directorate of economics & statistics government of … · is eighth edition in this series....

DIRECTORATE OF ECONOMICS & STATISTICSGOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

GOLLAPUDI, VIJAYAWADAAMRAVATI

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DIRECTORATE OF ECONOMICS & STATISTICSDIRECTORATE OF ECONOMICS & STATISTICSDIRECTORATE OF ECONOMICS & STATISTICSDIRECTORATE OF ECONOMICS & STATISTICS GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

GOLLAPUDI, VIJAYAWADA

AMARAVATI

P R E F A C E

Natural resources like land, air, water bodies, forest, flora and faunawhich are very precious and are gifted to the human beings for his nourishment.The impact of depletion of these natural resources due to its location andgeographical features and vulnerability of natural hazards like cyclones, droughts,floods, fire, earthquakes and landslides will adversely affect not only on thepresent generation but also on future generations. The major pollutants likevehicular emissions, industrial effluents, sewage and municipal solid waste arealso causes man made hazards.

In view of the importance of Environment Statistics in present scenario,preserving clean environment is one of the important factors for the sound healthof the state. In this regard, the Directorate of Economics & Statistics,Government of Andhra Pradesh state has been bringing out the publication“Compendium of Environment Statistics, Andhra Pradesh” since 2006 as per theguidelines of the Central Statistical Organization, New Delhi.

The present Publication “Compendium of Environment Statistics,Andhra Pradesh 2015” is the eighth issue in its series and it provides the datafor the years 2015 Andhra Pradesh on core parameters such as Biodiversity,Atmosphere, Lithosphere, Hydrosphere and Human Settlements. This publicationis useful to the users in understanding various aspects of environment and itsimpact on sustainable development.

The Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of AndhraPradesh has been endeavoring to strengthen the environmental database of thestate on present scenario to improve the quality and coverage, content andpresentation of the publication in each issue. Graphs and environment relatedpictures have also been included in this publication to make it more usersfriendly.

I express my deep gratitude to all departments/agencies for theircontribution in providing valuable data/information and efforts made by theOfficers and staff members of Social Statistics Division in bringing out thepublication are very much appreciable. I hope to get the continued support fromall the data source agencies in future also.

Comments and suggestions from the users for further improvement of thispublication are most welcome.

Vijayawada, Dr.D.Dakshinamurty,13.03.2017. DIRECTOR.

OFFICERS AND STAFF ASSOCIATED WITH THE PUBLICATION

SOCIAL STATISTICS DIVISION

1. Sri P.Uma Prasad Deputy Director

2. Sri. Md.Abdul Razak Assistant Director

3. Sri M. Raghunath Deputy Statistical Officer

4. Smt. B.Varalakshmi Deputy Statistical Officer

5. Smt. B.Annapurna Devi Deputy Statistical Officer

6. Smt.V.V.Padma Assistant Statistical Officer

7. Sri N.Anjaiah Babu Assistant Statistical Officer

8 . Smt. R.Asha Jyothi Assistant Statistical Officer

9. Sri. AVNG.Anurag Assistant Statistical Officer

CONTENTS

Page

OVERVIEW i-ii

CHAPTER-I

Environment statistics- Frame work and Indicators 1-15

CHAPTER-II

Development of Environment Statistics in A.P. 17-37

CHAPTER-III

Biodiversity 39-79

CHAPTER-IV

Atmosphere 81-133

CHAPTER-V

Lithosphere 135-174

CHAPTER-VI

Hydrosphere 175-212

CHAPTER-VII

Human Settlements 213 -245

i

OVER VIEW

This Compendium has been prepared under the broad frame work for Development

of Environment Statistics provided by the United Nations Statistics Division and adopted

by the Steering Committee on Environment Statistics setup by Central Statistical

Organisation during 1996 and on the lines of their publication “Compendium of

Environment Statistics India-2014”, the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Andhra

Pradesh is bringing out this Compendium of Environment Statistics Andhra Pradesh, 2015

is eighth edition in this series. This provides the data on core parameters relating to

Biodiversity, Atmosphere, Lithosphere, Water and Human settlements dividing into

chapters - suitable graphs, charts and photos are included for easy comprehension.

Chapter-I: “Environment Statistics Frame work and Indicators ”: deals with the

Concept of Environment, Environment Degradation and impact of development activities

on environment, emissions, discharges, their sources, concerned health hazards and

Revised FDES etc.

Chapter-II: “Development of Environment Statistics in Andhra Pradesh”: deals

with Development of Environment Statistics in Andhra Pradesh, which summarizes the

activities of Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board and Environment Protection Training

and Research Institute (EPTRI).

Chapter-III: “Biodiversity”: deals with Species Diversity, Genetic Diversity and

Ecosystem Diversity. The section on Flora gives statistics on species diversity and genetic

diversity in Andhra Pradesh, the section on Fauna gives the major bio-geographic habitats

in Andhra Pradesh, estimated number of species, National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries,

Deer Parks, Zoological Parks, Livestock population and Fish production in coastal districts

of Andhra Pradesh and the section on Forests gives information on Forests in Andhra

Pradesh.

Chapter –IV: “Atmosphere”: deals with Air & Transport, Energy, Industry, Greenhouse

gases and Noise. Section, Air & Transport deals with two major sources of atmospheric

pollution, pollutants and their related health hazards. Vehicular emission measures taken

ii

to reduce vehicular emissions and Ambient Air Quality monitoring; the section on Energy

gives statistics on installed capacity, generation of power and actual power supply

position, different fuels used for cooking, coal resources in Andhra Pradesh and its

production and renewable energy resources etc., the section on Industries gives

information on registered factories and status of pollution control in industries; the section

on Greenhouse gases gives information on various gases produced and the section on

Noise gives information on the Ambient Noise Standards, Average Noise Levels in cities

and effects of noise pollution on human health.

Chapter-V: “Lithosphere”: deals with Land and Soil divided into four sections. This

chapter gives particulars on Land use, Agriculture, Natural Disasters and Mining. The

section on Land use contains land classification in Andhra Pradesh and different land use

patterns in the state; the section on Agriculture contains information on area under

Principal Crops, Crop Production, Agriculture Inputs, Consumption of Pesticides and their

effects on soil; this section on natural disasters contains drought, cyclones and floods; and

the section on Mining contains data of Mines, Production of Minerals, Status of

Afforestation and Consumption of Explosives in Mining.

Chapter-VI:” Hydrosphere”: deals with water divided into Surface Water, Marine Water

and Ground Water. The section on Surface Water gives information on water quality

status of rivers; the section on Marine Water contains information on length of coast line,

main activities of people in the coastal zone, industrial and sewage discharges to coastal

waters, pollutants and their impact on Marine environment in Andhra Pradesh; and the

section on Ground Water gives information on water resources of ground water.

Chapter-VII: “Human settlements”: divided into three sections namely, Population &

Poverty, Housing, Basic facilities and Slums. The section on Population & Poverty gives

various statistics on population in Andhra Pradesh and its effect on environmental

degradation and the section on Housing, Basic facilities and Slums contains information on

number of households, their size, number of rooms per housing unit, water supply,

sanitation facilities both in rural and urban areas, houseless population, urbanization

trends, slum population in the state etc.

CHAPTER – I

ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS

FRAME WORK AND INDICATORS

CHAPTER-I

CHAPTER-I Page No.

ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS FRAME WORK AND INDICATORS

1-6

Framework for Development of environment

statistics (FDES) information categories

7-9

TABLES

1.1

Some impacts of development activities on environment 10

1.2

Local, Regional and global effects of pollution

11

1.3

Water born diseases and their causative organism

11

1.4

Some major pollutants and their sources

12

1.5

Pollutants and their related health hazards

12

Revision of FDES

13-14

Components and Sub Components of FDES 15

CHAPTER - I

ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS

FRAME WORK AND INDICATORS

Introduction

The objective of Environment Statistics is to provide information about the

environment, its most important changes overtime and across locations, and the main

factors that influence them. Ultimately, environment statistics aim at providing high

quality statistical information to improve knowledge of the environment, to support

evidence-based policy and decision making, and to provide information for the general

public, as well as for specific user groups. Environment statistics are multidisciplinary and

cross-cutting, involving numerous sources and stakeholders.

