DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 408 747 EC 305 618

AUTHOR Miles, M.TITLE Disability Care & Education in 19th Century India: Dates,

Places & Documentation, with Some Additional Material onMental Retardation and Physical Disabilities up to 1947.Revised Version.

PUB DATE May 97NOTE 68p.

PUB TYPE Information Analyses (070)EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS Citations (References); *Disabilities; *Educational History;

Elementary Secondary Education; Foreign Countries;Institutionalized Persons; Mental Retardation; PhysicalDisabilities; Residential Care; Residential Institutions;*Special Education

IDENTIFIERS *India; *Nineteenth Century

ABSTRACTThis monograph uses brief excerpts from many sources to

document the history of the education and care of individuals withdisabilities in India, primarily in the 19th century. An introductiondescribes the author's methodology in compiling and annotating the excerpts,which are listed alphabetically by locality in India. Under each locality,excerpts are listed chronologically and typically describe individualchildren, the institutions they attended, services provided to them, and thechildren's responses. A separate section provides excerpts from documentsabout institutions and services for individuals with mental retardation andphysical disabilities in the early 20th century (to 1965). An appendixprovides excerpts from legal papers concerning the establishment of aspecific asylum for the blind at Benares. (Contains approximately 300references.) (DB)

********************************************************************************* Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made *

* from the original document. *

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DISABILITY CARE & EDUCATION IN 19TH CENTURY INDIA:

Dates, Places & Documentation

with some additional material on mental retardationand physical disabilities up to 1947.

Revised version, May 1997.

M. MILES

4 Princethorpe Rd,Birmingham B29 5PX, UK.

rar.,fv as%farea Milii tit Rim P-OCO B uur iiMBLADLiC

2

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONOffice of Educational Research and Improvement

EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATIONCENTER (ERIC)

This document has been reproduced asreceived from the person or organizationoriginating it.

Minor changes have been made toimprove reproduction quality.

Points of view or opinions stated in thisdocument do not necessarily representofficial OERI position or policy.

PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE ANDDISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL

HAS BEEN GRANTED BY

TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCESINFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)

DISABILITY CARE & EDUCATION IN 19TH CENTURY

Some Dates, Places & Documentation

INTRODUCTIONWriters in the past fifty years, both Indianand foreign, have been poorly informedabout Indian special needs education anddisability care in the 19th century - and formental retardation and orthopaedicdisabilities, the developments up to 1947.Much inaccurate data has been copied fromsecondary sources. For example, one of thefew historical 'facts' given by most modernwriters is that the first school for blindpeople in India was founded in the 1880s byAnnie Sharp, a missionary at Amritsar (e.g.ROY, 1944, p.6; MAKHDUM, 1961, p.2;AMESUR, 1961, p.330; PRASAD, 1961;BHATT, 1963, pp.25, 161, 217; MUKERJI,1964, p.408; KAOOSJI, 1967; VYAS, 1968;TAYLOR & TAYLOR, 1970, p.155;GORE, 1978, p.660; MOHSINI & GANDHI,1982, p.9; CULSHAW, 1983, p.33;NARASIMEAN & MUKHERJEE, 1986,p.2; ADVANI, 1987; MANI, 1988, pp.154-5;JOACHIM, 1990; AHUJA, 1990;CHAUHAN, 1990; RAWAT, 1991, p.28;PANDEY & ADVANI, 1995, p.70; anddoubtless many more). This claim is partlymisleading and largely mistaken. Documentsexcerpted below show that the Amritsarinstitution hardly began as a 'school', asunderstood in modern Indian or BritishEnglish; the role of Annie Sharp wasdifferent from what is generally imagined;there was some teaching of blind people atAmritsar years before Miss Sharp arrived;and even that was by no means the firsteffort to give blind Indians a regularschooling.

To set the record straight does notdetract from the useful work done by MissSharp, as described by her contemporaries.Indeed, it seems all the more commendablein the world of the 1990s that, on closerexamination, the educational work atAmritsar in the 1880s turns out to havecentred on an Indian teacher, Miss Asho,

who was herself blind. Miss Asho hadreceived her first education in a school forsighted children at Lahore in the 1870s, andlater gained vocational skills and an aptitudefor teaching. The Amritsar hospital managerunder whose authority the subsequentinstitution for blind people existed, wrote in1898 that, "Asho's coming really marks thedate of the beginning of this school."(HEWLETT, p.50). Sharp, who admitted toknowing almost nothing about teaching blindpeople, acted as school manager among hermany missionary duties, and doubtless did sowith great devotion. She herself noted(references below) that the first necessarystep in opening a school had been to find anIndian blind teacher.

Before Annie Sharp set foot in India,Charles LEUPOLT had already publishedhis recollections (1884, pp.243-7) ofeducation for blind people at Benares 20years earlier, under the energetic hand of hiswife, Jane Leupolt. This was based partly inthe Church Missionary Society orphanschool, partly in an asylum for blind peoplefounded by Raja Kali Shanker Ghosal whichtook in its first residents in January 1826(See Appendix 1 below). Educational work atthe asylum was commended in governmentreports at least as early as 1869(Annual..Dispensaries.. 1869, pp.26A-27A).It clearly started several years before that.Education for blind boys at a similar asylumin Bareilly appeared around the same time(Annual..Dispensaries..1870, p.19), andLeupolt noted successful starts at severaltowns. The systematic training of blindmaulvis also took place at Deoband in the1870s (Leitner, 1882/1991, p.79).

Some 30 years earlier still, in 1838 or1839, an agent of the Bengal MilitaryOrphan Institution, Calcutta was enquiringabout methods of teaching blind orphans,and by 1840 these orphans were learning to

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read using the Lucas system of embossing,supplied by the London Society for Teachingthe Blind to Read. The oprhanage ordered afurther supply in 1844 (FirstReport...London Society, 1839, p.11; ThirdReport..., 1841, p.!!; Seventh Report...,1845, p.12).

In 1853, an Indian army officer wasusing William Moon's system of embossedtype "..in preparing a Gospel in Hindustanifor the multitudes of blind in India.." (FifthAnnual, 1853, p.9). In 1861, an Indianwoman at Amritsar called 'Blind Sarah'received an unspecified chapter of the Biblein Moon's (Romanised) Urdu; she hadalready learnt to read Moon in English inthe 1850s (Eighth Report, 1864, pp.9-10).By 1873, Moon's list of Bible portionspublished in England with embossed typeincluded "the Gospel of St. Matthew in theUrdu language, for the use of the blind inIndia" (MOON, 1873, p.56). In 1883, the listincluded four Bible portions in Hindustani,three in Bengali and one each in Malayalamand Tamil (MELDRUM, 1883, p.112). Moonwrote that by this date his type had beenadapted also to Sanskrit, Telugu, Canareseand Punjabi (RUTHERFURD, 1898, p.122).Such publications were clearly in use bypeople teaching blind Indians to read,whether individually, or in integratedclasses, or in special schooling. Moon keenlyadvocated that blind children be taught inschools with sighted children, and arrangedfor this to be implemented both in Britainand abroad (MOON, 1877, pp.165-7)

Lord Carmichael, Governor of Bengal,complained in 1912 that he had "..found itdifficult to get information regardinginstitutions or societies for the education ofthe blind in India..." (quoted by A.K.SHAH, 1914; date given by Amal SHAH,1941, p.8). Part of the problem might havebeen in distinguishing merely custodialasylums from institutions where educationalor vocational work was undertaken. A.K.SHAH (1914) believed that

"..the education of the blind in Indiadoes not date back more than thirty

years. ... The hands of the missionariesare visible in the founding of themajority of the existing schools, whichnow number sixteen. The movementoriginally began with the establishmentof homes for the helpless blind, and theonly attempt at education was to teachthem to read the Bible in Moon. Lateron work was introduced in theseplaces..."

Shah was unaware of the work usingLucas's script at the Bengal Military OrphanAsylum around 1840; and Leupolt's accountof education for blind students clearly wentbeyond Bible-teaching. The Government waswary of missionaries' evangelistic aims; itwould hardly have paid the teacher's salaryhad the curriculum not extended beyond`Bible'. Did Shah not know of the workLeupolt described? Can more be discoveredin the 1990s about the start of specialeducation in India, than was available in1912 to the Governor of Bengal and hisadvisors? Even in the late 1890s, SarahHewlett at Amritsar seems to have beenunaware of other services available for blindpeople in northern India; and made nomention of schools for blind children inMadras Presidency run by members of herown Church of England Zenana Mission(HEWLETT, 1898, p.!).

Documentary BasisThe following quotations and notes aim toplace future writings on a sounderdocumentary basis, to encourage criticalreflection and re-examination of earliersources, and to indicate where furtherresearch might be useful. This paper is veryfar from an exhaustive survey. It representsseveral months' work in British libraries plusbrief visits to Indian research libraries, andit is subject to any errors of transcription orselection bias inadvertently introduced by thecompiler. More data is certainly available inIndian archives; such material remains to bestudied systematically. Not all the quotationshere mutually agree. Some discordances mayshed light on the process by which specialschools came into being. Others may arise

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from errors of transcription or typography.For example, in VOHRA's modern list ofschools for deaf pupils (1988) theintroduction states that an institution wasopened at Bombay in 1883, and atPalamcottah in 1896. The list, a few pageson, shows starting dates of 1885 and 1895for these schools. An earlier writer,PUMPHREY (1900) quotes extensively fromMETCALFE (see Hoshangabad, below) butfails to indicate that she has edited andamended the texts quoted.

In some cases a researcher has usedhistorical data but misunderstood it; orextracted an odd sentence giving a falseimpression, perhaps through failure toconsult original texts. RIKHYE (1980, p.69)extracts "the classes for the training ofpatients in the three 'Rs' are still beingcontinued at the Mental Hospital at Calicut",from what she calls the "Annual Reports ofthe Three Lunatic Asylums in the MadrasPresidency, 1921-23. (Madras?: 1924?), p.2."Rikhye sees this as "The first record of aprogram for educating retarded youngsters".Yet earlier and later reports note that these"three Rs" classes occupied a select numberof "literary" patients, who memorised versesin English and Malayalam. They ceased in1924. (Triennial, 1921, p.3; Annual..Mental..Madras..1924, p.2). In 1922, theCalicut hospital reported a total of 1,287`lunatics' treated, among whom were 48`idiots and imbeciles' (Annual..Working..Madras..1922, pp.14-15). It is thus hard tosee the classes as a "program for educatingretarded youngsters"; but doubtless this willbe repeated by writers who read Rikhyewithout checking the sources.

In 1970, TAYLOR and TAYLOR wrotean account of disability services, with anhistorical dimension, the first such accountto be widely circulated and publishedinternationally. Their pre-1947documentation was poor, and their personalviews about Indian history led them todismiss even the limited data they acquiredabout services for people with mentalhandicap. Under "Institutions for the care

of the mentally retarded" the Taylors listthe "Central Nursing Home at Ranchiestablished in 1934" (p.279). They admit that"it is claimed that [a school] was started inRanchi with about six children", butdisparage it as "a very limited program"with a handful of pupils (p.280). TheTaylors insist that "The first really seriouseffort to start an institution for mentallyretarded children was made by theChildren's Aid Society of Bombay.." (p.280),when that Society made "..the earliestprovision for mentally retarded children,started in September 1941...

Oddly enough, PRITCHARD (1963),reviewing the start of education for disabledpeople in Britain, took a similar stance. Hementioned "..in 1846, the first provision foridiots in England. A small, so-called schoolfor them was opened by the Misses White, atRock Hall House, Bath.." (pp.54-55). Then,on the strength of a late source, he dismissedthe Bath effort as a small work where "Ofmedical attention and educational instructionthere appear to have been none". He placedthe "real" beginning at Park House,Highgate, in 1847. Yet an Edinburghjournalist visiting the Bath school found that

"..although so lately set on foot, verygreat progress had been made with thepupils, among some of whom peculiardifficulties had been successfullysurmounted by the discretion and sincereearnestness.." (Editorial, 1847).

Further, J.W. Mylne and S. Gaskell,Commissioners in Lunacy, visited the MissesWhites' "Idiot Institution, Bath" on the 7thFebruary 1851, and reported in some detailon the educational measures they saw at "theearliest institution of the kind in Englandexpressly devoted to the mental training ofidiots" (Lunacy, 1851, Appendix C, p.41).

In view of the dismissal of evidence insuch accounts, more detail has been includedbelow of what was probably the first formalschool for mentally and physicallyhandicapped children in India, begun atKurseong in 1918. This school closed beforeIndependence, and left no trace in later

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educational histories; yet it was highlycommended by successive Governmentinspectors, and had 28 pupils in 1938. Detailalso appears of educational work in agovernment institution at Madras from 1936which has disappeared from post-1947accounts. (Formal care specifically formentally handicapped people began atMadras around 1841 - a little before itbegan in England - with some occupationaltherapy, as shown below). Mentally retardedchildren are also glimpsed at school withdeaf pupils at Lucknow in the 1930s.

It is a pity that Taylor & Taylor did notcare to check the historical records of pre-Independence India. They assert (p.32) that

"No government action concerningservices for the disabled was taken untilIndia became independent; before thistime voluntary bodies had provided theonly services available."

This is seriously misleading. There was nonationwide plan to provide disabilityservices; but the Presidency Governmentsgave financial aid and other assistance toinstitutions serving people with disabilities,from the early 19th century onwards, asshown in the many official records citedbelow. Without such help, the voluntaryeffort could hardly have made progress. TheCensus of India included coverage ofdisabilities as early as 1868, which werecompared with those obtained in 1881(Report on the Census, 1883, pp.408-414).By 1901 the accumulated nationwide data ondisabilities resulted in detailed discussions(Census, 1903, pp.131-50), an inevitablepreliminary to any large-scale official action.

The report of the British RoyalCommission on education for, and conditionsof, the blind, deaf and dumb, and otherpeople in special circumstances(Report..Royal, 1889) was forwarded to theGovernment of India in 1889, and circulatedto local governments (SETH, n.d., pp.285-6). According to Seth - in a thesis where thedocumentation is not clear - it was foundinappropriate for India, especially as it hadnot yet proved possible to provide schooling

for all non-disabled children. Governmentefforts for disabled people continued to berestricted mainly to grants-in-aid.

In 1936, the Central Advisory Board ofEducation asked Provincial Governments toreport on their provisions and urged them -without effect - not to neglect this field (Post-War, 1944, p.81). The Board seems to havehad little more idea of what had gone before,than did the Taylors 34 years later. Aftermore than a century of official reports, citedbelow, noting disability in schools, charitableinstitutions, census data and grants-in-aid,SARGENT (1968, p.100), who was educationadvisor to Central Government 1938-48,believed that Chapter IX of the CABEReport (Post-War, pp.76-82), with which hewas closely involved, represented "the firstofficial attempt to analyse the problem [ofeducating handicapped children], estimate itsextent and suggest ways of dealing with it."

Although most formal services wereindeed provided by voluntary bodies, theInstitute for the Blind founded at Lahore in1906 was run by the government(MAKHDUM, 1961, p.19), perhaps the firstsuch institution specifically founded bygovernment (TAYLOR, 1908, p.183). Carefor some people with mental handicap hadbeen given in government asylums muchearlier - Madras had a separate 'IdiotAsylum' for adults from 1841, though thiswas reunited with the Lunatic Asylum in1867. The assertion that "no governmentaction was taken" is refuted by substantialcontemporary documentation. BANERJI(1949) also notes that in 1906 theGovernment offered to take over theCalcutta School for the Deaf, and "TheCommittee was only too eager to accept theoffer, but Principal Banerji [the author'sfather] vehemently opposed it", apparentlyfrom a desire to prove what could be doneby independent "native enterprise".

BHATT (1963) also insists on a late,post-Independence start of services forcivilians with orthopaedic disabilities (pp.25-6, 99, 161), playing down the few earlier

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efforts she mentions on pp. 204, 217, 219.Like Pritchard and the Taylors, Bhattdecided that the real beginning was made"..in 1947, when the Children's OrthopaedicHospital was founded.." (p.217). Later,"..the first special day school for crippledchildren started functioning at Bombay aslate as June, 1960" (p.161), although Bhattadmits (p.162) that some children withorthopaedic problems attended ordinaryschools. A brief section on orthopaedicdisabilities appears below, after mentalretardation.

Reliability & BiasIn the excerpts presented below, witnessesare not rigorously scrutinised for reliability;but where possible some independent supportis shown from as early a date as possible.Official reports were liable in their own timeto several levels of scrutiny beforepublication. Reporting officers had no wishto risk censure by inventing non-existentcharitable works. Typographical errors werenot uncommon, particularly of the sort seenbelow under 'Mental Retardation, 1918':when data was presented annually in astandard tabular format, the compositorssometimes omitted to put forward the yeardate. There also was some risk of error whenofficials made annual summaries across alarge region, on the basis of hundreds ofreports. For example, in Education in Indiain 1933-34 (Delhi, 1936, p.75-6) a newinstitution is recorded for deaf-mutes,opening at Jhagram [sic] in MidnaporeDistrict, with 8 pupils. In the DecennialProgress Review 1937-1947, there is also a`Bodhana Niketan' for deaf children locatedat Jhargram, Midnapore District. The 1933-34 report cited below shows BodhanaNiketan starting for "defective" children atJhargram; later (1939-40) it becomes clearthat these were "mentally defective andimbecile" children - although by the time ofthat report, the school had moved toBelghoria, near Calcutta. There was ampleopportunity for official confusion.

Most of the missionary texts werepublished to a keenly interested readership

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in both India and Britain, and the authorswere neither impartial nor disinterested.They or their editors clearly did shape andcolour the material towards the tastes ofanticipated readers. Yet they could hardlyhave sustained blatant misrepresentation ofthe work they described. There were plentyof critics and opponents ready to 'expose'what they saw as the 'waste' and 'hypocrisy'of missionary activities. Much of thedisability material written by missionarieswas embedded in religious discourse. Fromthat it has here been to some extentdisengaged where to do so did not seem toaffect the facts pertinent to disability. Thecompiler intends neither to conceal thecontext from those who might find itunpalatable, nor to disparage themissionaries' motives and activities. It islargely a question of space, and partly one oftopic. Arguments about missionaryproselytisation were carried on by manypeople in the 19th century and later, butthey are not the subject here.

For example, missionary womenarranged for some blind people to learn toread. The reading matter comprised parts ofthe Bible and other Christian literature. Thewomen believed their students would bedoubly benefitted - but they had little choiceanyway, since at the time there was hardlyany other material available in Indianversions of Moon, and later Braille. Theyalso arranged, in collaboration with Indiancolleagues, for blind people to learn to maketwine, baskets and mats to supportthemselves financially. They did not refuseor omit to teach blind people these skillsmerely because there was no overt`Christian' content in them; or because to doso would make the blind person independentof mission aid. On the contrary - they werekeen to avoid any dependence by disabledpeople on slender mission funds. So it seemsreasonable to present here the documentaryevidence for caring, educational andvocational activities run by missionaries fordisabled people, shorn of most of theaccompanying religious remarks. Suchremarks do appear, however, where their

removal would mean wrenching the disabilitymaterial entirely out of its context. For thosewho wish to probe further into missionaryactivities and motivations, the originaldocuments are essential and indeedfascinating reading.

WHATELY (1878), for example, exposessome of the romantic misconceptions aboutthe care of orphans, often held by supportersin Britain. In the character of "MissThorn ley" she gives an account of 'a day inthe life' of a missionary lady caring forIndian orphans. Her audience wants to knowwhy they do not receive lots of interestingstories about the children's progress:

"But I thought those Eastern childrenwere always so forward and sointelligent?" said Miss Jenkins, in hersoftly emphatic tone. "More precocious,I think they are," said Miss Thorn ley;"older, that is, for their age, when quiteyoung; but that does not make themmore really intelligent, even when theyhave had good care and nourishmentwhen young. But, then, the poor famineorphans have not had such advantages;they come to us often not only prostratedin body but stupefied and crushed inmind." "Yes", said Mrs. Weston,"people don't always remember thatstarvation acts on the brain as well as onthe outward frame. In romantic stories,a half-starved child is always ready togaze with an expressive look of gratitudeand a sweet smile on its benefactor; but Isuppose you did not see much of that?""Oh, no, indeed," said Miss Thorn ley,with a sigh and a smile. "No one canconceive, who has not seen it, in what anutterly wretched state these poor littleones are sometimes found - almostidiotic, often, at first; gradually the mindwakes up as the body gets stronger, butin the early days the care of them wasoften most trying; some of them werereally almost repulsive objects, sodiseased and neglected! One felt it wasan effort not to shrink from them,though of course such a feeling wouldnever be yielded to." (WHATELY, 1878)

These sort of remarks suggest that at leastsome missionaries were well aware of biasproblems in reportage of their work; andwere ready to counteract it frankly. (See alsoMETCALFE, under Hoshangabad, whomakes no pretence that some of her childrenwere not in a repulsive state when theyarrived; and BAUMANN, under Chupra,who frankly admits receiving "with heavyheart" yet another jungle child). It is alsoclear that the informal care and teaching oforphans with damaged intellectual abilitieswas a familiar experience to womenmissionaries more than forty years beforethe 'first' school for mentally retardedchildren at Kurseong in 1918.

Organising the ExcerptsData appears by place alphabetically, thenchronologically, apart from notes on mentalretardation services, grouped near the end,which begin in 1918; followed by notes onorthopaedic disability services. Year datesrefer to the Christian calendar. A few pre-1800 excerpts are included, where they seemto be interesting and relevant. The data issometimes all that was found in the sourcequoted; otherwise, it has been selected toshow the nature of the educational or caringactivity; by whom it was done; when started;and where. Some individual stories appear indetail, where they seem to cast light beyondthe purely personal and illuminate someaspect of the disability situation andpotentials. For example, some thousands oforphans were cared for at Secundra, amongwhom hundreds had disabilities; but fewcase histories are available. By contrast, atHoshangabad 28 orphan girls were cared forover seven years; and Rachel METCALFE(1888) wrote short sketches of them, fromwhich it appears that at least six weresubstantially disabled.

Passing mention is made of care forsufferers from leprosy and mental illness,but this has lower priority here thanblindness, deafness and mental retardation.Neither leprosy nor mental illness isnecessarily disabling, though both often are.Both have a history of care going back

centuries - e.g. 1VIEERSMAN, 1971, notes ahospital for lepers at Goa in 1531, as well asregular budget of alms for crippled people atDiu in 1565 and Damaun in 1574;FERISHTA (transl. 1910, IV, p.214) recordsprovision for mental patients in a hospital atMandu in Madhya Pradesh, established byMahmood Khilji in 1445. Goitre does notappear here directly, though its associationwith cretinism and consequent disabilitieswas noted in the Himalayas at least as earlyas 1783 (TURNER, 1806, pp.86-87) andpreventive efforts using iodine commenced in1825 (SCOTT, 1825). (See also MILES,forthcoming).

Some terms, e.g. 'idiots', `blindies' andeven 'mental retardation', have fallen out offashion or are now used abusively; but this isunavoidable in quotation from historicalsources. The I.Q. results quoted may alsonow be considered of debatable validity; butclearly contributed to concepts of mentalretardation in India from the 1920s onwards.Some use is made of the term 'orthopaedicdisabilities', because in many Indiandocuments 'physical disability' (which wouldotherwise be used here) covers all disabilitiesother than mental or behavioural. Progressmay be made in the future towards a unifiedEnglish-language vocabulary of disability,but it can hardly apply retrospectively. Norhas the spelling of place names been updatedor harmonised.

