discovering ancient cultures - willows unified

. Name

Launching the Theme

Selection Connections

Discovering Ancient

CulturesThe selections in this theme wil take you on a journey

to the world of

long ago. Afterreadjng each selection, complete the chart below toshow what you learned.

What is the location of theculture described in the

selection?

When did the events.described in the selection

~ake place?

Lost Templeof the Aztecs

The'Great Wall

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.The RoyalKingdoms ofGhana, Mali,and Songhay

Theme 4: ()iscovering Ancient Cultures 211

Name

Launching the Theme

Selection Connections

Discovering Ancient

Cultures

What was remarkable about theculture described in the selection?

Lost Templeof the' Aztecs

The Great Wall

The Royal

Kingdoms ofGhana, Mali,and. Songháy

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. .What have you learned about ancient cultues in ths theme? '

. 212 Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures

Name

Lost Temple ofthe Aztecs

Key Vocabulary

In the Time of the Aztecs

Words are missing in the sentences. Fil each blank with aword from the box.

.. Vocabulary ," ~ '" . ~.. "'. I "' ¿

. i. If you rule over many lands, you rule over anintricate

sites

....... .

.....

............ .. .. ' .. ~... .... . ... ........ ...

empire

conquered

adorned

metropolis

tributes

2. If you live in a very large city, you live in a

3. If you travel on raised pathways across marshlands,

youtrave1' on

..4. . If you have defeated ~inother nation in a war and won

control over it, you have

causeways.

that nation.

5. If a building has carvgs that are carefuiiy don~ and show great

detail, it has . carvngs.

6. If you have decorated an emperor or empress with jewelry, you have

that person.

7. Ifyou'deliver valu~blegoods to a foreign ruler who holds-control of

your nation, you give to that ruler.a. If you ~sit several places where archaeologists have found relics, you

" have visited archaeological , '.

Theme ,4: Discovering Ancient Cultures '213

Name


Graphic Organzer Author'sViewpoint

Author's Viewpoint Chart

Passage from Selection Whom It Tells Viewpoint

About

"one of the most famous and tragic rulers Moctezuina positive

in history" (page 365)

Should they be destroyed or treated as

guests? Moctezuma decided to welcome the.. strangers. (page 365)

Moctezuma was filled with fear andc.onfusion at these unatural happenings.

(page 370)

Cortés looked at everyhig they had givenhim. "Are these your gift of welcome?" he

asked. "Is this all you have brought?"

(page 374) ,

Cortés ordered his men to fasten ironsaround the messengers' ankles and necks.

(page 374)

"Yoù'Vi1 do as I såy," said Cortés.

(page 374) .

A few months later Moctezunia, against the

advice of his chiefs, wèlcomedCortés and.his army as friends. (page 375) _

. .

The next year the Spanards seized treasureand attackèd the Aztecs during'a festival.

(page 375) ,

In May 1521 Cortés retune? to attck

Tenochtitlári and claimed victory after

. leaving-the city in ruins. (page 375) !

.. '.

214. Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures.

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. Lost Temple ofthe 'Aztecs

. Comprehension Check

AnniversarySpeechThe year is 20 I 9. It is the SOOth anniversary of the arrival of Cortés at

Veracruz. You have been chosen to give a speech honoring aii who'

played a pçirt in the momentous events of that year and the followingtwo. 'Plan your speech by completing these statements:

. I. We remember the Aztecs for (name at least two thngs): .6

2. We remember Tenochtitlán for (name at least two things):

3. We remember Moctezuma II for

4. We remember.Hernán Cortés for

5. We wonder if the Aztec society woúld have surVved, if only Moctezuma hadn't

mistaken Cortés for

'6. We are glad that the Great Temple of the Aztecs was rediscovered because

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l. Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures 215

To'Be Fair . . .


Comprehension SkillAuthor's ViewpointName

Read the passage. Then complete the activity on page 21 7.

Cabeza de Vaca's JourneyÁlvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca ranks among

the greatest explorers

who ever lived. In 1528, he joined a Spanish expedition headed to theNew World to look for cities filled with gold and other riches.

'Wen the expedition's five ships- arrived 'on' the CQast of Florida,

therr leader proposed that they begin. an overland exploration. Cabeza de

Vaca disagreed with this' dangerous and foolish plan but was too proud tostay behiiid. The landing party never found any cities of gold. Instead,the men lost contact with their ships and became stuck in the Floridaswamps~ In an effort to find their ships, they built crude boats and 'set saiL. A hurricane separated Cabeza de Vaca's boat from theothers and blew it to Texas, where it was destroyed. One by

'. one, his èompanions died, leaving him alone.

Over the next four years, Cabeza de Vaca survved on

his own, a superhuman achievement.' He ,learned to live off

the land and helped different native groups trade with each .other. Then one day hé miràculously came across three

other members of the original expedition, who were now

enslaved by a native group: He helped these meri to 'escape, and togetherthey wandered through what today is Mexico and theAnericanSouthwest. . At one point, he healed a Native' Anerican man

shot by ~n

arrow. News of this feat traveled quickly, and soon many people came to

. iûm tò he healed. Everyhere he and his companions went, they werewelcomed and greeted with, gift.

Finally, the men'crossed paths with four Spanish soldiers, who took

. them tò a Spanish city ~n the Pacific Coast. Cabeza de Vaca returned toSpain to a hero's 'welcome. He told theking that

he would like to go ,

back to theN ew Wörld. The king asked him to return as an aide to the

new governor of Florida, but he refused because he had vowed neveragain to follow anyone else's orders. By sticking to his principles, he

once again showed himself to be a trly great man. .

. 216 Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures

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To Be Fair . . . continued


Comprehension SkillAuthor's ViewpointName

Answer the questions below about the passage on page 216.

I. What is the author's view of Cabeza de Vaca?

2. Would you say the author is biased toward Cabeza de Vaca? Why or

why not?

3. . Do you think the facts in the article support the author's statement

that Cabeza de Vaca "showed himself to be a trly great man"? Why or

why not?

4. In his writings, Cabeza de Vaca describes native'peoples in an unfavorable

way. Why do you thnk the author does not include ths information

in the article?

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l_Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cult~res 217

Name


Structural Analysis Suffixes-ie, -aI, -ure

Aztec ArtifactsCircle the suffxes -ie, -aI, and -ure in the underlined words in thesentences below.

I. The museum had original Aztec artifacts on display for the public.

2. These national treasures of Mexico would only be in the United States

for a short time.

3. The arrival of many visitors made the museum crowded by ten o'clock.

4. Vìsitors could not touch the stone artifacts because they were protected

by a rope enclosure.

5. A plaque told of the historic importance of the Aztecs' tragic defeat by Cortés in

the year 1521.

6. A letter that showed Cortés's authentic signature was on display in a

glass case.

7. A professional archaeologist was also there to answer questions about

her work.

Now, choose five underlined words and use them correctly in sentencesof your own.

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218 Theme 4: Discovering, Ancient Cultures

Name

The Ishl Sound

The Ish! sound is usually spelled with two letters. When youhear the Ish! sound, thnk of the patterns sh, ti, ci, and ss.

Ishl polish motion offcial mission

Write each Spellng Word under its spellng of theIshl sound.

