discussion on water issues led by anil mehta...
TRANSCRIPT
Water Problems
•OVERUSE (Quantity)
• MISUSE (Quality)
• ABUSE (Empathy)
5
Hydrological Cycle
Water Reserves on Earth
Lakes hold ~90% of liquid freshwater
on Earth surface
Distribution of World’s WaterMost easily available sources of freshwater are lakes and reservoirs.
Even rivers are chains of reservoirs for most part of an year
Total water on the planet: ~14 x 108
km3
Oceans = 97.5Freshwater = 2.5%
Easily accessible surface
freshwater = 0.01%
Source: I.A. Shiklomana (1990)
Water Availability in India
AreaAverage Annual Rainfall
PrecipitationAnnual Flow in Rivers
3290 bsm1200 mm4000 bcm
1869 bcm (46% of total precipitation)
Annual Utilizable Water Surface Water - 690 bcm (17% of total)
Ground Water - 432 bcm
Distribution of Precipitation Evaporation - 700 bcmPercolation - 1150 bcm (650 soil
moisture and 500 bcm ground water)
Runoff - 2150 bcm (52% of total)
How Much Water We Need : Global Standards
Sustainability IndexCum/capita/year
Condition
More than 1700 No Stress
1000 to 1700 Stress
500 to 1000 Scarcity
Less than 500 Acute Shortage
Population and Water Availability in India
Year Population inMillions
Water availabilitycum/capita/year
1947 400 5000
2000 1000 2000(1/3 of the world average)
2025 1390 1500
2050 1600 1000
Projected water scenario by 2025
Ideal & Optimum Water Requirement
Item % of Total Reasonable Quantity
Domestic 8 to 9% 100-180 lpcd
Industrial + Energy 20 to 23% 400 lpcd
Agricultural 60 to 70% 1200 lpcd
Water for Ecology 8 to 9% 100-180 lpcd
Live Stock 2 to 3% 40 lpcd
TOTAL 2000 lpcd i.e. 730 cum/capita/year
Change the criteria of 1700 in order to avoid over use and misuse.
Indian Scenerio
• 2.5% Landmass, 16% Population, 4% Water Resources
• Distribution of WR available - 67% in 33% area
Problems
• Hydrological
• Morphometrical
• Ecological
• Institutional & Governence
17
No Hydrological Data Monitoring
No Understanding of Disturbances in Local Microclimate
• Stream Flow
Obstructions
• No Strengthening of the
Bund
No Thrust on CatchmnentImprovement
Evaporation .
ReleaseRt
ReservoirCapacity, KInflow
Qt
Minimum
LevelSt minc
Seepage
NO WATER BUDGETING, OPERATION POLICIES
After independence Habitations developed around lakes & On Flood Plain of Rivers
M.W.L.
F.T.L.
Sill Level
Live Storage
Dead Storage
Temporary Storage
FULL TANK LEVEL AND MAXIMUM WATER LEVEL FOR A RESERVOIR
,
Maximum Water Level (M.W.L.) indicates a level up to which the water level of a lake is anticipated to rise for a short span while overflowing after it has attained full tank level.
• Flood plains are as important to rivers as bark is to trees. Most of the processes that drive life in rivers happen around their edges, Just as the sap flows through the outer most ring of trees,not through its centre. Australian River Expert : D. Mussared
Eutrophication
Sewerage)
Solid Waste Disposal
Washing, Bathing , Immersions
Extinction of Speies
Entry of Wastewater
Water & Climate Change
• Water is the First Sector to be Impacted by the Climate Change
• Water is First Medium to Manifest and Aggravate the Ill- Effects of Climate Variability and Climate Change
Climate Change Impacts on Water
• Hydrological & Hydro geological
(1) Changes in Precipitation Frequency & IntensityLess frequent, more intense,More Siltation & Contaminated Runoff
(2) Changes in Average Annual Run off
• Low food production
• Low hydropower generation
(3) Early Depletion of GW
Climate Change Impacts on Water • Ecological (1) Higher Temperature
Depletion of Nutrients on Surface ,Concentration at Deeper Layers
Weed Infestation
Lower DO ---Fish Mortality
Eutrophication
(2)Phenological Changes
(3)Disturbed Food Chain
(4) Extinction of Species
Urban Heat Island Effect
32
Some Alarming Facts
• Regular floods and draughts in different parts of the country.
• Irrigation water withdrawal is two times of requirement.
• Number of tubewells No estimate(50000 in Udaipur)
• Ground water pumping exceeds the recharge by 1.5 times.
• Leakage losses are 21 to 40%.