Environment statistics aggregate, synthesize and structure environmental and

other data according to statistical methods, standards and procedures. It is the role of

environment statistics to process environmental data into meaningful statistics that

describe the state and trends of the environment and the main processes affecting them.

Not all environmental data are used in the production of environment statistics. The FDES

provides a framework that marks out environmental data that fall within its scope and

then structures, synthesizes and aggregates them into meaningful statistics.

The scope of environment statistics covers biophysical aspects of the

environment and those aspects of the human sub-system that directly influence and

interact with the environment. Within this scope, environment statistics describe the

state and changes of environmental conditions, the quality and availability of

environmental resources, the impact of human activities and natural events on the

environment, the impact of changing environmental conditions, as well as the social

actions and economic measures taken by societies to avoid or mitigate these impacts and

to restore and maintain the capacity of the environment to provide the services that are

essential for life and human wellbeing.

Environment statistics support evidence based policy making by enabling the

identification of environmental policy issues and the objective quantification of measures

and impacts of policy initiatives. They strengthen assessments through quantitative

metrics, making analyses more robust through the use of timely and comparable data.

The type, the level of thematic, spatial and temporal aggregation and the format of

environment statistics depend on the type of the user and the intended purpose of use.

The main products of environment statistics are detailed tabulated environment statistics

series, environmental accounts and environmental indicators.

2

Main uses and user groups of environment statistics:

Different users need environment statistics at different levels of aggregation

and depths of information. They may need cross-cutting environment statistics data sets,

for instance regarding climate change. In other cases they may only be interested in

particular topics and themes pertaining to specific sectoral analysis and policy making.

Policy and decision makers, and the general public would tend to use environmental

indicators, whereas researchers, analysts, and experts may be more inclined to look at

extensive and detailed environment statistics. Environment statistics serve a variety of

users, including but not restricted to:

i. Policy and decision makers at all levels

ii. The general public, including media and civil society

iii. Analysts and researchers

iv. Academia and

v. International agencies

The field of environment statistics has no single, overarching, internationally

agreed classification of the environment for statistical purposes. Instead, there are a

number of coexisting and emerging classifications and categorizations for specific subject

areas in environment statistics. These include standardized statistical classifications as

well as less formalized groupings or categories. Some of the classifications and

categories that have been used in the environmental field have not been developed

specifically for statistical purposes, and therefore have to be linked to statistical

classifications

UNSD developed and published in ‘1984’ a Framework for the Development of

Environment Statistics (FDES).’ The FDES sets out the scope of environment statistics by

relating the components of the environment to information categories that are based on

the recognition that environmental problems are the result of human activities and

natural events reflecting a sequence of action, impact, and reaction. Relevant

information, therefore, refers to social and economic activities and natural events, their

effects on the environment, and the responses to these effects by the society. The

contents of the FDES are "statistical topics"; they are those aspects of environmental

concerns that can be subjected to statistical description and analysis. It is a flexible

framework that is used for developing and organizing environmental and related socio-

economic information.

3

The scope of environment statistics include the media of the natural

environment (air, water, land/soil), the biota found within these media, and human

settlements. Within the broad range of subject areas, environment statistics describe the

quality and availability of natural resources, human activities and natural events that

affect the environment, the impacts of these activities and events, and social responses

to these impacts.

Development versus Environment Degradation:

Developmental activities are measured in terms of national products, which in

turn are defined as production of goods and services during accounting period. However,

certain environmental functions, which are crucial for economic performance and

generation of human welfare such as provision of natural resources to production and

consumption activities, waste absorption by environmental media and environmental

services of life support and other human amenities, are taken into account only partly in

conventional accounts. The scarcities of natural resources now threaten the sustained

productivity of the economy and economic production and consumption activities. These

activities impair environmental quality by over loading natural sinks with wastes and

pollutants. The environmental consequence of development tends to offset many benefits

that may be accruing to individuals and societies on account of rising incomes. There are

direct costs on the health of individuals, their longevity and on quality of life on account

of deterioration in environmental quality to mention a few. More importantly, the

environmental damage can also undermine future attainments and productivity, if the

factors of production are adversely affected. Therefore, the private and social costs of the

use of the natural resources and the degradation of the environment may be taken into

account for the sustainable development in the conventional accounts.

Factors affecting Environmental degradation:

1. Destruction of natural resources: Agricultural development and farming activities

contribute, to soil erosion, land salinization and loss of nutrients. The green revolution

and over exploitation of land and water resources, and use of fertilizers and pesticides

have increased too many folds resulting in land degradation and water logging.

2. Water pollution and scarcity: Leaching from overuse of pesticides and fertilizers is

an important source of contamination of water bodies.

3. Deforestation: Cutting down trees for making buildings rapid and unplanned

expansion of cities. Infrastructural services such as Energy, Housing, Transport,

Communication and Education result into deforestation.

4

4. Air Pollution: Air pollution is responsible for a large number of deaths annually and

creates chronic health problems for many more people Air pollution create serious

problems of acidification, urban air quality deterioration and trans and trans boundary

pollution.

Social Factors

Social factors such as population, Poverty, Urbanizations, Economic Factors

and Institutional Factors are also led to environmental degradation.

1. Population: is an important source of development, yet it is a major source of

environmental degradation when it exceeds the threshold limits of the support systems.

Population impacts on the environment primarily through the use of natural resources

and production of wastes and is associated with environmental stress like loss of

biodiversity, air and water pollution and increased pressure on arable land. In view of the

linkages between population and environment, a vigorous drive for population control

need hardly be over emphasized.

2. Poverty: Poverty is said to be both cause and effect of environment degradation.

The circular link between poverty and environment is an extremely complex

phenomenon. Acceleration in poverty alleviation is imperative to break this link between

poverty and the environment.

3. Urbanization: Lack of opportunities for gainful employment in villages and the

ecological stresses is leading to an ever increasing movement of poor families to towns.

Mega cities are emerging and urban slums are expanding. Such rapid and unplanned

expansion of cities has resulted in degradation of urban environment. The result is the

growing trend in deterioration of air and water quality, generation of wastes, the

proliferation slums and undesirable land use changes, all of which contribute to urban

poverty and depleting the precious environmental resource base of the cities.

Economic Factors

1. The level and pattern of economic development also effect the nature of

environment problems. To a large extent, environmental degradation is the result

of market failure that is the non-existing or poorly functioning markets for

environmental goods and services.

2. Transport activities have a wide variety of effects on the environment such as air

pollution, noise norm road traffic and oil spills from marine shipping

5

3. Direct impacts of agricultural development on the environment arise from farming

activities which contribute to soil erosion, land salinization and loss of nutrients.

The spread of green revolution has been accompanied by over exploitation of

land and water resources, and use of fertilizers and pesticides have increased

many fold.

Institutional Factors:

1. The Ministry of Environment & Forests (MOEF) in the Government is responsible

for protection, conservation and development of environment. Environment

(Protection) Act, 1986 is the key legislation governing environment management.

2. There is no effective coordination amongst various Ministries/Institutions regarding

integration of environmental concerns at the inceptions/planning stage of the

project. Current policies are also fragmented across several Government agencies

with differing policy mandates.

3. Although overall quality of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies and the

effective implementation of the EIA process have improved over the years,

institutional strengthening measures such as training of key professionals and

staffing with proper technical persons are needed to make the EIA procedure a

more effective instrument for environment protection and sustainable development.

Effects of Environmental degradation:

1. Loss of Biodiversity: The extinction of plant and animals, species will heavily

affect the ecosystem; it will reduce ecosystem adaptability and lead to the loss of

genetic resources.

2. Environmental changes: Indian economy is agriculture driven; agriculture is

driven by weather & climate.

3. Hazardous Waste Production: Diseases are spread by uncovered garbage and

drains, the health risks from hazardous wastes are typically more localized, but

often acute. Wastes affect productivity causing pollution of groundwater resources.

4. Soil erosion has increased due to deforestation.

5. Pollution due to increased levels of chlorofluorocarbons and nitrogen oxides cause

depletion of ozone layer in the stratosphere.

6. Acidifying emissions: Sulphur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides emitted into the air

are converted into acids. Acid rain is the indirect impact of air pollution. At their

deposition they have an acidifying effect on soil and water. The emissions of

ammonia also contribute to the acidification. Main sources of emissions of Sulphur

containing fuel like Coal Mine, Power Plants, Oil by Vehicles and also due to refining

of oils in refineries.