.=; ~' ~~' '\ \=Y4 ' \:ji' ~7J \ Ð!i- '\ 'Ç;7 -"\\. V / :,'\ V i M\\ Y I "\ V ;,,\ V :,\ V i :J~ "~Qj~ ~~0 ;¡\t.'J~\ -~i:, '1Æ;;\ ~2\ ~h:

sh

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ci

ss


Spellng The Ishl Sound

I. glacier

2. motion

3. pressure

4. direction

5. caution

6. partial

7. ancient

8. polish

9. station

10. shallow

1 I. offcial

12. edition

1 3. musician

14. mention

15. mission

16. portion

17. session

18. selfish

1 9. establish

20. cushion

( .

Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures 219

Name


Spellng The Ishl Sound

Spelling SpreeAdding the I shl Sound Write a Spellng Word by addingthe correct spellng of the Ishl sound to the incomplete

word in each phrase below.

I. the second edi on of a book

2. a drop in air pre ure

3. the allow end of the pool

4. a.large por on of food

5. a par al eclipse of the sun

6. a comfortable seat cu lOn

7. a musi an in a band

Word Detective Write a Spellng Word for each clue.

8. a "river" of ice

9. inconsiderate of others

I O. a meeting

. I i. very old12. where you board a train or bus

13. a synonym for movement

I 4. to found or set up

I 5. the state of being careful

8.

9.

10.

I i.

220 Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures

12.

13.

14.

15.

I. glacier

2. motion

3. pressure

4. direction

5. caution

6. partial

7. ancient

8. polish

9. station

10. shallow

1 I . offcial

12. edition

1 3. musician

14. mention

15. mission

16. portion

17. session

18. selfish

I 9. establish

20. cushion

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Spellng The Ishl SoundName

Proofreading' and Writing. Proofreading Circle the five misspelled SpéllngWords in thisletter. Then write each word correctly.

To the Royal Governor:

You will be pleased to know that our mishun has

been successful so far. After. leaving Cuba, wesaile'din

a weeterlydireccion until making landfalL. We were

quickly able to astablish that a great empire lay farther

inland. Later, we received some offical visitors from this

empire. Among their gifts to u.s were gold and precious

stones, which were shined .to a Vf/ry high polish.' In

return, we demonstrated the power of our guns to them.

This they will no doubt mension to their lord back in the

çapital. We believe this country possesses great riches,

'. and weare confident of success.Your servant;

. Hernán Cortés

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2.

3.

4.

5.

__-... Write an Explanation The Azteçs had a calendar just for

keeping tràck of special' religious days. Have you ever crössed off on a .

. calendar the days leading up to a holiday? ' What is your favorite holiday?

On a separate. piece of paper, write about your favorite holiday.Remember to name the holiday and tell why it is your favorite. UseSpellng Words from the list.

I. glacier,2. motion

3. pressure

4. direction

5. caution

6. partial

7. ancient

. 8. polish

9. station

10. shallow

I I. offcial

12. edition

1 3. musician

14. mention

. I 5. mission

16. portion

17. session

18. selfish

I 9. establish

20. cushion


Name


Vocabulary Skill Multiple-Meaning Words

Expand t.he MeaningRead thednews.article and

the clues below it. Find the word that

answers each of the ten clues. Be careful! The meanir190f the word

in the article is different from the meaning in the clue. Circle each. word in the article and write it on the line next to the clue.

. . . .. .. .... .. .... .. . .... .. . ... ..... .... . It. ... ... .Amazing Recent Events

Lots of news should interest readers this week. Our ruler,

Moctezuma, received word that 'an important stranger with light

skin has appeared near the city wall. For years Mo~tezuma

visitedthe Great Templehqping- that Quetzalcoatl would return

there, even though no one knows the spot where this wi1

happen. Strange stories of recent events in our rich countr also'

signal that a change is near;- - ~~.. ~

I. more unusual

2. the flat area at the side Of the head

3: a stain

4. a tool for drawing lines and measurÌng length

5. the floors ofa building

. 6. empty pieces of land

7. seemed

8. heavy and sweet

9. not heavy

10; a charge for borrowing money

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222 , Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures

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Name


Grammar Skill Adjectives

. Many Ways to Describe

Descriptiveadjectives:

Demonstrativeadjectives:

Articles:

what kind, how many, . . VisitOrs, old and young, are awed by

which one' ancient ruins.

which one

These postcards show thosesItes.

Th photograph was taen at tht place.

The people built a temple.

It was uncovered in an excavation.

I. The Aztecs used a circular stone calendar.

descriptive adjectives:

0.. ."

-~~~i¿~;i'::':":'." ..'

Adjectives Identify the adjectives in eoch sentence. Write eachadjective on the corr.ect line under each

sentence. Hint: Every

sentence does not contain every k.ind of adjectiv.e, and some

, sentences may contain more than one of a kind.

articles: demonsttative adjectlves:

2. They created a great empire.

dèscriptive adjectives;. artcles: demonstrative adjectives:

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3. Those workers found that temple and made an important discovery.

descriptive ~djectives:

artcles: demonstra~ve adjectives:

4. It was amagiiificent building: .

descriptive adjectives:

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artcles: demonstrative~âdjectives: .5. That temple. was in the capital city.

'descriptive adjectives:

artcles: . demonstrative adjectives:Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultur~s 223

Name


Grammar Skill ProperAdjectives

It's Only Proper!A proper adjective is formed from a proper noun and always begins with

. a capital letter.'

Proper noun Ending Proper adjective

Germany -an German poetr

Chile -an Chilean fruit

China -ese Chinese art

Japan -ese Japanese language '

,

Sweden -ish Swedish bread

Ireland) -ish Irish music.

Proper Ädjectives Complete each sentence. Write the properadjective formed from the proper noun

in parentheses. Use a, \dictionary if you need to.

,I . N ançy read about an

(Aaska)

.2. Tim prepared an

3. A trifle is an

. sled race.

meal for us. (Italy)

-dessert. (Englan~)

art at the museum..

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vaSe is extremely old. (China)

~ish is lovely. .

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4. Our' class saw

(Afica)

5. This

6. The design on that

(Portugal) .c.",.~.

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224 Theine 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures

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Grammar Skill Changingthe Position of Adjectives

First or Last?A good writer can change the position of adjectives to makesentences more effective. Here is an example:

Awkward: The letter was long and interesting, and he read it twice.

Improved: He read the long, interesting letter twice.

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~ 5. Greetings from Italy! The runs are ancient, and I am learng about them.

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Below are some of the postcard messages Keesha has sent fromEurope. Rewrite the second sentence of each one, changingthe position of adjectives to make the sentence more effective.

I. Greetings from France! The paintings in the Louvre are beautiful, andI want to see them all

2. Greetings from Germany! Here is the place where the Berlin Wallonce stood, and it is lively and interesting.

3. Greetings from Ireland! The countrside is green, and I am enjoyinghiking in it.

4. Greetings from Spain! The days are sunny and warm, and I swim.

Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures 22 5

Name


Wnting Skill Explanation

Writing an ExplanationLost Temple of the Aztecs explains who the Aztecs were and why they were

conquered by Spanish explorers in 1519. The purpose of a writtenexplanation is to explain

.. who or what something is

.. what is or was important about something or someone

.. how something works or worked

~ the steps of a process '.. why something happens or happened

Fil in the graphic organizer to help you plan and organize an

explanation that answers this q,uestion: Why did Moctezuma decideto welcome the strangers as friends rather than treat them asenemies? Write this topic in the center box of the graphic organizer.Then list reasons and supporting details from the selection thatexplain why this event happened.

