DisciplineDiscipline

This presentation provides an overview of discipline in aviation. It is intended to enhance the reader's understanding, but it shall not supersede the applicable regulations or airline's operational This presentation provides an overview of discipline in aviation. It is intended to enhance the reader's understanding, but it shall not supersede the applicable regulations or airline's operational

documentation. Should there be any discrepancy between this presentation and an airline’s AFM / (M)MEL / FCOM / QRH / FCTM, the latter shall prevail at all times.documentation. Should there be any discrepancy between this presentation and an airline’s AFM / (M)MEL / FCOM / QRH / FCTM, the latter shall prevail at all times.

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This presentation can be printed in the notes format to provide a personal reference document.This presentation can be printed in the notes format to provide a personal reference document.

IntroductionIntroduction

This visual guide defines discipline and illustrates its importance to safe flight operations. The objective is to reinforce the importance of discipline as the basis of airmanship. The material may be used for self study or as part of a formal training presentation. The speaker’s notes provide additional information.

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ContentsContents

1. What is discipline?

2. Attitudes that can affect discipline

3. Violations

4. Summary

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What Is Discipline?What Is Discipline?

Behavior in accord with rules of conduct

Behavior and order maintained by training

and control

An individual’s personal commitment to

comply with rules and procedures

The willpower and ability to operate safely

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What Produces Discipline?What Produces Discipline?

Aviation discipline comes from training that develops:

• Self-control

• Character

• Positive safety attitudes

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What Is Good Discipline?What Is Good Discipline?

Good aviation discipline is planning and preparing for problems

before they arise by thinking ahead and: Not accepting that rules must be bent to maximize the effectiveness

of the flying task

Suppressing the belief that ability and experience enable a pilot to

do the job without following standard procedures

Avoiding the temptation to make a task more exciting or interesting

by deviating from procedures or rules

Rejecting opportunities for shortcuts or for doing things that appear

to be better but are not permitted by procedures or rules

Resisting the temptation to break rules to impress others

The effects of poor discipline:The effects of poor discipline:

Of 93 hull losses investigated, 33% involved a pilot deviation from basic Of 93 hull losses investigated, 33% involved a pilot deviation from basic

operational procedures and 26% involved inadequate cross-check by operational procedures and 26% involved inadequate cross-check by

the second crewmember.the second crewmember. Lautman and Gallimore

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Attitudes and DisciplineAttitudes and Discipline

An attitude: Is a set of beliefs or state of mind that can influence a pilot’s behavior

Is often directed at a person, object or task

May be positive, negative or neutral (neither positive nor negative)

Attitudes can have a direct effect on an individual’s level of discipline

when operating an aircraft.

An individual’s attitude can influence others and thereby have a direct

effect on a team’s level of discipline.

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A good rule is to trust but verifytrust but verify. Insist that other team

members do the same for your actions and decisions.

A good rule is to trust but verifytrust but verify. Insist that other team

members do the same for your actions and decisions.

Positive AttitudesPositive Attitudes

Positive attitudes: Optimism — disposition or tendency to look on the more favorable

side of events or conditions

Openness — willingness to disclose or reveal one's knowledge,

thoughts, feelings; receptive to input from others

Honesty — truthfulness, sincerity or frankness

Benefits of positive attitudes: Foster self and team discipline

Foster trust among team members

Increase personal confidence

Increase team confidence

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Negative/Hazardous AttitudesNegative/Hazardous Attitudes

Negative/hazardous attitudes that must be avoided: Anti-authority Impulsiveness Invulnerability Machismo Resignation Complacency

Defense against these attitudes requires continual self-

assessment.

A pilot must be able to identify and correct his or her own

negative/hazardous attitudes before considering the

attitudes of team members.

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Anti-Authority: Don’t tell me what to do!Anti-Authority: Don’t tell me what to do!

Some people have a problem with being told what to do It often stems from a lack of knowledge or preparation

A person may feel that his or her authority is being challenged

Defenses for the individual: Understand that you do not know everything and that you cannot attend to

everything by yourself

Understand that the other crewmembers are there to help

Do not take offense if someone questions your actions

Explain your thoughts if time permits

Defenses for the entire crew: Before each mission:

– Agree on the rules and procedures to be followed

– Clearly establish that anyone can voice a concern

– Plan for, and prepare for, possible problems

Do not hesitate to question any team member who fails to adhere to a rule or

procedure

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Impulsiveness: I don’t need to think about that!Impulsiveness: I don’t need to think about that!

An impulsive person acts without thinking or analyzing a

situation Impulsive people may believe they have enough information to make a decision when

they do not People who are normally not impulsive may act impulsively when hurried or pressured

for a response

Defenses for the individual: Do not rush unnecessarily — take time to consider the situation Maximize information through detailed preparation Increase skills through practice

Defenses for the entire crew: Use SOPs whenever possible For unusual situations, “create” more time to plan and gather information (e.g., initiate

a go-around)

Not So Fast, Think First!

An impulsive person acts without thinking or analyzing a

situation Impulsive people may believe they have enough information to make a decision when

they do not People who are normally not impulsive may act impulsively when hurried or pressured

for a response

Defenses for the individual: Do not rush unnecessarily — take time to consider the situation Maximize information through detailed preparation Increase skills through practice

Defenses for the entire crew: Use SOPs whenever possible For unusual situations, “create” more time to plan and gather information (e.g., initiate

a go-around)

Not So Fast, Think First!

