LT. KOL. UNGKU AZLY BIN UNGKU ZAHAR

Doktor Falsafah (Pengurusan Sumber)Sem 5 Sesi 2013/2014

Penyelia Utama: PROF. DR. JEGA ULI

Penyelia Bersama: PROF. DR. FAKHRUL-RAZI BIN AHMADUN (UPM)PROF. MADYA DR. AINI BTE MAT SAID (UPM)MEJ. JEN. PROF. DATO DR. MOHD ZIN B. BIDIN

1Kolokium Siswazah UPNM 30 OKTOBER 2013

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DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA: STRUCTURE, COLLABORATION INTER-AGENCIES AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE PERFORMANCE*

BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCHPROBLEM STATEMENTSIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYOBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCHLITERATURE REVIEW CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK RESEARCH DESIGN

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*National Security Council (NSC) is the main disaster management structure in Malaysia responsible towards disaster issues.

The Public increasingly expects better public sector before, during and after catastrophic disaster and emergencies (Boin et al., 2005; Kapucu and Van Wart, 2006)

Taxonomy of Disaster divided into Natural Causes & Man-made Causes (Aini, M.S., Fakharul-Razi, A.,Ahmad Rodzi, M. and Fuad, A. (2008)

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*Collaboration inter-agencies is always the issues in emergency management and national emergency network (Kapucu, N., Arslan T. and Demiroz F., 2010).

Emergency Response Performance is part of mobilization during the disaster or emergency management response phase (Mobilization Authority under United State Code (USC) Title 10 FM 100-17).

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*Effective Disaster Management requires strong structure that interdependent members to enhance performance (Ford, J.K. and Schmidt, A.M. (2000)

According to Coleman (2005) Disaster Management comprises three phase i.e. planning, response & recovery.

Factors determine the success of operation i.e. resources, system & personnel.

*NSC responsible in Prevention, Mitigation, preparedness, response & recovery of Malaysia DM. The activities from plans, procedures, resources, training, disaster drill, execution & recovery as well as rehabilitation plan.The most crucial phase in DM is response phase, in this phase the goal is to save live & property (Doyle, 1996; Ford & Schmidt, 2000; Kelly, 1995; Ramachandran, 1999; Tierney et al., 2001). Generally disaster response level are local council, state, national, and international levels of emergency response and law enforcement.The area that has received less emphasis (research gap) within the study in Malaysia DM context is the revision of the structure, collaboration & response performance addressing disaster issues ((Kapucu, N., Arslan T. and Demiroz F., 2010; Subramaniam, C., Ali, H., and Faridahwati, M.S., 2010)

Examination of the literature reveals that many disaster have been studied in the developed nation but relatively few were from the developing country like Malaysia.

It is observed that majorities of the studies focuses on the geographical factor, technological factor and the socio-technical of the disaster.

Therefore less emphasis on the studied in Social Sciences that lead to the structure, collaboration and response performance in address the disaster issues according to command, control & coordination. 15

To identify the current type of DM collaborations and response performance (mobilization) in Malaysia.To evaluate effectiveness of the existing programs from NSC structure at all level (state & federal) in DM community that aims to achieve optimum emergency response performance through disaster report.To determine the best structure and practices of emergency response performance based on Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Emergency Management Australia (EMA) & Japan International Coordination Agency (JICA).To propose an integrated Disaster Management framework for the NSC.15

The study is intended to advance a better theoretical understanding and the practitioner solution on the knowledge contribution for the field of disaster management among the security agencies as well as the population. The policies of national security directive will be looked into in order to improve as well as to add more comprehensive security value to the best practice.

The structure will be used to identify the real issues in DM/EM for future improvement.15

The study will focus from the view of the players involved in the various incident either natural disaster (NSC Directive No. 20) or man made disaster (NSC Directive No. 21). Qualitative data will be gather from the observation, experimental, reports and interviews then translated into instruments (using adopt and adapt concept from the established tool by Enrico L. Quarantelli and Thomas E. Drabek). Quantitative data will be collected from the security agencies respondents (identified through non probability sampling technic that is the purposive sampling snowball effect). Nevertheless the study will identify the professional views on disaster/emergency management practices and disaster management hands-on approach.Consideration from best practices i.e. FEMA, EMA & JICA will be included. 15

*The Disaster Crunch Model

Risk ManagementCrisis Management

DISASTERPreventionMitigationPreparedness Prediction and Early Warning System

Protection

Response Search and Rescue Relief

Recovery and Rehabilitation Analysis Recontruction

RecoveryImpact Assessment

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Social workers respond to domestic and international crises. A disaster is an unforeseen and often sudden event that causes great damage, destruction and human suffering (FEMA).Disasters are often caused by nature or may have human origins.