Reason/Supportng Details Reason/Supportg Detais

Topic

Reason/Supportng Reason/Supportng

Details Details

Now write a two- to three-paragraph explanation on a separate sheet

of paper, using the information you recorded. In the first sentenceor paragraph, clearly state the topic. Provide enough reasons tohelp readers understand the subject, and give details to clarify eachreason. Be sure to define any unfamilar terms the first time you usethem. End with a conclusion.

226 Theme4: Discovering Ancient Cultures

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Writing Skill ImprovingYour WritingName

Eliminating Unnecessary

WordsGood writers revise their writing to eliminate unecessary words andrepeated ideas that can make

their writing seem awkward.

Unnecessary Word: The two of them were both running track.

Revised: The two of them were running track.

Read the following paragraph. Cross out unnecessary words andrepeated phrases. Then write the revised paragraph on the linesbelow. You may wanr to revise and combine sentences to make theparagraph read more smoothly.

My mother, Mom, is an anthropologist. She studies ancient

civilizations. She also teaches on the subject too. Both my sister and I,the two of us want to be anthropologists when we're grown-up adults.I'm taking a course at the Natural History Museum after schooL. Thecourse at the Natual History Museum is on ancient Egytiancivilizations. I'm learning about Egyt. In addition to learning aboutEgyt, I'm reading some books right now on the Inca culture of Peru.Peru is in South America.

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Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures 22 7

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Reading-WritingWorkshop

Revising Your ResearchReport

Revising Your

Research ReportReread your research report. What do you need to make it better?Use this page to help you decide. Put

a checkmark in the box for

__~____each sentençe.,thglc1esçrilies..ï()~r,..e,Seiir~h_r~p~rt.

..

..)))Loud and Clear!

o I chose an interesting topic to research.

o I used different sources to find information on the topic.

o I used an outline to help organize my information.

o I used adjectives to help make my writing more interesting.

o There are very few mistakes.

Soundìng Stronger

o I could make the topic sound more interesting to the reader.

. 0 More sources might help me make sure I have the facts right.

o I need to follow my outlne more closely.

o I could add more adjectives to describe what I'm writing about.

o Errors make the report hard

'to read.

Tum Up Volume

o My topic isn't very interesting.

o I didn't use enough sources to find my facts. .

o I didn't use an outline to plan my report.

. 0 Too many mistakes make the report hard to read.

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Reading;.WritingWorkshop

Improving Your Writing

Using Adjectives

Adjectives are w~rdsthat modify nouns or prc;moUns. Choose the bestadjective to complete each sentence.

I. The Mayan civilization flourished long ago in Central America~o. humorous b. popular c. ancient d. youthful

2. The Maya builta. gleaming

temples and pyramids.

b.roasting c. rotting d. grinding

\ .3. The Maya were one of the,develop a writing system. .

. o. biggest b, first

cultues in the western hemisphere to

c. hea,viest d. second

4. The Mayan writing system included symbols for sounds as well as .symbols.

o. baseball b. murky c. heavy d.picture .5. The Maya also invented' the zero in their system.

o. geology b. number c. religious d. government

6. crowds came to see' the Måya playa ball game called pokta-pok.

a. Careless b; Rippled c. Microscopic d. Immense

7. The game seems' to have been an .

soccer, and volleybalL.

o. exciting. b. inner

combil1ation of basketball,

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B. At their peak,more.o. tall

cities of the Maya had populations of 50,000 or

b. frtless c. major d. empty

9. In. the year 909 the Mayan' civilization suffered a.

which it never recovered.

,0. 'popular b. clever c. colorful

defeat from

d. devastating

Theme 4: Discovering AncientCultu.res . 229

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Reading~WritingWorkshop

Frequently Misspelled Words.

Spellin9WordsIs ice slick or sleek? Is a friend an alley or an ally? It is easy toconfuse words that have similar

spellngs and pronunciations

even though the meanings are different. The pairs of Spellng ,

Words in the box are often confused. :Pay careful attention to

the~r pronuncia~?_lis,si')~!lillg~.~_~n~ ~e~nings.

Write the missing letters in the Spellng Words below.

I. decent2, descent

".,,~..affect-.--------

4. effect

',5. desert

6. dessert

7. slick

8. sleek

9. alley

10. ally

I J. confident .

I 2,. confidant

13. hurdle

14. hurtle

i. de ent 8. sl 1

2. de ent 9. all

3. ffect 10. all

4. ffeet II.confid nt

5. de ert 12. confid nt

6. de ert 13. hur Ie

7. sl ck 14. hur Ie

Study Ust On a separate pi~ce, of. paper, write each. speiiing

Word. Check your spellng against the words on the list.

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230 Thtme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures

Name

Reading-WritingWorkshop

Frequendy Misspelled Words

Spelling SpreeWord Switch Write a Spellng Word to replace eachunderlined definition in the sentences below.

I . For the part of the meal that comes after the main course,

we had a choice of chocolate cake~r blackberry pie.

2. The speech the governor gave was reasonably good,

although it ,,ent on a litte too long.3. The cold weather wil cause a changtdn the garden.4. When I need someone to talk to, I'm glad I have a

person entrusted with s,ecrets like Ana. :5. If you get involved in a conflct,

it's helpful to have a person

who joins with another to achieve a goal.

6. Afer a day of travelingthroug-h the area that gets little

" rainfall, the caravan reached an oasis.

7. The horse was groomed until its coat wassmooth and. glossy.

I. decent2. descent3. affect

4. 'effect

5. desert

6. dessert

7. slick

8. sleek

9. alley

10. ally

I I. confident

I 2. confidant

13. hurdle

14.. hurtle

5.

6.

7,

i.

2.

3.

4.

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. The Third Word Write a Spellng Word that ~elongs with eoch

group of words.

8~ slippery, icy,

9. sure, certain,

, 10. result, outcome,I I. fall; plunge,I 2. rush, speed,

13. lane, passageway,

14. obstacle, diffculty,

8. 12.

9. 13.

10. 14.

I i.

Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures .2Jl

Name

Reading-Writing, Workshop

Frequently Misspelled Words

. Proofreading and WritingProofreading Circle the five misspelled Spéllng Words in thisàrchaeologist's diary entry. Then write each word correctly. .

i

I. decent2. descent3. affect

4. effect

5. desert

6. dessert

7. slick

8. sleek

9. alley

10. ally

I I . confident

I 2. confidant

13. hurdle

14. hurtle

September 16th.

The ruins we've found out herein the dessert

appear to be part of a lost city. Dr. Boxer is

confidint that this city was part of a previously

undiscovered ancient culture. i try not to let his. '

opinion afect me too much as I Investigate. The

past few days have been spent excavating what'

appears to be tin aley off one of the main streets.

The building stones that we have fóund are still in

descent shape. It looks as though the climate

has had surprisingly little effect on them. I

remain extremely curious about this place's, past.

i.

2.

3.

4.

5.

.k........................"" Write Context Sentences Choose three word pairs from,the

Spellng List. Then write three pairs ofsEmtences, one for each word.