• Fertilizers and pesticides are causing eutrophication in thelakes.(endosulphan)
• Deforestation has caused more sediment loads in rivers andreservoir. Reservoirs are losing their storage capacity by 1 to2% every year.
Water & Disaster
• No access to safe drinking water - over 1 billion(global)
• No sanitation - 2.4 billion(global)
• At any one time half of the world hospital beds are occupied by patients suffering from water borne diseases.
• About 70% of our water resources are polluted by biological, toxic, organic, inorganic and other pollutants.
• 73 million workman days are lost every year due to water borne diseases.
• Poor personal hygiene.
Burden of disease
- More than 37.7 million people annually affected by waterborne disease; over 75 per cent are children under 5
- Nearly 1.5 million children die due to diarrhea
- 66 million people across 22 states at risk due to excessive fluoride in drinking water
- Arsenic a serious problem in six states putting at risk 10 million people
Burden of disease
• Annually the rural population spends Rs 6,700 crore on treatment of waterborne disease
• The poor are affected the most: 39 million people pushed into poverty in 2004-05 due to their health expenditure
Water & Poverty
37
•Those whose water is contaminated bacteriological or chemically, and who cannot afford to use, or have no access to, an alternative source.
•Those living in areas with high levels of water-associated disease.
•Those whose livelihood & productivity are persistently threatened by severe drought or flood/ water scarcity and contamination.
•Women and girls who spend hours a day collecting water, and whose security, education, productivity, and nutritional status is thereby put at risk.
• • Those whose livelihood base is subject to erosion, degradation , or confiscation (e.g. for construction of major infrastructure) without due compensation.
• • Those living far (e.g. >1 km) from a year-round supply of safe drinking water.
• •No proper Sanitation Facilities
IWRM :
IWRM is a process that “promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems”
39
LAKE
RuralBasin
UrbanBasin
RuralCommand
UrbanCommand
A
LAKE DLAKE
B
B
C
C
Understanding of Lake
D
LAKE
Sys
Planning Needs To Be Based on :Topographic, Hydrologic, Hydro-geologic,
Social and Economic Ground Surveys
Stakeholder’s Participation
IWRM Approach
43
SMART CITIES & Villages
• S :- Safe Water & Sanitation Ensured
• M :- Mountains & Hills Protected
• A : Aquifer Recharge Ensured
• R : River & Lakes Conserved
• T : Traditions & Culture Revived
44
Waste Water Management
Redefined
Judicious & Efficient Use of Water
Wasteful Water Use
More Waste Water Production
(A Resource)
Water Resources
Surface/Ground
Ag (82%)Half
Return
Industrial (8%)3/4 Return
Solid Waste
(0.5kgppd)
Domestic (10%)3/4
Return
Animal Wastepp-Per person per day
Including Plastic 1.5 kg per person per year
80% of Water Resources are Highly
Polluted
Composition of Waste WaterDomestic
• BOD :- 200 to 400 ppm
• COD :- 300 to 600 ppm
• Coliforms/Pathogens :- 5 to 50 Billions per liter
• Toxic Micro-pollutants :-Medicines/Daily Care Products-Triclosan etc /Hormonal Excretion
2,4-D
Carbendazim
Diazinon
Diethyltoluamide (DEET)
Dimethoate
Diuron
Glyphosate
AMPA
Irgarol (Cybutryne)
Isoproturon
MCPA
Mecoprop-p
Triclosan
Bisphenol
Estradiol
Estrone
Nonylphenol
Perfluoroctane
Acesulfame
Benzothiazole
Benzotriazole
EDTA
Atenolol
Azithromycin
Bezafibrate
Carbamazepine
Carbamazepin- 10,11-Dihydroxy
Transformation
Clarithromycin
Diatrizoate (amidotrizoe acids)
Diclofenac
Erythromycin
Ethinylestradiol
Ibuprofen
Iomeprol
Iopamidol
Iopromid
Mefenamic
Metformin
Metoprolol
Naproxen
Sotalol
Sulfamethoxazole
N4-Acetylsulfamethoxazol
Trimethoprim
52
Human Feaces
Per Capita Wet Weight of feces - 91 gm to 489 gm
Status of Open Defecation
• Urban : 12.6 % Population (of 37.7 Crore)
• Rural : 67 % population (of 83.34 Crore)
• In India 60 Crore Population Defecating in Open : Threat to Soil, Ground Water, Surface Water , Human Health
Status of Sanitation 3