6

7. Emissions of Volatile Organic Substances: Volatile Organic substances may also

affect health. Many of such substances are carcinogenic. In combination with

Nitrogen Oxides and in sunlight, some of them might form Ozone and other

photochemical oxidants. These are harmful to plants.

8. Gases affecting the Climate: The Greenhouse Gases (Carbon Dioxide, Methane

etc.) prevent some of the heat radiation from the Earth into space. The

concentration of Greenhouse Gases is responsible for raising the temperature of the

Earth on a long term.

9. Eutrophicating discharges into Water: Nutrients, mainly nitrogen and

phosphorus, contribute to the eutrophication of Lakes, Rivers and Marine waters.

Approximately, half of the Nitrogen discharges are estimated to originate from

agricultural land. A considerable proportion of the phosphorous discharge derives

from waste water not passing through sewage treatment plants. In addition to

discharges from human activities, there is a natural leaching from various types of

soil. Use of pesticides makes the soil toxic for plants. The quantities are estimated

to be of about the same magnitude as those originating from human activities.

10. Emissions of Heavy Metals: Discharges and emissions of heavy metals are

difficult to estimate. A large proportion of emissions/discharges of heavy metals

into air originate from the Iron and Steel Industry. Vehicular traffic is the main

source of lead emissions, as lead content in fuels were brought down-batteries

industries discharge modern vaccines for shining fruits are coated with heavy

metals, domestic sewerage etc.,. Mines and mining wastes account for the major

part of the discharges of heavy metals into water. Besides, Cadmium depositions

originate from commercial fertilizers containing phosphorous.

11. Health aspects of water quality: Water born diseases are single most

important factor responsible for nearly 80 percent of human mortality in India.

Children are worst affected, especially in rural areas and urban slums. Typical

water born diseases and their causative factors are summarized in Table 1.3. Some

major pollutants and their sources and health effects are shown in Table 1.4 and

1.5.

7

FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS

(FDES) INFORMATION CATEGORIES

Agenda 21Issues (Clusters)

A. Socio Economic activities,

Events

B.Impacts and Effects

C.Responses to Impacts

D.Inventories, Stocks and Background conditions

1 2 3 4 5

Economic Issues

Real GDP per capita growth

rate

Production and consumption

patterns

Investment share in GDP

EDP/Eva per

capita

Capital accumulation (Environment-ally adjusted)

Environmental

protection expenditure as a

% of GDP

Environmental taxes and

subsidies as % of Govt. Revenue

Produced

capital stock

Social/

Demographic Issues

Population growth rate

Population

density

Urban/rural migration rate

Calorie supply

per capita

% of urban population exposed to

concentrations of SO2,

particulates, ozone, CO and

Pb

Incidence of environmentally related diseases

Population living in absolute poverty

Infant mortality Adult literacy

rate

Combined primary

& secondary school

Enrollment ratio

Life expectancy at birth

Females per

1000 males in secondary

school

Air/ Climate

Emissions of CO2,

SO2 and NOX

Consumption of ozone depleting

substances

Ambient

concentrations of CO, SO2, NOX, O3 and TSP in urban

areas

Air Quality index

Expenditure on

air pollution abatement

Reduction in

consumption of substances and

emissions

Weather and

climate conditions

Land/Soil

Land use change

Livestock per km2

of arid and semi-

arid lands

Use of fertilizers

Use of

agricultural

pesticides

Area affected by

soil erosion

Land affected

by

desertification

Area affected by

salinization and

water logging

Protected area as

% of total land

area

Arable land per

capita

8



Agenda

21Issues

(Clusters)

A. Socio

Economic

activities,

Events

B.Impacts and

Effects

C.Responses to

Impacts

D.Inventories

, Stocks and

Background

conditions

1 2 3 4 5

Water

Fresh water

resources

Marine Water

Resources

Industrial,

agricultural and

municipal

discharges

directly into fresh

water bodies

Annual

withdrawals of

ground and

surface water

Domestic

consumption of

water per capita

Industrial,

agricultural water

use per GDP

Industrial,

agricultural and

municipal

discharges

directly into

marine water

bodies.

Discharges of oil

into coastal

waters

Concentration

of lead,

cadmium,

mercury and

pesticides in

fresh water

bodies

Concentration

of fecal coliform

in fresh water

bodies

Acidification of

fresh water

bodies

BOD and COD

in fresh water

bodies

Water quality

index by fresh

water bodies

Deviation in

stock from

maximum

sustainable

yield of marine

species

Loading of N &

P in coastal

waters

Waste water

treatment, total

and by type of

treatment (% of

population

served)

Access to safe

drinking water

(% of population

Served)

Groundwater

reserves

Other

Natural

Resources

Biological

resources

Mineral (incl.

energy)

resources

Annual round

wood production

Fuel wood

consumption per

capita

Catches of

marine species

Annual energy

consumption per

capita

Extraction of

other mineral

resources

Deforestation

rate

Threatened,

extinct species

Depletion of

mineral

resources

(% of proven

reserves)

Lifetime of

proven reserves

Reforestation

rate

Protected forest

area as % of

total land area

Forest

inventory

Ecosystems

inventory

Fauna and flora

inventory

Fish stocks

Proven mineral

reserves

Proven energy

reserves

9



Agenda

21Issues

(Clusters)

A. Socio

Economic

activities,

Events

B.Impacts and

Effects

C.Responses to

Impacts

D.Inventories

, Stocks and

Background

conditions

1 2 3 4 5

Waste Municipal waste

Disposal

Generation of

hazardous waste

Imports and

exports of

hazardous wastes

Area of land

contaminated

by solid

waste

Expenditure on

waste collection

and treatment

Waste recycling

Human

Settle

ments

Rate of growth of

urban population

% of population

in urban areas

Motor vehicles in

use per 1000

habitants

Area and

population in

marginal

settlements

Shelter index

% of population

with sanitary

services

Expenditure on

low-cost housing

Stock of shelter

infrastructure

Natural

Disasters

Frequency of

natural disasters

Cost and

number of

injuries and

fatalities related

to natural

disasters

Expenditure on

disaster

prevention and

mitigation

Human

settlements

vulnerable to

natural

disasters

10

TABLE - 1.1

SOME IMPACTS OF DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES ON ENVIRONMENT

Sl.

No.

Development

Activities

Major Impacts

On Environment

1. 2. 3.

1.

Forest Clearing

and land

resettlements

Climate change in terms of meteorological parameters

such as precipitation, temperature, humidity, Evaporation,

Wind and extinction of rare species of Flora and Fauna,

creation of condition for mosquito breeding leading to

infectious diseases such as Malaria, Dengue and Chicken

Gunya etc.

2.

Shifting

cultivation in

Upland

Agriculture

Soil erosion in upland areas, soil fertility declines due to

shorter cultivation cycle, which is practiced due to population

pressure, flooding of low land areas. The problems could be

resolved by terraced cultivation.

3. Agro Industries

Air Pollution due to burning of bagasse as fuel in sugar

mills, large amount of highly polluting organic wastes, surface

water pollution.

4.

Introduction

of new varieties

of cereals

Reduction of genetic diversity of traditional through

monoculture resulting in instability, danger of multiplication of

local strains of fungus, bacteria or virus on new variety.

5. Use of Pesticides

Organism develops resistance and new control methods

are needed (e.g. in Malaria, wide spread use of dieldrin as a

prophylactic agent against pests of oil palms made the problem

worse), creation of complex and wide spread environment

problems. The pesticides used in agriculture some times go

into food chain or in water bodies which may result in harmful

health hazards.

6. Timber

extraction

Degrades land, destroys surface soil, reduces production

potential of future forests.

7. Urbanization

Concentration of Population in urban centers makes huge

demands on production in rural areas and put pressures on

land, air and water pollution.

8. Industrialisation Heat-island effect and consequently increased energy use.

9.

Water resource

projects

e.g., Dam,

Extensive

Irrigation

Human settlement and resettlement, spread of water born

diseases, reduction of fisheries, siltation, physical changes

e.g., Heat-island effect and consequently increased energy

use.