232 Thenie4: Discovering Ancient Cultures

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The Great Wall

Key Vocabulary

Name

Words on the Wall

Read each description. Then write one or two words fromthe box that match that description.

tenns for land tenn for terrtory ruled over

descriptive tenns for objects tenn for reign of one groupè

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tenns for workers action word for "keeping out" .

descriptive tenn for people tenn for lavishness and excess


. Vocabularyv ~, ,,~ _ J~~" -

domain

.........'.....

massive

craftsmen

terrain

extravagance

laborers

dynasty

durable,.steppe :.

nomadic :... excluding :. .. .e...................... ...

.

--l-he-Great-Wall

Graphic OrganizerCause and Effect

Name

If~.,.'t'

Cause, and' Effect Chart

Cause

Mongol warriors threatened tooverpower the Chinese. -\

1-Laborers built the western part ofthe Great Wall from packed dirt.

The Great Wall had to be guardedagainst the Mongols.

-.

The Great Wall demanded greatsacrifices of the Chinese people, yet

their leaders lived extavagant lives.

-.

The Ming dynasty had beendisliked by its own people.

-. .

The Great Wall was no longer-. needed for defense.


Name

The Great Wall

Comprehension Check

The People Behind theGreat Wall

Each entry below names a group of people who were important in thehistory of the Great Wall. Next to each entry write a

sentence or two

tellng about that group and its role.

Mig Leaders

Mongols

Laborers and Craftsmen

Chiese Soldiers

l Manchus¡;

¡E

l.'5-)

Chiese People

E~c§'"

~~E2'

lTheme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures 235

. ~~'lë~~. . The Egytian Pyds

The pyramids of Egyt are among the wonders of the ancient world.Many were built as tombs for the Egytian pharaohs, or kings. Becausethe pharaohs were considered to be gods living on earth, their tombs hadto be very special places.

The greatest Egytian pyramid is the Great Pyramid of Khufu, built

more than 4,500 years ago. The Great Pyramid is one of three pyramids

set along the Nile River at Giza. It was built to hold the remains ofKhufu, a pharaoh who ruled Egyt for twenty-three years, beginning in2589 B.C. The pyramid is around 480 feet tall with sides that measure760 feet long at the base. It is one of the largest structures ever built.

The Egy'tians built the pyramids out of giant stone blocks thatweighed several tons each. This stone came from rock quarries many

miles away. It had to be floated down the Nile on barges and thenmoved into place using logs, levers, and pulleys. This took enormouseffort! As many as twenty thousand workers helped build the GreatPyramid over a period of twenty years.

The Egytians also built temples near the pyramids. They believedthat theph.araoh"s spirit traveled between the eart and the heavens, andthat Ìt coìÌtinued to watch over them and help them in their lives. To

"nourish the pharaohs' spirits, they filled the temples and tombs with foodand valuable objects. This wealth attacted grave robbers, however, who

looted the tombs, even in ancient times. Later Egytian leaders builttheir tombs in rock cliffs, making entr more diffcult.

III.I(

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--hereat-Wall-~ ..Comprehension SkillCause and Effect

Name

How It StartedRead the following passage. Then complete the activity on page 237.

-- .


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The Great Wall

Comprehension SkillCause and Effect

Name

Cause, Effect

Complete the chart below to show the missing cause or effect.Refer to the passage on page

236.

Paragraph iRgytians considered

their pharaohs to be gods ~living on earth.

, Paragraph 3The rock quarries fromwhich the stones were cutwere many miles away --

from where the pyramidswere built.

Paragraph 4

--

They built temples forworshipping pharaohs

, after 'death. and filled

. both the temples and

tombs with food anq. valuableöbjects.

A.

ó

~~

ËCl;:

a:,;c ..,a.Eo:.

.

s¡;:õ

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B. Later Egytian leaders-- built their tombs in rock

cliffs. .

Theme 4: Discov~ring Anci~mt Cultures 23 7

"

The Great Wall

Structural Analysis Suffixes-ion and -ation

Name

S.uffix Search'Circle the suffxes ~;on and -ation in the underlined words inthe blocks.

I ~.' The Great Wall marked the separation between the Ming and

the Mon'gol territories.

2. A huge -gate was the place of connection between two sections of the

Great Wall.

3. The Ming government got money to build the Great Wall through

years of taxation of the Chinese people.

Now, use four of the underlined words above in sentences of your own.

238 TheIDe 4: Discovéring ,Lncient Cultures

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The Great Wall

Spellng Adding -ionor -ation

Name

Adding' -ion or -at ion

The suffxes -ion and -ation can change verbs into nouns.If the verb being changed ends with e, drop

the e before

adding -ion or -ation.connect, connection situate, situation

admire, admiration

,Write each pair of Spellng Words under the heading thatshows the spellng change when -ion or -ation is

added.

# 'AØ-' Ö" ~_tl " C~. ."~". ~ ~. ~ ~u - -"No Spellng Change

Final e Dropped

'Ó

i~.~

~~ilEou

~:2cI.~fi'[email protected]~ou.

~ . .......~... ',.~, - ~.".i '... ~

I. construct

2. construction

3. connect4. connection

5. combine

6. 'combination

7. cooperate8. cooperation

9. attract

I O. attraction

II. admire

12. -admiration

13. situate

I 4. situation

15. examine

16. examination

17. contribute

1 8. contribution

19. explore

20. exploration

TheIhe 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures 2391 ..

The Great Wall


Name

Spelling SpreeQuestions Write a Spellng Word to answer each question.

I . What does a magnet have ,for iron?

2. What do people do when they want to work well together?

3. What does a teacher give you to test your knowledge of a

subject?

4. What is the opposite of repel?5. When you hear static during a telephone call, you have a

bad what?

6. What do you have for your favorite role model?

7. What is another word for build?

i. 5.

2. 6.

3. \ 7.

4.

syiiåble Scramble Rearrang~ the syllables to write' aSpellng Word. There is one extra syllable

in each '

, numbe.red item.

Examplè: de tion insp~c inspection_

8. nect ble con

9. bu con ant cion tri

10. plo at ex ra tiòn

I I. bine dent com

The Third Word Write the Spellng Word that belongs with each

group of words.

I 2. like, appreciate,

13. teamwork, collaboration,,I 4. investigate, examine,

15. place, locate,'

12.

I. construct, ~. construction

3. connect. 4. connection

5. combine

.6. combination

7. cooperate .

8. cooperation

9. attract

I O. attraction

II. admire

12. admiration

13. situate

I 4. situation

15. examine

I 6. examination

I 7. contribute

18. contribution

19. explore

20. exploration

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14.

15.

240 . Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures

The Great Wall


Name

Proofreading and WritingProofreading Circle the five misspelled Spellng Words in thisproclamation. Then write each word correctly.

The imperial architect is pleased to announce that

the constrckton of our Emperor's wall is going

splendidly. However, much work remains to be done.

The combanation of buildig materials must be just

right. Then we must connect all the separate parts into

one solid barrier. The Chinese people are now called

upon to contribuet more labor to this effort. The

Mongol situashun on our northern border continues to

worsen. The barbarians constantly examIn our defenses

to fid weaknesses. Therefore, we must build a wall that

has none. Let all people unite in ths glorious endeavor!

4.

5.

3.

