discuss with a partner describe the transformation in wilson’s outlook from “peace without...
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Discuss with a Partner
Describe the transformation in Wilson’s outlook from “Peace without Victory” to “Making the World Safe for Democracy.”
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Review
• How did the following lead to US entry into WWI?
• A. Loans to England?
• B. Sinking of Lusitania?
• C. Sussex Pledge?
• D. Zimmerman Telegram?
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US in WWI
Home and Abroad
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US Enters War
• Finally, Germans sank some US Ships and then America declared war on Germany.
• Wilson’s new goal is to make the world “safe for democracy.”
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How do You think US entry into WWI changed America at home?
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Organizing an Army• The US used conscription
(draft) to produce an army.
• Many Progressives were for this because they thought people from all classes and ethnicities would mix together.
• To pay for the war, the Govt. raised taxes and sold Liberty Bonds.
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The Great Migration
• During the War, the American economy boomed.
• Also, many jobs in Northern factories became available as whites left to fight in France.
• From 1915 – 1920, over ½ a million blacks left the South for Northern cities.
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Big Business, Labor and Government
• The Govt. and Big Businesses joined together to organize production for the war effort.
• War Industries Board (WIB)= govt. agency that coordinates (sets quotas and prices) business production of war material and supplies.
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• War Industries Board (WIB)
• Bernard Baruch
• “Dollar-A-Year Men”
• National War Labor Board—mediates labor disputes.
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Dissent
• Socialists oppose war because they feel it only benefits capitalists.
• Women
• Carrie Chapman Catt (Women’s Peace Party).
• Jane Addams
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The Home Front
• The government set up a huge Propaganda machine—The Committee on Public Information (CPI).
• George Creel headed it.
• He sent out over 75,000 “4-minute men.”
• The propaganda was aimed at having people conserve food and resources, enlist in the army, buy war bonds, etc.
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The War and Civil Liberties
• During the War, Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Amendment of 1918.
• These laws made obstruction of the war effort a crime.
• This included speaking against the war.
• “Loyalty Leagues” were formed to encourage Americans to spy on and report those that were “disloyal.”
• Many people lost the right of free speech.
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Harassing of German Americans
• People of German descent were harassed. All things German were disparaged.
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Crackdown on Radicals
• 1/3 of US socialist leadership imprisoned.
– Eugene Debs– Victor Berger (Congressman
from Milw.).
1/3 of the leaders of the IWW
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Schenck v. The United States• Charles Schenck and other members of the socialist
party printed and mailed flyers urging draftees to oppose the draft.
• In the case, Chief Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes established the principle of “Clear and Present Danger” in limiting free speech.
• He said that in a time of war, what Schenck was saying was the equivalent of yelling “fire” in a crowded theater.
• Case said that in times of crisis, the govt. could restrict free speech.
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Women and African Americans
• 11,000 women volunteered as nurses, clerical workers, and telephone operators.
• It was during the war that Wilson finally began to support the idea of Women’s suffrage.
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African Americans
• Over 370,000 blacks served in the armed forces during the war.
• There was segregation so they served in all black units (although they were commanded by white officers).
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The American Expeditionary Force
• The A.E.F. was commanded by John Pershing.
• The American soldiers were called “Doughboys.”
• More than 2-million Americans soldiers went to France.
• On November 11, 1918, Germany surrendered.
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Revolution in Russia
• During the War, There was a Revolution in Russia.
• The Communists (Bolsheviks) took over.
• In March of 1918, Lenin signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany that ended Russian fighting.
• The Revolution was alarming to many of the Western Governments.
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Deaths in WWI
• Russia 1,700,000
• Germany 1,733,700
• Austria-Hungry1,200,000
• France 1,357,000
• England 908,371
• Italy 650,000
• US 126,000
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Review
• What were the 2 reasons that the US eventually joined WWI?
• How did the government try to drum up support for the war at home?
• How did the war effect African Americans?
• How did the war effect woman?
• How did the war effect civil liberties at home?
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• Progressives were happy, and Business profits tripled between 1914-1919.
• Samuel Gompers and the AFL supported Wilson and the war.
• In return, The govt. secretly gave him money to discredit socialists in the labor movement.
• Also, much violence happened against members of the socialist IWW (wobblies) because they were against the war.