8.2
0%
32
.70
%
12
.60
%
6.4
0%
6.0
0%
1.7
0%
1.2
0%
0.7
0%
0.3
0%
0.2
0%
14
.70
%
2.2
0%
67
.33
%
8.1
9%
1.9
4%
2.5
3%
0.2
2%
2.3
4%
0.3
5%
20
.00
%
Septic Tank PipedSewerSystem
OpenDefecation
With Slab /VentilatedImproved
Pit
PublicLatrine
OtherSystem
Night soildisposedinto open
drain
With Slab /Open Pit
Night soilremoved by
humans
Night soilremoved by
animals
Urban Rural
On-site systems (OSS) are used by 47% of urban households; With open defecation (OD), this accounts for 59.6%
Jammu & Kashmir
Type Household
Population
Septic Tank
Sewer
Urban 5.17 Lac0.55 Lac OD
34.3 Lac 1.96 Lac 1.3 Lac
Rural 14.9 Lac8.73 Lac OD
91 Lac 1.61 Lac 0.70 Lac
Himachal Pradesh
Type Household Population
Septic Tank
Sewer
Urban 1.66 Lac0.115 Lac OD
6.88 Lac 0.75 Lac 0.67 Lac
Rural 13.1 Lac4.27 Lac OD
61.7 Lac 6.87 Lac 0.42 Lac
Uttar Pradesh
Type Household
Population
Septic Tank
Sewer
Urban 74.5 Lac11 Lac OD
1553 Lac
34.91 Lac
21 Lac
Rural 254 Lac196 Lac
OD
515 Lac 30.63Lac
5.58 Lac
Uttarakhand
Type Household
Population
Septic Tank
Sewer
Urban5.92Lac0.28 Lac
OD
30.4 Lac 3.14 Lac 1.87 Lac
Rural 14 Lac6.33 Lac
OD
70.4 Lac 4.84 Lac 0.48 Lac
Haryana
Type Household
Population
Septic Tank
Sewer
Urban 17.52Lac1.53 Lac
OD
88 Lac 4.17 lac 9.59 Lac
Rural 29.67 Lac12.54 Lac
OD
165 Lac 7.84 Lac 0.75 Lac
Punjab
Type Household
Population
Septic Tank
Sewer
Urban 21 Lac1.21 Lac OD
104 Lac 4.17 Lac 13.34 Lac
Rural 33 Lac9.32 Lac OD
173 Lac 10.8 Lac 1.96 Lac
Rajasthan
Type Household Population
Septic Tank
Sewer
Urban 30.90 Lac5.15 OD
170 Lac 14 Lac 0.8 Lac
Rural 94.90 Lac76 Lac OD
515 Lac 9.30 Lac 0.012 Lac
NCT Delhi
Type Household Population
Septic Tank
Sewer
Urban 32.61 Lac0.99 OD
164 Lac 8 Lac 19.71 Lac
Rural 0.79 Lac0.11 OD
4.19 Lac 0.46 Lac 0.08 Lac
Chandigarh
Type Household
Population
Septic Tank
Sewer
Urban 2.28 Lac7192 OD
10 Lac 1954 1.96 Lac
Rural 0.67 Lac386 OD
0.29 Lac 316 5629
No Actual Data on OD
Microbial Flora –Pathogens Density of Animal feces
• Dog Feces Has 2 times more FC and 300 times more Fecal streptococci then Human feces .
• Safe Environmental Disposal ofFeces of Livestock and OtherAnimals Still Not Addressed.
Excessive Use of Pesticides & Fertilizers
Pesticides : 50,000 Ton
Chemical Fertilizer : 277 Lac Ton
5 to 10 times Application of Actual Requirement
Industrial Waste : Toxic to Eco System
• Dairy : BOD 1000 ,COD 1300 ,High N
• Distillery : BOD 25000,COD 50000,High CL
• Fertilizers : High N, P, K, Arsenic
• Refineries : Oil, Phenols
• Paper : BOD 1000, C0D 4000,Lignin
Industrial Waste : Toxic to Eco System
• Petrochemicals : BOD 3500, COD 5000,Hydocarbons
• Pharmaceutical : BOD 750,COD 6000
• Sugar : BOD 1200,COD 2500
• Tannery : BOD 2000 ,Chromium
• Textile : BOD 1000,COD 1400,Chromium
Health & Economic Hazards
• 80% of All Diseases are Water Related
• Sewage Farming is a Great Danger
• Heavy Metals ,Pesticides Entering Through Food Chain
• High Chlorination Leads to Cancer
• Loss of GDP by 6%
Economic impact (Loss) due to poor sanitation
Health71.72%
Access Time19.96%
Water7.83%
Tourism0.49%
Rs. 48,700 crore(US$ 10.73 billion)
• HH access• School access• Workplace access
Rs. 1.75 lakh crore(US$ 38.49 billion)
Rs. 19,100 crore(US$ 4.21 billion)
Rs. 1,200 crore(US$ 0.26 billion)
equivalent of 6.4% of
India’s GDP in 2006
Source: WSP. 2006. Economic Impacts of Inadequate Sanitation in India. New Delhi: World Bank
• Premature mortality• Productivity loss• Health care
• Lost tourism earnings• International tourist illness
• HH treatment, drinking water• Bottled water consumption• Piped water• Cost of fetching water
IMR In Urban Areas
STATE URBAN OD IMR( INDIA AV 29)
UP 14.8 41
UK 16.7 32
PUNJAB 5.8 25
RAJASTHAN 16.7 32
J&K 10.7 28
Cancer per lac Population Highest in Punjab
Waste Water Treatment in India
Waste Water Generation from 498 Class I Cities (1/3 of total )and 410 Class II
Towns(1/5 of Total)
72% of Total Urban Population
Class I : 35558 MLD(Domestic)11553 Treated
Class II : 2696 MLD(Domestic) 2696 Treated
Industrial Total : 13468 MLD( 60 % Treated ????)