Reference is made to work orobservations at Agra (& Secundra),Ahmedabad, Allahabad, Almora, Amraoti,Bahraich, Bareilly, Benares (& Sigra),Bombay, Calcutta (& Belghoria), Cawnpore,Champaran, Colombo, Cuttack, Chupra(near Dinapore), Dacca, Delhi, Deoband,Furruckabad, Futtehpore, Goa, Gujrat(Punjab), Hoshangabad, Hyderabad (Sindh),Indore, Jhargram (Midnapore), Kurseong,Lahore, Lucknow, Madras, Meerut,Ootacamund, Palamcotta, Palliport (nr.Cochin), Peshawar, Poona, Purnea District,Ranchi, Rungpore, Rutnagherry,Serampore, Shahjehanpore, Saharanpur,Sioni, Travancore, Ujjain, and Unava (nr.

Mehsana). This is a mere handful ofreferences to formally constituted work. Todescribe the activities of 250-300 millionIndians, with and for their disabled membersduring 200 years, would fill a large library ifthe facts were known.

How Representative?It is hard to know how representative arethe items shown. Many are situated in townsand cities, rather than the villages wheremost of the population lived. They aremostly in British-ruled India, involvedexpatriates collaborating with Indians, andare recorded in English. The collection isstronger on northern India, and onProtestant missions. No claim is made thatthis necessarily gives a fair picture of all thatwent on; but it does suggest the variety ofwork done throughout the 19th century inmany places. Much of it was pioneered bywomen - which may also partly account forits absence from 'official' histories. Even atsome risk of selection bias, it seemspreferable to collect and reissue these fewitems as a start, rather than to continue thecurrent neglect of disability services in 19thcentury India.

Some historians, seeking 'balance', mightwish to see an equal number of excerptsshowing foreigners using their privileges toabuse disabled Indians or to exert unfairinfluence on them. That too would need tobe set against examples of professionalsabusing disabled people in 19th centuryBritain, and counter-balanced by post-Independence accounts of Indians being kindor cruel to their disabled compatriots. Yetthe present purpose is different. Few peoplewould deny that abuses of power take placein all times and places; but some writersdeny that positive service took place in 19thcentury India. This collection refutes thatview.

The exercise is not one of academicinterest alone. It has implications for currentdisability service developments in India andneighbouring countries. Experiments with`integrated' educational services and

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Western plans for 'Community BasedRehabilitation' are under way, premisedpartly on the mistaken view that, beforeIndependence, India had hardly anydisability service experience; and that since1947 the Indian experience has been of large,`inappropriate', medically-orientedinstitutions. This view ignores the informalefforts of Indian families andneighbourhoods since antiquity to respond tospecial needs and disabilities. It dismissesover 100 years' work and care in smallcentres across India before Independence, inwhich some people with disabilities receivededucation and vocational training,individually, or in groups, or integrated withable-bodied children and adults; and thenearned their living by their own skills anddetermination.

The merits and problems of CommunityBased Rehabilitation, in the variousmeanings of the phrase, will not adequatelybe explored in India merely by importingexperience from other countries.Experiments should be based on the actualand substantially varied historicalexperiences of India itself. The data belowhints at how varied and substantial thatexperience was, up to 1900. From 1900 to1947, the experience gained was muchgreater in quantity, though not necessarilymuch advanced in quality. Greatest of allwas, and still is, the normal at-home careand family life of ordinary people withspecial children - but of this, little has beenrecorded historically in India.

(Anthropologists, as evidenced in the 1921-1985 Index of their major journal Man inIndia, have almost entirely neglected thedisability field. Their interest in physicalphenomena seems to be limited to paperssuch as that in 1980 reporting the obscuretopic of "Distribution of Hairy Nose TipAmong Andhras").

Indians and their neighbours, in thedisability field, must rediscover theirdisability history from original sourcematerial, not only for its intrinsic interest,

but because it is necessary for understandingthe present and for planning the future. BlindIndians (and others) should know about theblind Indian woman who was a teacher atAgra in 1880 and earlier, and about theblind and sighted children who were beingeducated together in Calcutta in the 1840sand in many places since then. Teachers ofthe deaf are entitled to read the heart-warming comments Devanesam Ammalwrote about her first weeks of teaching atthe Swainson school, Palamcotta, in 1897.There is a single note about a school for thedeaf in Calcutta in 1836, half a centuryyears before Mr Walsh began teaching atBombay. Someone in Calcutta should be ableto find further evidence... People workingwith deaf-blind children now should knowabout the progress of deaf-blind Pyari in1907. Those working to eradicate polio andlathyrism should have the opportunity toread case histories from 1867 and 1811. Ihave included some descriptions of howindigenous charitable efforts appeared to thecolonial observers. It is up to Indians toagree or disagree, to challenge, amplify orcorrect these observations, using their ownhistorical sources in Tamil, Marathi,Bengali, etc.

NB

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Material within square brackets [1consists of explanatory interpolationsby the present author. Sometimes itwas necessary to piece together the

jigsaw from several sources, a namehere and a date there, usingdirectories such as those of BADLEYor CRAWFORD (1930), neither ofwhich should be regarded as infallible.To label all such sources in detailwould make difficult reading. At thebeginning or end of a phrase, two dots.. indicate that the phrase has beenexcerpted from a sentence; but whenused in a title, two dots indicateabbreviation. Three dots ... betweenphrases indicate that material has beenomitted, for reasons of space.

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AGRA (and nearby Secundra)

1837-38"This institution was founded during thefamine of 1837- 38..... The poorhouse.. isknown as the `Dhurmsala.' ... On the 31stDecember there were [in the poorhouse]Blind {Men, 20) {Women, 17) (Total 37)."(Report..Charitable..1872, p.34)

1847[Report by Mr C.T. Hoernle, on the OrphanBoys Institution, Secundra. One boy haddied during the year.] "The boy who died,was blind; but made himself very useful inthe baking room, preparing all the chapateesfor the oven. He was a well behaved andshrewd boy. Before he commenced his workin the above capacity, he used to attend atSchool with an Urdu class of his age, andtho' he could but sit there; yet, by hearingthe other boys read and repeat their lessonsin the New Testament, he learnt, aided by anextraordinary memory, the whole gospel ofMatthew and parts of the other gospels, andwas able to recite any chapter which he wasasked." (Seventh Report, 1847)

1865[Translated letter from one of the pupils atSecundra] "At one o'clock the bigger girlsgo to the Mem Sahib (Mrs Daeuble) to dotheir knitting and sewing. The other girls goto Miss Babaji [Miss Ellwanger], and sewtheir own and the boys' clothes. There is ablind girl, Sarah, who teaches the little onethings to commit to memory, as Biblehistory, hymns, and catechism. ..."(Daeuble, 1865)

1866[Sixty nine orphan girls are listed, withcomments after each. Among them four areblind, four have only one eye, and four morehave some visual impairment. Two girls arenoted as helping with teaching the blindgirls]. "3. Anna is at present ill of fever; shehas only one eye, and is not very bright, butbehaves well, and does the work which fallsto her charge with pleasure. ... 6. Bertha.She sees only out of one eye, and is often

ailing; she is able to read fluently Barth's"Bible Stories;" she is painstaking, well-behaved, and of a quiet disposition. ... 13.Evelyn, twelve years old, has very weak eyes.She is a modest, obedient girl, but notenergetic. ... 15. Grace, ten years and a halfold, is in the first class. A clever girl, herteachers are pleased with her. She behaveswell on the whole, and is helping MissEllwanger in the teaching of the blind girls.... 25. Mary, a blind girl. Since the 10th ofMay she has been taught by Miss Ellwangerto read the books for the blind, and she hasread the Gospel of St. John several times.She is so happy and thankful for being ableto read herself. She is very attentive duringBible instruction, and is learning to knit. ...26. Phoebe, a little girl of seven or eightyears old. She has only one eye, but is ableto read. She is a well-behaved girl. ... 27.Regina, at present in the hospital on accountof bad eyes. She is rather a lazy girl atschool. She is in the second class. ... 40.Victoria has lately suffered a great deal frombad eyes, which kept her away from herlessons and from work. ... 42. Gertrude, ablind girl, has begun to learn to read and toknit; although quite blind she is able to helpin the kitchen in preparing and baking thechuppaties (native bread). ... 52. Adelaide, aclever little girl, in the second class, diligentand well-behaved; in her play-hours she isanxious to help the blind girls with theirreading. ... 53. Beata, a blind girl with smallcapacity, often unwell; it wants a great dealof patience to manage her. ... 56. MariaAugusta, a blind, well-behaved girl, able toread fluently in the books for the blind; sheis attentive during Bible instruction, andlearns to knit. ... 58. Blanche. Her teacher ispleased with her; she is the second in thefirst class, and is diligent at her work too,although often prevented from it by weakeyes. ... 62. Florence, a nice, bright, smilinglittle girl, with only one eye; she is well-behaved: in the third class." (Mrs. Dauble,1866)

1867[Reports of Indian children allegedly raisedby wolves appeared, from SLEEMAN (1858,

Vol.1, pp.208-222) onwards (See alsoDACCA, c.1838). They mostly speculatedabout the wolf connection, which nowherecould be proved, rather than on subsequentefforts to teach the children. Some foundchildren were given to missionaries atSecundra and Futtehpore to care for.IRELAND (1874) and PRIDEAUX (1885)wrote to the Superintendent of the SecundraOrphanage, and recorded replies from Mr(James) Erhardt and Mr (Henry) Lewis.BALL (1880) both wrote and visitedSecundra and met a so-called 'wolf-boy'.ZINGG (1940) gives a bibliography on 'wolf-children', and notes that he received a copyof the record of Dina Sanichar's admissionto the `Sikandra' orphanage].

[Dina Sanichar] "..was considered by MrErhardt to be about fifteen years of age, andhad been then (1874) nearly nine years in theorphanage. He is described as being of ahappy temperament. He has acquired someknowledge of the locality and can go aboutthe grounds by himself, but could not do sowhen Mr Erhardt first took charge of theOrphanage. Without constant supervision itis found to be impossible to keep him to anywork. ... Regarding the boy which wasbrought to the orphanage on the 5 of March,1872, ... A strange bond of sympathyattached these two boys together, and theelder one first taught the younger to drinkout of a cup." (BALL, 1880, pp.458-61)

[Sanichar, (= Saturday)] "..was received byus in 1867. ... He cannot talk, and thoughundoubtedly pagal (imbecile or idiotic), stillshows sign of reason, and sometimes actualshrewdness." (LEWIS, 1885)

1870[Miss Elizabeth R. Alexander] "..has aschool of about forty boys and girls, varyingin age from five to fifteen, and nearly all ofthe poorest class. A few are quite blind, andthese she teaches from Moon's raised types."(Editorial, 1870, p.232)

1871"We are going to open a new branch in our

industrial department; we shall print theBible in raised characters for the blind. Wehave now a class of blind girls who read verynicely the books that have been prepared. Intime we shall train some teachers only forthe blind; there are so many of these poorpeople in this country, and for whom so littlehas been done." (Mrs Erhardt, 1871)

1880[Among nine girls or young women listed,three have visual problems]. "No.3. Julia is afaithful teacher, and has enjoyed goodhealth. She loses one friend after another, alldeparting to their own homes, but she beingblind can never have any other home thanSecundra, where she is happy, and belovedby all. ... No.5. Victoria, we grieve to say,became blind during the past hot season.Our doctor in Agra did what he could forthe poor girl; but without success. ... No.8.Rosamund A. W - has enjoyed good health;her eyes remain a little weak, and on thataccount she may not try them with fineneedlework. in school she gets on nicely,attending all the classes." (Mrs Erhardt,1880)

ALLAHABAD

1826"Collections raised from among Europeansat Allahabad were given to Mackintosh whogathered weekly "about 250 of the lame,blind, aged and indigent" to whom he readthe Bible before distributing "almsaccording to their varied circumstances"."(POTTS, 1967, p.69, quoting correspondenceby Mr. L. Mackintosh of the BaptistMissionary Society).

1872[Tabular "Statement showing the lepers,blind and poor, benefited by the charities inthe North-Western Provinces and Oudh forthe year 1872" includes:] "Allahabad. BlindMen, 242, Blind Women, 286."(Report..Charitable..1872, p.33, 35-36)

1880 or earlier"The Rev. Francis Heyl of the American

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Presbyterian Mission entertained us. ... MrHeyl has charge of an important educationalestablishment ... and has also the care of theBlind Asylum in Allahabad." (NEWMAN,p.263) [Mr Newman visited India fromDecember 1880 to early 1881].

"Blind Asylum" [with 40 beneficiaries, witha note that:] "Nine are Christians.Evangelistic instruction is given by AmericanPresbyterian missionaries" [appears withoutdate in a list of "Schools and Homes for theBlind and for Deaf Mutes".] (DENNIS,1902, p.225)

"Institutions for the Blind in ForeignCountries, so far as known to the Authors.... India. Place: Allahabad. When Founded:- " [Sole entry under India.] (TURNER &HARRIS, 1884, pp.96-7)

ALMORA

1875[Table headed "Statement showing theLepers, Blind and Poor benefited bycharities in the N-W Provinces for the year1875" shows that at the end of the calendaryear Almora Asylum had 2 blind and 72lepers and 8 "poor" men and women.Remark in the margin, about these eight:]"Includes 3 idiots and 3 lame."(Report..Charitable..1875, p.30)

AMRAOTI (Hyderabad Assigned Districts)

1882"The idiot boy alluded to [in a report by theHospital Superintendent], which the visitorsconsidered as being an unsuitable case forthe asylum on account of his youth, has beenremoved and placed under the care of theHospital Assistant, Amraoti CharitableDispensary, who will look after him and findhim employment about the dispensary."(Report..Amraoti, 1882, p.5)

"This class [idiots] we must consider asprecluded from being inmates of this asylum,because they are not actually cases whichcan benefit by treatment. ... Their proper

place would be in alms-houses, were theresuch institutions established, and failingthese, the producers of such monstrositiesmust be content to bear the burden." [Thisapparently callous remark occurs during alengthier, more humane argument about thebalance of duty between public and privateresources for treatment of lunatics. Thewriter believed that lunatics could be treatedand discharged, whereas idiots could not; sothe asylum should not progressively becomefilled with the latter, to the detriment of theformer. Aspects of this argument recur inother asylum reports] (Report..Amraoti,1882, appended report by T. Hume, p.4)

AMRI'I'SAR

1861 and earlier"..a young woman called "Blind Sarah" inthe Punjaub. She was brought up with someother orphans..[by]..Mrs. Fitzpatrick[Amritsar probably 1851-56; see Clark,1904, pp.73-74, 218], and latterly, Mrs.Strawbridge [Amritsar probably 1854-1863];who, in addition to careful Christiantraining, taught her to read the onlyembossed English book then within theirreach. Afterwards, when ..[Rev. JohnMatlock Brown].. entered upon themissionary field at Amritzar, he took outwith him from us a chapter in Urdu, whichwas hailed with great delight by BlindSarah. ... We rejoice in this first Hindoo [-=Indian] reader, as an earnest of the companyof blind readers in the East.." (EighthReport, 1864, pp.9-10).

1880[Discussing future options for a blind youngwoman: probably Miss Asho, the firstteacher of blind people at Amritsar; seeunder LAHORE]. "I do trust that MissTucker and Miss Wauton will be successfulin establishing the Industrial Home theyhave spoken of in Umritsar." (FULLER,1880)

"The year 1880 saw the opening of theHospital [St. Catherine's, Amritsar] withsix beds, and a few months later Miss

[Sarah] Hewlett and her students took uptheir abode there within the city walls. MissFrances Sharp [sister of Annie Sharp]joined her in 1882." (CLARK, 1904, p.58)

"The [Female] Converts' Industrial Home.One blind convert was knitting, and knittingremarkably well. At Miss M. Smith's desireshe brought her Gospel in embossed [Moon]letters, and her progress in reading doesgreat credit both to her own intelligence andperseverance, and those of her instructress,a blind native Christian." (TUCKER, 1881)

[Tucker's knitter (above) was probably theinquirer 'A.' in what follows; and 'A.' wasMiss Asho - see under LAHORE:] "A. wasalso an inquirer sent from Lahore. Sheremained in the Home three months, gettingdaily Bible instruction, and learning to readin the raised type. She has now returned tothe Lahore Mission, and has been baptized."[Miss M. Smith's report from Amritsar, tothe end of 1880.] (SMITH, 1881)

1882"We also hear of a convert now in the[Female Converts' Industrial] Home who israpidly becoming blind, and who is learningto read the raised [Moon] type that shemay be useful as a teacher of blind girls. Shehas already two pupils." (WAUTON, 1882)

1883-85 (?)[The following idea must have occurred toSarah Hewlett and Frances Sharp some timebefore they invited Annie Sharp to prepareherself to work with blind people]. "As theyears went by it was frequently a cause ofsadness to us that we had to send awayunrelieved so many cases of blindness; andthe idea began to take shape in our minds,and to find a large place in our prayers, thatwe might open a school for the blind..."(HEWLETT, 1898, p.45)

1885[Annie Sharp writing from Amritsar to G.Martin Tait, member of Committee forHome Teaching of the Blind:] "I was at`The Willows' [London] in 1885-86, and was

preparing to work among the blind to someextent. At the time you kindly took someinterest in my plans, and, indeed, helped meto see a few blind people being taught bysending one of your blind teachers two orthree times to escort me about the Stoke-Newington district. ... I believe youthought me a little foolish to proposeteaching the blind, when I had scarcely anyexperience of what they might be made todo." (SHARP, 1890, p.221-2)

1886"At last, in 1886, a small knitting class wasestablished, and two or three blind women oflow caste were persuaded to join it, and theyreceived a few pice a week as payment. ...Knitting did not commend itself to the mindsof the pupils, who had proved begging to bea far more lucrative occupation.."(HEWLETT, 1898, p.48)

"Although she carefully instructed her[Asho] in stocking-knitting, at which Asho isnow remarkably handy, Miss Fuller [seeLAHORE, 1876] did not fall into the mistakeof acting as if knitted stockings were the onlycommodity which could be produced byblind people; she taught her to make from akind of string manufactured in India froman indigenous rush, a stout useful door-mat,which has been, from the time of Asho'scoming to us, a growingly important articleof manufacture and sale in our school.Asho's coming really marks the date of thebeginning of this school." [A photograph ofMiss Asho, reading, is published in Hewlett'sbook, opp. p.48]. (HEWLETT, p.50)

"..we were told that Asho entered into thiseffort [Zenana visiting, said to be with MrsMorrison, a missionary at Ferozepur] veryfaithfully and well, and seemed exceedinglyhappy in the work. It was at the time of MrsMorrison's death [more probably MissFuller's death] that some ladies in the sameMission proposed sending Asho to St.Catherine's Hospital, Amritsar. ... At firstshe began to try again on the poor hopelessblindies whose class had not been kept up;and she soon begged us to set aside stocking-

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knitting for such, and to introduce thecoarse mat-making with its much largerpossibilities of usefulness and sale."(HEWLETT, pp.52-3)

"In the autumn of the year 1886, Miss AnnieSharp came out to work as a missionary inconnection with our Hospital. The poor blindwomen in whom we had hoped to find anucleus for a school had been dispersed, andit was decided to try again; and as MissSharp had brought with her a knowledge ofbasket-making, there was everyencouragement to believe that someindustrial work might now be successfullyattempted." (HEWLETT, p.48)

"The first step was that we got a Christianblind teacher, which sounds a very goodstep, though she was sent to us chieflybecause other missionaries found her sodifficult to manage." (SHARP, 1890, p.221)

"The 'North India Industrial Home for theBlind' was founded in the year 1886, and itsfirst pupils were poor Muhammadan womenand girls who came daily to be taught. At alater date a department was opened forresident Christian pupils, and the day schoolwas discontinued owing to lack of funds."(Progress 1897-1902, p.396).

1887"..the two new workers [Miss Bartlett andMiss A. Sharp] were able to do zenanavisiting, keeping open houses which themedical workers had not time to visitconstantly; the School for the Blind was alsoopened, with a Christian blind woman asteacher, and two or three day pupils."(CLARK, 1904, p.58)

1888"Three old women, two young girls, and ayoung widow are the Mohammedanmembers of the school.. ... The blindChristian teacher is certainly growing [inevangelical Christian idiom, this would referto spiritual maturity, rather than physique];and, though young, is helpful. Reading,basket-making, and knitting are the

employments for the morning, and this, witha short Bible lesson, forms 'school.' ... Thereading-books (Dr Moon's raised type,adapted to Roman Urdu), and the materialsfor baskets and for knitting, are a continualneed." (SHARP, 1888, p.205-7)

1889"You must understand that these [fiveblind Christian women] live in theCompound. Then every morning theMohammedan women are brought fromtheir homes and remain four hours, whenthey do knitting, reading, basket-making andmat-making. ... The next event which I hopewill take place this week [written inOctober, 1889] is the removal of the littleschool into another portion of the premises.Hitherto we have managed in a largeverandah..." (SHARP, 1890, p.221)

1892"The now growing needs of the Refuge andother "compound" work, as well as that ofthe Blind School, took away Miss Bartlettand Miss A. Sharp to some extent fromzenana visiting, but some 1000 non-medicalvisits were accomplished in the year [1892]."(CLARK, 1904, p.59)

1894"In the year 1894, the growth of the BlindSchool is brought before us, and in 1899 theBlind Institute has almost to be regarded asa separate department, its many needscalling for much sympathy and support."(CLARK, p.60)

1897"Miss Hewlett and Miss Capes spent thesummer of 1897 in England, and when thelate Miss A. Sharp [Clark footnotes: "MissA.Sharp died in February, 1903"; but seebelow.] returned with them in December itwas to find greater opportunities than everamongst the blind, and to give specialattention to the re-arrangement of the"Shirreff Urdu-Braille" alphabet, so that itmay be used for most Sanscritic languages."(CLARK, p.60)

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1898"The year 1898 tells of an ingathering offamine orphans, boys and girls, many ofthem blind, and of some adult baptisms."(CLARK, p.60)

"The Institute for blind men, women, andchildren, in connexion with St. Catherine'sHospital, Amritsar, (Church of EnglandZenana Mission) is, as far as I am aware,the only Asylum for the Blind in all India,combining a Christian home and directmissionary effort with a technical andindustrial school, and reading. ... ..MissSharp, who has managed it from itsbeginning, and under whose care it hasdeveloped into its present state ofusefulness;.." (HEWLETT, 1898, pp.1-2)

1899"There is a school at Amritsar, under MissHewlett, in which twenty-seven blind pupils -all Christians - are under instruction."(DENNIS, 1899, p.385).

1903"Early in 1903, it was found necessary toremove the [Blind] Institute to Rajpur[Dehra Dun], in the United Provinces.During the sixteen years it was open, ninetyinmates were received, and cared for."(CLARK, 1904, p.60).