11

TABLE - 1.2 LOCAL, REGIONAL AND GLOBAL EFFECTS OF POLLUTION

Local Effects Regional Over Marine water

and Continents Global

1. 2. 3. 4.

● Heavy metals in air,

soil, water and plants

e.g., from industrial

emissions and discharges,

● Noise,

● Smell,

● Air pollution,

●Urbanization & heat

Island affect

● Eutrophication

● Contaminants in

the soil and

water

●Landscape

change due to

mining or

agriculture.

● Eutrophication

● Acidification

● Environment

Contamination due

to radioactivity

● Climate

Changes,

Ozone

depletion.

TABLE - 1.3

WATER BORN DISEASES AND THEIR CAUSATIVE ORGANISM

Sl. No. Name of the Disease Causative Organism

1. 2. 3.

1. WATER BORNE DISEASES BACTERIAL

› Typhoid Salmonella typhi

› Gastroenteritis Vibrio cholera

› Paratyphoid Slmondlla parayphi

› Cholera Enterotoxigenic-Escherichia coli

› Bacterial dysentery Variety of Escherichia coli

VIRAL

› Infectious hepatitis Hepatitis-A-virus

› Pliomycetis Polio-virus

› Diarrhea Diseases Rota -virus, Norwalk agent

› Other symptoms of enteric

diseases

Other virus Echono-Virus, Coxsackie-virus

PROTOZOAN

› Amoebic Dysentery Entamoeba hystolitica

2. WATER - WASHED DISEASES

› Scabies Various skin fungus species

› Trachoma Trachoma infecting eyes

› Bacillary dysentery E.coli

3. WATER BASED DISEASES

› Schistosomiasis Schistosoma sp

Guinea worm Guinea worm

4. INFECTION THROUGH WATER RELATED INSECT VECTORS

Sleeping sickness Trapanosoma through testse fly

Malaria Plasmodium through Anaphelis

5. INFECTION PRIMARILY DUE TO DEFECTIVE SANITATION

Hook worm Hook worm, Ascaris

12

TABLE - 1.4

SOME MAJOR POLLUTANTS AND THEIR SOURCES

Sl.

No. Pollutant Source

1. 2. 3.

1. Carbon Monoxide Incomplete fuel combustion (e.g. two/four stroke engines)

2. Sulphur Dioxide Burning of Sulphur containing fuel like Coal in Power Plants and emission by vehicles

3. Suspended particulate matter

Smoke from Domestic, Industrial and Vehicular sources

4. Oxides of Nitrogen Fuel combustion of Motor vehicles, emission from power industry and industrial furnaces

5. Volatile Hydrocarbons

Partial combustion of carbonaceous fuels (two stroke engines, industrial processes and disposal of solid wastes)

6. Oxidants and ozone Emissions from motor vehicles, photochemical reactions of nitrogen oxides and reactive hydrocarbons

7. Lead Emissions from motor vehicles to a limited extent, battery

industries, Vaccines, coatings on fruits etc.,

TABLE - 1.5

POLLUTANTS AND THEIR RELATED HEALTH HAZARDS

Sl. No. Pollutant Health Effects

1. 2. 3.

1. Carbon Monoxide (from gasoline cars, 2-wheelers,3-wheelers)

Fatal in case of large dose: aggravates heart

disorders; affects central nervous system;

impairs oxygen carrying capacity of blood

2. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) (from diesel vehicles)

Irritation of respiratory tract

3. Ozone

Eye, Nose and Throat irritation; risk

asthmatics, children and those involved in

heavy exercise

4. Lead (from petrol vehicles)

Extremely toxic; affects nervous system and

blood; can impair mental development in

children, causes hypertension to a limited

extent battery industries, Vaccines, coatings

on fruits etc

5. Hydrocarbons (mainly from 2-wheelers and 3-wheelers)

Drowsiness, eye irritation and coughing

6. Benzene Carcinogenic

7. Aldehydes

Irritation of eyes, nose and throat, sneezing,

coughing, nausea, breathing difficulties;

carcinogenic in animals

8. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAH (from diesel vehicles)

Carcinogenic

13

Revision of FDES

The Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES) was

first published in 1984 by the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). The 1984, FDES

and subsequent publications have been a useful framework for guiding countries in the

development their environment statistics programmes. During the time since its

publication there have been a number of scientific, political, technological, statistical and

experience based developments which suggested that the FDES was ready for revision.

As a consequence, the United Nations Statistical Commission, at its 41st

session (23-26 February 2010), endorsed a work programme and the establishment of

an Expert Group for the revision of the FDES. The members of the Expert Group

represented producers and users of environment statistics of countries from all regions

and at different stages of development, as well as international organizations, specialized

agencies and non-governmental organizations. ADG, CSO (SSD) was a member of the

Expert Group.

The revision process

The revision was based on an agreed set of criteria and has been supported

by extensive international expert consultation. The 1984 FDES was used as the starting

point. It was revised taking into account the lessons learned during its application in

different countries as well as improved scientific knowledge about the environment and

new requirements created by emerging environmental concerns and policy issues

including major multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). The revision has also

taken into account the increasing prominence of environmental sustainability and

sustainable development issues and concepts. Existing environment statistics and

indicator frameworks were analyzed, including major developments in the field of

environmental-economic accounting and selected thematic developments pertinent to

environment statistics.

The revised FDES is a multipurpose conceptual and statistical framework that

is comprehensive and integrative in nature. It provides an organizing structure to guide

the collection and compilation of environment statistics and to synthesize data from

various subject areas and sources. It is broad and holistic in nature, covering the issues

and aspects of the environment that are relevant for analysis, policy and decision

making. The FDES is structured in a way that allows links to economic and social

domains. Its seeks to be compatible with other frameworks and systems, both statistical

and analytical, such as for instance the System of Environmental- Economic Accounting

(SEEA), the Driving force – Pressure – State – Impact – Response (DPSIR) framework,

14

and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) indicator framework. As such, the FDES

facilitates data integration within environment statistics and with economic and social

statistics.

The revised FDES organizes environment statistics into a structure of six

components, each of them broken down into sub-components and statistical topics. The

six components cover (i) environmental conditions and quality; (ii) the availability and

use of environmental resources and related human activities; (iii )the use of the

environment as a sink for wastes and residuals and related human activities;

(iv) extreme events and disasters; (v) human habitat and environmental health; and

(vi) social and economic measures for the protection and management of the

environment. The statistical topics represent the quantifiable aspects of the components

and they are grouped into sub-components, taking into account the types and sources of

the statistics needed to describe them.

The revised FDES uses a multi-level approach. The first level of the structure

defines the six fundamental components. Each individual component is further broken

down into its respective sub-components (second level) and statistical topics (third

level). Each level uses numbering conventions. The final level contains the actual

individual environment statistics.

The components, sub-components, statistical topics and individual statistics

of the FDES define the scope and boundaries of environment statistics. They provide an

organizing structure for synthesizing and presenting the information in a comprehensive,

consistent and coherent manner.

India also participated in the Pilot of the Revised FDES and Global

consultation during August-October 2012. The draft revised frame work was also

discussed in a national workshop organized at Hyderabad in September 2012. The

“Compendium of Environment Statistics” will be revised in consistent with the revised UN

frame work after the same is adopted by UN Statistical commission. Accordingly and

other guidelines received from Central Statistical Organization, New Delhi, Directorate

of Economics and Statistics, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada, Amaravati will also revise the

Publication on par with all India.

15

Components and Subcomponents of the FDES:

Sl. No. Component Sub-component

1 Environmental Conditions and Quality

1.Physical Conditions

2. Land Cover, Ecosystems and Biodiversity

3.Environmental Quality

2 Environmental Resources and their Use

1.Non-energy Mineral Resources

2.Energy Resources

3. Land

4. Soil Resources

5.Biological Resources

6. Water Resources

3 Residuals 1. Emissions to Air

2. Generation and Management of

Wastewater 3. Generation and Management of Waste

4 Extreme

Events and Disasters

1. Natural Extreme Events and Disasters

2.Technological Disasters

5 Human

Settlements and Environmental Health

1. Human Settlements 2. Environmental Health

6

Environment Protection,

Management and

Engagement

1.Environment Protection and Resource

Management Expenditure

2. Environmental Governance and Regulation

3. Extreme Event Preparedness and Disaster

Management 4. Environmental Information and Awareness

An Expert Group on Environment Statistics was established in December 2013.