I . construct

2. construction

3. connect4. connection

5. combine

6. combination

7. cooperate

8. cooperation

9. attract

I O. attraction

II. admire

I 2. admiration

13. situate

I 4. situation

15. examine

I 6. examination

I 7. contribute

I 8. contribution

19. explore

20. exploration

~ ___ Write a Report You are on an inspection tour of the Great Wall.~ You must write a report to the chief architect on the conditions along theE

~ wall. How would you describe the usefulness of the wall against Mongol¡;:i attcks? Are there any suggestions you would make?

~g On a separate sheet of paper, write a report giving an update on the:i~ state of affairs along the Great Wall. Use Spellng Words

from the list.Cl

lTheme 4: DiscoveÍ'ng Ancient Cultures 241

The Great Wall

Vocabulary Skill Synonyms

Name

Sentences with Synonyms

Read each sentence below. Find a word in the box that is a synonymfor each underlined word. Rewrite the sentences using the synonyms.

Vocabulary_,), " ~ _w-:.. ~

.... . . . . ... .. . . ... .... . . . . .. . . . .. ... . .. .. ..... .. .. .. .. .. ..: ancient crests distant earth elaborate :.. .: grueling' patrolled plunged survive withdrew :. ... ..... .. ...... . ....... ....... . .... ... .... .. . ..... ..... ..... . . . ... . ....


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The Great Wall

Grammar Skill Comparingwith Adjectives

Compare Us!Comparing with Adjectives Use the comparative form (-er ormore) of an adjective to compare two persons, places, ideas, or things.

Use the superlative form (-est or most) to compare three or more.Look at this chart of spellng changes that happen

when -er or -est is

added to some words.

Spellng changes with -er and -est

~ Do not add another e niceto adjectives ending in e.

~ You usually double the finalconsonant of adjectives that end flat

in a consonant after a single voweL.

~ Change the final y to i in busyadjectives ending in y.

nicer nicest

flatter flattest

busier busiest

Complete each sentence with the correct form of the adjective inparentheses. Remember to use more or most with long adjectives.

"

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~cêtl5c~ëtl~3

I . My family built athan last year. (large)

2. Our neighbors tried to build athan ours. (big)

3. We made the fort on theyear. (cold)

4. It was the

(fantastic)

5. I hope tomorrow is not.

6. If the snow melts, we'll lose thefort we've ever made! (ambitious)

snow fort ths year

one

~.l~2i

day of the

~

~

lsnow fort ever built!

than today. (suny)

snow


Name

The Great Wall

Grammar Skill Comparingwith good and bad

Good tlews or Bad?Comparing with good and bad The adjectives good and .bad areirregular. They do not take the endings -er or -est, and the words moreor most are not added to them. Study their special comparative formsin ths chart.

Positive Negative

Adjective: I have good news. I have bad news.

Comparative form: ' The news is better today. Today's news is worse.

Superlative form: This is the best news This is the worst

I've ever heard. news I've ever heard.

Fil in the blank with the correct form of good if the word inparentheses ( ) is positive and the correct form of badif the word in parentheses is negative.

i. Signal fires were once acommunication. (positive)

means of

2. Now we havethan ever before~ (positive)

ways of gettng in touch

3. This is thehad! (negative)

telephone connection I've ever

4. . Receivig a scrambled message is than nomessage at all. (negative)

5. Sending electronic mail is the way of all tokeep in touch with friends who live far away. (positive)

6 . No one likes to get news. (negative)


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The Great Wa'ii

Gramar Skill Using theCorrect Forms of Adjectives

What Good Form.!Using the Correct Forms of Adjectives It is impórtant for a goodwriter to use the correct form of an adjective. Here are examples of some,common mistakes writers make with adjectives: '

Error: As the years went by, they found a more better way to build the wall.

Correct: As the yeors went by, they found a better way to build the wall.

Error: Some rulers were benevolenter than others. .

Correct: Some rulers were more benevolent than others.

Error: What is the older place you have ever seen?

Corréct: What is the oldest place you have ever seen?

Beth has written a draft of a letter to her friend Nell about an

enjoyable visit to the art museum. In her enthusiasm, she has

!ßade somø mistakes with her adjectives. Find the five incorrect'adjective forms in her I.etter, and write

them correctly on the

lines below.

Ln Dear NelL. - .

,t

Yei?terdav I visited the &\reater art museum I've ever

seen. It was gooder than the one we went to last month.

The works from China were theimpressivest ones. Many

df the, works are very old. A beautifuler statue of a young

man with tvyo birds was more than 2000 years old! Can

. you itragine seeing anything ancienter? If an American

statue is 200 years old, we think that is ama~ing..

~.

5.

i.

2.

3.


Name

The Great Wall

Writing Skill Paragraph ofInformation

. Writing a Paragraph ofInformationIn The Great Wall, you leàrned about the building

of China's GreatWall.

A paragraph of information like ths one from the selection presentsfacts in a logical order.

Tens of thousands of workers were involved in building the Great

WalL. The army provided many laborers. Soldiers became constrction. workers, and generals becanÌ~ architects and engineers. Peasants were .

required to work on the wall. They worked for months at a time for littleor no pay. Criminals' served their sentences doing hard labor on the walL. '

Use this graphicorgani~er to build your own paragraph ofinformationabout another human structure.

. "

. Topic'.

Topic Sentence

Supportg Sentences

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ou

, . , Now write your paragraph ofínformation on (I s~parQte sheet of paper. Include. a topic sentence, usuaily the first sentence in the paragraph, that tells what the

entire p(lragraph is about . Arrange several supporting s,enfEmces in a logical

. order, and make sure all of the sentences contain, facts about the topjc.


Name

i

The Great Wall

Writing Skill ImprovingYour Writing

Elaborating with Adjectives

Adjectives like strong and difcilt desçribe nouns and pronouns and helpreaders picture people, places, ideas, and things

that are being described.

A good wrIter uses adjectives in sentences to make his or her writing

clearer and more vivid.

Read these sentences about the Great Wall. Then add adjectives fromthe box to make each sentence more interesting. /",,-

t_'7.'l1._"_~_¡'fr_¡ti;.~.¡¡"."_i!_i:io~~"'---~~-¡¡ø;.,._-@.\_,,"J.",'I'i.:i_~\

i~ fierce tall massive. incredible long smoky heavy, I~ hardworking well-trained costly high swift skilful curious I

\-¡;~.¡¡_~Ì'1i_~¡___J!_~¡',*---ll_¡¡-~--¡¡.;¡'l_'l---__R_w_'

I. The Chinese built a

countr from. the

2. In the eastern mountains, the

made of mud bricks and

3. Thousands of

wall to protect their

Mongols.

wall was

blocks.

and

laborers.. spent years andyears working on the walL

4. A millon soldiers defended the Great

Wall against

5,. Stationed in

Mongol horsemen. '

watchtowers, guards built

fires to send a_ warning about an

ò

~~

~gi

i~~EoJc~ :ãcla'r.gi~§

§,~,a.8

i'approaching enemy.

6. Ming emperors imposed

pay for the

7. Today, many

taxes to help

project. ,

, toufistscome to view this

strcture from the ancient world.


The Royal Kingd9ms ofGhana, Mali,. and Songhay

Key VocabularyName

'A Desert Journey'

Use these desert words to complete the journal entry below.¡

Vocabulary ,~.. ,- y.,,-" ""~l:\~ - - 'Vv" -~ '" ;"-

... . .. ... . . ... .. . . . ........ . . e.. .. . . . .... . ... ..................e.... .. .. .. .... .. . ... . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . ... ... .... . .. ~......~.... .. ......~

oasis

f10ùrishing

entourage

bartering

vicinity

goods

primary

. curavans

Today is the thirty-fourth day of our journey. Having enough water

concern when' crossing the Sahara.