"The Panjab lost.. ... ..Miss Annie Sharpfrom Amritsar medical mission, the latterhaving just moved with her blind women toRajpur, where the institution, nowsuperintended by Miss F. Sharp, stillremains in affiliation with the C.E.Z.M.S."(A.D., The Story, [1912], p.'78)

[Pasted slip on inside cover of register:]"..just a fortnight after the move had beenaccomplished, Miss Sharp was taken ill withCholera and passed Home [i.e. is presumedto have gone to Heaven] in 1903." [p.61:]"Died of cholera at Rajpur 25 April 1903."(Roll of Missionaries, n.d., Vol.1)

1927"One, named Aisha, the very first blind

convert woman to enter the [North IndiaIndustrial] Home [For the Blind] fortraining, is still at work as a Bible-woman inthe C.E.Z.M.S. Mission Hospital atAmritsar." (GRIFFITH, 1927, p.30).[Griffith's account is not scholarly. If this`Aisha' is `Asho', as seems almost certain,she is already here being removed from heractual role at the start of blind school asrecorded by contemporaries. Griffith's noteis included only to indicate the length ofMiss Asho's service].

BAHRAICH

1877 or a little earlier.[Not listed in Report..Charitable..1872,whose author says (p.32) "I believe that nocharitable institution which was in existencein these provinces during the past year, hasbeen omitted from the record." Figures forpersons benefited in an institution atBahraich, in Benares District, are totalled,under category, from yearly statements:]

Blind Leper Poor1877 7 21 521880 7 32 671882 18 21 59(Report..Charitable..Oudh.. for the years1877 (p.29), 1880 (p.29) and 1882 (p.35).

"The Bhinga Raj Anthalaya is a non-sectarian asylum for the indigent maimedand blind, maintained in a handsomebuilding erected and endowed by the Raja ofBhinga in Bahraich; it is managed [by 1909]by a committee appointed in accordance witha scheme framed under the CharitableEndowments Act, 1890." [This wasprobably started, less formally, as theinstitution of which data appear immediatelyabove]. (Benares, 1909, p.181)

BAREILLY

1865"Another institution of the same kind [seeBENARES, 1824] was established at Bareillyin 1865, through the exertions of HakimInayat Husain." (SETH, n.d. [c.1936?],

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p.284)

1870"Two blind boys [at Bareilly] made someprogress in learning the letters, etc."(Annual..Dispensaries..1870, p.19)

BENARES (and nearby Sigra)

1824"The first institution of its kind was foundedin Benares district in 1824 by Raja KaliShanker Ghosal for the reception of destituteand helpless persons of all nations, moreespecially the blind." (SETH, p.284)

1825"..the Lunatic Asylum, established in 1812,sheltering one hundred and ten patients; theBlind and Leper Asylum, with one hundredand thirty inmates, founded, in 1825, byRaja Kali S'ankar Ghosal;.." (SHERRING,1868, p.338)

1825"..the Kali Shankar asylum; the latter is acharitable institution, consisting of acollection of small houses for the reception ofthe blind, maimed and indigent, as well asorphans and lepers, and endowed by abequest of Rs.48,000 and the rent of ahouse, left in 1825 by Raja Kali ShankarGhosal, a prominent resident of Benaresduring the first half of the nineteenthcentury. It was at first managed by acommittee consisting of a judge of the courtof appeal, the magistrate, the chaplain, arepresentative of the Raja and the civilsurgeon as secretary. Originally it washoused in the mint [the old Mint Premises],for which a rent of Rs.160 per mensem waspaid, as the equivalent of a Governmentgrant to the asylum. Later it was removed toa site near the city hospital, and the grantwas reduced to Rs.100 monthly. In 1852,however, the present building in Hukulganjwas erected from the designs of MajorKittoe." (Benares, 1909, p.178).

1826[On the insistence of Raja Kali Shanker

Ghosal, ten blind people were admittedprovisionally on the 1st January 1826,pending final approval by the GovernorGeneral in Council. Negotiations concerningthe financing and responsibilities for theproposed asylum occupy 145 pages ofmanuscript correspondence.] (India Office,1827-28, p.115). [See Appendix 1]

1841"The last branch, and perhaps, next topreaching, that of most importance, is our[Church Missionary Society] OrphanEstablishment. We have at present 121 boys,divided into several classes. They all, withthe exception of a few blind, dumb, idiot andsickly boys, read the gospel." (Proceedings,1841, p.67)

1856"On the 4th of September, 1856, thefoundation stone was laid [of WilliamMoon's new building in Brighton, UK. Atthe ceremony, those present..] .....werereminded of the progress of Mr. Moon'sSystem of Embossed Books by the fact, thatit was in great demand, not only amongstour own people, but also in foreign lands.Portions of the Scriptures had beenembossed in eighteen languages. ... The headof the Benares Mission had taken some ofthese books.." (FISON, 1859, pp.19-20)

1861"The wife [presumably Jane Leupolt] of aMissionary lately returned to Benares, tellsus of a Blind native Christian woman who isalready useful in teaching. A chapterembossed in her own tongue is gone out, andshe will probably soon learn to read itherself and become a Teacher of her blindcountrywomen. She has a half-blind husbandwho will perhaps be employed in the sameway, and we have promised to pay them,and any others who may become Teachers."(Fifth Report, 1861, pp.12-13)

1864"BENARES. - The poor inmates of theFemale Blind Asylum have also theadvantage of regular instruction [from Mrs

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Fuchs, see next entry]...". (Thirtieth AnnualReport, 1864, p.16).

"About seven years ago I proposed to send aChristian woman, under my care andsuperintendence, to the blind asylum, toinstruct the women there; but those inauthority declined. After my return fromEurope, I went there again, and asked theinmates if they would like it if I wouldsometimes come and read to them. They atonce expressed their willingness; but, alas!the place is very far from us, and I had nothealth and strength to do my work at Sigra;but now I am again able to work (praised bethe Lord for this kindness!). The authoritiesthemselves pay a Christian teacher toinstruct the children, boys and girls, abouttwenty in number, belonging to the asylum.My husband and myself go there wheneverwe can. One blind man is waiting forbaptism: a very nice woman, the heathenwife of a blind Christian, wished also to joinus, but was suddenly cut off by cholera, herhusband offering up prayers as she expired.I felt the death of this loving creature verymuch; her only child, a little girl of threeyears old, is with us. About twenty of myblind women were carried off by cholera..".(Fuchs, 1864)

1866 and earlier.[Exact dates of Mrs Jane C. Leupolt's workwith blind people are uncertain. Moon notedthat work on a Hindustani gospel had begunin 1853 (Fifth Annual, p.9). Jane Leupoltdid no transcription to Hindi before thatappeared. As Miss Jane C. Jones, she wasone of the first women sent to India by theSociety for the Promotion of FemaleEducation in the East, in 1835, and was atrained infants teacher. (History of theSociety, 1847, pp.51-52; RICHTER, 1908,p.339). The Leupolts had connections inBrighton, and presumably visited Dr Moonthere (see 1856 entry above). Jane Leupoltwent to England in April 1857 (LEUPOLT,1884, p.351) and her husband followed in1858. They returned to India in December1860 (ibid. p.198). Between 1857 and 1860,Jane Leupolt collected ideas and materials

for various aspects of their work. CharlesLeupolt left India finally in 1872 (p.206, andPreface). Jane left either with him or earlier(but not before March 1870, see below:SHAKESPEAR)]

"Some years ago we had a number of blindboys in our Orphan Institution. ... [Afterconsidering Moon's Gospel of St. John,available only in his embossed adaptation ofUrdu] Mrs. Leupolt set to work to form analphabet adapted to the Hindi, which is alsothe Sanscrit alphabet. ... The alphabet beingcompleted, she next commenced printing the"First Hindi Reader" for the blind. ... RajaKali Shunkar had established a blind asylumat Benares, and, with the consent of itssuperintendent, Mrs. Leupolt introduced herteacher and books into the asylum. ... Anumber of boys and lads soon learnt to readfluently. ... At last the Commissioner andDirector of Public Instruction visited theboys to ascertain their progress. After thisvisit of inspection Mrs. Leupolt had nolonger to defray the teacher's expenses;moreover, his Honour, the Lieut.-Governor,had the thanks of Government conveyed toher for what she effected for the blind. Fromthis time the system was successfullyintroduced in several stations. ... Anotherbenefit accrued to the asylum from the blindinmates having been taught to read; theauthorities thought they might also be taughtto labour, and an Industrial [workshop orcentre] was commenced. At the advice offriends, specimens of printing in this raisedtype were sent to the Agra Exhibition in1867, and a first-class Special Prize Medalwas awarded to this alphabet. ... On leavingIndia, Mrs. Leupolt made over the booksand printing materials to the Rev. J.Erhardt of the Secundra Orphanage, wherethe work is still being carried on under hissuperintendence." [See Secundra, 1871](LEUPOLT, 1884, pp.243-7)

1868"The progress made in teaching the blind toread has been on the whole very satisfactory,considering the difficulties that have existedregarding a teacher. For the first six months

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there was none; then the man from [theChristian village at] Sigra, who originally in1868 commenced the teaching, resumed thepost and worked well as long as his healthpermitted, but in November he wascompelled again to resign, and died at theend of the year. Mrs. Leupolt, who takes akind interest in the matter, and frequentlycomes down to look after the progress of thepupils, has had another man [presumablyMr Titus, see next entry] instructed as ateacher, and he commenced his duties on the1st instant [March, 1870]. Notwithstandingthe above difficulties, six of the blind havelearned to read well, and one is so advancedthat he is able to give great assistance inteaching others." (SHAKESPEAR et al,1870)

1870"At the beginning of 1870 the first teacherdied of consumption. An orphan lad, namedTitus [one of the earliest Indian specialteachers to be known by name], from thelower classes of the Normal School [Teachertraining establishment], having finished hiscourse of study, was selected for the work;he was taught to read and write the raisedcharacters, and he was installed as teacher.In the morning he taught the blind, and inthe afternoons he taught the lame anddecrepit who were not blind. He wasdirected not only to teach the blind to read,but to tell them tales and anecdotes, and toinstruct them well in mental arithmetic.Some of the lads took considerable interestin the latter, and entered heartily into it; italso gave them something to think about."(LEUPOLT, 1884, pp.243-7)

1872"Of the blind eleven have been underinstruction during the year; of these six leftthe [Raja Shunkur Ka lee Ghosal] asylum,one died, and four remained, of whom twocan read well and two fairly."(Report..Charitable..1872, p.38)

1876"...five blind adults and one blind girlattended the school kept up for them."

(Report..Charitable..1876, p.26)

1877"The school for the blind is still kept up, andfive adults and two children receivedinstruction during the year."(Report..Charitable.. Oudh..1877, p33)

BOMBAY

1820-1830 [How slow-learners fared inschool:]"The total absence of printed books and thevery rare use of manuscripts left the scholarsfree from the worry of reading lessons whichform today the staple of the schoolinstruction. There was much learning byrote.. ... There were no 'classes', no marks,and no examinations to pass and no hurdlesof standards to get over. Each went aheadaccording to his own pace and was free toleave the school as and when he liked. ... Areport from Ahmadnagar district states:"The education of clever boys is completed in4 years between the ages of 8 and 12"."[The citation from this report is latercontinued (p.132): "Those of medium talentsin 6 years and the Dunces (if at all) in 8years."] (PARULEKAR, 1945, p.xxx)

1845"At the S.E. foot of the hill on which are theTowers of Silence is an almshouse fordecayed Parsis of both sexes. Over the dooris written.- This Asylum, for the Receptionof Blind and Disabled Poor Parsis, waserected at the expense of the Sons of the lateFarthinji Sorabji Parak, Esq. ... A.C.1845.." (EASTWICK, 1881, p.143)

1847"The General Dharmashala stands onBellasis road and was erected about 1847 bySir Jamsetji Jijibhoy [1783-1859]. Itprovides accommodation for about 300persons." [See under 1875](Gazetteer..Bombay, 1910, p.338 footnote)

1849"...to relieve the Asylum from its presentcrowded state, I think that Idiots and

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harmless Imbeciles (who have no relations tolook after them) should be removed to somemore suitable building* not far distant froman Hospital, where their wants could besupplied, and their health attended to, bythe medical man of the station; and I thinkthe Magistrates of Bombay should also beinformed that the Asylum was never meantfor the reception of such patients, but onlyfor those who were amenable to treatment,and for whom it would be dangerous tosociety to have at large. [Footnote] * Mightnot the vacant Hospital at Dapoolee be wellsuited for such a purpose?" [In April 1848,the Asylum held 46 idiots and imbeciles,among 76 patients, i.e. 60%. During the nextyear, 106 patients were admitted, amongwhom were 15 imbeciles; 39 patients weredischarged 'cured', among whom 3imbeciles; 17 were 'delivered to friends' (2idiots, 6 imbeciles); 13 died (1 idiot, 3imbeciles). In April 1849 there were 46 idiotsand imbeciles, among 109 patients (42%)].(ARBUCKLE, 1849)

1863"The idea of establishing the St. Vincent'sHome, for housing the poor of the Society,was conceived by Fr. Meurin on seeing thewretchedness and misery of the poor hevisited in company with the members [of theSociety of St. Vincent de Paul, newly startedat Bombay], particularly of a negro woman,who was a cripple from paralysis, and whodwelt by herself for want of a better place ina miserable but in a cemetery." (COLACO,1891, p.VI)

1866"The Sir Cowasji Jehangir OphthalmicHospital adjoins the Jamsetji JijibhoyHospital and was built in 1866 at a cost ofnearly one lakh, given by the late SirCowasji Jehangir Readymoney."(Gazetteer..Bombay, 1910, p.189)

1875"...the Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy Dhurrumsala inByculla, at the junction of the Bellasis andthe Duncan roads. That institution - foundedfor the relief of the destitute and the sick

generally, and not for lepers especially -..proved a blessing to thousands of theafflicted. ... About 120 [lepers] are lodged init at the present moment, and they share itsscanty accommodation with nearly an equalnumber of the blind, the lame and theaged." (GEARY, 1875)

1882"In 1882, D. De Hearne wrote a letter toLord Ripon requesting him to help him toestablish a school for the deaf in India. HisExcellency advised him to apply to thechurch in India to undertake such work.Accordingly, De Hearne wrote to theArchbishop of Calcutta. While appreciatinghis proposal, His Grace regretted that in theabsence of proper personnel, the matter hadto be postponed. De Hearne then contactedthe Bishop Meuerin of Bombay with thesame object. His Lordship answeredimmediately asking for books and teachers.A year later, De Hearne sent Mr. T.A.Walsh to Bombay where he succeededadmirably well." (MISHRA, 1950).

"In India, largely through the efforts of thelate M. de Haerne, some time Director of theBrussels Institution, the first school wasstarted by the Catholics at Bombay in 1884,under the direction of Mr. T.A. Walsh, whointroduced the oral system." (FARRAR,1901, p.84)

"..the Bombay, India, Institution, under thecharge of Mr. T.A. Walsh, whom ourreaders will remember as the author of somevaluable papers in the Annals." (Editorial:School Items, 1887)

"The Bombay Institution for Deaf-Mutes wasfounded by Bishop Meurin in the year 1882by the aid of public subscriptions, the list ofwhich includes several native princes, as wellas rich Hindus, Mahommedans and Parsis.... The Government granted a subsidy ofRs.1,200 per year and the MunicipalityRs.1,800. At the time of its foundation itwas the only institution of its kind in India.What with endowments and donations, it ismore or less self-supporting. Originally it

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was started in the Fort, and [by] 1885 theinstitute was in full working order. ... [Thepupils] ..go through an elaborate andingenious training which to the outsiderlooks like attempting the impossible; namely,to enable them to understand what is said bywatching the lips of the speaker, and even tolearn how to talk themselves by imitating thelip-movements of their teacher - sometimestouching his throat, then their own, in orderto know what the sound feels like." (HULL,1913, p.309)

1884"In 1883 His Lordship [Bishop John GabrielLeon Meurin, Vicar Apostolic of Bombay]went to Goa.. ... [various activities arelisted, but the following refers to Bombay]..and soon after provided his Vicariate withtwo new institutions - the St.John ofBeverley's Institution for Deaf-mutes, theonly one of its kind in India, and the St.Isabel's Association for Ladies, with theespecial object of taking care of female poor,to which a third one was added by theinauguration in 1885 of the Lepers' Home atTrombay." (COLACO, 1891, p.XI)

"Another institution was started in Bombayin the early part of the year 1884, by theVicar Apostolic of Bombay, Bishop Meurin.This prelate met in the course of one of hispastoral visitations two or three deaf anddumb boys, the children of Roman Catholicchristians, who were members of his flock,and compassionating their melancholyresolved to establish a school for the trainingof children similarly affected. He opened aclass in his own house but in February 1886the classes were transferred to a building ofits own on Grant Road." (SETH, n.d.,p.284).

"The large lettered sign, "Institution forDeaf-Mutes," in a great half-circle over agate-way, caught our eyes as we walkeddown Grant Road in Bombay. ... [Severalparagraphs follow, on activities witnessed intwo classes of deaf boys.] Again on aSunday afternoon I called, and this time sawthe European superintendent [T.A. Walsh].

He had been engaged in deaf-muteinstruction for over twenty years in Irelandand Belgium. he arrived in Bombay inOctober, 1884, and has been in charge since.... The head of the Institution had formerlyused the manual system, but upon coming toIndia adopted the oral." (CROSSETT,1887)

"The school was founded by the VenerableDr. Leo Meurin, the then Roman CatholicArchbishop of Bombay, with the Rev. FatherGoldsmith as its principal. The school hasbeen managed ever since by the lay brothersof the Society of St. Vincent de Paul."(BANERJI, 1949)

1885"I have also visited Bishop Meurin'sinstitution at Trombay... known as theEduljee Framjee Albless Lepers' Home. ...Altogether, I consider that the lepers in theinstitution are exceptionally well cared for,and as a consequence their health isexceptionally good." (BAILEY, c.1888,p.179).

1900"Among special educational institutionsrecently founded are the American Missionschool for the blind opened in 1900 and theVictoria Memorial school for the blind - aprimary school with industrial classes -opened in 1902; [Footnote:] These and aDeaf and Dumb institute opened in 1886 areclassed as Primary aided school."(Gazetteer..Bombay, 1910, p.121)

CALCUTTA

1794"..the Hospital was opened [with privatedonations and Government aid, atDharamtola,] for the reception of patients onthe 1st of September 1794. ... The state ofthe Funds in 1810, created an apprehension..

..how to avert the dreadful necessity ofrepulsing the maimed, and the sick fromthose doors, which for a long course ofyears, had been indiscriminately opened forthe alleviation of the suffering Natives,.."

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[happily, the Government and the wealthypublic did supply more funds].(LUSHINGTON, 1824, pp.295-298). [Thishospital for the native poor had made anearlier start in late 1792 or early 1793 on theChitpur Rd. The first Calcutta hospital forEuropeans was opened in 1707/1708].(CRAWFORD, 1914, vol.11, pp.418-427)]

1812 and probably earlier."A Leper Asylum was first established inCalcutta in 1818 [presumably a misprint,perhaps for 1808 or 1811?] by J.H.Harrington of the Civil Service.. ... On hisdeparture to Europe in 1812, Harringtonmade over the charge of the Asylum to theSelect Vestry, which continued in chargeeven after Harrington's return. The Asylumcontinued till August, 1818, when aninitiative was taken to establish an Asylumon a larger scale." (SANYAL, 1977) [JohnHerbert Harrington's service in India beganin 1780. By 1812 he was Chief Judge of theCourt of Sudder Dewanee and NizamutAdawlut, a very senior position].

1826"In December 1826, an examination of thelittle girls [from Mrs. Wilson's school]took place at the Episcopal residence.. ... Apoor blind girl exhibited considerableinterest; she had from listening to the otherchildren, got by heart many passages fromthe Gospels, and repeated very correctly thegreater part of the second chapter of St.Luke." (CHAPMAN, 1839, p.91).

1833"In the first document [Endnote: CalcuttaCourier, Oct.14, 1833].. ... It was said thatabout one hundred and fifty aged, infirmand physically handicapped beggars hadbeen enlisted as the 'pensioners' of the[District Charitable] Society. This hadresulted in reduction of beggars in thestreets." (SANYAL, 1977)

1836"The Quatrieme Circulaire put forth by theParis Institution in 1836, contains a list of allthe schools for the deaf and dumb in the

world, so far as ascertained at at that time.... Asia has one school for the deaf anddumb; (viz. at Calcutta;) or, at least, had in1836. Whether it is still in existence wecannot say." (Editorial, 1848) [Noconfirmation has been obtained for theexistence of this school, though it is quitepossible that it existed. Alternatively, seeunder '1839 and earlier']

1838"..Dwarakanath Tagore made a startlingannouncement of a big donation ofRs.100,000 to the [District Charitable]Society in 1838. ... The Europeans werenaturally stunned, and so were the Indians.... the amount was utilized by the Society,according to the wish of the donor, inestablishing the Twarakanath Fund forPoor Blind'." [A table then shows that in1840, 214 blind people benefitted from thisFund]. (SANYAL, 1977)

1839 and earlier."In further token of the success of Mrs.Wilson's system, we cannot but mentionGunga, a deaf and dumb girl, who, underpeculiar circumstances, was admitted to theinstitution [the Female Orphan Refuge], andhas been an inmate for several years. ... .. agreat favourite with her playmates: theyhave taught her to converse with her fingers.... In worsted work she particularly excels,and several pieces done by her, have beensent to England." (CHAPMAN, 1839,p.137)

1838/39"...the enquiries made by the agent of theBengal Military Orphan Institution[Calcutta] encourage the hope, that thebenefits of the [Lucas] system [of embossedprint for blind readers] may be extendedeven to that distant land." (AnnualReport...London Society, 1839, p.!!)

1840/41"...a pleasing document which has latelybeen received from the Managers of theBengal Military Orphan Asylum, in which itis stated that the Blind Orphans in that

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Institution were learning to read uponLucas's system, and their joy andsatisfaction were great at acquiring such animportant source of instruction." (AnnualReport...London Society, 1841, p.11)

1844/45"The Bengal Military Orphan Asylum atCalcutta, has also during the past year,ordered of the Society, a further supply ofembossed books, for the Blind Children ofthat Institution." (Annual Report...LondonSociety, 1845, p.12)

1891"A Government school for the deaf has beenestablished in Calcutta, largely through theefforts of Sahib Garindranath Bhose, awealthy and benevolent resident of thatcity." (School Items, 1891)

[Mr. J.N. Banerji's] "..attention had beencalled to the sad and neglected state of thesesufferers by meeting a Hindu gentleman,who had two deaf and dumb sons, and washaving them educated by a Mr. Sinha.After some deliberation, Mr. Sinha and Mr.Banerji determined to form a class ofchildren, and, another friend having joinedthem, they began in earnest to carry outtheir scheme." (Editorial, Indian Magazine,1896)

"..Girindra Nath Bhose.. was theunfortunate father of four deaf-mutechildren and had been in correspondencewith England to bring out a teacher fromthat country. He was a scion of thePataldanga Bhose family of Calcutta.. ...Fortunately, however, the agreement finallyfell through to give room to the nativeenterprise. ... There was another man,Srinath Sinha, who had a deaf-mute brotherwhom he was anxious to help. Providencebrought these two men together. SrinathSinha was appointed by Girindranath as atutor of his children. Literatures on theeducation of the deaf which had beenalready brought from England, were givento Srinath." (S.N.BANERJI, 1949) [S.N.Banerji was the son of Jamini Nath Banerji,

one of the founders of the Calcutta school].