India is also a member of the Expert Group. The first meeting of the Expert Group was

held in March 2014. The Expert Group discussed the outline of the Methodological Manual

for the Core Set of Environment Statistics. The process of adapting the revised FDES will

be started after UNSD finalize the Methodological Manual and subsequent capacity

development.

CHAPTER – II

DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENT

STATISTICS IN ANDHRA PRADESH

CHAPTER-II

CHAPTER -II Page No.

DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS

IN ANDHRA PRADESH

17-30

TABLES

2.1 Municipal Solid Waste Processing plants – 2014-15 31-32

2.2

Compost Plants under Municipal Solid Waste Management-

2014-15

33

2.3 Status of STPs under operation-2014-15 34

2.4 Status of STPs under construction-2014-15 35

2.5 STPs in Municipal Corporations /Municipalities under

Construction- 2014-15 35

2.6 District-wise Hazardous Waste Generation in Andhra

Pradesh as on 31-03-2015 36

2.7 List of Common Bio Medical Waste Treatment Facilities

(CBMWTFs ) located in Andhra Pradesh- 2015 37

17

CHAPTER - II

DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS

IN ANDHRA PRADESH

INTRODUCTION

The whole world has now realized the threat to its precious environment due

to depletion of natural resources and growing pace of degradation of the environment.

It is necessary to develop an efficient Environmental Statistical System in the country

which can meet the growing demand of various Governmental agencies,

environmentalists and general public for data on various aspects of environment. The

Directive Principles of State Policy, an integral and significant element of Constitution of

India contains provisions, which reflect the commitment of the state to protect the

environment with regard to forests and wildlife. After the historic Stockholm Conference

on Environment held in 1972, the committee was gradually upgraded into a Department

of Environment in 1980 and five years later a full-fledged Ministry of Environment and

Forests (MoEF) of the Govt. of India. The Andhra Pradesh Govt. also followed this

example by establishing its own Dept. of Environment to address the rapidly increasing

policy initiatives and programmes in the environment and forests sectors.

Ministry of Environment and Forests has engaged itself in the task of

managing states environment by focusing on the development of important

administrative tools and techniques, impact assessment, research, collection and

dissemination of environmental information. However, environment being a multi-

disciplinary subject involving complex subjects like Biodiversity, Atmosphere, Water,

Land & Soil and Human Settlements, it seemed difficult to collect and analyze data on

these parameters and develop interrelationships among them. Therefore, it became

necessary to develop an efficient statistical system on environment that could meet the

growing demand of data on various aspects of environment by the various Governmental

agencies, environmentalists and general public.

Setting up of Environment Statistics unit in State Directorate of Economics and

Statistics:

Recognizing the importance of Environment Statistics as an emerging area,

the subject was first discussed in the 5th conference of Central and State Statistical

Organizations (COCSSO) held at New Delhi in 1981. The Conference recommended the

need for developing an appropriate environment statistical system in the country. On

the recommendation of the 7th Conference of Central and State Statistical Organizations

held in 1985, a multi disciplinary working group comprising Department of Environment,

18

Central Statistical Organization (CSO), State Directorates of Economics and Statistics

and other concerned Central and State organizations and research institutions involved

in the related subjects was set up in CSO under the Chairmanship of its Director General

in July 1986. The Working Group in its report submitted in 1990 by a suggested

provisional list of variables for frame work for development of Environment Statistics.

The group also suggested a few variables on which data needed to be collected on

priority basis.

The Central Statistics Office brought out twelve issues of the publication

entitled “Compendium of Environment Statistics” from 1997 to 2012 presenting available

data relating to environment of the country. Basing on the guidelines of the CSO, New

Delhi, the Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Andhra Pradesh has also been bringing

out the same publication since 2006.

Natural Resource Accounting

The economy draws inputs from the environment. These consist of natural

resources, both non-renewable and renewable including mineral resources, timber and

non-timber forest produce, aquatic resources, and also the ecosystem services viz.

recycling of nutrients and supply of clean air and water necessary for sustaining life.

Besides, economy also uses the environment as a sink for dumping unwanted wastes

generated in industrial and other anthropogenic activities.

The conventional accounting [System of National Accounting (SNA)] though

operates in natural environment, hardly takes into account the environmental

components and the goods and services they contribute to the economic development.

Rather, it is entirely based on monetary considerations, which if dealt in isolation may

prove disastrous, both to the economy as well as to the environment. Hence, links

between economy and environment have to be properly understood and appreciated in

order to achieve sustainable development of the society. There is an urgent need to

generate data on environmental goods and services and their valuation in economic

terms, so that information generated can be used for proper policy formulation to

achieve overall sustainable development of the society.

As a result, concept of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting

(IEEA) has emerged on the initiative of the United Nations. The main objectives of

integrated environmental accounting are segregation and elaboration of all

environmental and economic accounts, linkages of physical resource accounts with

19

monetary environmental accounts and balance sheets, assessments of environmental

costs, benefits and accounting for the maintenance of the tangible wealth. It is, thus, a

complete accounting procedure for environmental assets. The IEEA later revised and

termed by UNSD namely, London Group as “System for Environmental and Economic

Accounting” (SEEA) taking into consideration the contributions of the environment to the

economy and the impacts of the economy on the environment.

Much of the work was done by the London Group on Environmental and

Natural Resources Accounting, through a review process that started in 1998. SEEA 2003

provides a common framework for economic and environmental accounting, permitting a

consistent analysis of contribution of environment to the economy and of the impact of

the economy on the environment. It is intended to meet the needs of policy makers by

providing indicators and descriptive statistics to monitor the interaction between the

economy and the environment as well as serving as a tool for strategic planning and

policy analysis to identify more sustainable development paths.

However, data on environmental components and the goods and services

rendered by them, and their valuation in economic terms required for Environmental

Accounting are lacking in various areas like Land, Water, Air, Energy, Agriculture, Forest,

Mining, Industry etc. At present, in the fast changing environmental and economic

scenario, data pertaining to various natural resources are highly desirable for proper

policy formulation for sustainable development.

Natural Resource Accounting in System of Environmental Economic Accounting

(SEEA) and Implementation of Natural Resource Accounting (NRA)/SEEA

The SEEA 2003, revision of SEEA 1993, represented a considerable step

forward in terms of breadth of material and harmonization of concepts, definitions, and

methods in environmental and economic accounting. Although SEEA 2003 was never

formally adopted as an international statistical standard, it, however, provided a well

accepted and robust framework for the compilation of environmental and economic

accounts. Another revision process of SEEA 2003 was started in 2007 with the aim of

adopting SEEA as an international statistical standard. This latest version comprise three

parts, the main one being SEEA Central Framework.

The System of Environmental–Economic Accounting(SEEA) Central Framework

is a multi-purpose, conceptual framework that describes the interactions between the

economy and the environment, the stocks and changes in stocks of environmental

assets. This is a system that has been developed under the aegis of the UN Statistical

20

Commission to explicitly account for the environment at the macro level. The current

version of the SEEA builds on previous 1993 and 2003 revisions. The 43rd Session of the

UN Statistical Commission formally accepted the SEEA Central framework as an

international statistical standard in 2012. The SEEA allows us to examine various issues

at the macro level such as resource efficiency and productivity indicators, decomposition

analysis, analysis of net wealth and depletion, sustainable production and consumption,

structural input-output analysis and general equilibrium modeling, consumption based

input-output analysis and footprint techniques, analysis using geospatially referenced

data etc.

The SEEA Central Framework provides a structure to compare and contrast

source data and allows the development of aggregates, indicators and trends across a

broad spectrum of environmental and economic issues. Particular examples include the

assessment of trends in the use and availability of natural resources, the extent of

emissions and discharges to the environment resulting from economic activity, and the

amount of economic activity undertaken for environmental purposes.

The SEEA Central Framework represents a melding of many disciplines and

brings together, in a single measurement system, information on water, minerals,

energy, timber, fish, soil, land and ecosystems, pollution and waste, production,

consumption and accumulation. It is designed to be applicable across all countries,

regardless of their level of economic and statistical development, their economic

structure, or the composition of their environment.