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Invulnerability: It could never happen to me!Invulnerability: It could never happen to me!

Invulnerability is the belief that nothing can go wrong or that

you are immune from harm Often due to overconfidence in one’s abilities or technology

– Experts are as susceptible to feelings of invulnerability as novices

– Over-reliance on automation or new systems can lead to feeling invulnerable

May stem from a failure to understand surrounding hazards

– Anyone in a new situation, not just novices, may fail to understand the

hazards associated with a particular task

Defenses for the individual: Increase knowledge and risk-assessment training

Identify opportunities for error, even in routine tasks

Defenses for the entire crew: Beware of careless and overconfident crewmembers

Openly discuss problems you observe or anticipate and have a plan for

dealing with them

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Machismo: I’m in charge!Machismo: I’m in charge!

Although machismo is generally associated with men, both men

and women can feel the need to prove themselves and, in turn,

engage in risky behaviors

Machismo can lead to characterizing important information from

others as unimportant and ignoring it

Defenses for the individual: Request and consider information from fellow

crewmembers

Learn from others, instead of competing

Realize that safe flight is proof enough of your skills

Defenses for the entire crew: Create a team environment in which everyone’s concerns are heard and

everyone is expected to contribute to decisions

Although machismo is generally associated with men, both men

and women can feel the need to prove themselves and, in turn,

engage in risky behaviors

Machismo can lead to characterizing important information from

others as unimportant and ignoring it

Defenses for the individual: Request and consider information from fellow

crewmembers

Learn from others, instead of competing

Realize that safe flight is proof enough of your skills

Defenses for the entire crew: Create a team environment in which everyone’s concerns are heard and

everyone is expected to contribute to decisions

A machismo attitude involves being overly assertive and domineering, and feeling the need to prove oneself or to impress others

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Resignation: Nothing else can be done!Resignation: Nothing else can be done!

Resignation is an attitude that nothing more can be done to

improve a situation Resignation is marked by a sense of helplessness, and

A belief that fate/chance will determine the outcome

Defenses for the individual: Train for as many scenarios as possible

Seek input from other team members

Never give up

Defenses for the entire crew: Ask the question, “Have you considered…?”

Look outside the aircraft to ATC or others for help

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Complacency: We don’t need to worry about anything right now!

Complacency: We don’t need to worry about anything right now!

Complacency is a feeling of satisfaction or contentment with

what is happening without awareness of the real dangers of

the situation Complacency is often marked by failure to understand the hazards

Complacency can be associated with boredom and attitudes of

machismo and invulnerability

Novice pilots are at risk because they do not understand risks

Expert pilots are at risk because of overconfidence

Defenses for the individual: Learn and understand the hazards associated with each phase of flight

Constantly assess the status of the aircraft

Defenses for the entire crew: Monitor each other’s attitudes, activities and activity levels

Do not hesitate to ask a crewmember to pay more attention

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Errors and DisciplineErrors and Discipline

Errors result in the failure of planned actions to achieve their

desired goal. The three main types of aviation errors involve: Slips — errors of observable actions that are usually related to

attentional failures (e.g., pressing the wrong button when trying to press

the one next to it)

Lapses — internal errors of omission that usually involve memory (e.g.,

forgetting to use a call number when contacting ATC)

Mistakes — errors when a planned action is inadequate or inappropriate

Errors can happen to anyone, but good discipline can help a Errors can happen to anyone, but good discipline can help a

crew recover before the error grows into a larger problem. crew recover before the error grows into a larger problem.

Cross-checking is especially helpful in detecting errors.Cross-checking is especially helpful in detecting errors.

Errors result in the failure of planned actions to achieve their

desired goal. The three main types of aviation errors involve: Slips — errors of observable actions that are usually related to

attentional failures (e.g., pressing the wrong button when trying to press

the one next to it)

Lapses — internal errors of omission that usually involve memory (e.g.,

forgetting to use a call number when contacting ATC)

Mistakes — errors when a planned action is inadequate or inappropriate

Errors can happen to anyone, but good discipline can help a Errors can happen to anyone, but good discipline can help a

crew recover before the error grows into a larger problem. crew recover before the error grows into a larger problem.

Cross-checking is especially helpful in detecting errors.Cross-checking is especially helpful in detecting errors.

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Violations and DisciplineViolations and Discipline

Violations occur when an individual fails to follow rules or

procedures. Violations can be: Unintentional — unknowing violations of rules or procedures. These can

include slips, lapses and mistakes that violate a rule and are often

related to lack of knowledge or high workload

Intentional — deliberate failure to comply with a rule or procedure

The same violation (e.g., failure to use a checklist) could be

intentional or unintentional depending on why it occurred.

Time pressure and high workload increase the likelihood of

all types of violations, particularly intentional ones.

The perceived benefits of violating a procedure may appear

to outweigh the risks, but a crew’s perception of risk may be

flawed by external or internal pressures.

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Discipline as a Defense Against Errors and ViolationsDiscipline as a Defense Against Errors and Violations

Following rules and procedures eliminates intentional violations

Having the willpower to use checklists and cross-check even in

common/familiar situations will help avoid errors and detect errors

that do occur

Having the discipline to take training seriously and to take the time

to retrain old skills will eliminate many errors

Exercising discipline in the control of negative/hazardous attitudes

(self and crew) can reduce errors and violations dramatically

Exercising discipline in preparation and planning for each phase of

the flight will eliminate the many errors and violations caused by

“winging it”

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