1892"The credit of devising Bengali Braille is Mr.[Ramanda] Chatterjee's. In 1892, whenMr. Chatterjee devised his system, therewere only two institutions for the blind inIndia [at Amritsar and Palamcottah]..Dasashram which was founded in Calcutta inorder to shelter and protect all types ofneedy and handicapped persons, had amonthly journal of its own, namely, Dasi, ofwhich Mr Chatterjee was the editor. .....Mr Chatterjee devised his system at leasttwo or three years before the one evolved byMr [L.B.] Shah, and since Mr Shah'ssystem differs very slightly from that of MrChatterjee, it can be definitely establishedthat Mr Chatterjee is the originator ofBengali Braille." (S.C. ROY, 1944, pp.234-37).

1893"It was not until April 1893 that this[Calcutta Deaf and Dumb] School wasstarted, and in the course of the first tenmonths of its existence it grew from a modestand obscure Institution into an importantand rapidly-growing philanthropic andeducational establishment. ... The teachingstaff consists of Babus Jamini Nath Banerji(Principal), Srinath Sinha, and MohiniMohan Mazumdar, all Hindu gentlemen.That the school is entirely under nativemanagement, and that deaf-mute children ofHindu, Mahomedan, European, andEurasian parents are admitted to theInstitution should give India's well-wishersgreat cause to rejoice." (Editorial, IndianMagazine, 1895, p.436)

1894"Jamininath who had been sent to Bombay(all his expenses were borne by GirindranathBhose), returned with a determination to goto England. Bombay [presumably the schoolfor the deaf founded by Bishop Meurin - theexperienced teacher T.A. Walsh may not yethave arrived at the time of Jamininath'svisit] failed to satisfy him." (BANERJI,1949)

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1895"Mr. J.N. Banerji, Principal of theinstitution at Calcutta, has had theadvantage of being sent to the West to studythe systems and practice of England and theUnited States; and, after a year [1894-95] inLondon at Mr. Van Praagh's TrainingSchool for the oral instruction of the deafand dumb, he went to Washington to jointhe Gallaudet College." (Editorial, IndianMagazine, 1896, p.107)

"Let me then attempt to describe the OralMethod as practised sat at Mr Van Praagh'sSchool, 11 Fitzroy Square, London... .. Oneof the first lessons imparted is quite anIndian one, learning to inhale and exhale thebreath properly - a toy wind-mill with itslittle sails being used for the purpose."(MACDONALD, 1897, p.63) [MacDonaldalso writes briefly of the Calcutta deafschool].

"Calcutta Deaf and Dumb School. [Founded]1893. Founder: Sri Nath Sinha. Pupils: Total23." [Listed in a "Statement of Schools forthe deaf, December 1895"]. (InternationalReports, 1896. pp.6-7)

1897"My own school at Calcutta [school for theblind, founded by the writer's father, LalBehari Shah] was established in 1897.."(SHAH, 1914)

CAWNPORE

1818[Mrs Sherwood with others started anorphanage. No date is given, but MrsSherwood wrote that it was at the time whenshe had finished her 'Indian Pilgrim'; thatwas published in 1818. Ten years on, MrsSherwood wrote one of the earliest ofchildren's stories teaching a more positiveattitude to mentally handicapped people: TheIdiot Boy, 1828, Wellington, Salop:Houlston]. "Mary Parsons, who wasgrowing a fine child, and an amiable, but,unhappily, deformed little girl called MariaClarke, were the two first children placed in

this new Asylum, and shortly afterwardswere added two infant boys." (p.425) "Thisdear child's [Maria's] death may beaccounted a desirable circumstance forherself, for she had suffered distressingly inher constitution by her deformity." (p.433)(SHERWOOD, 1854)

1834"These ladies of Cawnpore established anative female orphan asylum; "fromOctober, 1834, to June, 1835, sixty-fourchildren were admitted; several of them wererescued from slavery; the nose of one hadbeen cut off, and another had almost entirelylost the use of her limbs owing to longconfinement; six of them were taken by themagistrate from the house of a man of verybad character"." (Story of the Cawnpore,1923, p.19. No source of quotation isshown).

1847"Mr Perkins of Cawnpore: "..Bessy, a littleblind girl of remarkably sweet and happydisposition.. ... Inoffensive and useful as herlife had been, this could not satisfy her: butshortly before her death, she summoned herschool-fellows and besought them to forgiveher if she might ever have grieved them"."(MULLINS, 1847, p.86)

1871"Dr. Condon speaks strongly of the want ofa poor-house [at Cawnpore] to relieve thedispensary of a mass of homeless wanderers,who require good food and shelter (notmedical treatment) to restore them to health.The examples of Allahabad and Bareillymight be held up to the imitation ofCawnpore; but there is small hope of a poor-house being supported as long as the needsof the dispensary are so completely ignored."(Report..Charitable..1871, p.49).

CHAMPARAN

1907"Deaf-mutism is more prevalent than in anyother district in Bengal, the proportion ofdeaf-mutes returned in the census of 1901

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being 275 per 100,000 males and 173 per100,000 females. ... [Comments on goitrousareas follow]. Many deaf-mutes are alsocretins, and the number of the latter isremarkable. It is a common sight to see themgoing out with village children to tend cattle,and sometimes deaf-mute idiots tend cattlealone. ... [There are] ..popular proverbsregarding the Majhawa pargana, which isregarded as the home of the feeble minded,e.g., kahan ka Majhawa is a delicate way ofinsinuating to a man that he is an idiot."(Bengal..Champaran, 1907, pp.60-61).

CHUPRA (nr. Dinapore)

1875 or earlier [Mr C Baumann, thewriter's father, died in 1878.]"After my mother's death the charge of theorphan girls fell to me. ... We had alreadythree deaf and dumb children, two boys andone girl, who were, besides being thusafflicted, idiots. These, we knew, would ofnecessity be dependent, as long as they lived,on the Mission, and, being idiots, it wasdifficult to teach them habits of tidiness andcleanliness, not to mention any useful trade.It was therefore with rather a heavy heart Iheard the news that my father was bringinghome another little deaf and dumb orphan.

Her age might be nine or ten - we are neversure, and have to guess by growth andintelligence. Her hair stood out like a bushall round her head, her eyes were bright andrestless, and reminded one of a cagedanimal.. ...There is no deaf and dumb language on thefingers in India, and so I had to learn tospeak by gesture to Ellen, the name sheafterwards received at baptism.. ... But aspoor Ellen had lived a life little better thanthat of a wild animal, I found it no easy taskto teach her to sit still; as soon as my backwas turned on the schoolroom, off dartedEllen to the kitchen or bedrooms until Ibrought her back. She used to recklessly tearand burn, and stain her clothes, break platesand dishes on purpose and fight with thejunior girls, and many a time was shepunished for her manifold offences.

But at last we all began to see a great changeworking in Ellen, and after nine months shecould not have been recognised as the samejangli creature she had been on arrival. Shenow took a real pride in keeping her personand clothes tidy and clean, she sewed nicely,and sometimes helped to cook. She would sitquietly in the school during school-hours,and tried her best to write neat copies,though she never excelled in writing."(BAUMANN, 1886)

COLOMBO (Ceylon)

1843"The Pettah, or black town, as it is called inIndian parlance, lies on the north side of thefort of Colombo... The town has a large andairy hospital, leper hospital, public library,and several boys' and girls' schools..."(p.156). "The Ceylon Widows' andOrphans' Fund is under official managementand security.. ... Of charitable institutions,there are - the Leper Hospital; PettahHospital; ... Colombo Friend-in-needSociety, (for the purpose of relieving thereally necessitous, and for suppressingmendicity).." (p.160) (BENNETT, 1843)

1898"Schools for the blind, deaf, and dumb haveas yet not been established in the Colony. Amovement, however, under the auspices ofthe Wesleyan Mission, has just been set onfoot to provide reading books for a schoolfor the blind." [Report by Arthur VanCuylenburg dated July 6, 1898] (SpecialReports, 1901, p.796)

1908"Towards the close of 1908 Miss Swainsonhad to come home for much-needed rest, andMiss M.F. Chapman took charge of thework [the school for the deaf, Palamcottah]in her absence, thus gaining valuableexperience which, as we shall see, eventuallybore fruit in the establishment of a school onsimilar lines in Ceylon." (SMITH, 1915, p.9)

1913"We must now take a brief survey of the

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work in Ceylon, which was started in 1913under the charge of Miss M.F. Chapman atDehiwala, near Colombo. According to theCensus of 1911, there were then over 3,000deaf mutes in the island, and the number ofblind children was even greater. The schoolis open to these as well as to the deaf anddumb. The specially encouraging feature ofthe work here is the extraordinary interesttaken in it by the Ceylonese themselves."(SMITH, 1915, p.13)

CM-LACK

1874"Poor little [Raja of] Dompara was ahelpless fool, almost imbecile; unfortunatelyfor himself not quite so. If he could havebeen pronounced insane and locked up hemight perhaps have been cured in time, andmeanwhile his estate would have beenproperly managed by the Collector. But as itwas, he was just foolish enough to do endlessmischief, and not foolish enough to be putunder restraint. He had fallen into the handsof a clever, wily, unscrupulous man whomhe had appointed as his Dewan or PrimeMinister. This man was oppressing thetenantry, enriching himself and keeping theRaja and his family miserably poor."(BEANIES, 1961/1984, pp.241-2)

[On p.135, Beames noted how the Court ofWards managed the estate of a minor orother legally incompetent person such as animbecile: "This so-called court is really nocourt at all. The estate is managed, and theminor's maintenance and education providedfor, by the Collector of the District actingpartly on his own authority and partly underorders of the Commissioner of the Division,who in turn is subject to the generalsupervision of the Board of Revenue inCalcutta." Beames deplored this "jumble ofconflicting authorities", as a typically Britishpiece of muddling. Annual reports werepublished of the Court of Wards' business.Its procedures were later formalised, e.g. inThe Court of Wards Manual, UnitedProvinces. Allahabad. 1914. Provision wasmade for various categories to be deemed

legally incapable, on account of beingextravagant, a convicted person, mentally orphysically defective, or female. See alsoentries under RUNGPORE].

DACCA

1838[Among post mortem reports from Dacca.Lunatic Asylum]. "Bhote, so called [variouswords with this sound mean 'Stupid',`Idiot'], caste and occupation unknown, age14 years, admitted into the Asylum on the26th March 1842. The story with him wasthat four years ago [presumably meaning in1838], when he was 10 years old he wasfound in the jungles near to Nowgong inAssam. He could not speak any languagewhen first found and brought intoGowhattee, nor does he as yet, up to time ofadmission into the Asylum, appear to havelearned any. The early notice of his casesoon after his admission is to the effect thathe is in a state of fatuity, uttering a fewunintelligible sounds or words only, is quietand harmless - appears to be a weak lad. In1850.- The notice of him is that he will biteif he can, appears to be quite fatuitous, hedoes not walk, eats, sleeps, he utters suchsounds as ah' ooh' &c." [The young manbecame ill in April 1852, and died].(GREEN, 1856-57).

DELHI

1876[Of a new patient in the Delhi LunaticAsylum] "She is a girl of about 8 years ofage, and is said to have been found in thejangle by a man when ploughing his fields,and was believed by him to be a "wolf-child"." (Annual..Lunatic..Punjab, 1876,p.18).

1877"The so-called "wolf-child," mentioned in mylast report, and who had apparently thenfallen into a more abject state than everfrom repeated epileptic fits, soon afterwardsbegan to improve. ... She came tounderstand some things that were said to

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her, but never attempted to speak. She wastransferred to the Secundra Orphanage,Agra, in June last, the Principal of thatinstitution having kindly offered to takecharge of her. In reply to recent inquiriesregarding her, I was informed that she hashad no return of the epileptic fits, that sheenjoys a game of ball with the lady incharge, but does not take to the otherchildren in the institution. The pleasure shetakes in play is stated to be the only gleam ofintelligence she has given."(Annual..Lunatic..Punjab, 1877, p.18)

DEOBAND

1875 (approx)[From the educational history of a PanjabiMaulvi] "On my way back home I foundgood schools in Saharanpur, Deoband andRampur, and in Deoband I was struck byseeing the blind students learningmathematics and drawing geometricaldrawings on boards." (Quoted by LEITNER,1882, reprint 1991, p.79)

FURRUCKABAD

1872[Tabular "Statement showing the Lepers,Blind, and Poor benefited by the Charities inthe North-Western Provinces for the year1872"]. "Furruckabad, Total NumbersBenefited, Blind Men: 40, Blind Women:12. ... The municipality maintains theseinstitutions [for lepers and blind people]entirely." (Report..Charitable..1872, p33,38)

FUTfEHPORE

1857"The American Presbyterians had and havea Mission there, with Orphanage attached,and this was in my charge as civil surgeon inpre-mutiny days. The Mission andOrphanage were presided over by the Rev.Gopinath Nandy.. ... To this Orphanage wasbrought by the police, early in 1857, a child,which they declared had been found in awolf's den.. ... Mr Nandy told me that the

child had no speech, though not dumb.. ...The poor child was evidently a burden to thePadre, who knew not how to manage it. ...[All the child would say was "sag", =spinach.] I recommended sag and rice as hisdiet; and strange to say, it succeeded, andopened further the floodgates of memory; forthe words bap (father) and amma (mother)now recurred to him." [However, the childpromptly died.] (ANON in Chambers, 1883)

GUJRAT (Punjab)

1857[Earliest definite date for people withmicrocephaly - "Chuas of Shah Daulah" -brought to the Shrine of Shah Daulah atGujrat by families, and left there to be caredfor. The shrine is mentioned c.1695, within20 years of the saint's death (SARKAR,pp.98-100); people with microcephaly mayhave been involved with the shrine longbefore 1857]. "A return of those presentedbetween 1857 and 1866 shews that 14 boysand 3 girls were brought to the shrine inthat period." (BEG, abstracted byFANSHAWE, 1879)

1903"They can all feed themselves, and do notdisplay like other idiots revolting tendenciesor appetites; ... ..they are capable of beingtaught simple employments. ... Formerly,there is not the slightest doubt, the infantswere kept at the shrine, which waspractically an asylum for them where theywere tended and cared for until death; butthis is not so now for, whether from failingmeans, lax discipline or corrupt morals, it iscertain and admitted by all that fromoriginally allowing some of them to onlyoccasionally go out with the faqirs attachedto the tomb into the district together alone,the custom has spread, until at the presentday it is the invariable rule for them all tobe actually leased out on a monthly paymentto these men, who carry them into all partsof the Punjab, begging, and, it is asserted,neglect and ill-treat them.. ... There is notthe same objection to their retention in theshrine itself where, being well known, and

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its inmates always open to inspection, theircondition is comparatively safe." (EWENS,1903) [Ewens was the first trained observerto examine and describe in detail the Chuas'actual abilities and conditions of life. Fromhis report, it is possible to make someestimate of the level of care and instructionthat had been given to these disabled people.See also MILES, 1996]

HOSIIANGABAD

1881[Rachel Metcalfe, on arrival in India in 1866as the first missionary of the Friends'Foreign Mission Association, worked withJane Leupolt at Benares before moving toHoshangabad. Later she became severelydisabled and used a wheelchair.] "This[orphan] work was commenced in 1881, inmuch weakness and not knowing what itwould lead to. I was but in feeble healthunable to walk, and with hands crippled byrheumatism;.." (METCALFE, 1888, p.4)

"Topsy came to us 3/5/81. ... And truly shewas the most repulsive child, I think I eversaw; that no wonder many said, even theNative Christians. Why take such a child,she would never be any good? She hadscarcely a rag on her, festering sores on herhead and her feet, with only one eye, andthe other a running sore. The poor thing wasonly half-witted and in many of her habitsmore like an animal, than a child. She wouldget into violent passions tear all her clothingoff and fairly foam at the mouth. Of coursenow such scenes never occur, it took muchtime and patient love to overcome them; butwe have the reward, in a steady quiet girl,not bright but affectionate. She will neverlearn to read, and has great difficulty incommitting texts to memory and more inrepeating them, she has improved in talkingbut her speech is difficult. The blind eye hasbeen removed, and the offensive dischargechecked, the other eye is rather weak, butshe can see to sew tolerably well, She willcontinue with me, as it is my intention totrain her for an "Ayah" or waiting maid; itwill take time, but she is desirous of doing

right, and will do her best. She can cook alittle and clean, and has all these things todo for herself now she is left alone."(METCALFE, p.16)

1883"Maggie with her little sister Rahiman weremade over to us 2.8.1883. They came fromSohagpur, John H. Williams [IndiaSecretary of the Friends' Foreign MissionaryAssociation] with some difficulty havingrescued them from some women of the town,who would probably have trained them todancing and their own bad life. Their storyis a sad one, their father suffered theextreme penalty of the law for killing hiswife. He struck her down with an axe,Rahiman was in her arms at the time, andpoor babe she had always a startled terrifiedlook, and never talked, though she lived tillshe was about 4 yrs. of age. Both childrenhad been continually drugged with opiumand were very ill for a long time."(METCALFE, p.22)

1883[From an unspecified account by Metcalfe:]"Topsy heads the list of those now with me.She will never make much at reading, butshe shows loving thoughtfulness for others,preparing their beds at night, and runningto bring in clothes when rain comes on -homely work to which the others give littleheed." (PUMPHREY, 1900, pp.65-71)

"This little thing [Noniya] was picked up bythe police in the jungle. Her brother hadcast her out, not caring what wild animalattacked her, for a thorn in her foot festeredand the sore was full of worms, and the poorchild unable to work was of no further useto him." (METCALFE, 1888, p.29)

1887"Guliya came three days after Sara[Feb.1887], a very different child, half crazyprobably through bad treatment, she has anice face. The trouble we have had to breakoff her dirty ways cannot be described. Sheis much improved and behaves quietly inschool trying to learn." (METCALFE, p.32)

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HYDERABAD (Sindh)

1865"..a small institution which was privatelydonated by a Parsi Philanthropist of Karachinamed Sir Cawasjee Jahangir who built it in1865." (HASAN, 1988) [This MentalHospital still functions. The donor, SirCowasjee Jehangir Readymoney, fundedmany other charitable institutions from abase in Bombay].

INDORE

1899"Institution for the Blind" [run by theCanadian Presbyterian Mission, appearswith the date 1899, in an addendum toprevious lists of philanthropic andreformatory data.] (DENNIS, 1902, p.232)

LAHORE

1849"When the Punjab was finally taken over inMay, 1849, [John Martin] Honigberger[who had been physician to Ranjit Singh,then served the Sikh Darbar until 1846, thenran a hospital founded by Sir HenryLawrence, until 1849] handed over thetwelve epileptics and idiots who remained inhis charge to Dr. Smith, the first civilsurgeon at Lahore, who also was ahumanitarian." (PATCH, 1939) [Patchearlier (1931, p.7) wrote that the patientswere placed under Dr Hathaway. CharlesHathaway was an Assistant Surgeon in 1843,was mentioned by Clark (1904, p.34) asbeing at Lahore in Feb.1852, and was authorof Panjab Jail Manual, 1858. Charles M.Smith was Assistant Surgeon in 1845, tookpart in fighting in the Panjab 1848-49, andlater became Superintendent of the LahoreLunatic Asylum. In his Annual Report of theAsylum for 1868, Smith noted that he hadbeen in charge for 15 years, i.e. since onlyc.1853. Hathaway was five years older thanSmith, and by 18 months his senior in themedical service. LATIF, 1892, p.318,confirms that "The Lunatic Asylum wasfounded in 1849, under the Board of

Administration, and placed in the charge ofDr. Hathaway, the Residency Surgeon, whowas succeeded by Dr. Smith in 1852, andDr. Scriven in 1870.1

1872 or earlier.['Miss Fuller' worked since 1867 with theIndian Female Normal School andInstruction Society (IFNIS). A manuscriptdated 1913, said to be by 'Mary FULLER',notes that the writer's sister - Miss EmmaFuller - joined her at Lahore in 1868 and didsome teaching. HEWLETT wrote in 1898that "Miss Fuller.. laboured constantly anddiligently in Lahore until her death in 1880".BADLEY (1886) shows 'Miss Fuller' arrivingin 1867 and dying in 1885. Both death datesseem mistaken. Emma Fuller died November14th, 1884, according to an obituary in thejournal of IFNSIS (C.G., 1885)].

"Although Miss Fuller had no technicalknowledge of work among the blind, it iscertain that she made no difficulty of this,but readily and even eagerly received thelittle Asho [then aged ten years old, wholater became the first teacher in theAmritsar institution for the blind] into herschool, and with loving ingenuity foundmethods of imparting to her generalknowledge, as for instance facts ingeography, etc., and very patiently shecaused her to commit to memory many Biblestories and hymns." (HEWLETT, 1898,p.50)

1880"The third enquirer [about Christianity] isa poor blind girl of about eighteen, not sointelligent as these last, but one who hasbeen at school for many years. ... If we takein the girl and support her, it will be ofcourse said that she was bribed to become aChristian! and where is the money to comefrom for her support? She has been taughtto knit in school, and can do plain knittingwell, but it is difficult to know what to dowith a young native girl, especially with onewho on account of her infirmity will not besought in marriage. How greatly we need ahome of some kind for native women who

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have become converts and lost their ownhomes, our friends may judge. I do trustthat Miss Tucker and Miss Wauton will besuccessful in establishing the IndustrialHome they have spoken of in Umritsar."(FULLER, 1880)

1883[A girl of about 16, admitted to the LahoreAsylum as a microcephalic idiot] "Her sensesappear to be perfect, but her intelligence isof the most rudimentary character, and isnot, I think, equal to that of most childrenof from 15 to 20 months old. She seems torecognise different people and tocomprehend the simplest ideas. She makesknown her wants by signs and sounds butdoes not articulate more than monosyllables.Sometimes she will sit for a long timeswinging her body backwards and forwards,as native children do at school, hummingtwo or three monotonous notes again andagain; at other times she runs about theward apparently content and happy,occasionally amusing herself by pinching andslapping some of the other lunatics. She isclean in her habits." (Annual..Lunatic..Punjab, 1884, pp.3-4).