In addition to the SEEA Central Framework, two related parts are being

developed:

SEEA Experimental Ecosystem Accounts and

SEEA Extensions and Applications.

The SEEA Experimental Ecosystem Accounts (which is under preparation)

describes both the measurement of ecosystems in physical terms and the valuation of

ecosystems in so far as it is consistent with market valuation principles, noting that only

those issues for which broad consensus has emerged will be included. In accounting

terms, many of the structures for ecosystem accounting will be drawn from the

structures in the SEEA Central Framework and, in this regard, the accounting

conventions of the SEEA Central Framework will be applied consistently. SEEA

Extensions and Applications will present various monitoring and analytical approaches

that could be adopted, and will describe ways in which SEEA data can be used to inform

21

policy analysis which will be useful for official statisticians, researchers and policy

makers. This part of SEEA will not be a statistical standard.

The SEEA Central Framework adopts slightly different terminology in relation

to environmental assets compared to the SNA. In the SNA, the term “Natural Resources”

is used to cover natural biological resources (e.g. timber and aquatic resources), mineral

and energy resources, water resources and land, whereas in the SEEA Central

Framework, land is separated from natural resources recognizing its distinct role in the

provision of space. Further, in the SNA, land and soil resources are considered as a

single asset type whereas in the SEEA Central Framework, these are recognized as

separate assets highlighting the role of land in the provision of space. Soil resources are

included as part of natural resources. The valuation of environmental assets is a complex

measurement task. The SEEA Central Framework adopts the same market price

valuation principles as the SNA. However, since observable market prices are usually not

available for environmental assets, the same need to be treated differently.

Both the SEEA Central Framework and the SNA recognize the change in the

value of natural resources that can be attributed to depletion. In the SNA, the value of

depletion is shown in the other changes in the volume of assets account alongside flows

such as catastrophic losses and uncompensated seizures. Thus, it is not recognized as a

cost against the income earned by enterprises extracting natural resources. In the SEEA

Central Framework, the value of depletion of is considered to be a cost against income

and hence, in the sequence of economic accounts, depletion adjusted balancing items

and aggregates are defined which deduct depletion from the measures of value added,

income and savings. The depletion deduction is made in addition to the deduction of CFC

for the cost of using fixed assets which is already deducted from measures of value

added, income and saving in the SNA. Depending on the arrangements underpinning the

ownership of specific natural resource, this differing treatment of depletion in SEEA

Central Framework may require additional entries in the sequence of economic accounts

at an institutional sector level.

Implementation of Natural Resource Accounting (NRA)/SEEA

In order to develop sector-wise uniform methodology for NRA, the MOSPI

commissioned eight studies to specialized institutes. These studies covered the sectors

viz. land, forests, air, water and mines in eight states.

SEEA prescribes two valuation methods viz., maintenance cost method and non

market valuation by stated and revealed preference methods. In fact, the projects

undertaken by CSO provided case studies using both these methods. The non-market

22

valuation methods used were hedonic prices method, household health production

function method, travel cost method etc. Also some of these studies attempted to make

estimates of maintenance cost at the sector and regional levels. The sectors covered

were thermal power generation, urban transport, industrial management, forests, land

and exhaustible resource of coal.

The efforts are on to build up a sector-wise framework for NRA through a

Technical Advisory Committee under CSO headed by Dr. Kirit Parikh, Former Member,

Planning Commission involving the Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS),

Hyderabad.

An ‘Expert Group on Green National Accounting’ was constituted in August,

2011 under the Chairmanship of Prof. Partha Dasgupta, Professor Emeritus, Cambridge

University, UK with a mandate to (a) to develop a frame work for ‘Green National

Accounts’ for India keeping in view of the previous work done on the subject, including

the findings of the studies award to CESS, Hyderabad, (b) to identify the data

requirements for the implementation of the recommended framework, and (c) to develop

a road map for the implementation of the framework.

This Expert Group on Green National Accounting for India held three meetings

in August 2011, April 2012 and December 2012. The expert Group is submitted its report

in March, 2013 to the Government.

The MOEF (Ministry of Environment and Forestry) is planning to re-structure

the environmental Departments under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. A draft

notification was circulated for comments. The name given to the new structure is

“National Environmental protection Authority in which National Green Tribunal”.

Constitution of A.P. Pollution Control Board:

The A.P. Pollution Control Board (APPCB) is a statutory authority entrusted to

implement environmental laws and rules within the jurisdiction of the State of Andhra

Pradesh, India. The Board ensures proper implementation of the statutes, judicial and

legislative pronouncements related to environmental protection within the state. The

Board was constituted on 24-01-1976 after the state legislature adopted the Water Act

on 20-7-1975. The Board was initially named “A.P. State Board for Prevention and

Control of Pollution”. The Board was re-named as Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control

Board (APPCB) after the entrustment of additional responsibility of Air (Prevention and

Control Pollution) Act 1981.

23

The APPCB has been implementing the following Acts and Rules in the state:

1. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and amended there on

2. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 and amended there on

3. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 and amended

there on

4. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

5. The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans boundary Movement)

Rules, 2008

6. The Bio Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 and amended

there on

7. The Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000

8. The Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage (Amendment) Rules, 2003

9. The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001

10. The Manufacture, Import and Storage of Hazardous Chemical (Amendment) Rule,

2003

11. The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991, amended in 1992

12. The Ozone Depleting Substances (regulation and control )Rules,2001

13. The Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Management of E-Waste, 2008

14. Plastic waste management 2011

The Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board comprises of the Chairman,

Member Secretary and other members nominated by the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh. The

members of the Board include the representatives and experts from Government, local

authorities, technical and scientific community.

The Member Secretary is the Chief Executive Officer of the Board. The Board

functions through its Head Office at Hyderabad, 3 Zonal Offices headed by three Joint

Chief Environmental Engineers and nine Regional Offices headed by nine Environmental

Engineers in Andhra Pradesh State. The Head Office located at Sanathnagar, Hyderabad

is consisting of three wings, namely technical wing having engineering staff, scientific

wing consisting of scientists, analysts and the administration wing comprising of

accounts, public relations and ministerial staff.

Control of Industrial Pollution:

The Board has been regulating industrial pollution in the state through

consent management, actions of task force, night surveillance and implementation of

action points of Character on Corporate Responsibility for Environment Protection

(CREP).

24

All the industrial activities have been categorized into Red, Orange and Green.

The Board has identified 5161 industries under Red, Orange and Green categories. The

Ministry of Environment and Forests(MoE&F, GOI) has issued Environment Impact

Assessment(EIA)-2006 notification indicating the list of projects/ activities that require

Environmental Clearance from the MoE&F, GOI and State level Environment Impact

Assessment Authority(SEIAA) under the Provisions of Environment (Protection) Act,

1986 and its amendments thereof. The Govt. of Andhra Pradesh has notified 66

Categories of SSI polluting industries. The SSI industries other than these 66 categories

are required to obtain an acknowledgement from Industries Department to serve the

purpose of Consent of the Board. The Board has taken initiative for effective

implementation of charter for Corporate Responsibility for Environment Protection in 17

categories of highly polluting industries located in the State.

Common Effluent Treatment Plant:

There is a Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) operating at Ramky

Pharmacity, Parawada in Visakhapatnam district.

Hazardous Waste Management:

Due to rapid growth of Industrialization, there is a substantial generation of

Hazardous waste in the State of Andhra Pradesh. Ministry of Environment and Forests,

Govt. of India issued Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 and

amended in the year 2000, 2003 and 2008. It is mandatory on the part of every

hazardous waste generating unit to collect, treat and dispose of hazardous waste safely.

The Board has identified 1924 hazardous industries under Hazardous waste

Management (Management and Handling) Rules and issued authorizations. Total

quantity of hazardous waste generated from the industries in the state is estimated to be

5,58,933 Metric Tons Per Annum (MTA), out of which the disposable waste is 1,37,271

MTA, recyclable waste is 3,46,574 MTA and incinerable waste is 75,088 MTA. Common

Hazardous waste incinerator was installed at Pharma city with a capacity of 1.5 TPH for

incineration of Hazardous waste. Three task forces (Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, and

Kurnool) have been established to enquire into public complaints, inspecting problematic

industries/ hot spots.