We reached the cool waters of this just before

sunset and immediately allowed our camels' to drink. We are one of seven

made up of people and camels here tonight. Most

of the camels are heavily laden with . Some of thedifferent traders have already begu

with each

other for items they want. Trade is . in this region,

with gold, salt, and exotic goods in high demand in so many places. We

heard that a prince stopped. here with a huge .' Just. 'two days ago. Tot; bad we did not get to seethat splendid gr,oup! Still, we

are told that equally wondrous sights await us in the

of the city Jenne.


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The Royal Kingdoms ofGhana, Mali, and Songhay

Graphic Organizer Topic,Main Idea, and Details ChartName

Topic, Main Idea, and"Details Chart

Topic:

Section IMain Idea:

Key Detais: I.

2.

3.

Section 2

Mài Idea:'

Key Details: I.

2.

3. '

Section 3

Main Idea:

Key Detais: I.

2.

3.~"2!0)'i: ''"¡:

, \.'

li,;c~§,:.c~:2'C

~'"

£9t'¡:~8

Section llMai Idea:

Key 'Details: I.,

2.

3.

Theme 4: Di!?covei'ng Ancient Culturès 249


Comprehension CheckName

Trader's Log-Trans-Saharan

Route

Use information from The Royal Kitlgdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay

to complete the following log of a trader who is traveling in a caravan. -. _.' f. ."

Destination: Koumbi Saleh, in the empire of

Method of travel: .'

. Reason for traveling: to trade-for

plentiful and valuable resource

Two items brought to trade:

r G-hana's. most

, Lengt of journey:

Two tyes of traveling companions:

Daytme schedule:

Evenig :;ctivities:

ll"(,'

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Three interesting facts about Soninke village life:

250' , Theme 4: Discovering AricientCult~res , ,

The Royal Kingdoms of .Ghana, Mali, and Song hay

Comprehension Skil Topic,Main Idea, and DetailsName

What's the Big Idea?

.,~'

"!

11'"'¡:

Read the following passage.' Then complete the activity on page 252.

Civilizations of Mesoamerica

Before European arved in the America, Mesoamerica (which includes.

Mexico and Central America) Was home to several advanced civilizations.

Three of the main groups were the a Imecs, the Maya, and the Aztecs.The Olmecs were the first to create an advanced civilization;

Around 1200 B.C. they began to build cities and create a trade network inthe jungles of southeastern Mexico, along the Gulf of Mexico. Theycarved giant stone heads, some weighing as much as forty-four tons. By

. '400 B.C. their culture was in decline, but their achievements' influenced

. other civilizations to coi:e.By A.D. 250 another'powerful culture, the Maya, had emerged in

Mesoamerica. The Maya built great stone ci,ties, or ceremonial centers,in the lowland jungles and mountain highlands

of southern Mexico and

northern Central America. Mayan cities, 'including Palenque,Tik¡il, and

Copán, featured elaborate pyramids, temples, and palaces. The Mayabuilt irrigation canals for their fields. They also developed. a writingsystem,. ~ calendar, and advanced knowledge of mathematics and

astronomy. Afer A~D. 900 their culture began to decline, though Mayan

peoples cOii.tinue to lîve in the regiontothÌs day. ' .

The third great civilization of Mesoamerica was the Aztec. It

. emerged in the dry hìghlands of central MeXico after A.D. '1200. The

Aztecs built a great city, Tenochtitlán, on an island in a. large lake'

in the Valley of Mexico. They were also great warriors. By theearly 1500s they had conquered many nëIghboring groups and "

, had createda large em:pire. ,When the Spansh arrved in Mexico

in 1519, they were astounded by the wealth and achievementsof the Aztec empire.

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, .' 'Theme 4: Discovering ÁncieiltCultures, 251

Name

The hoyal Kingdoms ofGhana, Mali, and Songhay

Comprehension Skill Topic,Main Idea, and Details

'What's the Big Idea? continued

Answer these q,uestions about the passage on pa.ge251.

I. What is the topic of the passage?

2. The topic and main ide;i of the second paragraph are listed below.Fil in the supportingcietails.

Topic: the Olmec civilization

. Main Idea: The Olmecs were the first to create an advancèd civilization.

Detals:

3. On the, lines below, write the topic, main idea, and details of the third and. .fourt paragraphs.

Third Paragraph '. Fourt Paragraph

Topic:

. Main Idea:

Topic:

" 'Main Idea:

,Details: Détails:

. I.

. 252 The~e 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures_

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Strctural Analysis

Unstressed SyllablesName

Reeognizing Unstressed

SyllablesRead each sentence. Sound out the u,nderlined word several times,

placing stress on a different syllable each time. Circle the choice withthe, correct unstressed and stressed syllables. Unstressed syllables

are written in lowercase letters and stressed'syllables are written in

capital letters.

I. In bartering, the buyer and the seller reach an agreement that is

satisfactory to both sides.

SAT-is-fac-to-ry sat-IS-fac-to-ry sat-is-FAC-to-ry

2. In a caravan, camels are'loaded with merchandise and supplies.

MER-chan -dise mèr-CHA -dise mer-chan.DISE

3. Royal patrols guaranteed safe passage to all visitors to ancient Ghana.

GUAR-an-teed guar-AN-teed guar-an-TEED

"..4. Smaller towns were surrounded by walls with moats or,pits in

. front of them.

SUR-round -ed sur- ROUND-ed sur-round -ED

" . 5~ Familes in ancient' Ghana worked cooperatively on theland.

CO-op-er-a -tive- ly co-OP-er.a .tlve. ly co-op-er.a -TIV- ly.,~".~ ~, 6. Vìllage leaders allocated land to each family according to need.

AL-lo-cat-ed al-LO-cat-ed al-lo.cat.ED7 . Farmers used dikes and earthen dams for irrigation.

'., . ir.RI.ga-tion ir-ri-GA.tion ir.ri.ga-TION

8. The women cooked, ate, worked, and entertained together.

EN.ter.tained en-TER-qìIned . en-ter-TAID

.Ë .'.~

~~'"a.E8.=¡¡,

~c~.gi~@

. i: .*~ ..,~o.0

,~'l\-..,... 0, ..',' ii -v)¡~

s!~~Y:: ,:J!j ~~~¿~.~~~ ~-~ -'--, ,--; -- ~-==~-~..~~-:~~-- - -"..~~.~

Theme 4: Discovèring Ancient Cultures 253

The Royal. Kingdoms ofGhana, Mali" and Song hay

Spellng Unstressed

SyllablesName

Unstressed SyllablesTo spell a two-syllable or three-syllable word, divide the word

into syllables. Look fòr familar spellng patterns. Be sure tonote the spellng of any unstressed syllables, and then spell theword by'syllables.

prob / lem (prab¡ lam) po / si / tion (pa zish' an)

Write each Spellng Word under the heading that gives the .number of its syllables.

~.~'~~Two Syllables Three Syllables

'~

'$ '-"":'.