1888"1888. Shirreff Braille was invented by Mrs.Shirreff, wife of Rev. F.A.P. Shirreff, M.A.,Fellow of the Punjab University. By a smallalteration to ordinary Braille the Hindustani,Hindi, and Telugu languages could besuitably embossed for the education of theblind of India." (WAGG & THOMAS, 1932,pp.66-7)

1891."Mrs. F.A.P. Shirreff adapted Braille toUrdu in 1891, and now the British andForeign Blind Association has accepted heradaptation as the one that has proved itselfpractically the best." (CLARK, 1904, p.60)

LUCKNOW

1831"In the year.. ... ..1827 A.D., king Naseer-ood-deen Hyder ascended the throne of

Oudh, and in.. ... ..1831 A.D., establishedthe Poorhouse and City Hospital, under thesuperintendence of Doctor Logan, the thenresidency surgeon at Ismailgunj, and for thesupport of these institutions invested largesums of money. ... This institution [theKing's Poorhouse] was intended as a reliefhouse for the blind, maimed, leprous,infirm, and the helpless from old age, &c.,and chiefly to prevent begging in the streets.Out-door relief was also to be afforded to aselect few. There are at this day 148 inmatesin the Poorhouse who receive food andclothing. The out-door charity list amountsto 162 persons, who get monthly cashpayments averaging 2 rupees each." (F.M.NEWBERY, City Magistrate, Lucknow,1875; quoted in BAILEY, p.104) [However,the sole Dr (John) Logan in Governmentservice in Bengal died either 1828 or 1829according to CRAWFORD (1930). The EastIndia Register and Directory for 1824 listsSurgeon George Bail lie as Personal Surgeonto the King of Oude, continuing to 1832.Assistant Surgeon Wm. Stevenson M.D. wasin the King of Oude's service from 1829.JAIN (1916) thought the Poorhouse wasfounded in 1833. SLEEMAN (1858, Vol.1,p310) noted that, during his ten year reign,Nusseer-od Deen Hyder ran through almostall of the ten crore rupees that he inheritedin the reserved treasury of the State].

1858"The beginning of the Girls' Orphanage wasmade when the Government authorities inLucknow handed over to the Butlers[American Methodist missionaries] a pock-marked and one-eyed girl, Elmira Blake, in1858." (SINGH, 1971)

1881"We will now visit another interesting house;it is that of a Jewish family. ... Mrs. Cohenhas an imbecile daughter nearly 17 years ofage, and this is her greatest sorrow andcross. Many a time has she weepinglyconfided to me how great a disappointmentthis afflicted daughter has been to herselfand her husband." (BAUMANN, 1882)

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1899 or earlier"At Lucknow the American Methodists havea school for the blind.." (DENNIS, 1899,p.385).

LUDHIANA (District)

1852(Quoted from Ludhiana Settlement Report,1852, p.30) The charitable institutions.. .....they are all called Dharmasalas. Two orthree religious mendicants are usually metwith, a reader of the Grunth... and a menialto prepare the food. ..in Hans, of pergunnaJugraon, where the reader of the Grunthwas a most diminutive dwarf, ..."(LEITNER, 1882/1991, p.159)

MADRAS

1696"In 1696 another fund [the first being forEuropeans and Eurasians only] wasestablished for the relief of the native poor,who had hitherto been allowed to beg in theFort. This fund was placed in the hands ofthe Mayor and Aldermen, who were orderedto distribute it at the Choultry, just outsidethe Choultry gate, every Monday morning."(PENNY, 1904, p.216, citing Fort St GeorgeConsultation Book, 2 Nov.1696)

1764"In the year 1764 the Vestry [here meaningthe charity committee of St Mary's Church]agreed to entrust the collection of the doubleSunday boat hire to the Master Attendant; itwas also agreed that he should defray fromthe fund the cost of healing those boatmenwho were injured or disabled in the exerciseof their calling.." (PENNY, 1904, p.385-389,citing original Vestry documents). [Thedouble Sunday boat hire was in the nature ofa fine - those who obliged boatmen to workon the Sabbath were obliged to contribute tothe community poor fund (ibid. pp.313-314,351). Penny outlined a lengthy argumentabout the use of this money. However, it isthe earliest instance found in the presentstudy of a regular fund benefiting disabledpeople, lasting over three decades.]

1793[Valentine Conolly] "Founded MadrasLunatic Asylum, 1793" [VC was thenAssistant Surgeon. See below: 1841].(CRAWFORD, 1930)

c.1800-1876[William Cruickshanks] "..was born atVellore, in Madras [Presidency]; ... ..he wasstill very young when his father came backto Ireland and left him behind at theMilitary Orphan Asylum at Madras. WhenWilliam was about twelve years old he beganto suffer from weak eyesight, and it was notlong before this infirmity increased to totalblindness. ...[William asked another orphanto read the Bible to him; he paraphrasedand recounted it back to the other boy]...Mr Cruickshanks appears to have receivedlittle of regular education at any time, butwith the help of a memory strengthened byconstant exercise, and an unwearieddiligence in the use of all means of acquiringknowledge that lay within his reach, heovercame the hindrances.. ... ..and early inlife he made teaching his vocation. ... Hestarted on his career as a tutor in privatefamilies, but in 1838 he was appointed HeadMaster of the Native Education Society'sSchool at Madras, which numbered 100pupils. In 1841 he became Head Master ofthe Madras Military Orphan Asylum. ...The missionaries at Palamcotta felt thatthere was an urgent need for an Englishschool for natives in that town.. ... ..theservices of Mr Cruickshanks were gladlyaccepted. ... Mr Cruickshanks continued fortwenty-six years Head Master of the Anglo-Vernacular School at Palamcotta. ... Whenhe drew near to his seventieth year, heresigned the heavy duties.. ... Once more in1875..... He was asked to superintend theopening of a new school at Poonamallee,near Madras, and he cheerfully undertookthe task." [He died in 1876]. (`T.', ChurchMissionary Gleaner, 1879)

1805"Institutional services which we understandto-day as providers of social welfare services,were not there in pre-British India. The

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[earliest?] institution, which the After-CareCommittee appointed by the Central SocialWelfare Board in 1955 could contact andreach [? could find], was the one establishedby Rev. Loveless, in Madras, in the year1805 for women and children." (WADIA,1968) [Rev. W.C. Loveless arrived inMadras in 1806, and at first ran the MaleOrphan Asylum, which had been foundedmany years earlier (BROCKWAY, 1949,pp.25-26, 32-34). It was not intended fordisabled boys, but some were there - seeentry above on Mr Cruickshanks. PENNY,1904, pp.167-79, detailed the start of St.Mary's Charity School, Madras, in 1715, fororphan boys and girls. Some social welfareprovisions were certainly made by thePortuguese in 'pre-British' India].

1841"From 1841 to 1867 harmless idiots werekept in the Monegar Choultry, to avoidovercrowding the [Lunatic] Asylum".(CRAWFORD, 1914, Vol.II, p.417). [Penny(1904, p.430) gave some background of theMonegar Choultry, which had been used bythe Native Poor Fund Committee as a famineasylum in 1782. This does not seem to be thesame choultry as mentioned above, 1696].

1853"In the Idiot asylum the average number[of] males and females, has been 49. Theirgeneral health is reported to have been verygood, 4 casualties however occurred fromcholera, and another from repeated attacksof epilepsy; about 25 are employed in lightoccupation daily for a couple of hours incleaning rice, sweeping the compound,assisting the cooks, and in drawing water."(Selections..Madras, 1855, p.8)

1856"In the Idiot Asylum attached to the NativeInfirmary, 163 individuals have beenaccommodated, 114 males and 49 females;..... The admissions into the Idiot asylum takeplace through the Native infirmary, wherethe patients are kept for a few days underobservation, till the nature of their cases isfully ascertained; when attacked with

sickness, they are again admitted into theinfirmary for treatment, and when violent orunmanageable, they are transferred to theLunatic asylum. Many of the inmates areemployed in drawing water, gardening, andsimilar domestic employment about thechoultry, infirmary, and Leper hospital,under the serveillance [sic] of peons, andwith much advantage to their health."(Selections..Madras, 1857, pp.10-11).

1857"Idiot Asylum. ... Twenty-four patients havebeen discharged cured. The Medical Officer[Dr John W. Mudge] observes that the colddouche is used in those cases where nocontra-indication of its use exists, and it isconsidered to have been beneficial."(Selections..Madras, 1858, p.10).

1859"Idiot Hospital. Up to the end of the yearnothing had been done in the way ofcarrying out the Order of Government notedin the margin [Public Department No.1476of 24th Sept.1859], for increasing theaccommodation of this Institution. It hasbeen over crowded throughout the year, butfortunately no epidemic appeared among theinmates. The average strength for the yearwas 92. There were 121 admissions intoHospital and 30 deaths. The mortalityamongst Idiots is considerably higher thanthat of Insane Patients treated in the LunaticAsylum." (Selections..Madras, 1861, p.9)

1863"Surgeon W.J. VanSomeren, M.D., reportsas follows:- "... Foundling Hospital. ... Afew of the inmates of the Hospital are Idiots,and the neighbouring [Idiot] Asylum wouldbe a more suitable place for them, were theattendance there fitted as respects bothquality and quantity for imbecile children soyoung and helpless."" (Selections..Madras,1864, pp.67-70)

"Lunatic Asylum. Honorary AssistantSurgeon S. Mason, reports as follows:- ".....the facilities for transferring harmlessInsanes to the Idiot's Asylum being now

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limited in consequence of the crowded stateof that Institution, the numerous applicationsreceived during the year could only in partbe complied with." (Selections..Madras,1864, pp.64-65)

1867"Extract from Medical Report by Surgeon-Major W.J. VanSomeren. ...Idiot Asylum."On the 11th of May the insanes of theformer (so-called) Idiot Asylum wereremoved to the Lunatic Asylum, and ceasedto be under my medical charge."(SelectionsMadras, 1869, pp.93-95)

MEERUT

1864"In the city of Meerut a poorhouse wasestablished in 1864..... As funds becameavailable, the scope of the charity wasextended; - a house was purchased, aEuropean put in charge on a small salary,and a leper asylum and home for the blindand destitute organized."(Report..Charitable..1872, p.39)

NORTH-WEST PROVINCES & OUDH

1882"The above [tabulated] statement indicatesthat while the blind poor cared for inasylums fell off in numbers from 1,450 to1,358, the lepers increased from 960 to1,105; the destitute poor provided for inboth years were almost identical in numbers,8,333 to 8334. It must be at once apparentthat these numbers do not affect more thanthe outer fringes of destitution, which hangsround a population of 44 millions."(ReportCharitableOudh-1882, p.35)

OOTACAMUND

1891"One of the grown-up blind workers fromthe Sarah Tucker Institution has become ateacher at Ootacamund, and when the lastReport reached us had five pupils." (AnnualReport..CEZMS, 1892, p.53)

PALAMCOTTAH

1884"..a blind woman [Miss Marial] abouttwenty-two years old.. ... I asked herhistory, and it seems she was taught by theBible-woman for some time.. ... [ Marialbecame] a most earnest and consistentChristian, though much persecuted by herparents and relatives. ... So she took refugein the Bible-woman's house.. ... She didwhat she could to help by fetching water,cleaning the house, and beating rice, but stillshe felt she was a burden. ... I found outthat besides household duties she had goneout with the Bible-woman teaching andsinging to the people, and that they listenedmost attentively to her, and especially thelittle ones liked her to teach them; ... She isan active,intelligent, and independentwoman, a happy exception to the generallyhelpless, ignorant and incapable blind peopleof this country." (ASKWITH, 1884)

1890 or earlier[Miss Askwith] "..began by taking six orseven blind children into her bungalow andteaching them to weave and to help in thegarden. ... ..she also invented the firstbraille script in Tamil and transcribed into itthe Bible, the Prayer Book and The Pilgrim'sProgress." (BROCKWAY, 1949, p.104)

1890"We have now a class for little blind girls.Each has her Akka (big sister), and is welland lovingly cared for. As each one isbrought in here, she is very shy andunhappy at first, all is so strange; but in twoor three days love conquers, and theychatter and laugh, and enjoy their lessonswith their raised type for reading, and ball-frames for counting, and their little musicalboxes.." (ASKWITH, 1890)

"It is now [1901] eleven years since we beganour schools for the blind in Palamcotta inconnexion with the Sarah Tucker Institution.We have used Moon's type.. ... Besidesreading and arithmetic, other subjects arealso taught, and the schools for the blind are

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examined by the Government Inspector andInspectress just like our other schools. ...Almost every year some have confessedChrist.. ... they become teachers too. Theyare allowed to stay at school till they passthe Primary Board Examination, and thenthey must take up work and make room forothers. When they leave school we give thema copy of every book we have in raised type,an arithmetic frame, a few clothes, and acertificate of conduct, and thus equippedthey go forth to earn their own living. ... Weourselves employ twelve or more young menas teachers and monitors in some of theMission schools for boys, and we receivevery good reports of their work. ... Theblind girls, generally about twelve in numberat a time, have a room in the Sarah TuckerInstitution itself and live with the other girls,though they have their studies separately,with their own teachers. Besides theirlessons, the same as those of the boys, theylearn knitting and needlework, and we arenow training three of them as teachers. ...They are very happy with the other girls,who are very good to them; and it is verysweet to see the "sighted" girls leading themabout and talking gently to them. Visitorsare much struck with the happy faces of theblind children and with their sweet singing,both in Tamil and English." (ASKWITH,1901)

1891[Miss Askwith, in her report] "..refers alsoto the work carried on by Miss Swainson [atrained nurse] among the blind."(Annual..CEZMS, 1891, p.54)

"As early in its history as 1891, the pupils,ten of whom were girls, were ready toundergo a Government examination, whichgreatly pleased and surprised the inspector,who had never examined a blind schoolbefore." (BARNES, 1899, p.156)

1893 [?]"About seven years ago, three deaf anddumb girls were brought in close successionto the industrial class in connection with the[Sarah Tucker] Institution, and the question

at once arose - what was to be done withthem?" (The Zenana School, 1900)

1896"Just previous to the commencement of theyear 1897 a small class for deaf-mutes wasopened in connection with the "Sarah TuckerCollege" at Palamcotta in the TinnevellyDistrict (Madras Presidency) by MissSwainson, a missionary of the Church ofEngland, Tenana [= Zenana] Mission. Thereport of the school is very interesting. Itsays: "In their own homes these poorchildren are regarded as having nointelligence, and are sadly neglected, and yetit is wonderful how their minds and heartsopened during the short time since the classwas formed." (BANERJI, 1898)

"About the year 1897 a little girl wasbrought by her father to our IndustrialSchool at the Sarah Tucker College, he toldus he was a catechist and had lately beensent to work in a village where there were noChristians, all were devil-worshippers. Healso said, 'No one will listen to me, all tellme to cast the devil out of my own childbefore coming to teach them.' The supposed,`Devil', was deafness, the poor little deaf anddumb child must leave her father's homebefore he could try and teach the people.This was the first time the thought of theDeaf of India had come before me. The childlearned to sew and settled happily in theclass. A similar case was soon brought andalso taken in, and then, a little deaf orphangirl sent to our Industrial Class by an S.P.G.Missionary brought them more closely beforeus. We found two of our college girls alsohad little deaf relatives. One day while thehearing girls were having their Bible class,one of the deaf children put down her workand began watching the lips of the teacher,and then the thought flashed through ourminds, - Should these children only learn tosew? Why should not they too be educated!"(SWAINSON, undated [1915/16?], p.2)

"From different parts of India we heard ofdeaf children in orphanages, and directly weopened the little class we had many

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applications - children came from all parts.We found out that there was a small schoolin Calcutta worked by the Brahmo Samaj,but they took no girls and no poor children."(SWAINSON, n.d. [1915/16?], p.3)

"what a devoted and loyal band of Indianteachers we have. ... My Head Mistress[presumably Devanesam Ammal, see, nextentry] ... who has been with me almost fromthe beginning of the work and has been sucha blessing among the children.."(SWAINSON, n.d. [1915/16?], p.12)

"extract from a letter written in 1909, byDevanesam Ammal, the head mistress of theSchool.. "When I first came," she writes,"there were only six girls and no boys. Ishall never forget my first week's adventuresin teaching the deaf - the whole week weused to teach them one Scripture lesson,going over and over it, and Miss Swainsonexamined it on Sundays. I tried to teachabout the Creation the first week. Had weunderstood the children as we do now, weshould never have taken that lesson first. Itried my best to explain it to them in signs.On Sunday, when they came before MissSwainson, they were not able to sayanything, and I was so ashamed anddiscouraged, and thought I should never beable to teach them, but God has wonderfullymade me fit for my work. The children wereso naughty and tiresome; they would notlook at us, but shut their eyes if we talked tothem. Imagine how we could deal with them,if they would not look when they could nothear! We could not punish them, for theywould run away for any little thing, and wehad to run after them. Now we see a greatchange in them"." (SMITH, 1915, p.5)

1897-98 [?]"Much as I should have liked to stay inEngland to be properly trained for the work,that was impossible - I was needed in India -so all I could do was to go about telling theneed and pleading for help. At the end of afew months I returned with £1,000, and withthe permission of my Committee to devotemyself to the Deaf. ...Not knowing anything

of the oral method of teaching the deaf, weadapted Tamil with its 240 letters to a fingeralphabet, and with the help of pictures andsigns with which all the people of India arefamiliar, we soon reached the children'sminds and began our class. As we look backthe method seems very crude andunorthodox, but it answered its purpose anduntil we knew of something better was all wecould do." (SWAINSON, n.d. [1915/16?],pp.4-5)

"Connected with this [industrial] class is alittle School for Deaf and Dumb girls. "Ihave nine children," says Miss Swainson,"and have taught two of our trained girls toteach them reading, writing and arithmetic,and to talk on their fingers; but it is not soeasy in the Tamil language, with its 247letters in the alphabet, as in English! Still,we have adapted it.."." (BARNES, 1899,pp.155-6)

1900"..the school, which now includes nineteenboys, both Christian and Hindu, out of atotal of about forty pupils. ...The method ofteaching had practically to be discovered byMiss Swainson for herself, and imparted byher to her native assistant teachers. Noattempt was made to teach the children tospeak or read the lips; their number,environment, and the time and funds atdisposal utterly forbade it." (The ZenanaSchool, 1900)

1902"The school work is admirably done, thechildren receiving "Excellent" from the[Government] Inspectress, who expects themto do similar work to that done by thehearing. And they do it, with the exception ofreading - the school authorities havesanctioned a special reader for them, orrather course of readers, which MissSwainson herslef compiled. ... There are 71deaf and dumb; and 35 Industrial Girls whoare boarders. ... There are, in the deaf naddumb department, seven teachers who areall certified, and are Indians. They are verygood teachers, and look most picturesque in

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their native costumes." (CAMPBELL, 1902)

1904"In November 1904, how happily I startedback to India with not only one, but two newworkers; Miss Hart, a certificated Teacher,who had had some training in the oralsystem of teaching the deaf, and Miss Allen,a deaf lady who had also had someexperience of school work." [Sadly, withinweeks of her arrival, Miss Hart died of afever, while Miss Allen was unable to bearthe heat, and returned to England].(SWAINSON, 1906, p.1)

1905"During the past year we have made specialefforts in teaching speech, and the bookskindly given to me by the Head Master ofthe Glasgow School, with the method usedthere, have been carefully studied and usedhere, with very happy results. Classes areheld both in Tamil and English.. ... We havetried this year the plan of half-day lessonsand half-day Industrial work, with goodresults. The children seem to enjoy bothbetter, and did quite as well at their AnnualGovernment Examination as when studyingall day." (SWAINSON, 1906, p3)

"Our services for the Deaf are chiefly in thesign language, in which all can join alike,whether learning Tamil, as those do whobelong to the Madras Presidency, or English,which is taught to those coming from otherparts. [p.9] ... Now that so many of ourelder deaf girls are in the Industrial class,we hardly look upon it as a separate school.We have 50 speaking girls in it, living withus, and always a number of names down onour books waiting for admission. [p.12]"(SWAINSON, 1906)

1907"The next year [1907] was memorable in theannals of the school, as it witnessed theadvent of little [deaf and] blind Pyari..She has responded in a marked degree to thetraining bestowed on her, and bids fair to beanother Helen Keller." (SMITH, 1915, p.'7)

"..our very happy intelligent deaf, dumb andblind little girl busy with her lessons andbrimming over with fun.." (SWAINSON,n.d. [1915/16?], pp.9-10)

1912 or 1913"Since Miss McDowell joined us three yearsago, oral classes were properly started andless manual work done, but our PalamcottahSchool can never be totally oral, for manycome there too old to begin speech and in theshort time they are with us we must teachthem as much as possible. If we can hope tokeep the children some years we then putthem into the oral classes, and I am glad tosay that many of our children can nowfollow the lips of people and can speak fairlywell to the surprise of visitors who canhardly believe the children are really deaf."[By 1912 there were 130 children at theschool.] (SWAINSON, n.d. [1915/16 ?], pp.6-7)

1920[Miss Hull reported a letter from an Englishteacher who spent six years at Palamcottah,after teaching deaf people in England for tenyears. This teacher had expected to findmuch lower standards in India. Instead, shefound:] "A school of 130 children, 40 ofwhom had passed through the school andwere working at industrial work. There wereabout 15 classes. What struck one as oneentered the school for the first time was thatit was more like a school for hearingchildren, and conducted more on those lines.The teachers spoke very naturally to thechildren, and the lip-reading was excellent,though the speech was very poor and still is.But, as to knowledge, their language,history, geography and nature-study (whichis better than any I have ever seen in anEnglish school) simply surprised me. Thelessons were conducted mainly by lip-readingand writing, but through it all whatsurprised me was the result." (HULL, 1920)

PALLIPORT (nr. Cochin)

1861"Assistant Surgeon F. DAY, reports as

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follows:- "During the past year forty lepershave been in-patients in the Lazaretto atPalliport.. ... The present Lazaretto is old. Iformerly gave the date of its erection as1728, which date I copied from the stoneover the gateway. I have now examined allthe old people, heard all their traditionsrespecting it, and also found that in Xavier'stime (1543) or thereabouts, the Portuguesehad a leper hospital somewhere near Cochin,and I am inclined to think, this building waserected by that nation, and not their Dutchsuccessors."" (Selections..Madras, 1862,pp66-67)

PESHAWAR

1864"A Poor-house in Mackeson Gung,Peshawur, has been completed." [This,among many other constructions, was put upin the early days of British administration. Itvery likely had some blind inmates.](General Report, 1864, p.34)

1879"Light for the Blind amongst the Afghans.Dr. Moon, of Brighton, has recentlyarranged the Pushto alphabet for the Blindaccording to his improved system, and theLord's Prayer under Mr. Hughes' directionis being compiled in embossed reading forthe blind Afghan." (Editorial, ChurchMissionary Gleaner, 1879, vol. VI, p.8)[Rev. T.P. Hughes was a missionary atPeshawar, which was at that time consideredpart of Afghanistan].

POONA

1865"THE SASSOON ASYLUM, or Poor House,in Narayan ward on the river Mutha abovethe Lakdi bridge, is a home for the aged,infirm, and diseased poor of all classes. Ithas at present (1883) about sixty-fiveinmates. The asylum was established in 1865from funds raised by a public subscriptionamounting to £10,717 (Rs. 1,07170), thegreater part of which was given by the lateMr. David Sassoon whose name the asylum

bears. ...The Poona Municipalitycontributes £10 (Rs.100) a month to theasylum. The spacious site of the building wasgiven free by Government. ... A medicalattendant looks after the health of theinmates, the diseased being kept in differentwards to avoid contagion. Of the (1883)sixty-five inmates, seventeen men and elevenwomen are unable to earn a living from oldage; six men and five women are blind; andtwenty men and six women are lepers."(Gazetteer, 1885, pp.342-343).