Treatment, Storage & Disposal Facilities:

If the Hazardous waste is not collected and disposed off efficiently and

effectively, it pollutes surface water, ground water resources and degrades land.

25

Therefore development of suitable technologies for utilization / disposal of waste are

essential to minimize adverse environmental health effects.

Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board was instrumental for establishment of

common treatment storage and disposal facilities located at Pharmacity, Parwada in

Visakhaptnam district.

Management of recyclable Hazardous waste:

The recyclable waste generated by various industries are being recycled /

recovered with the industries to certain extent. Some of the waste is recycled.

Municipal Solid Waste (M.S.W.) Management:

With the enormous increasing urbanization and agglomeration and rising level

of municipal solid waste, there is an urgent need to evolve scientific approaches to the

management of municipal solid waste. The Govt. of India has notified Municipal Solid

Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000 under Environment (Protection) Act,

1986 to regulate management and handling of municipal solid waste. The salient

features of Rules are:

• Collection of waste by organizing Door-to-Door collection system or

community bins

• Segregation and storage waste by adopting three bin system

• Transportation of waste in covered vehicles

• Establishment of processing facilities

• Construction of Sanitary landfill facilities

There are 98 Municipalities and 13 Municipal Corporations located in the state

and are generating 7033 TPD (Tonnes per day) of municipal solid waste. Out of 7033

TPD of municipal solid waste generatedin the State, processing facilities were setup for

68.5 TPD only.

Municipal Solid waste management:

Average door to door collection of waste in the ULBs of the State is 90%. In

three ULBs namely 1) Bobbili 2)Salur 3) Palamaneru, 100% waste is being processed

into compost, vermi compost and dry waste is being sent to recyclers and there no

dumping of waste. All these 3 towns are Bin-Free and Zero-Dump towns. Another (9)

ULBs have started composting of organic waste (Table 2.2)

26

Municipal Sewage Management:

The 98 Municipalities and 13 Corporations located in the state are generating

around 2,000 MLD (Million Liters per Day) of sewage per day. At present, facilities are

existing to treat 284.5 MLD (Table-2.3) of sewage and the Sewage Treatment Plants

(STPs) are under construction for treating another 182 MLD of sewage.(Table-2.4 )

The sewage Quantity needs updating based on the amount of water extracted

from bore-wells. As per STPs are concerned, majority of them are not functioning.

Government is enthusiastic to install STPs by spending crores of rupees but least

bothered on operation.

Plastic Waste Management:

Govt. of India has notified Plastic Manufacture, Sale and Usage Rules 1998

under Environment (Protection) Act 1986 to regulate plastic usage.

Salient features of the Rules are as follows:

• Govt. of India notified Recycled Plastics (Manufacture & Usage) Rules 1999

under Environmental Protection Act to regulate the manufacture and usage of

recycled plastic bags and containers. These rules came into force w.e.f.

02.09.1999.

• These Rules were amended in 2003 and named as the Plastics Manufacture,

Sale and Usage Rules 1999.

• As per the above Rules, the prescribed authority for enforcement of the

provisions related to manufacture and recycling shall be State Pollution

Control Boards and for enforcement of the provisions related to use,

collection, segregation, transportation and disposal shall be the District

Collector of the concerned District.

• As per Rule - 4 of the Plastics Rules:

ii) No person shall manufacture, stock, distribute or sell carry bags made of

virgin or recycled plastic bags which are less than 8 x 12 inches (20 x 30

cms.) in size and less than 20 microns thickness.

iii) No vendor shall use carry bags made of recycled plastic for storing,

carrying, dispensing or packaging of foodstuffs.

iv) No vendor shall use containers made of recycled plastic for storing,

carrying, dispensing or packaging of foodstuffs.

27

Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 issued by Ministry of

Environment and Forests:

It replaces the earlier Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999

(amended in 2003). These Rules have been brought out following detailed discussions

and consultations with a wide spectrum of stakeholders including civil society, industry

bodies, relevant Central Government Ministries and State Governments.

It is impractical and undesirable to impose a blanket ban on the use of plastic

all over the country. The real challenge is to improve municipal solid waste management

systems. In addition to the privatization and mechanization of the municipal solid waste

management systems we must be sensitive to the needs and concerns of the lakhs of

people involved in the informal sector.

The new Rules are ban on use of plastic materials in sachets for storing,

packing or selling gutkha, tobacco and pan masala, no food stuffs will be allowed to be

packet in recycled plastics or compostable plastics, recycled carry bags to have specific

BIS standards, colour to the prescription by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS),

uniform thickness shall not be less than 40 microns in carry bags etc.,

The new Rules require the municipal authority to constructively engage

agencies or groups working in waste management including these waste pickers. This is

the very first time that such a special dispensation has been made.

The Municipal authority shall be responsible for setting up, operationalisation

and coordination of the waste management system and for performing the associated

functions, This include to ensure safe collection, storage, segregation, transportation,

processing and disposal of plastic waste:, no damage to the environment during this

process, setting up of the collection centers for plastic waste involving manufacturers, its

channelization to recyclers: to create awareness among all stakeholders about their

responsibilities , and to ensure that open burning of plastic waste is not permitted.

Implementation of Plastic Units

The APPCB identified86 plastic units in the state and issued registrations to 64

plastic units and regularly monitoring the units for compliance with the plastic Rules and

22 units are not functioning. APPCB conducts awareness programmes among public of

the issue of management of plastics.

28

Bio Medical Waste (BMW) Management:

The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India, notified the Bio Medical

Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998 Under the Environment (Protection) Act

1986, through Gazette Notification S.O.630 (E). These rules regulate the generation,

handling, collection, storage, transport, treatment and disposal of BMW. The same is

segregated at source as per the Bio Medical Waste Rules and transported through special

vehicles to Bio Medical Waste Treatment facilities.

Compliance of Health Care Units during 2014-15:

According to the provisions of Bio-Medical Wastes (Management & Handling)

Rules, 1998 and its amendments, it was clearly mentioned that the generator of the Bio

Medical Waste (i.e. the occupier of the healthcare units) is solely responsible for the

treatment of BMW generated from their units.

Most of the HCEs except primary health centers / CHCs located in rural areas

have obtained authorization from APPCB. The Board is issuing Authorization to the HCES

duly stipulating conditions for proper management handling and disposal of BMW. The

Authorizations are being granted for a period for a period of three years, including an

initial trial period of one year. The APPCB is encouraged establishment of Common Bio

Medical Waste Treatment Facilities (CBMWTFs) for safe disposal of BMW< as installation

of individual treatment facilities by small HCEs are not only economical but also add

noxious gases to air if not properly treated. The HCEs in the state are sending the bio

medical waste to the Common Bio Medical Waste Treatment Facilities within 48 hours.

There are 10 (ten) Common Bio Medical Waste Treatment Facilities (CBMWTFs) located

in the State for safe disposal of bio medical waste (Table-2.7).

The performance evaluation study of CBMWTFs by EPTRI which is engaged by

APPCB is completed and shortfalls observed by M/s EPTRI were communicated to the

respective CBMWTFs to make improvements. The E-Waste (Management & Handling)

Rules, 2011 came into effect from 1st May, 2012. The APPCB has issued notices to all the

major e-waste generation/ produces, major consumers/ bulk consumers to send their e-

waste to the authorized recyclers. EPTRI has conducted an inventorisation of e-waste in

Vijayawada and Visakhapatnam.

Cleaner Production Cell (APCPC):

The Board has established a separate Cleaner Production Cell in the year 1998

to promote cleaner production and waste minimization techniques in industries. The CP

cell organizes training programmes / workshops / seminars / demonstration projects

etc., to bring awareness on environment related issues among industries, nodal

departments and officers of APPCB.

29

The aim of the cell is to promote Cleaner Production by implementing the

following:

• Conducting demonstration waste audits

• Providing information relating and guidelines on cleaner production practices

• Organizing workshops / seminars / lectures

• Providing technical advice on cleaner production and recycle of waste through

waste exchange service

• Managing Cleaner Production financial and Non-financial schemes

• Maintaining data base on cleaner production technologies and practices

• Organising Cleaner Production awards

Environment Protection Training and Research Institute (EPTRI):

EPTRI was set up as an independent registered society in 1992 with the

assistance of the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh and Govt. of India which also facilitated the

bilateral assistance for technical collaboration between EPTRI and Swedish International

Development Agency (SIDA).

