osmoprotectants (Hong et al., 1999; Ramos et al., 2005)
AMINO ACIDS AND PLANT DISEASE PROTECTION
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AMINO ACIDS AND PROTECTION (%) AGAINST DOWNY MILDEW
Amino acid % DM Protection
Proline* 67
Isoleucine# 57
Leucine# 55
Serine# 53
Tryptophan# 51
Methionine** 57 * Niranjan Raj et al. (2004). Phytoparasitica 32: 523-527.# Shetty et al. (2005). Proc. Global Confr., Nov. 25-29, RCA, Udaipur,p. 73. ** Sarosh et al. (2005). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 43: 808-815.
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HOW AMINO ACIDS ARE OFFERING PROTECTION ?
Amino acid-mediated induced resistance works through activation of the phenylpropanoid pathway and accumulation of phenolic compounds (Shetty et al. 2005)
Defense related enzymes comparable to the resistant cultivar are elicitated by L-methionine application through activation in chitinase, PAL, peroxidase, lipoxygenases, beta-1, 3-glucanase and chalcone synthase in pearl millet against downy mildew (Sarosh et al., 2005).
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AMINO ACID CONTENT OF RAW COW’S MILK *
Amino acid In RCM
(mg-100 ml.)
Amino acid In RCM
(mg-100 ml.)
Glutamic acid 731 Tyrosine 172
Isoleucine 165 Threonine 146
Lysine 268 Methionine 86
Phenylalanine 171 Histidine 84
Hydroxyproline 330 Glycine 66
Aspartic acid 261 Tryptophan 23
Valine 202 Cystine 21
Serine 197 Arginine 18
Leucine 326 Alanine 110* Payne-Botha, S. and Bigwood, E. J. (1959). Amino-acid content of raw and heat sterilized cow’s milk British J. Nutrition 13: 385-389.
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AMINO ACIDS USED AGAINST DOWNY MILDEW
•Glutamic acid
•Proline
•Isoleucine
•Lysine
•Phenylalanine
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Amino acids % DMDI % Protection
L-Glutamic acid 66 31.2
L-Isoleucine 33 65.6
L- Lysine 82 14.5
L-Phenylalanine 31 67.7
L-Hydroxyproline 43 55.2
Neutral Control (DW)
96 -
Positive Control (Metalaxyl) 6 g kg-1
12 87.5
INCIDENCE OF DM IN PEARL MILLET PLANTS TREATED WITH DIFFERENT AMINO ACIDS
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RCM*Treatmt.
Phenylammonialyase (PAL) activity+
Hrs. 0 3 6 12 24 36 72
T1 0.05 0.03 0.22 0.38 0.50 0.70 0.71
T2 0.08 0.22 0.36 0.53 0.69 0.85 1.10
T3 0.13 0.36 0.45 0.69 0.82 0.92 1.36
T4 0.05 0.08 0.09 0.16 0.12 0.18 0.31
T5 0.06 0.08 0.13 0.14 0.21 0.24 0.35
T6 0.03 0.11 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.20 0.22
(μmol of trans-cinnamic acid mg-1 protein h-1)
* T1-1:3, T2-1:6, T3-1:9, T4-1:12, T5- Neutral control T6- Positive control + DAS, Mysore
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EFFECT OF BIOCONTROL AGENTS ON DOWNY MILDEW INCIDENCE AND PEARL MILLET GROWTH
Treatment Disease incidence
(%)
Protection over control
(%)
Root length
(cm)
Plant height
(cm)
No. of tillers
S.T.of RCM (1:1) for 18 h
12.6
(14.3)
57.4
(36.4)
10.5 75.1 12.1
S.T.of G. virens (6g kg-
1) seed
8.8
(13.0)
70.2
(42.2)
10.5 90.0 13.2
Soil treat. with G. virens (10g m-2)
12.6
(13.8)
57.4
(38.6)
10.2 92.0 14.5
Combination of above treats.
8.0
(11.6)
72.9
(48.4)
10.2 85.9 15.6
Control 29.6
(22.5)
-- 10.4 84.2 15.6
CD at 5% 8.28 2.52 18.32 8.81
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EFFECT OF RCM DILUTIONS ON SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING VIGOUR
Of all the RCM dilutions 1:12 showed maximum percent germination followed by 1:9 and 1:6 dilutions
Highest enhancement rate of vigour index (V.I.) was obtained with RCM 1:9 (1520) followed by 1:6 (1040)
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New strategy for managing plant diseases Environmentally friendly Elicitors characteristically non-specific Induce general resistance effective against
a range of pathogens Able to reduce the level of infection Elicitors enhance resistance in response to
extrinsic stimulus without altering the genome
Only metabolic changes in plants help in defending against infections
Induced ResistanceInduced Resistance
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CONCLUSIONS
Induced biochemical and molecular mechanisms of defense responses are generally correlated with enzymatic responses in plants
PAL, being first enzyme in phenyl propanoid pathway plays a major role in plant defense
In the current results PAL activity observed highest in susceptible RCM (1:9 and 1:6) treated pearl millet cultivar. PAL activity lead to induce resistance in RCM/ amino acid treated plants
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CONCLUSIONS
Peroxidase is a useful marker of plant development, physiology, infection and stress
Current results show increase in PO activity in susceptible cultivar when treated with RCM and amino acids.
PO contributes to resistance by oxidation of phenolic compounds in pearl millet.
PO is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of lignin that limits the extent of pathogen spread because of antimicrobial activity
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