1897"When the Pandita [Ramabai] was bringingwidows from the Central Provinces [to herrefuge and school at Poona] a deaf anddumb [widow] woman insisted on coming.The Pandita refused to bring her. She cameand sat in the train. They made herunderstand that she could not learn inschool, hence could not be taken. She toldthem by signs that she would grind, cook,wash clothes, scrub, etc. She literallyrefused to leave the train, and at the lastminute the Pandita laughed and bought hera ticket." (SAWDAY, 1898. Quoted also inDYER, 1906, p.6'7, who attributes theaccount to Ramabai's colleague, Minnie F.Abrams).

1899"The deaf and dumb woman [known to theother widows as `Mookie] was in charge ofthe [dairy] churning department, andeagerly displayed to us the superiority of thenew churns over the previously employednative methods." (DYER, 1906, p.'78)

1899 or earlier"At Poona the Church of Scotland Missionhas a special department in its orphanage forsightless girls." (DENNIS, 1899, p.385)

"Class for the Blind", [run by the C.S.M.,appears without date in a list of "Schoolsand Homes for the Blind and for DeafMutes".] (DENNIS, 1902, p.225)

1900"Kedgaon, Poona. Home for the Blind.

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M.M. [= Mukti Mission, associated withPandita Ramabai]. Year when founded:1900. No. of Inmates: Male - Female 25."(INGLIS, 1921, p.191).

"One of the smaller girls rescued fromstarvation in the last famine is taking chargeof a few of our blind girls. Miss Abramsvery kindly taught her to read the blindcharacters. The girl herself is studying hardwhile engaged in teaching the blind girls toread the Scriptures. Besides reading theScriptures she teaches them tables, mentalarithmetic, and geography, in her sparehours. She sees to their bathing, takingmeals at proper times, and can be seen goingabout her work with her family of the blindand feeble-minded girls." (DYER, p.88;quoting a report written by Ramabai inMay, 1900)

PURNEA (District)

1809"Beggars and Charity. The number ofcommon beggars that were estimated to be inthe whole district amounts to 7140, of whichby far the greater part are real objects ofcharity, although in some parts it wasalleged that there were among them manylazy fellows who were able enough to work.... Besides there are many lame, blind orother infirm persons belonging to poorfamilies, that cannot give them food but whogive them accommodation and suchassistance as is within their power, especiallyin sickness." (BUCHANAN, ed. Jackson1928, p.165)

RANCH'

1885 or 1886"Besides opening a Leper House (1884), andEpileptic House (1885), an Incurables' Homeat Lohardaga was also started." (MAHTO,1971, p.103)

"In 1886 I was further enabled through thehelp of Dr. Scibert, of New York, and thereaders of the Deutscher Volksfreund, toestablish another asylum for epileptics,

syphilitics, and all kinds of people sufferingfrom loathsome and incurable diseases."(HAHN, 1890)

1893"Among the blind in Chhota Nagpur, ofwhom there are some thousands, a class wasstarted at Ranchi about 1893 with the objectof assisting first the Christians and next theheathen to do something towards supportingthemselves and to read for their ownedification. A class of blind mendicants wasformed, who were taught orally once a week,and out of this grew a small daily school,founded by Mrs. O'Connor. The pupils,mostly adults, have made good progress inreligious knowledge, in reading and writingthe "Braille" type, in reading "Moon" type,and in the art of making bamboo chairs, andin 1898 the female pupils began to learnknitting. The work was carried on by MissWhitley in the Rev. W. O'Connor's houseuntil the increase in numbers made itnecessary to erect a separate building, whichwas opened on July 26, 1899." (PASCOE,p.500 f-g)

1895"In 1895, a Blind School was started atRanchi in connection with the EnglishMission [under the auspices of the Societyfor Propagation of the Gospel] by Mrs.O'Connor. In this school blind men aretrained in industrial work in cane andbamboo, and blind women are taught mat-making. Reading and writing are also taughton the Braille system." (ROY, 1912, pp.264-65).

"Not long after her arrival [1892] inRanchi, Mrs. O'Connor who had receivedspecial training as a nurse, was struck by thenumber of blind persons whom she met.After talking over the matter with theBishop, [Rt Rev. J.C. Whitley, First Bishopof Chhota Nagpur] it was determined tostart something in the nature of a blindschool... [Mrs. O'Connor] found time toteach some of these much-afflicted people toread in the Braille type, and basket-work.Some time after, Miss Whitley ... also

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perfected herself in the Braille system for thepurpose of assisting in this work."(CHATTERTON, 1901, p.124, 137-8)

"The Blind School at Ranchi was started bythe Rev. and Mrs. O'Connor in 1905[presumably 1895 is intended] with a grantof Rs.20/- per month. Blindmen who had noother alternative but to beg in the streetswere taught the useful craft of bamboo andcane chair-making. From the 26th July, 1897onwards, some blind women were alsoadmitted in it. [Footnote reference here, toROY, The Mundas, p.264; which doesmention blind women - see above - but doesnot give the date of 26th July, 1897, noranything like it. See, however, PASCOE,above]. Miss Whitley had learnt Brailletype, and she took over charge of the schoolin the year 1900." (MAHTO, 1971, p.147)

"Originally started in St. Magaret's[Margaret's] Girls' High School premises,[the Blind School] shifted to its newbuildings in the year 1924.." (MAHTO,p.200)

RUNGPORE

1780s (and earlier)"One of the zemindars, Rajah Bhagawan,being an idiot, his dewan, who held the samename, took advantage of this fact, and byjudicious management obtained a grant ofthe zemindary from the Dacca Soubah, anda long contest which ensued resulted in thedivision above noted, the usurper retainingthe 7 annas share, that of Dinagepore." [The`nine annas' portion was Edrakpore](GLAZIER, 1872, p.26)

1791"The one Mahommedan sharer in Cazeerhatwas reported on by Mr Lumsden in 1791, asnot so decidedly an idiot as to necessitatethat the management of his zemindaryshould be taken from him." (GLAZIER,1872, p.19) [See 'Court of Wards' discussionunder CUTTACK]

RUTNAGHERRY

1857/1858"Rutnagherry, in the Southern Concan, is160 miles South of Bombay... The poorhave no provision. They beg their way fromdoor to door, receiving charity in kind,mostly cooked grain. Many are Brahminwidows. The lame, the blind, and thedeformed receive allowances from acharitable fund supported by the Europeancommunity. ... Children are kept at thebreast often till they are three and four yearsof age, with a view to prevent pregnancy;...They are frequently drugged with opium tokeep them quiet." (de CRESPIGNY,1857/58)

SERAMPORE

1803"Mrs. [Ann] Grant in a letter to her friend[Miss Fenn] in 1803 described a scene, whenabout thirty-four persons, some of themblind, many suffering from leprosy, came forrelief [from the Baptist missionaries] atSerampore. She wrote "Many of themreceive two pence a week"." (SEN GUPTA,1971, p.136, quoting manuscriptcorrespondence in Baptist Missionary Societyarchives)

SHAHJEHANPORE

1863"At Shahjehanpore a mixed poorhouse andleper asylum is supported by themunicipality. I have not seen the buildingbut am informed that the lepers haveseparate quarters from the poor and blind.... The Shahjehanpore poorhouse has beenin existence since 1863. [pp.39-40]. Blind:Men 10, Women 2. [p.33]."(Report..Charitable..1872).

1877"Shahjahanpur: Total number benefitedduring the year 1877: Blind: Men 106Women 49 Children 27. [Footnote:] Thefigures against Shahjahanpur include thenumber benefited in poorhouses other than

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that at the sudder station, viz., those in thevillages of the district."(Report..Charitable..Oudh..1877, p.29)

SAHARANPUR (near Nasik)

1865-67"During the past two years, thirty-one casesof functional paralysis in children have beentreated in the Saharunpore dispensary.. ...One, if not the chief, of these [commonproblems] is want of faith in the treatmentemployed, which leads the patient, or in thecase of children, the relatives, to seek otheraid if there is no immediate and markedbenefit; another is the fact that a very largeproportion of the patients come from adistance, and cannot, or will not, spare timeto remain in the station for treatment. Somealso merely bring their children once, duringflying visits made to the city on business."(GARDEN, 1867) [Garden's paper is thefirst listed by H.V. Wyatt in his`Bibliography of Poliomyelitis in India'(forthcoming)].

1885[Rev. Frederick Graham Macartney reports,of 16 persons in the Poor Asylum:] "The listof inmates includes three blind, threeparalytic, one epileptic and a leper."(MACARTNEY, 1885)

SIONI

1890s [precise date unspecified]"The Friends at Sioni deal with thedifficulties of how to avoid giving to theundeserving.. ... They give to beggars once aweek only, on Sunday. On arriving homeafter the morning service, a crowd of haltand maimed and blind folks, principallywomen, and mostly old, are found sitting onthe ground, patiently awaiting the arrival ofthe Mem-Sahib.. ... As only a fixed sum isgiven each month, and as this is known tothe recipients, they themselves voluntarilyarrange the matter of keeping out theundeserving. I pity the man who being ableto work for his living sought a share of theweekly gifts; to raise the ire and start the

tongues of the fifty old women I saw wouldbe no trifling ordeal." (PUMPHREY, 1900,p.109; quoting John Lampard of Balaghat,no reference given).

TRAVANCORE

1893"I shall be glad to make known a method bymeans of which they [blind people in India]can be easily and inexpensively taught toread and write in their own vernacular.They may by the same method be taughtarithmetic and music. ... The method is nota new thing but an adaptation to the Indianvernaculars of the Braille system which hasproved so successful in France, England andAmerica. ... The scheme covers any and allIndian languages, and most easternlanguages. It has also been applied withsuccess to Chinese." (KNOWLES, 1893).

"Much painstaking work [for blind people]had previously been done by Mr. L.Garthwaite, formerly Government Inspectorof Schools, and also by the Rev. JoshuaKnowles, of Travancore [and of the LondonMissionary Society]." (DENNIS, 1899,p.385).

UJJAIN

1896"Class for the Blind", [run by the CanadianPresbyterian Mission, appears with the date1896, in a list of "Schools and Homes forthe Blind and for Deaf Mutes".] (DENNIS,1902, p.225)

UNAVA, nr. MEHSANA (100 km. north ofAhmedabad)

1883 and earlier"..the Mira Data Dargah [shrine] hasspecialized in helping people who areafflicted with 'madness'. .. More precisely, ithas a reputation for healing those striken bya bhut [spirit]. Already in the last centuryMira Data Dargah was listed in the DistrictGazetteer [1883] as an institution being`visited by many suffering from epilepsy'..."

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(PFLEIDERER, 1981) [Shrine treatment forepilepsy contrasts with CHUCKERBUTTY'sremark, 1864, that in Bengal "Infantsafflicted with convulsions they exposed inwicker-baskets suspended from some loftytree, and there left to perish of hunger andcold, under the mistaken idea they werepossessed and that it was unsafe for thehousehold to keep them any longer. It was amost revolting spectacle, to witness thesewretched creatures screaming and writhingfor want of food, and grown-up men andwomen coldly looking on without daring toapproach them".]

MENTAL RETARDATION: 20THCENTURY DEVELOPMENTS(See earlier entries e.g. underAgra/Secundra, Amraoti, Bombay, Gujrat,Hoshangabad, Lahore, Madras etc, for lessformal or less educational care).

1910"Cretin Radho, aged 30 years. Hindu. Wasborn at Faizabad in Oudh. ..she had twobrothers and a sister, who were in every waynormal.. ... He mother states that the patientwas normal in size at birth, she grew slowerthan other children and ceased to growaltogether at the age of 16. There are noother dwarfs in the family and no history ofgoitre among the relations was obtained. Thepatient is an idiot and quite unable to talk.She makes a few sounds which only hermother can interpret. ... Her height is 2 feet111 /2 inches and her weight 2 stone 11 lbs.She is under treatment with thyroid extractin the poor-house, and the Superintendentreports that she seems to be betterintellectually, but at her age any very greatimprovement is hardly to be expected."(JAMES, 1910) [Part of an early Indian casehistory of sporadic cretinism, withcharacteristic photograph, among five casehistories of dwarfism in Patiala State].

1918[Appendix has tabular data for "Revised Listof Recognised Government, Aided andUnaided European Schools in the Bengal

Presidency for the year 1918":] "Schools forDefective Children: Name of school: TheChildren's House, Kurseong.Management: Private. Nature of School:Aided. Class of school: Mixed. Number ofscholars on March 31st 1917 [*]: 4. Layteachers, Female: 4." [* First page of thetable has "March 31st 1918", and "1917" isclearly an error. The Report is dated 6thNovember 1918] (Annual..European..1917-18, Appendix p.ii)

"The first school for deficient and defectivechildren in India was opened by Miss Silviade Laplace at the Children's House,Kurseong. This institution trains thosechildren who through physical and mentaldefects are unable to profit by theinstruction given in an ordinary school. It isnow universally recognised that defectivechildren can be educated chiefly by means ofspecial apparatus, exercises and discipline.Already remarkable results have beenachieved at the Children's House by specialmethods of sense training. The institutionhas now been formally recognised byGovernment and receives a monthly grant-in-aid of Rs.150. During the year underreview the institution received a capital grantof Rs.30,000 for the acquisition of theproperty known as Meek's estate."(Annual..European..1918-19, p.5)[Miss de la Place (or De Laplace, De LaPlace) did not appear in standard missionarylists. The name was not a common one.Thacker's Directory, 1892, lists E.S. DeLaplace. The India Office biographical indexshows a burial at Calcutta in 1900, ofHenrietta Jessina De La Place, widow ofEtienne. So `E.S.' may have been Etienne;perhaps of French, Swiss or Belgian origin.If so, they could have been Silvia's parents -the dates are appropriate for Silvia to be inher thirties or forties by 1917, when aheadmistress in Howrah, and maybe to haveretired or died by 1944.]

"Directory of Institutions for the MentallyHandicapped Persons in India. ... CentralInstitute of Psychiatry, Kanke, Ranchi. Dateof Establishment: May 1, 1918. Type of the

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Institution: Day-care. Age range of personsadmitted: Up to 14 years. Nature of servicesoffered: Medical, Psychological." (REDDY,p.24) [When mentally handicapped childrenwere first received or taught here is unclear.Dhunjibhoy, in charge of the Kankehospital, noted(Annual..Working..Ranchi..1936, p.'7) that"The number of mentally defective childrenis steadily going up and in the absence of aseparate children's ward it is becomingincreasingly difficult for the administrationto house and treat such children. ... Amental hospital is not a fit place fortreatment of certified mentally defectivechildren.. "]

1921"The Children's House, Kurseong, the firstschool in Bengal for physically and mentallydefective children, was opened in the year1918 by Miss De La Place, formerlyheadmistress of St. Thomas' School,Howrah. ... There were 9 pupils on 31stMarch 1921." [St. Thomas's, was in 1916an Aided, Mixed, Elementary school withattendance of 37 scholars, 5 femaleteachers]. (Annual..European..1920-21, p.4)

"In India up to the year 1921 only a fewisolated experiments with intelligence testshad been conducted by missionaries engagedin educational work, amongst whom may bementioned the Rev. E.L. King ofNarsinghpur and the Revg. D.S. Herrick ofBangalore. At the meeting of the CentralAdvisory Borad of Education held inOctober of that year it was resolved thatexperiments on a large scale should beconducted with a view to devising a series ofmental intelligence tests suitable for childrenattending Indian schools." [Copies of theStanford revision of Binet-Simon tests wereforwarded to Principals of Training Colleges,to try them with the children in their modelschools] "This work they readily undertookand the most interesting reports of theirexperiments were received from MissGordon of Saidapet, Mr. West of Dacca,Mr. Spence of Jubbulpore and Mr. Wyatt ofLahore." (RICHEY, 1924, Preface)

1924[Reviews some experiments in mental testingin India, pp.199-218, and comments:] "Thevexation of retardation is with us as well aswith educationalists in the West. ... It wouldbe most useful if somebody would take thematter up for investigation in this Presidency[Madras]." (WOODBURNE, 1924, p.201)

1927"In 1927, Manry published the firstintelligence test in English, Hindi and Urduand was closely followed in 1929 by Rice'sHindustani Binet. ... Undoubtedly head andshoulders above the pioneers of the 1930's isthe intrepid Dr. V.V. Kamat with hisMarathi and Kannada versions of the 1916Standford-Binet [sic] which has been recentlyrevised from the 1936 version." (MALIN,1968) [Refs. MANRY, 1927; RICE, 1929]

1927-28"In every crowded thoroughfare of the city[Calcutta] we find specimens of degeneratehumanity suffering from loathsome andcontagious diseases - the lepers, the insane,the idiotic, the feeble-minded - men ofabnormal deformities of body and mind. Wepass by quite unconcerned or toss off anoccasional pice with an emotion which is astransitory as the mental images of thekaleidoscopic sights of a great city."(GANGULY, 1927-28)

1929"The first scientific approach to the problemof mental retardation in India was a 1929Bombay survey.. [By Dr Kamat, whilestandardising the Binet test for Kannadaspeakers] ... Findings in the schools ofDharwar [1,074 children, from a rural town,c.30,000 population] indicated an incidenceof 4% retarded in the school population."(TAYLOR & TAYLOR, 1970, p.279). [Cf.UK data: "Even by 1926 the MentalDeficiency Committee reported that of105,000 defective children aged between 7and 16 in their survey, 77% were inordinary schools". (GABBAY & WEBSTER,1983)]

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"As very few of the imbeciles and none ofthe idiots are sent to school by their parentsit is very difficult to say from such a studyof school children as this [at Dharwar] whatpercentage of imbeciles and idiots there is inthe general population of children. The 10morons or feeble-minded in this study formone per cent of the total population ... Ofthe 34 border line cases 14 were boys and 20girls. Only 3 of them were in the loweststandard of the secondary schools and 30 inprimary schools and one belonged to the pre-school period. On an average they wereretarded about 3 years in school studies."(KAMAT, 1951, pp.84-85; see also KAMAT,1934)

1932"..I have been on the look-out for an IndianMongol, and have inquired from manydoctors whether they have heard of or comeacross one in their practice in India. Theresult of my searches and inquiries has untilrecently been negative. The condition is,therefore, evidently extremely rare in India."(CHAND, 1932) [Probably the firstpublished case of Down Syndrome. It is nowwell represented in special schools]

1933-34"A school for defective children was startedduring the period at Jhargram in the districtof Midnapore by the Bodhan Samity, aregistered association, which had 8 pupilsincluding a girl. The cost of maintenancewas Rs. 3,098, which was met entirely fromprivate sources." [See below, 1939-40](Report..Public..Bengal..1933-34, p.34)

"The most important event during the periodunder review was the establishment of aschool for mentally defective Indian childrencalled Bodhana Niketan. The school owes itsinception to the enthusiasm of Mr. GirijaPrasanna Mukherjee, an Advocate of theCalcutta High Court, who gave to the schoolfreely of his time, money and energy; hefound encouragement and active help fromMr. R.H. Parker, I.C.S., but little financialassistance from the public or theGovernment. The school was first located at

Jhargram in the district of Midnapore butwas later shifted to Belghoria near Calcutta.... In 1936-37, it had on its rolls 15 pupils;the total cost of the institution was Rs.9,081of which only Rs.480 came from theprovincial revenues." (NinthQuinquennial..Bengal..1932-1937, 1939,p.130)

1934"List of Institutions for the MentalRetardates and Particulars of theirServices... The Central Nursing Home forMental Invalids, Ranchi. Year ofestablishment: 1934. [Status: Private].Eligibility: Above 5 years. Nature ofActivities: Academic education." [Dataprovided by the organisation itself](VOHRA, 1987, p.114)

"The number of families worried over theproblem of rearing up mentally deficientchildren is not insignificant in this country.... But practically nothing has been done sofar in our country to ameliorate their lot.*(Footnote: * An institution for feeble-mindedchildren has been started at Jhargramsometimes back.) It has, no doubt, to beadmitted that very little can be done forhigh-grade 'morons' or physical misfits,beyond segregating them in a well regulatedinstitution and so making the environmentmore congenial to them. But in cases ofcertain types of defectives, where ordinarysystem of schooling is of no avail, training bymodern psychological methods provesefficacious. It may be noted in thisconnection that often educable cases areconfused with non-educable ones, and forwant of proper discrimination between thetwo, the education of the former suffers bydefault." [There follows a review of theeducation of a mentally retarded Calcuttaboy, first examined in 1934]. (SINHA, 1936).

1936"There are only two schools - the Children'sHome, Kurseong, where special methods areadopted for the training of mentally andphysically defective European children, andthe Bodhana Niketan at Belghoria near

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Calcutta which is intended for the educationof mentally defective Indian children. Theformer had on its rolls 26 pupils in 1936-37,and the latter 15 pupils." (Progress..1932-37,p.262)

"Training of Mentally Defective Children. -It is satisfactory to note that a beginning hasbeen made by the Superintendent, MentalHospital, Madras, in this direction, withover a dozen young patients who are capableof receiving training to a certain extent. Aneducated and trained attendant is put incharge of patients." [The Superintendent,Dr HS Hensman, retired in October 1936,after campaigning for 12 years to startclasses for mentally retarded children](Annual..Working..Madras..1936, p.4)

1937"Training of Mentally Defective Children. -A suitable programme of practical objectdemonstration, story telling, picture cutting,drawing, sense attention and habit training,etc., was adopted in the Mental Hospital,Madras. Physical drill, play of various types,singing and dancing were also practiced. Aswing see saw and a cycle added to theirenjoyment. Training in handicrafts such asmat and rope making carpentry andspinning was given."(Annual..Working..Madras..1937, p.4)

"List of Institutions for the MentalRetardates and Particulars of their Services... Children's Department, Kilpauk, Madras[presumably refers to the above entry,Mental Hospital, Madras]. Year ofestablishment: 1937. Eligibility: 5-17 years.Nature of Activities: Academic education."[Data provided by the organisation itself](VOHRA, 1987, p.111)

1938"The two schools [for deaf children] in theProvince are at Allahabad and Lucknow andboth of them were started in 1938. TheLucknow School has also a class for theBlind and another class for the feeble-minded. Both schools are voluntaryenterprises managed by persons with

philanthropic spirit." (CHATURVEDI, 1949,p.22'7)

[Advice to Provincial Governments of India:]"To sort out all grades of [mentally]defective children from existing schools bythe help of the School Medical Officers andestablish special schools for them."(Annual..Working..Ranchi..1937, p.8)

1939"Education of subnormal children. ... ..[TheChildren's House, Kurseong] had 26 pupilson the 31st March 1939 as against 28 pupilsin the previous year. ... The institution isinspected by a Board of Visitors appointedby Government for the purpose." (Report..Public..Bengal..1938-39, 1940, p.26)

1939-40"In Bodhana Niketan at Jhargram in thedistrict of Midnapore mentally defective andimbecile pupils are educated with a view tomaking them useful to society." (Report..Public..Bengal..1939-40, 1942, p.32)

1941"There are only two institutions doing thiswork and both of them are of recent origin.The first of these is the Home for MentallyDeficient Children, Mankhurd, Bombay. Thiswas established in 1941 and it admits onlycourt-committed children. The secondinstitution is the School for Children in Needof Special Care, Bombay, established byShrimati Vakil in 1944." (Review ofEducation, 1958, p.455)

1943[After listing several educational institutionsat Kurseong:] "Miss S. de la Place has aHome for Mentally Deficient Children atJim's Lodge." (BHANJA, 1943, p.69)

1944"Once I suggested to the basic schoolauthorities [at Brindaban, Distt.Champaran, Bihar] to admit one or twocretins to their schools and see what theycould do to reform them, as I thought, these"activity" schools should provide the most

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suitable environment for the specialeducation they needed. This year i.e. in 1944I was glad to find that at least two suchchildren were receiving their educationthere, and from the teachers' report Igathered that they were making marvellousimprovement in their habits and behaviour."(CHATTERJEE, 1951)

"It is not desirable for psychological or otherreasons to segregate the subnormal orbackward children in schools. ... ..since theywill have to learn to live in a world withpeople of all grades of abilities, it is essentialthat throughout the school life they shouldhave opportunities of mingling freely withtheir brighter fellows and of sharing withthem such work and pleasures as all childrenenjoy. The mentally handicapped childrenwho are educable should, therefore, remainwithin the general educational system,though special provisions will have to bemade for their particular requirements.Special schools may have to be provided forthe "feeble minded" at a later stage." (Post-War, 1944, p.'7'7)

[Study using a Hindustani verbal intelligencetest, of 1,419 children aged 11+ in ClassesVI and above, in Government schools of theUnited Provinces of Agra and Oudh]."Gifted children and mentally-defectivechildren. (Footnote: "It should beremembered that "children of 11+ in ClassV and below were left out," so that onlychildren of I.Q. below 70 who hadnevertheless been promoted are hereincluded.") Those with I.Q. below 70formed 1.62 per cent of the whole [= 23children]." (LAL, 1944)

"The Children's Home [= House] atKurseong which catered only for Anglo-Indian and European children was closed in1944." (Progress..1937-47, [1948] p.158)

1947"..in 1947, there were only three institutionsfor the care of mentally retarded; CentralNursing Home at Ranchi (1934) and two inBombay (1941-42). The first one was a

residential school for the mentally deficientchildren directed by the Juvenile Court forcustodial purposes. ... In the decade from1950 to 1960, eleven institutions were startedand another 35 were started between 1960-1966." (JOACHIM, 1990).