Disasters often destroy homelands and displace people. A disaster has the potential of permanently damaging ecological systems; irreparable damage to a sustainable environment. Examples of man-made disasters are: wars, civil disturbances and acts of genocide. A combination of human error and nature are explosions, fires, accidents involving hazardous materials, drought

(poor farming practices), transportation incidents (air, sea, rail auto), nuclear accidents.

A disaster becomes a public tragedy when it focuses national or international attention and mourning.A public tragedy elicits a societal response and collective action.Disasters reflect the quality of adaptability and resiliency between people and their communities.

Disasters have municipal, regional, national, and international levels of emergency response and law enforcement.Disasters require immediate response and long term recovery.Social workers are employed by governmental and non-governmental organizations. They work with displaced persons and political refugees. Some work to rebuild local communities affected by disasters and others work in international organizations or ministries.

*Organizational structure Several researchers have hypothesized that variation in organizational performance can be explained by differences in organizational structure (Cohen and Bailey, 1997; Gladstein, 1984; Hackman, 1987; Manz, 1992; Stewart and Barrick, 2000; Wageman, 1995). Organizational structure shapes the behavior of members and makes it a possible determinant in explaining and predicting organizational performance (Robbins, 1993). According to Greenberg and Baron (1997), organizational structure keeps the organizational members together so they can function as a unit

*Major Elements in DM FrameworkDM Collaboration Collaboration of DM authority, leadership, and resources are shared among organizations (Mandell and Keast, 2007). The question is whether a pure collaborative structure or a combination of hierarchical command and control systems and collaborative networks should be implemented for effective DM as Moynihan (2008) and Waugh and Streib (2006) offers a combination could be more successful. A praise of bureaucracies comes from McGuire and Agranoff (2007)

*Major Elements in DM FrameworkDisaster Response Performance Robbins (1993) general model of group behavior can be enhanced & explained emergency responders performance work as a team rather than as a single individual since members in a particular team has specific & distinct roles to play during cases of emergency (Baldwin, 1994). According to Hackman (1987) mobilization and group synergy is a result of group outcome that may be quite different from those that would be obtained by simply adding up the contribution of individual members.

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CollaborationSequentialParallelSynchronous

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The study utilized a multi-strategy research design that employed both quantitative & qualitative research methods in parallel. It involves making decision about which kinds of research question are best answered using a quantitative research method& which by qualitative research method (Bryman, 2000)

The Multi-strategy research approach will undertake Triangulation & complementary of the findings. Triangulation refers to the use of quantitative research to substantiate qualitative research findings or vice versa & complementarity it the utilization of both methods in order that different aspects of an investigation can be merged (Hammersley, 1996)

Case Study method Sharan B. Merriam (2009)Survey in Social Research David De Vaus (2002)Quantitative method Bryman, (2005)Educational Research John W. Creswell (2012)

Sequential Exploratory Design

QUAL Data Collection QUAL Data Analysis Quan Data Collection Quan Data Analysis

Interpretation of Entre Analysis

*10Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods

Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods

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Basic Theories - Disaster Crunch Model Naim Kapucus Theoretical FrameworkThomas E. Drabek Theoretical FrameworkRobbinss behavior Disaster ModelCollaboration mediator variable indirect effect in Robbinss Model

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Johor Big Flood Report 2006Land slide in Bukit AntarabangsaBukit Sauk ReportSipadan Island Kidnapping Report Memali ReportBERSIH Rally Report*

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SEARCH AND RESCUESUPPORTWELFAREMEDIAEMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICE SMART Police ATM Fire and Rescue Department Civil Defence Department ETC

HospitalMalaysia Red CrescentSt. John AmbulanceETC

Information DepartmentBroadcasting Department

Local AuthoritiesPublic Works DepartmentTelephone BoardElectricity BoardThe ArmyThe PoliceETC

Social Welfare DepartmentVoluntary OrganisationETC

SECURITY CONTROLThe PoliceRELAETC

SECURITY AGENCIES & NGO

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ReportingData AnalysisPhase VPhase VI

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