But Majority of STP not Properly Functional & Efficient
Partially Treated/Untreated Waste Water Entering into Water Bodies
Treated but NOT Ecologically Correct Water
Waste Water Management
Reduce
Restore &Regenerate (Returning the Natural State of Water )
Replenish
Not just Treated But Ecologically Corrected
WWM
Eco Correction of
WW
Eco Restoration of
WR
Eco Correction of
WW
OSS Eco Treatment
OSS- 47% Having Septic Tanks
Septage Management
Septic Tanks Not Properly Constructed
No Schedule of Emptying (3 to 5 Years)
No Proper Disposal of Septage 1 cum/yr per family of five
Scum
Sludge
Effluent
Biological Intervention
Appropriate ST ProcessMechanical/Conventional like TF, ASP MBR,
MBBR,SBR,UASB etc
• Installation Cost : RS 120 L to 600 L per MLD
• Operation Cost : RS 6000 to 25000 per MLD/Day,HUGE Electricity + Chemical Etc Cost
• Reduce BOD/COD but Do Not Raise DO
• Space Foot Print :1000 Sqm/MLD
• Carbon Foot Print : 0.425 Ton/MLD
ECO TECHNOLOGIESEstablishes Food Chain
Brings Life in Water Corrected
No Space & Carbon Foot Prints
Stakeholder Participation
LEMON GRASS – NeembuGrass – cymbopogoncitrates
Anti Bacterial, this quality remains even in dry leaves. It’s roots help in decomposing organic matter. It has phenol compounds in it. Cattle do not eat it and are good for bank stabilisation. This grass does not enter into water, but propagates towards other side.
Barley Grass – Jo --hordeum vulgar
It is anti algal, anti fungal and absorbs Nickel. If its straw is mixed with sand and pebbles & dipped in water is a good anti algal.
Kena Grass – Kena – Green & Black
Root tubers are good for heavy metal, trace elements absorption from water & soil.
Ephedra – Kanna Jhadi –ephedra –
It has anti bacterial and anti fungal effect.
Guggal – commiforawightee –
It has anti bacterial, antifungal properties. It survives in water scarcity as well. Its seeds have more anti bacterial and anti fungal properties.
Maal Kangni – celastruspanicultus – woody shrub – linna.Its roots accumulate particulates floating in water around it.
Polygonum – Kulthi ––
It has anti sludge property. Organic matter decomposition, promotes aerobic bacteria .
Meruva – Marwa – ocimumsamtalum – It has antibacterial property. It competes with lantana and hinders its propagation & of congress grass (parthenium) also.
Castor – Arandi – ricinuscmmunis –Its seeds hinder the Hydrogen sulphide gas promoting bacteria (sulphur bacteria) it reduces the black colour of sewage water as well
Anwal – Pooandia – cassia toraIt has anti fungal property & helps to develop food chain in water bodies.
Adusa – adhatodavassica—
Anti Fungal, anti Bacterial ,Plant of Nux Vomica,
Drum Stick – Sehjan –moringa oleifera
The pulp & seeds have anti Bacterial & Anti turbidity properties. It kills 99% of Bacteria, and acts as coagulating agent.
Peepal – ficus religiosaThis tree helps in removing fluoride.
Bud – ficus beredensis This tree also removes fluoride.
Tamerind – tamerindsindica , The seeds of thetree removes the turbidity of water.
Cassia – Amaltas –
Pulp & large legumes have anti algal property.
Chan ber – Zizyhusnummilaria –
Seeds have antibacterial properties.