1949[Study of 250 Parsi children of poor families,aged 8-11 years, using Gujarati adaptationof Binet-Simon tests]. "Out of these 250children tested, 20 i.e. 8% is between 50 °-69° I.Q. ... The study of these 250 childrenshowed that 7 i.e., 2.8% fell in the categoryof mentally defective which after makingallowance for all errors was taken between50° and 59°. Their mean I.Q. was 56.2°."(BATLIWALLA, B.M., 1949)

1953"Generally, it was found [in DAMLE'sstudy of the home background of 45 childrenat Bombay] that parents discovered themental deficiency of their children ratherlate, which was due mostly to their ignoranceof its symptoms. When they actually diddiscover it, they sought the help ofastrologers or saints or some other quacks.... These mentally slow children wereadmitted to the same schools and at the sameage as normal children. Due to their mentaldeficiency, they were not able to keep pacewith others in their class. This naturallymade their parents anxious about theirstudies at school. In a few cases, thedisappointment was very great because theparents had very high expectations of theirchildren. It could be seen that all this wasdue to the original mistake of treating theretarded on a par with normal children andadmitting them to the same schools andclasses as the latter. It was not generallyrecognized that retarded children needspecial care and treatment, and, therefore,had to be sent to schools specially designedand run for them." (DAMLE, 1953)

1955"Mentally retarded people have always beenwith us. Words like `sthuladhih', jadadhih',`nirbuddhih"balishah', etc., used in ancient

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Indian literature are indicative of theexistence then of the mentally retarded inour midst. ... There are a number ofchildren in this country who are not suitablefor academic education; but it is notdesirable to put them in a separate categoryand make them attend E.S.N. [EducationallySub Normal] schools. What we need is awide variety of training centres for childrenrun by voluntary organisations,municipalities and state governments - somefor general education and some for arts andcrafts. ... ..in a country like India, HomeTraining Schemes for mentally defectivechildren would be valuable. Teachers formental defectives can visit the home of thedefective child about twice a week, teach himfor about an hour or so and give guidance torelatives in the matter of following up thatteaching and helping the child in his socialadjustment." (BANERJEE, 1955)

1956"At the Indian Conference of Social Workheld at Bangalore in 1956 it was suggestedthat we should have for villages mobile vanscarrying trained persons, who would educateparents in the training of mental defectivesand make them aware of the types ofservices available in the cities for thetraining and rehabilitation of mentaldefectives. The suggestion encouraged othersto ask, "where is the trained personnel?.." Asocial worker pointed out that it would bemuch better if the mental defective wasallowed to be adequately rehabilitated in thevillage setting only. ... In the village amental defective is considered as part andparcel not only of the family but also of thewhole community. He has a sense ofbelonging, resulting from his being acceptedby the community for what he is."(MARFATIA, 1961, p.3'78)

1961"There is not a single institute for thementally deficient in the whole of India.When such institutions are built, they shouldbe constructed and planned on ColonySystem as in the U.K." (MARFATIA, 1961)

1962"Out of 21,540 children in school in theChidambaram area [...there were 285 withvisual impairments (p.21); 122 with hearingimpairments (p.38); 147 "crippled" children(p.48); 373 with speech problems (p.62); 249with mental disabilities, of whom 225 werementally retarded, 2 "lunacy", 22 loss ofmemory" (p.71)]." ... "To send educabledefectives to ordinary schools would meanwaste of energy, effort and money on thepart of the children, the teachers and theparents. The teachers who are blissfullyunaware of the principles, methods andtechniques of modern education seldomattribute their backwardness in study todefective mental development. Thus poorchildren become the victims of their tauntingand all sorts of punishments. [However]...It is a fact that stigma is attached to thehandicaped when we put them in specialinstitutions. hence parents prefer them to bein ordinary schools, even though they cannotmake any headway there [pp.73-75]."(RAMANUJACHARI, 1962)

1965"Before the organization of the first AllIndia Seminar on mentally handicappedchildren held in Chandigarh in 1965, eventhe institutions for the mentally retardedknew nothing about each other." (TAYLOR& TAYLOR, 1970, p.296).

ON PHYSICAL (ORTHOPAEDIC) &OTHER DISABILITYSome of these also appear above. Blindnessand deafness were often noted as such, butmuch physical or orthopaedic disability waseither not reported or was reported as`other' disability. In the following, leprosy-linked disabilities are omitted.

1811"There is a species of lameness, called kungjain [Sanskrit] ... It atacks [sic] all ages andboth sexes, and after continuing a year ortwo is considered incurable; ... It seems toconsist in a weakness and irregular motionof the muscles moving the knees, which are

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4_

bent and moved with a tremulous irregularmotion, somewhat as in chorea, but not soviolent. When the disease has lasted sometime, and has become confirmed, the legssuffer emaciation. ... It is attributed by someto eating khesari (lathyrus-sativus), but thisseems fanciful.." (BUCHANAN, n.d.,p.2'74). [Buchanan also noted lathyrism inhis report on Shahabad, (edn. 1934). It waslater described by SLEEMAN (1833) andIRVING (1856), see below and Appendix].

1827"The Garrows have no diversity of castes,nor have they any regular priesthood;although there is, in most villages, a lame orblind person, incapacitated from other work,who invokes the deities, and offers sacrificesfor the recovery of sick persons." (SCOTT,1827) [p.138 The Garrows were partlysubject to the British Government, partlyindependent in villages with territory of 10to 20 square miles]

1833"In 1833 the sad effects of this food [kesaridal] began to manifest themselves. Theyounger part of the population of this andthe surrounding villages [near Sagan], fromthe age of thirty downwards, began to bedeprived of the use of their limbs below thewaist by paralytic strokes, in all casessudden, but in some cases more severe thanin others. About half the youth of this villageof both sexes became affected during theyears 1833 and 1834, and many of themhave lost the use of their lower limbsentirely, and are unable to move."(SLEEMAN, 1893 edn., p.127-128)

1830s [?]"I attended, at Wuzeerabad, the governor ofthat province, General Avitabile, who,having sprained his ancle, had called in thenative surgeons, barbers and bunglers, andthey had so assiduously applied irritatingpoultices and embrocations, that the legbecame inflamed, and was approachingmortification. Under my treatment, thepatient recovered, and the leg was restoredto its former functions." (HONIGBERGER,

1852, p.53)

1845"This Asylum [at Bombay], for theReception of Blind and Disabled Poor Parsis,was erected at the expense of the Sons of thelate Fardunji Sorabji Parak, Esq. ... A.C.1845.." (EASTWICK, 1881, p.143)

1856"In October 1856, Mr Court, the Collectorof Allahabad, when in Pergunnah Barra, onthe right bank of the Jumna, was veryforcibly struck by the number of lamepersons whom he met in all directions. Onenquiry he found, in village after village,that there were several cripples in each. hewas also informed that the disease whichgave rise to this lameness was of recentorigin, [but see 1811 above] and that it wasattributed by some of the people to thierliving on bread made from kessaree dal.. ...Several cases of paralysis of the lower limbswere sent from Barra, to the GovernmentCharitable Dispensary at Allahabad, formedical treatment. ... [At Barra]..all thelame people from surrounding villages weremustered for my inspection on the morningof the 6th February 1857. About fifty menwere present, all more or less lame in bothlegs, some so much disabled as to be hardlycapable of motion, while others were onlyslightly affected." (IRVING, 1859) [Irvingwas Civil Surgeon of Allahabad. See also1880, below].

1858"Finally, the wretched schoolmaster waswretchedly paid, and was generally makingdesperate efforts to find other employment.The profession was, for the most part,recruited from the disabled members ofsociety." (MITCHELL /Nesbit, 1858, pp.71-2)

"Deformities produced by cicatrices fromburns. - It is impossible to enumerate theamount of deformity arising from this causethat is met with in the Province, in themajority a trifling operation would have to agreat extent removed it;..." (SHORTT, 1858,p.507)

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1864"[The Yousafzais, in the N.W. Frontier] aregoverned by their own maliks, who in turnare subordinate to the tribal chief, or khan.Both these offices are hereditary, except inthe case of manifest incapacity from mentalimbecility or physical deformity, or fromsome objectionable quality of temper orgeneral conduct... The distribution of alms isvery generally observed by all classesaccording to their means. The priesthood[i.e. maulvis], widows, orphans, maimed,blind, aged, &c., are the recipients."(BELLEW, 1864, p.203, p.208)

1865"Apart from the establishment of the DavidSassoon Infirm Asylum in 1865 and similarother institutions in the country, whichprovided shelter to the infirm and thecrippled, there were no voluntaryorganizations specifically meant for crippledchildren or adults." (BHATT, 1963, p.217)

"During the past two years, thirty-one casesof functional paralysis in children have beentreated in the Saharunpore dispensary..."[Some of these cases were probablypoliomyelitis]. (GARDEN, 1867)

1867"The fact of a European Doctor being in theneighbourhood soon spread through the[Himalayan] villages, and my tent was dailybeseiged by the maimed, the halt, and theblind. mostly all the sick were old worn outmen or women and young children."(FLEMING, 1867).

1869"Out of an average of 131 inmates duringthe year [at Raja Kali Shanker Ghosal'sAsylum], 40 have been industriallyemployed, the remainder being physicallyunfit for any work on account of infirmityfrom old age, chronic disease, &c."(SHAKESPEAR, 1870)

1870"An orphan lad, named Titus, from thelower classes of the Normal School [at

Benares].. ..was installed as teacher. Inthe morning he taught the blind, and in theafternoons he taught the lame and decrepitwho were not blind. (LEUPOLT, pp.243-7)

1870-1875"Cases of malformation of the hands andfeet come but seldom under the notice of theSurgeon in this country, either because theyare irremediable, or that they cause so littleinconvenience as to render surgicalinterference unnecessary, or on account ofthe reluctance, shown by natives, to anyinterference with what is. Nine cases havecome under my notice during the past sixyears, but of these only three came fortreatment.. ... ..the remainder were seenamongst patients seeking aid for othercomplaints." (GARDEN, 1875). [Gardenwas Civil Surgeon at Mussooree]

1880[Tabular "Statement showing the lepers,blind and poor, benefited by the charities inthe North-Western Provinces and Oudh forthe year 1880" includes:] "Mejah cripples'asylum (Allahabad)." (Report..Charitable..Oudh..1880, p.29) [The Tehseeldaree ofPergunnah Khyraghur, in Zillah Allahabad,was at Mejah. Lathyrism was prevalent inKhyraghur. The Mejah cripples' asylum wasprobably founded to cope with people havingthis condition. See IRVING (1860)].

1882[Quoted from Miss W.N. Greenfield, onschools in the Punjab] "...the type of allclass-books should be clear and large. ... Ishould think that fully 50 per cent. of theadult population have defective sight.. ...Home preparation for all the higher classesmust be pursued at night, and the flickeringlight of an ordinary 'diva' is ruining to thestudents' eyes. It is therefore most importantthat no additional strain should be put onthe eyes by the school-books being printed ina fine or defective type." (LEITNER,1882/1991, P.112)

"Of the total number [of teachers atindigenous schools in the Punjab] shown in

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the returns 4,430 are unable to read aprinted book, 4,791 are unable to write, and6,199 are unacquainted with elementaryarithmetic. A larger number are blind orotherwise disabled." (Report..State ofEducation, 1883, p.8)

1886"In 1886 I was further enabled.. ... ..toestablish another asylum for epileptics,syphilitics, and all kinds of people sufferingfrom loathsome and incurable diseases."(HAHN, 1890)

1887 and earlier"Throughout my service on the frontier ofIndia, I have never known a time when thehalt, the lame, and the blind have notflocked into our cantonments or into ourcamps in search of relief from suffering;and, however distasteful may have been thesight of our soldiers, or however galling theidea of subjection to British rule, the peoplehave come with confidence from far andwide to seek medical aid."(CHAMBERLAIN, 1887)

1895"Hare-lip in young children has rarely comebefore me; but I have done a good manycases in boys and girls of from 10 to 20 yearsolds, or even in adults of some age. I do notthink the defect is so common here as inEurope. It is known as "Ravan Kanda,"because the face of Ravan (Ravanna, theDemon King of Lanka, or Ceylon) wasmutilated in this way by Rama Chandra."(HENDLEY, 1895, p.57)

1898"It is absolutely certain that this disease[locomotor ataxy] occurs in typical formamongst native of India. ... Again, I do notbelieve that spinal-cord cases are particularlyrare in India. I have had cases of infantileparalysis, pseudo-hypertropic paralysis,progressive muscular atrophy, and variousmuscular distrophies, lateral sclerosis,myelitis, multiple sclerosis, &c., and allkinds of cerebral and peripheral nervousaffections." (GRANT, 1898)

1899"At Calcutta a medical mission home andorphanage for blind, crippled, and destitutechildren has just been established, under thedirection of Mr. and Mrs. J. Norman."(DENNIS, 1899, p.385)

1901[Summary and discussion of a study of theeyesight of over 4,343 schoolboys and collegestudents in different parts of India, in which48% were found to have abnormal vision;whereas among 306 children not attendingschool, 18% had abnormal vision].(IYENGAR, 1901)

1917"The Queen Mary's Technical School forIndian Disabled Soldiers at Kirkee, Poona,was started in 1917. This institution has upto now successfully trained over 3,000disabled ex-servicemen.. ..in usefultechnical trades.." (BHATT, 1963, p.204)

1913"If a man issues forth into the open when heis in a great sweat after fever, like enoughthe wind will strike him, and cripple him ofa limb or even of one whole side of his body.Then we lay him in a warm bed... And forthgoes one to shoot as many wild pigeons as hemay. For until the sick is cured of hissickness, one pigeon a day must he eat,whether roast or boiled. Seven at the least hewill surely need. ... And a woman sometimesquits her bed after childbirth lamed by thewind of one leg. Poor thing! she is crippledfor such a weary while, that her kin indespair drug her with many drugs, which inthe end ease her of her pain by easing her ofher life." [Rural treatment in Baluchistan](BRAY, 1913, p.109)

1923"..the Ida Rieu School for blind, deaf, dumband other defective children at Karachi wasregistered during the year, and given a smallgrant." (Report..Public..Bombay, 1925,p.91)

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1926"I discovered nothing of orthopaedics [inIndia] until just before I left; then I wastold a ward had been opened at a bighospital in Bombay, which was in charge ofan Indian surgeon who had been to many ofthe best-known orthopaedic centres ofEurope. (Baschurch Pupil, 1927)

1927[Description and discussion of variouswalking caliper splints and theirmodifications, as used at Calcutta](HARNETT, 1927)

1930-31"In an area (Lahore city) where late ricketsand osteomalacia among girls and womenbring about deformities especially of thelower extremities and of the bony pelviswhich have serious consequences atchildbirth, a high incidence of rickets, 607cases, were found on examination among1,482 school girls." (WILSON, 1930-31)

1943"Another local association known as T.K.Polio Clinic and Physiotherapy Institute hasbeen functioning in Ahmedabad since 1943."(BHATT, 1963, p.219)

1942-43 to 46-47"A useful experiment was made atKalimpong for the vocational rehabilitationof lame and blind children of age-group 5-18of the families of ex-officers and hillmen.This school had an enrolment of 19 pupils ofwhom 13 resided in the attached hostel. Inaddition to academic instruction in theBraille system, the lame and blind childrenare also given training in productive arts andcrafts." (Quinquennial Review, 1951, p.76)

********************

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSLibrary and archival resources of theUniversities of Birmingham, Bristol, London(Heythrop College and the School of Oriental& African Studies) and Manchester, theIndian Institute Library of Oxford University,Birmingham City Libraries and Inter-LibraryLoan Service, the British Library, the ChurchMissionary Society, the Religious Society ofFriends, the Royal National Institutes for theBlind and for the Deaf, the Selly OakColleges, the Wellcome Institute for theHistory of Medicine, the Royal Society ofMedicine, and the Tata Institute for SocialScience, Bombay, made possible thecompilation of this collection. Use of theseresources is cordially acknowledged. I amalso grateful to Dr Maya Thomas, formerlydirector of ActionAid Disability Division,India, who imaginatively took theopportunity of disseminating earlier versionsof this material in a privately circulatednewsletter.

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5

REFERENCES

N.B. Government reports appearalphabetically among the otherreferences. All those starting 'Reporton..' follow after those starting`Report of..'

Abbreviations

CMG:FMI :

HF :IAMS:IFE :IMG :IW :

JMS :

The Church Missionary GleanerThe Female MissionaryIntelligencerThe Harvest FieldIndian Annals of Medical ScienceThe Indian Female EvangelistIndian Medical GazetteIndia's Women. The Magazine ofthe Church of England ZenanaMissionary Society.Journal of Mental Science

A.D. [Only initials shown] (No date, possiblyc.1912) Until the Shadows Flee Away. Thestory of C.E.Z.M.S. work in India andCeylon. London: Marshall Bros.

ADVANI, Lal (1987) Welfare of the visuallyhandicapped. In Encyclopedia of SocialWork in India Vol.3, pp.385-95. Ministry ofWelfare, Government of India.

AHUJA, Suresh C (1990) Rehabilitation ofvisually handicapped Indians: the problemsand the numbers. J. Visual Impairment &Blindness 84: 270-73.

AMESUR, CA (1961) Welfare of thephysically handicapped. In A.R. Wadia (ed)History and Philosophy of Social Work inIndia pp. 327-60. Bombay: Allied Publishers.

Annual Report of the Dispensaries of theNorth-Western Provinces for the Year 1869.Allahabad, 1870. (Report: Stewart Clark)

Annual..Dispensaries..1870. Allahabad,1871. (Report: AP Tomkyns)

Annual Report of the London Society forTeaching the Blind to Read. London.

Annual Report on European Education in

Bengal, for the year 1917-18. Calcutta:Bengal Secretariat Book Depot. 1918.(Report: Alfred Mercer)

Annual..European..1918-19. Calcutta, 1919.(Report: A Mercer)

Annual..European..1920-21. Calcutta, 1921.(Report: WF Papworth)

Annual Report on the Lunatic Asylums inthe Punjab for 1876. Lahore: GovernmentCivil Secretariat Press. 1877. (Report onDelhi Asylum: J Fairweather)

Annual..Lunatic..Punjab for 1877. Lahore.1878. (Report on Delhi Asylum: JFairweather)

Annual..Lunatic..Punjab for 1883. Lahore.1884. (Report on Lahore Asylum: R Gray)

Annual Report on the Working of theLunatic Asylums in the Madras Presidencyfor the Year 1922. Madras. 1923. (Report:TH Symons).

Annual Report on the Working of theMental Hospitals in the Madras Presidencyfor the Year 1924. Madras. 1925. (Report:TH Symons).

Annual..Working..Madras..1936. Madras.1937. (Report: FP Connor)

Annual..Working..Madras..1937. Madras.1938. (Report: NM Wilson)

Annual Report on the Working of theRanchi Indian Mental Hospital, Kanke, inBihar, for the year 1936. Patna. 1938.(Report: JE Dhunjibhoy)

Annual..Working..Ranchi..1937. Patna.1939. (Report: JE Dhunjibhoy)

Anon (1883) Wolf-children. Chambers'sJournal No.993, p.16, Vol.XX, Jan.6, 1883.

ARBUCKLE, W (1849) Return of patients inthe Bombay Lunatic Asylum, with remarks.Trans. Medical & Physical Soc., Bombay IX:219-23.

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51

ASKWITH, Anne J (1884) Report fromSarah Tucker Institution. IW 4: 289-93.

ASKWITH, Anne J (1890) 'Sarah TuckerInstitution' and Branch Schools; or, theGirls of Tinnevelly. IW 10: 307-10.

ASKWITH, Anne J (1901) The blindchildren of Palamcotta. CMG 28: 124-25.

BADLEY, BH (3rd edn, 1886) IndianMissionary Directory and Memorial Volume.Calcutta: Methodist Publishing House.

BAILEY, C Wellesley (n.d., probably 1888)A Glimpse at the Indian Mission-Field andLeper Asylums In 1886-87. London: JohnShaw.

BALL, Valentine (1880) Jungle Life in India.London: de la Rue.

BANERJEE, GR (1955) Care of the mentallyretarded. Indian J. Social Work 16 (1) 75-82.

BANERJI, Jamini Nath (1898) India.International Reports of Schools for theDeaf. Volta Bureau, Circular of InformationNo.5. Washington DC

BANERJI, SN (1949) Sixty years with theDeaf in India. The Deaf in India I (1) 3-9.

BARNES, Irene H (1899) Behind thePardah. The story of C.E.Z.M.S. work inIndia. London: Marshall Bros.

A Baschurch Pupil (1927) An orthopaedicnurse in Nepal. The Cripples' Journal 3:(no.12, April) 349-351. [Baschurch was a anorthopaedics training school]

BATLIWALLA, BM (1949) Results ofmental testing of 250 Parsi school goingchildren of lower middle class familiesbetween the ages of 8-11 years. Indian J.Psychology 24: 52-61.

BAUMANN, E (1882) Lucknow. MissBaumann's Report. IFE 6: 270-75.

BAUMANN, E (1886) Deaf and dumb Ellen,and how she became a Christian. IFE 8: 241-

44.

BEANIES, John (1961 / 1984 paperbackedn./ reprint 1990) Memoirs of a BengalCivilian. The lively narrative of a Victoriandistrict officer. London: Eland.