I. company

2. success3. position

4. problem

5. poliCy

6. diffcult

7. document

8. quality

9. surprise

I O. physical

II. crisis

12. aWake

13. example

14. ignore

15. accept

16. parallel

17. admiral

18. dei:ire

19. garage

20. ambulance

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Spellng Unstressed

SyllablesName

Spelling SpreePhrase Filers Write the Spellng

Word that best completes

each phrase.

I. a government

2. to set a good

3. a patient's

4. to solve a

5. to reach the rank of

on automobile safe.ty

condition

6. a birthday party

7. aparking

8. rushed to the hospital in an

i.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Code Breaker Somè Spellng Wordshave'~éèn written in'code. Use the code below to figure.aut,each word.

Then

write the words :correctly., ',; ..~~~~~~~~~~~~,¡e ,CODE: 1ST PW A C D J RH" VEL GM Y B'.lLETTER: a c d e f g i i in n 0 p q r stu y'1' ~~~~~~~~~~~~Eo(J'c

.~~

~'""o:i@

9. GYSSPGG' 13. CARLP, . '

14. VILIDDPD10.ISSPVM

II. TPGCLP 15, SLCGCG ".E 'Cl

'~ '12. VHGCMCHR8

Theme 4: O,iscovering Ancient Cultures 255

i. company

2. success3. position

4. problem

5. pOlicy

6. diffcult

. 7. document

8. 'quality

9. surprise

I O. physicql

II. crisis'

12. awake

13; example'

14. ignore

'15. accept16. parallel

17. admiral

18. desire

19. garage

20. ambulance

Name


Spellng . UnstressedSyllables

'Proofreading and WritingProofreading Circle the five misspelled Spellngl Words inthis travel report. Then write each word correctly.

I write these words because my eniployers desire

a briefdocumint of my recent trading expedition.

Our compeny of merchants ,made the desert crossing

in good time. We were 'all awak several hours' before

sunrise each day and did most of our traveling before

the sun got tQO hot. It is adiffacult journey, but the

sights to be' seen at the end of it make it well

worthwhile. The cities of the kingdom of Ghana are

~ bustling with many thousands of people. Goods of

high qu;ilty fill the marketplaces. There are excellent

trading opportu~itìes here.

I. 'company

2. success.

3. position

4..'problem

5. policy

6. diffcult7. document

8. quality

9. surprise

10. physical

II. crisis

12. awake

13. example

14: ignore

15. accept

16. parallel'

17.'ddmiral

I 8. ,desire. /

19. ,garager20. ambulance

.4.

5.

, i.

2.

'3; ~E'"'¡:

,

_ .__L;. Write a Paragraph of Information From'reading the sele~ti()n,

what do you know about daily life in, the medieval kingdom of Ghana?

Whatwas it like to travel across the desert in a trade caravan?

Ona separate piece of paper, write a paragraph about one aspect oflife in the Kingdom of Ghana. .' Use Spellng Words from the list.

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The Royal Kingdoms ofGhana, Man, and Songhay

Vocabülary Skil Prefixes and

Suffixes

Prefix and Suffix ChartRead the journal entry. Underline each word that has a prefix or'suffixlisted in Chart I. Then fill in

Chart 2,with your underlined words.

. The miners of ancienrGhana tradèd their gold by bartering., 'ometimes,they would find the merchants' goods unacceptable, and the

, erchan~s would reoffer more goods. Often, though, the system moved

"moothly and'the bartering was successfuL.

Chart I ,

, .,

Suffxes Meanings Prefixes Meanings

.-er, -or a person who does re- again or back

-ful full of-ly in a specified way un- not'

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Chart 2

,

Word with Suffx Base Word and Suffx Meaning/,

i. +i ,

2. +

3., + i

-: . ",

Word with Prefix Base Word and Prefix Meaning,

\

Ll. ' +

5., +

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Tneme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures 257

The Royal Kingdoms'ofGhana, Mali, and Songhay

Grammar Skill AdverbsName

, Tell Me' How!Adverbs An adverb can modify, or describe, a verb or an adjective. An

adverb that modifies a verb tells how, where, when, or to what extent. An

adverb that modifies an adjective tells to what extent. Look at the example

sentences~ What word does each adverb in dark tye modify?How: They carefully guarded the secret mines.

Where: You must go west to reach the American deserts.When: The people worked daily.

To what extent: I really like the book about Ghana.

. To what extent: It is a very interesting book.

Under each sentence write the adverb, the word it modifies,and Verb or A-djective to tell what kind of word it modifies.

I. Trade was very important in anCÌent Ghana.

2. Merchants traveled safely in groups.

3. A full-time cameleer usually'mal1aged the camels.

4. The camels could be quite stubborn:

,

5., The caravans traveled south.

6. They regularly pushed their way across the de~ert.

,

, 7. It must have been an extremely dangerous journey.

8. Temperatures in the desert could become dangerouslyhigh.

258. Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures

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Grammar Skill Comparingwith Adverbs

Time foComporeComparing with Adverbs Like

adjectives, adverbs can be used to make

, co.mparisons. Use the comparative form (-er) to compare two things.

. Use the superlative form (-est) to compare

three or more. Use more or

most will adverbs that end with-ry.

, ComparativeAndrea digs faster than Mike.

Brian swims more quickly than you.

,

on my

SuperlativeTony digs fastest of all.

He swims most quickly of us all.

Some adverbs have. completely different forms of comparison.'

Study the chart.

Adverb

well

badly

little

much

Comparativebetter'worse

'less

more

Superlativebest

worst

,least

most

Write the comparative or superlative form of the adverb in

parentheses () to complete each sentence correctly.

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l

I. 1 wonder

Ido about the future. (frequently)

2. I'm going to work ,history lesson ~s weekthan I did last week. (hard)

3. The. archaeologist was tle

interestig speaker of all at theassethbly. (much)

; 4. 1 was. interested in thehistorian's speech. than in hers. (litte) .

/

5. She ,went of all into detailsabout working in the field. (deep)

,'. I may think . now

about

studying archaeology than before. (seriously)

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'The Royal Kingdoms ofGhana, Mali, and Songhay

Grammar Skill Adjective orAdverb?

Adverbs at Work!

Adjective or Adverb? Good writers are carefu to use adverbs, notadjectives, to tell how much or to what extent ,about adjectives. Review the

examples below.

Incorrect: She plays real welL.

Correct: She plays really welL.

Incor'rect: The stèw was extreme delicious.

'Correct:' The, stew was extremely delicious.

, Brigitte has written a play abQut an imaginaiymedieval kingdom.. . Here is part of the 'script. Proofread it to change adjectives to

adverbs where necessary. Write the correct word above

each mistake.

tight woven basket!

Kig Snòof: Loyal subject, what have you brôught me so eager?

Gamid the Serf: Good and kind king, I have gladly brought

ths real big basket full of crops from my field.

Kig Snoof: You must have had a ,tremendous good, harvest this

year, serf.

Gamid the Serf Yes, King Snoòf! Your fierce' brave soldiers have

proteeted your kingdom and òur'crops. ,

, , King Snoof: Now, serf, sing me an extreme sweet tuite.ofthe land., '

Gamidthe Serf: But, sire, 1 carry no Sweet tue in my

'.

Kig Snoof: Then, sorry serf, 'sing a sour one!