BEG, Mirza Azam, Vernacular SettlementReport of Gujarat, abstracted by WOFANSHAWE, (1879) An account of ShahDawla's Chuhas, The Indian Antiquary,June, pp.176-77.

BELLEW, HW (1864) A General Report onthe Yousafzais. Lahore: Government Press.

Benares: a Gazetteer, being Vol.XXVI of theDistrict Gazetteers of the United Provinces ofAgra and Oudh. Allahabad. 1909. (Report:HR Nevi 11).

Bengal District Gazetteers. Champaran.Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat. 1907. (Report:LSS O'Malley).

BENNETT, JW (1843) Ceylon and itsCapabilities; An account of its naturalresources, indigenous productions, andcommercial facilities, etc. London: WHAllen.

BHANJA, KC (1943) Darjeeling at a Glance.A handbook, both descriptive and historicalof Darjeeling and Sikkim. Darjeeling:Oxford Book & Stationery.

BHATT, Usha (1963) The PhysicallyHandicapped in India. (A Growing NationalProblem . Bombay: Popular Book Depot.

BRAY, Denys (1913/1977) The Life-Historyof a Brahui. London: Royal Asiatic Society.Reprinted Karachi: Royal Book Co.

BROCKWAY, K Nora (1949) A Larger Wayfor Women. Aspects of Christian Educationfor Girls in South India 1712-1948. OxfordUP.

BUCHANAN, Francis (1928) An Account ofthe District of Purnea in 1809-10. Editedfrom Buchanan MSS, by VH Jackson.Patna: Bihar and Orissa Research Society.

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BUCHANAN, F (1934) An Account of theDistrict of Shahabad in 1809-10. Printedfrom Buchanan MSS in India OfficeLibrary. Patna: BORS.

BUCHANAN, F (1939) An Account of theDistrict of Bhagalpur in 1810-11. Printedfrom Buchanan MSS in India OfficeLibrary. Patna: BORS.

BUCHANAN, F (n.d.) An Account of theDistricts of Bihar and Patna in 1811-1812.Printed from Buchanan MSS in India OfficeLibrary. Patna: BORS.

C.G. (1885) In Memoriam. Emma Fuller.IFE 8: 103-109.

CAMPBELL, E Mary (1902) Firstimpressions: of the deaf and dumb School,Palamcottah, India. The British DeafMonthly XI (No.123, January) 336-37.

Census of India, 1901. Volume I. Part I.Report. Calcutta. 1903. (Report: HH Risley& EA Gait)

CHAMBERLAIN, General Sir Neville,Letter to Dr David Boyes Smith, quoted inEVIG 22 (1887) 333-34.

CHAND, Amir (1932) A case of Mongolismin India. British J. Children's Diseases 29:201-205.

CHAPMAN, Priscilla (1839) Hindoo FemaleEducation. London: Seeley & Burnside.

CHATTERJEE, NC (1951) Education of thementally defective. The Indian J.Educational Research 3: 35-37.

CHATTERTON, Eyre (1901) The Story ofFifty Years' Mission Work in ChhotaNagpur. London: Society for Promotion ofChristian Knowledge.

CHATURVEDI, Saligram (1949) Theorganisation of education in the UnitedProvinces (Dominion of India) with specialreference to deaf education. UnpublishedM.Ed. thesis, University of Manchester.

CHAUHAN, RS (1990) Reminiscences. Annie

Sharp. The first educator of the blind inIndia. Indian J. Disability and Rehabilitation4 (1) 79-81.

CHUCKERBUTTY, SG (1864) The presentstate of the medical profession in Bengal.British Medical J., II, July 23, 1864, pp.86-88.

CLARK, Robert (1904) The Missions of theChurch Missionary Society and the Churchof England Zenana Missionary Society in thePunjab and Sindh, ed. and rev. by RobertMaconachie. London: Church MissionarySociety.

COLAcO, PA (1891) A Biographical Sketch.In: Select Writings of the Most Reverend Dr.Leo Meurin. Bombay: 'The Examiner' Press.

CRAWFORD, Dirom G (1914) History ofthe Indian Medical Service 1600-1913.London: Thacker.

CRAWFORD, Dirom G (1930) Roll of theIndian Medical Service 1615-1930. London:Thacker.

de CRESPIGNY, E (1857/58) Topography ofRutnagherry. Trans. Medical & PhysicalSoc., Bombay IV: 72-99.

CROSSETT, J (1887) [Account of a visit:under 'School Items. Bombay Institution']American Annals of the Deaf XXXII (2) 124-25.

CULSHAW, Murray (1983) It Will Soon BeDark... The situation of the disabled inIndia. Delhi: `Lithouse' Publications.

DAEUBLE, CG (1865) Our Orphans atSecundra, Agra, North India (continued)FMI n.s. VIII: 149-51.

DAMLE, SG (1953) Mentally retardedchildren. Indian J. Social Work 13: 153-61.

DAUBLE, Mrs (1866) Our Orphans atSecundra. FMI, n.s., IX: 24-27, 37-40.

DENNIS, James S (1899) Christian Missionsand Social Progress. A Sociological Study ofForeign Missions. Vol.II. Edinburgh &

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London: Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier.

DENNIS, James S (1902) Centennial Surveyof Foreign Missions. Edinburgh & London:Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier.

DYER, Helen S (1906) Pandita Ramabai: thestory of her life. New edn. London: Morgan& Scott.

EASTWICK, Edward B (1881) Handbook ofthe Bombay Presidency. 2nd edn. London:John Murray.

Editorial (1847) Education of Idiots.Chambers's Edinburgh J. 8: 169-71.

Editorial (1848) Schools for the deaf anddumb in the world. American Annals of theDeaf & Dumb II (No.I, October) p.61.

Editorial (1870) India. The Friend n.s.Vol.10, p.232. Tenth Month 1 [1st ofOctober], 1870.

Editorial (1879) CMG, VI, p.8.

Editorial: School Items (1887) AmericanAnnals of the Deaf XXXII (2) 124.

Editorial (1895) The deaf mutes in India.The Indian Magazine and Review, August1895, pp.436-38. (Quoting largely an articleby Ernest JD Abraham, in The British Deaf-Mute, May 1895).

Editorial (1896) The deaf and dumb. TheIndian Magazine and Review, February,pp.107-109.

Eighth Report & Speeches at the AnnualMeeting. Society for Supplying HomeTeachers and Books in Moon's Type toEnable the Blind to Read the Scriptures.London. 1864.

ERHARDT, Mrs (1871) Girls' Orphanage,Secundra, Agra. FMI n.s. XIV: 164-65.

ERHARDT, Mrs (1880) Schools inSecundra, Agra. FMI n.s. XXII (Should beVol. XXIII - Vols for 1876 and 1877 wereboth numbered XIX. The mistake was notcorrected) : 24-26.

EWENS, George Francis William (1903) Anaccount of a race of idiots found in thePunjab, commonly known as "Shah Daula'sMice." EVIG 38: 330-34.

FARRAR, A (1901) Arnold on the Educationof the Deaf. A Manual for Teachers. Revisedand Re-written. London: Simpkin, Marshall.

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APPENDIX

Raja Kali Shanker Ghosal's Asylum

This Asylum for the Blind at Benares is theearliest Indian institution found in thepresent study, devoted to disabled people(apart from leper asylums, and briefmentions of disability asylums in antiquity ofthe functioning of which almost nothing isknown). Correspondence at the start of Raja 2.Kali Shanker Ghosal's Asylum gives somepoints relevant to other, later, efforts:

1. The long gap between conception of theAsylum and reception of the firstinmates; and consequent indefiniteness ofthe 'Foundation' date. The Chaplainintroduced the Raja's idea to thegovernment by letter dated 13 Jan. 1824.The Raja must have thought of foundingan asylum during 1823 or earlier; maybefrom the date when he came to Benares,or even earlier. His father, Jai NarainGhosal, was a well known philanthropistwho had made substantial donations tothe Church Missionary Society foreducational purposes and who had,according to the son, embraced theChristian faith privately (HOUGH, 1860,vol.V, pp.319-323). Raja Kali ShankerGhosal effected a property transfer toC.M.S. at Calcutta in 1818, on behalf ofJai Narain in Benares. Jai Narain died in1821. Hough noted that"Kolly Shunker himself trode in hisfather's steps. ... ..after urging, as JayNarain had done, the establishment of aprinting press at Benares, he adds -"Now, I wish to reside some time in thispart, and to effect the increase ofChristian knowledge among the people."The sincerity of these expressions were[sic] soon put to the test. It appearedthat the legal transfer of the property,mentioned above to have been assignedby Jay Narain to the support of theseschools, was not finally effected; but

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Kolly Shunker, very honorably, securedto the Society in perpetuity the monthlypayment assigned by his father."He had a survey made of blind people -perhaps the earliest Indian survey ofwhich a report survives. Inmates wereadmitted in Jan. 1826, before the finalgrant of Government sanction. So somechroniclers would record 1824 asFoundation year; others 1825, or 1826.There were fears - after experiences witha leper asylum at Calcutta - that tomake any institutional provision couldresult in large numbers of disabledpeople arriving from elsewhere, creatinga disturbance and overtaxing thecharitable resources.The counter argument, based on apractical survey, was that disabledpeople could earn more by begging inpublic, and would be reluctant to enteran Asylum if they had to forfeit theoption of street begging.A mixture of motives for the foundationappears - there was some pity for theplight of blind and otherwise disabledpeople; mixed with a dislike for beingpestered by beggars in the street, and forthe attendant disorderliness; and afeeling that 'something should be done'.Cooperation between Government andwealthy individuals is evident.There was an understandable reluctance,in both private donors and theGovernment, to be committed to anopen-ended, ongoing expense.The Trust began under a committee ofBritish officials of impeccabletrustworthiness - yet in fact one of them -the Surgeon, Thomas Yeld - killedhimself in 1829 after being caughtfiddling the accounts of the Mint, ofwhich he had become Master.(CRAWFORD, 1914, p.318).

In square brackets 0 are explanatoryinterpolations or suggestions of words orpunctuation possibly omitted by copyists; or

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summaries of letters (some of which repeatedthe same matter in forwarding it to a higherauthority). The first document (Margin No.s48-57) is a summary review. That is followedby copies of the relevant correspondence.The orthographic variations, e.g. on thename of Raja Kali Shanker Ghosal, andsyntactical peculiarities as in MacLeod'sletter, are given as they were recorded bythe Board's copyists.

*****************

India Office Library: BOARDSCOLLECTIONS Vol. F/4/955 Section27109-27118

Bengal Public Dept. No. 4. 1827/8 27109.Letter dated 27th May 1827 [sic]. 48 @ 57Establishment of an Asylum by Rajah Ka leeShunkur Ghosaul for the Blind and destituteat Benares.

Extract Public Letter from Bengal Dated27th May, 1826 [sic].48. Early in the year 1824, the Magistrate

of Benares submitted to Government onthe part of Rajah Ka lee ShunkurGhosaul, a plan for the establishment atthe City of an Asylum for the relief ofPersons deprived of Sight.

49. The Rajah proposed to contribute10,000 Rupees towards the erection of asuitable building for the Institution and200 Rs. pr. Mensem for the support ofthe persons to be received in it.

50. In reply, we caused it to be intimated tothe Magistrate that we highly approvedthe liberal intention of the Ka leeShunkur Ghosaul and that we weredisposed, by the support andcountenance of Government, to promotethe accomplishment of his benevolentproject.

51. The Magistrate was desired to aid Ka leeShunkur Ghosaul, in the compilation ofRules for the Establishment and to

furnish a further report which mightenable us to determine on the mode andextent in which the aid of Governmentshould be granted to the proposedInstitution.

52. A Committee was subsequentlyappointed to investigate and report oncertain points relative to the plan whichrequired elucidation, and it was thenintimated that further consideration hassuggested doubts of the expediency ofestablishing an asylum for thepermanent reception of individualslabouring under blindness. It was to beapprehended that the knowledge of theexistence of such an establishmentwould tend to promote a Congregationat Benares of blind persons to such anextent as would be in many respectsinconvenient and render theaccommodation of them all in theInstitution impracticable.Disappointment to many unfortunateobjects would be the consequence andBenares and its vicinity would becrowded with applicants for admissionon the occurrence of vacancies. It wastherefore stated to the Committee thatperhaps the interests of humanity wouldbe better consulted and Ka lee ShunkurGhosaul's benevolent views moresatisfactorily fulfilled were an Infirmarysubstituted for an Asylum for thepurpose of affording Medical treatmentand comfortable temporaryaccommodation to those patients whomight not appear to be in a hopelessstage of blindness. It was also hintedthat were the above plan adopted thebenefits of the Establishment mightpossibly be extended to Lepers whosecases might exhibit a prospect of cure.

53. The Committee having in their replyexpressed themselves satisfied that theEstablishment of an Asylum would notdraw an inconvenient number of blindpersons to the City, we sanctioned theInstitution as proposed by Ka lee

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Shunkur Ghosaul and engaged thatGovernment should defray the Monthlyexpense of an establishmentcommensurate with extent of theproposed Charity [,] the disbursementon account of the diet and clothing of 2the Patients and other necessary chargesfor their maintenance being left to theliberality of Ka lee Shunkur Ghosaul.

54. In consequence of a wish subsequentlyexpressed by Ka lee Shunkur Ghosaul,we have consented that the Foundationbe recognized as an Asylum for theDestitute generally of all classes andNations but more especially the Blind. 3

55. Ka lee Shunkur Ghosaul has paid intothe hands of the Collector of Benaresthe sum of 48,000 Furruckabad Rupeesfor which Government have engaged toguarantee to the Asylum 200 Rs. pr.Mensem being an interest of 5 pr.Cent.the Accountant General has beeninstructed to adopt measures forsecuring unalienably to the Trustees ofthe Asylum the above financial Sum andthe Monthly payment of the interest onit.

56. Among the papers quoted in the Marginof para 54, your Hon"ble Court willperceive the Code of Regulations for theAsylum which has been approved by us.

57. The amount of the Establishmentrequired for the Institution has not yetbeen reported to us.

Extract Bengal Public Consultations 12thFebruary 1824.From Norman MacLeod Esqr. Magistrate atBenaresNo.68 To W.B. Bayley Esqr., ChiefSecretary to Government in the JudicialDepartment. 31st January 1824.

Sir, I have the honor to transmit to you, tobe laid before the Right Hon"ble theGovernor General in Council, a copy ofa letter from the Reverend William

Fraser dated the 13th Inst. with theplan to which it refers, projected byKa lee Sunker Ghossal for theEstablishment of an asylum for therelief of persons deprived of sight.Of the nature of the proposedInstitution no explanation appearsrequisite beyond what the statement ofthe plan itself contains, though I mayventure to add my testimony to theaccuracy of the Estimate, whichcalculates the number of Blind personsnow in Benares as certainly falling shortof 225.In concurrence with the sentiments ofMr Brooke with whom I have conferredupon the subject, I presume torecommend the project of Ka lee Sunkerwhich reflects so highly on thatindividuals humanity to the patronageand aid of the British Governmentindependently of the general groundsupon which such a recommendationmust be naturally supposed to befounded, it has appeared to us that ingiving it's direct support andcountenance to the projected Institutionto such extent as might be deemed atonce suitable to its own character andto the claims with which misfortune hasinvested those whom is it proposed torelieve the Government would afford avaluable example calculated to incitemany of the opulent native members ofthe community to contribute cordiallyand effectually to the success of theundertaking and thus allot a portion oftheir wealth to an alleviation of themiseries of their suffering fellowcreatures and the exercise andexpansion of their own feelings ofhumanity and benevolence. I have etc(signed) N. MacLeod Magistrate.Magistrates office, City of Benares, 31stJany. 1824.

No.69 From William Fraser Esqr., Chaplain

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at BenaresTo Norman Mac Leod Esqr.

Magistrate, 13th January 1824

Sir, I am requested by the Baboo ColleySunker Gossaul to forward to you theaccompanying plan for a proposedInstitution at Benares for the relief ofpersons deprived of sight; It will be seen onhis estimate of the necessary expenses ofsuch an Institution that he is willing tocontribute Rupees 10,000 towards theerection of a suitable building and themonthly sum of Rupees 200 towards thesupport of the persons who shall be receivedinto it. He thinks that there are in the Cityof Benares two hundred and twenty fiveblind people depending upon alms for theirsubsistence. I may I trust venture to say,that whether this computation be strictlyaccurate or not, their numbers as well astheir wretched appearance cannot fail tostrike every person who visits the city. IHave etc. (signed) Wm. Fraser Chaplain atBenares. Benares Jany. 13th: 1824

No.70 Enclosure [with No.69] AScheme of CharitableContribution

On my arrival at Benares I experiencedmany Blind men to labour under an extremedistress for want of food and raiment, whichcan no other way be made than by beggary;and for which purpose, their circuitous walktho' ever so troublesome through the narrowstreets of the city appeared every year tosubject some of them to fatal consequence,although it is not in my power alone toaleviate [sic] the pains of those poor, yetmoved by pity to their helpless condition, allI can do to serve them, is by calling for theindulgence of humane and liberal men whosekind assistance on the occasion will it ishoped forward the scheme to successfulconclusion and of course rewarded by thelove of God.

At present 225 Blind men, of every castare estimated to consist in the City of which

100 appear to be born Blind and 125 to havelost their sight by casualties, among thenumber 50 are supposed to be curable. theExpenses to be incurred in purchasing a spotof ground and erecting a House thereuponfor the comfortable accommodation of theseBlind men are conjectured at 10,000 Rupees

Repairs of the House per month 10Their diet, Expenditure

at 3 Rupees each 675Servants wages pr. month 30

Rupees pr. month 715

Of the amount I beg leave to offer onmy own part 200 Rupees pr. mensem,besides the sum above mentioned for groundand building which I also engage to tender.The sum then remains to be raised bycharitable contributions is only 515, to aidthe institution, therefore it is humblyrequested that the agent of the GovernorGeneral at Benares will if the plan isapproveable to him, be pleased to convene ameeting at his house of the Gentlemen andwealthy natives of this place for the abovepurpose[;] should the subscriptions whichthey are pleased to make be still leftinsufficient to make up. Mr Brook will begood enough to procure the deficiency fromGovernment which from various examples ofits liberality to the poor in general, I amencouraged to hope will not be deemed asmatter of objection for a compliance.

The following rules are proposed for theprotection and management of theInstitution. [rules etc. pp.19-27] SignedColly Sunker Gossaul

Charles Lushington, Secretary to theGovernment, Fort William 12th Feb 1824To N. MacLeod [- Governor Generalfavourably inclined; but asks MacLeod'sopinion on the Rules drawn up by RajaKSG.]

[Various enquiries, opinions, arguments; amisaddressed letter from Lushington

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provokes an outburst of injured dignity bythe acting magistrate to whom it should havebeen sent. Problem raised again of attractinglarge numbers of blind people; this was saidto have happened when a Leper Asylumopened at Calcutta; suggestion that RajaKSG should endow an infirmary instead;countered with the argument that the NativeHospital can perfectly well deal with allcurable cases of blindness]

p.66-71 (two paragraphs extracted fromletter)7. 'The extreme attachment of the Nativesto their houses and families and theirreluctance to a permanent residence in anyplace of public charity, coupled with theRegulations which it would be indispensableto establish (constant residence within thewalls being one of the most important)afford strong grounds for belief that nonebut those in a state of the utmost distressand abandonment would accept of the reliefwhich this Asylum could bestow. In the caseof the lepers these impediments did not exist.The Lepers, alas' are outcasts, they haveneither home nor family, but on the contraryare dreaded and shunned by theirconnections, consequently are ready to resortto any place where they may hope for analleviation of their dreadful calamities, andto these causes we are disposed to attributetheir thronging in such numbers to theCalcutta Leprous Asylum. The blind on thecontrary are not outcasts, their domesticks[query pencilled above: 'domestic ties?'] arenot dissolved, and so far are we fromanticipating an influx of blind persons intothis City on account of this Asylum, that weare decidedly of opinion that out of thepresent number of blind objects in the Cityat least one half would decline admittance.In point of fact, Col lee Shunker Ghosalhaving with considerable difficulty andexpense, procured a Statement of thenumber of blind residents, out of the total of336 persons, one hundred and forty at once

expressed their disinclination to reside in theAsylum, and we are fully persuaded thatmany of the others will come to the samedetermination, and merely those who areentirely destitute will have recourse to theAsylum. These are exactly the individualswhom it is most desirable to receive, since itwould appear impracticable to relieve all. Incorroboration of this view of the subject wewish to notise the public Hospitals nowestablished in many parts of this Country,open for the reception of all who areafflicted with illness or disease, and toremark how few comparatively, haverecourse to them, and the difficulty ofinducing many who can have no other hopesof relief to take refuge in them. Numbershad rather perish than reside in them,although every attention and liberalaccommodation be provided.8. In conclusion we beg to submit it as ourmature opinion, that the possibleinconveniences which might arise (but whichfor the reasons above stated, we do notanticipate) would bear no manner ofproportion to the positive good which wouldensue from the establishment of a charitableinstitution such as is now proposed. It ishowever clear that the project cannot becarried into execution without the benevolentpecuniary assistance of Government. Thesum which Colleeshunker ghosal proposes toappropriate for this purpose though liberalas the donation of an individual bears but asmall proportion to the whole expense whichmust be incurred if the proposition beadopted.'[They propose the Old Mint Premises for theAsylum, to save the cost of a new building;the money saved could go for running costs.Another idea was to set up a pension fundfor blind or other distressed people - atgreater risk of attracting crowds ofapplicants] Benares, 30th July 1825 H.M.Pigou, Acting Judge. T. Ye ld, CivilSurgeon

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Extract from Lushington to Pigou and Yeld,18 Aug. 1825:

2 `..the Governor General in Council ispleased to sanction the Institution for thatpurpose proposed by Colleeshunker Ghosal.

3 His Lordship in Council has beenpleased to determine that the old MintPremises at Benares, shall be appropriatedfor the purposes of the Asylum andGovernment will defray the Monthly expenseof an Establishment commensurate with theextent of the proposed Charity; thedisbursements on account of the diet andcloathing of the patients and other necessarycharges for their maintenance, being left tothe liberality of Colleeshunker Ghosal andother private Benefactors.'[Also appointed the Committee, as desiredby Raja KSG, to superintend the Asylum:The Senior Judge of the Provincial Court ofAppeal and Circuit. The Acting Magistrate.The Chaplain. The Civil Surgeon atBenares.]

[Correspondence by this Committee, onputting up a building, drawing up rules, andcoopting Dr Watson; and by Lushingtonarranging to enact the Trust]

From the Committee to Lushington, 4thJanuary 1826 (extract)

`The anxiety evinced by the Founder forthe Establishment of the Asylum on the firstof this year, induced the Committee tocomply with his earnest solicitation ofadmitting 10 persons on the proposedInstitution explaining to them and also to theRajah that it was not to be considered aspermanent until the sanction of the RightHonorable the Governor General in Councilhad been obtained, and that all expensesdevolved upon himself.'

W.A. Brooke, R.N.C. Hamilton, T. Yeld

[Correspondence on finances. The Rajaproduced two promissory notes, which didnot deliver. In March 1826, he producedcash. The promissory notes were returned tohim].

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