260 Theme 4: Qiscovering A,ncientCultures

Name

Writing a Comparison and'Contrast Paragraph


Writing Skill A Comparisonand Contrast Paragraph

In ,The Royal Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay, the authors.compare

~nd contrast the roles played by men and women in Soninke vilage life. ,

For example, both men and women ,made baskets and pots, but men

served in,the miltary while women harvestedand'processed crops. Oneway to explore how things are alike and different is by writing acoinp,arison and contrast paragraph. Comparing shows how

things are

alike, and coutrasting shows how they are different.

Use the Venn diagram to help you compare and contrast

travel in the

days of the camel caravans with travel in modern times:

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On a separate sheet of paper, write a. compare-contrast paragraphabout travel today and travel in ancient North ,Africa. ,In the openingsentence, clearly state the

subject being compared and contra.sted.

In the supporting sentences, group details that compqre (Jnd details .

that contrast in a clear manner. Use clue words such as both

or

likewise tp help"readers identify likenesses, and on the

other hand or

only to help them 'identity differences.

Travel Then , TravelNow


Name

The Royal Kingdoms of, Ghana Mali, and Songhay

Writig Skill Improving

Your Writing

. Combining Sentences with. Adjectives, Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns. You can improve your writing

by combining repetitive adjectives into a single sentence.Ancient Ghanaians had golde'n jewelry. They also hod golden thread.

Ancient Ghanaians had golden jewelry and thread.

You can also combine several short, choppy sentences with different

adjectives into a list of adjectives in one sentence.The journey was long. The trip was diffcult, too. It was often dangerous.

The journey across the Sahara was long, diffcult, and dangerous.

, Revise this paragraph. Combine repetitive adjectives into a singlesentence, or combine several short, choppy sentences with differentødjectives into a list of adjectives in one sentence.

en an women played important roles in Soninke village life.

Working together, Soninke men and women shared essential tasks. They

did daily chores that were essential, too. For example, both made usefulbaskets. Men and women made pots and utensils that were useful as well.

On the other hand, men and w~men had separate responsibilties. Themen hunted, farmed, and served in the military. They used iron to maketools and weapons that were,strong. The tools' arid weapons were durable.

They were sharp. The women in the viage cooked plain meals. Their

. dishes were also nutrtious.'å"~

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, . 2'62, ThelIe 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures

Name

Discovering AncientCultures

Taking Tests

Vocabulary ItemsUse the test-taking strategies and tips you have learned to help youcomplete each analogy with the correct answer. Take the time you need

. to think about each analogy and the answer choices. This practice willhelp you when you take this kind of test.

Read each analogy below. Then fill ,in the circle for the best answerat the bottom of the page.

1 Emperor was to Ch~na as

'A China

B United StatesC rulers of countries

D president

2 The Great Wall was' to the Chinese people as aearly American settlers.

F wall,G fortH horse

is to the United States.

was to the

3

J sheriff

were to the Chinese guards as telephones are to

people today. '

A Swords

B. Letters

C. Smoke signals

D Mailboxes.

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Theme 4: Dis~overing Ancient Cultures 263

Vocabulary Items continued

Discovering AncientCultures

Taking Tests

Name

4 Mòngol was to threat as the Great Wall was to

F. defense

G taxesH cannons

, J airplanes

5 Soldier was to constrction worker as was to architect.A horse

B general

C criminal

D brick

-,6 Gate is to the Great Wall as is to a house.F porch,

G window

li door

J roadway

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,264 Themê 4: Qiscovering An~ient Ci:ltures

-' ,~

Name

DiscoveringAÍlcientCultures:Theme 4 Wrap-Up

Spelling Review

. Spelling Review1-30. Write each Spellng Word. In words that have t~e Ish!

sound, underline the letters that spell that sound.

i. 16.I. establish

2. 17.2. cooperate3. edition

3. 18. ' 4.' admiration

4. 19.5. surprise

5. 20.6. accept

\7. combine

6. 2 i. 8; diffcult

7. 22. 9. musician

8. 23.I 0; official

II. shallow

9.' '24. 12~ ambulance

10. 25. I 3. position .

, I i.26.

I 4. connaction

15. partial

12. 27. 16. example

. 13. 28. 17. mission

14. 29.I 8,; pressure

19. crisis .

,15. 30. 20. physical

't

21. problem

" .22., construct~ .g¡~ 23; combinationË.~

~24. success

,;c 25. connectela..E8 ~6. ancient

~:2

27. cushion

c0, '.E

28. construction'""0:i 29. [email protected].~ 30. cooperation

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Discovering AncientCultures:Theme 4 Wrap-Up

Spellng Review

Spelling Spree'Head,line Help Write the Spellng Word that means the

.' opposite of the underlined word in each headline. Begineach word with a capital letter.

I. Solution Surfaces at Archaeological Dig Site

I. ambulance .

2. physical

3. admire

4. diffcult

5. musician

6. edition

7. surprise

8. accept9. problem

10. ancient

I I. partial

12. sucCess

,i 3. combine

14. cushion

15. shallow

2.Thousand-Year~Old Artifacts Found in Deep Pit

3. Protecting the Great Wall from Vandals Proves Easy

4. Experts Reject Award foi: Preservng Historic City

5: Modern Aztec Stone Discovered in MeXico

-

6. Workers Uncover Total Remains of Mummy

7. Mental Fitness Helps Dig Workers Handle Desert Heat .

8. Archaeologists Meet with Failure on Afican Dig

Tongue Twisters Write thèSpellng Word that cornpletes each ,onguetwister,

9. Milly the, inuddled . .

I O. Cousin Carl can't

made many mistakes.

cucumbers and carrots.

I 5. Amber asked for an after the accident.

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I I . Adrian will always Aunt Alce's albums.12. Sarah'spilled soup when staøed by Sam's silý.

I 3. Ed's, eatly . of the encyclopedia was expensive.,

I 4. A calico cat is curled up on the couch

, ì

266 Theme 4: Discovering Anci.entCultures

..

Discovering AncientCultures:Theme 4 Wrap-Up.

Spellng Review- Name

Proofreading and WritingProofreading Circle the six misspelled Spellng Words in thisreport. Then write each'

word correctly.

It can be exciting to estabalish facts about an ancient cultue.

Often it is necessar to set up an oficial camp. The exact pesition

of the camp can be based on old records. One useful activity is to

construckt a model of a buidig that m8ù have existed. Another is

to stud; an exsample of the tools' the people used. A combonation

of study and exploration is needed.

I.

.2..

3.

4.

5.

6.

.

Write the Spellng Words that bèst complete this log entry.

August 16

I am filled with 7. for my fine

I. crisis

2. example

3. position

4. cooperate5. cooperation .

6. admiration

7. combination

8. connection

9. connect1 O. 'construction

I I . construct

12. mission

I 3, pressure

14. establish

I 5. offcial

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crew. Wìth their help and 8.

. to resolve each new 9.

workig under some I O. '.

Our goal, or 1 1 .

. methods of 12.

, we are able

quickly. We are

" but we are coping.

, is to study the

used to 'build an old

temple. i hope to find a 13. between thetemple and the buildings in the north. If I can prove that the

styles I 4.

with one another, it will beagreat

discovery. Now, if the weather would only 15. ' i.

Ii' .. Write a News Report On a, separate sheet of paper, write a

news report. Use the Spellng Review Words.


discovering ancient cultures - willows unified

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