EPTRI provides one stop solutions to environment issues and offers a wide

range of services - laboratory analysis to environment management and an interface

between regulation and community participation in preserving and conserving the

environment. It undertakes various activities covering environmental issues related to

industries, protected areas, biodiversity, urban agglomeration, environmental

awareness, human resources development, capacity building and research etc. It also

serves as premier agency in advising the State Pollution Control Boards and respective

Governments in fixing environmental standards for the industry. An important function is

to encourage sustainability in development and to help in preservation of the traditions

of communities, the flora and fauna of the region and to document ethno knowledge and

biodiversity.

EPTRI is a world class body and in abreast of the wide-ranging areas of

international concerns especially on ozone depletion, climate change, integrated

environmental strategies and clean development mechanism etc. It endeavors to

sensitize communities, civil society, Govt. officials, NGO’s and other stake holders on

environment related issues in the long-term interest of poverty alleviation through

employment generation, human development and sustainable environment

management.

30

Environmental Engineering and Management:

EPTRI undertakes projects related to Water and Waste Water Treatment, Air

Pollution Control, Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environment Management

Plan (EMP). It also focuses on waste minimization by way of resource/water

conservation, segregation etc. through in plant studies.

Services Offered:

• Design, Commissioning and Stabilization of Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs),

Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) and Sewage Treatment Plants

(STPs)

• Up gradation and performance evaluation studies of existing ETPs, CETPs and

STPs

• In plant studies for water conservation and reduction of pollution load

• Designed evaluation of air pollution control equipment

• Providing overall environmental management for townships in terms of water

supply, sewerage, STPs and solid waste management

• Developing standards for categorizing wastes and techniques for their

menace or disposal.

• Integrated Environment Audit and Risk Assessment studies for petroleum

sites which include storage depots, seaports, filling stations etc.,

• Integrated EIA studies along with risk assessment and analysis

• Environment and Sustainable Development (ESD)

• Environmental Quality Mapping (EQM)

• Environment Information System (ENVIS)

• Laboratory is accredited by the National Accreditation Board for Laboratories

(NABL) and recognized by the Department of Scientific and Industrial

Research, Central Pollution Control Board, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh. It also

serves as a referral laboratory.

• Capacity building: EPTRI conducts National and International programmes to

impart professional and need based training in environmental field with wide

outreach.

31

TABLE-2.1

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE PROCESSING PLANTS, 2014-15

Sl.

No. Name of the ULB

Name of the

Facility

Type of

Processing

Plant

MSW

Processing

capacity

(TPD)

Remarks

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. Palasa-

Kasibugga

Vermi

compost shed

Vermi

compost shed 0.2

Vermi compost

shed

construction

completed due to

lac of sufficient

staff plant not

operated so far.

At present staff

taken and will be

operated soon

Bio-Gas Bio-Gas 1 Working

2. Rajam

Garden

shredder with

curing

platforms

with capacity

of 2000kgs

per 15 days

of manure

processing

unit.

Organic

composting 0.2

Solid Waste

processing plant

started recently

waste processing

capacity can be

increased by

procuring curing

platforms

additionally.

3. Vizianagaram

Bio – Gas

production

unit

Bio –

Methanization

Plant for

electricity

generation

0.5 MTs

(Dung)

Plant functioning

to be restored

4. Bobbili

Bio –

Pulvarizer

system

Bio –

Composting

method

3.6MTs -

Inorganic

material

recycling

Hydraulic

Bailing

system

1.8 MTs -

Bio – Gas

production

Bio –

Methanization

for electricity

generation

0.75 MTs -

Vermi

Composting

facility

Organic waste

processing 0.35 MTs -

5. Kakinada Wet

Processing

Organic

Compost 1 Tone -

(Contd.)

32

TABLE-2.1(Concld.)

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE PROCESSING PLANTS, 2014-15

Sl. No.

Name of the ULB Name of the

Facility

Type of Processing

Plant

MSW Processing capacity (TPD)

Remarks

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

6. Narsapur Waste to

Energy

Bio-

methanation 3

Lack of

manpower its

not in working

condition

7. Jangareddigudem

NP

Segregation

Sheds are

available

Segregation of

10 wards

3.50 MTM

for day

Segregation with

Manual. There is

not processing

plantation this

Nagarpanchayat

9. Gudivada Making

Compost

Vermy

Compost 2.00 MT -

10. Guntur

Bio-Gas Plant Capacity- 300 Cum Power generation

expected: 40 K W- Will be utilized for

running sewage pumps

in pumping station at Suddapalli

Donka

8.00 -

11. Tenali

Bio-Gas Bio-

Methanization 1.50 -

Compost Vermi

Compost 0.50 -

12. Narasaraopet

Vermi

composting

unit

Wet waste 1.00 -

13. Vinukonda Vermi

Compost

Vermi

Compost &

Windrows

1.00 -

14. Piduguralla

Vermi

Compost

Yard

Compost Plant 2.00 -

15. Ongole Corp. Vermi Vermi

Compost Yard 2.00 -

16. Chirala Compost Vermi-

Compost Plant 6.00 -

Source:Directorate of Municipal Administration, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

33

TABLE-2.2

COMPOST PLANTS UNDER MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

PROCESSING PLANTS, 2014-15

Sl.

No. Name of the Facility

Type of

Processing

Plant

MSW

Processing

Capacity

(TPD)

Name of the

ULBs allotted

Capacity

of Power

Plants

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. Vijayawada Municipal

Corporation Bio-

Methanisation Plant,

Vijayawada

Bio

Methanisation

Plant

20 Vijayawada -

2. Guntakal Municipality

Ananthapuramu

District

Compost

Plant

10 Ananthapuramu -

3. Kadapa Municipal

Corporation, YSR

District

Vermi

composting

6 Kadapa -

4. Plamaneru

Municipality,

Chittoor District

Vermi

composting

7 Plamaneru -

5. Madanapalli

Municipality, Chittoor

District

Vermi

composting

5 Madanapalli -

6. Tenali Municipality,

Guntur District

Vermi

composting

8 Tenali -

7. Eluru Municipal

Corporation,

West Godavari

Vermi

composting

8 Eluru -

8. Narasapuram

Municipality,

West Godavari

Bio

Methanisation

Plant

1.5 Narasapuram -

9. Bobbilli Municipality,

Vizianagaram District

Vermi

composting

3 Bobbilli -

Total 68.5 -

Source : A.P Pollution Control Board, Hyderabad-Annual Report, 2014-15.

34

TABLE-2.3

STATUS OF SEWAGE TREATEMENT PLANTS UNDER OPERATION

IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2014-15

Sl. No.

Name of the Municipality/Municipal

Corporation Location of STP

Capacity in MLD

1. 2. 3. 4.

1. Visakhapatnam Municipal

Corporation

1) Appughar,MVP colony 25.0

2) Old City 38.0

3) Mudasalova 13.0

4) GVMC,Madeenbagh 2.0

2. Vijayawada Municipal

Corporation

5) Azithsingh Nagar 27.0

6) Azithsingh Nagar 40.0

7) Jawahar Autonagar 10.0

8) Ramalingeswaranagar 10.0

9) Ramalingeswaranagar 20.0

3. Tirupathi Municipal

Corporation 10) Tukivakam 50.0

4. Rajahmundry , East

Godavari 11) Hukumpet E.G. Dist.

30.0

5. Pulivendula, YSR District 12) Rotarypuram, Pulivedula 6.5

6. Tadipatri,

Ananthapuramu District

13) Near CPI colony,Kadapa Road 8.0

14) Yellanur Road 3.5

7. Puttaparthi,


15) Durgamma Temple 0.5

16) Sai Nagar 0.5

17) Prasanthigram 0.5

Total 284.5

MLD: Million Litres per Day.

Source : A.P Pollution Control Board, Hyderabad.

35

TABLE-2.4

STATUS OF SEWAGE TREATEMENT PLANTS UNDER CONSTRUCTION


Sl.

No.

Name of the

Municipality/

Municipal Corporation

Location of STP

Status

(Operational/Non-

operational/Under

construction

Capacity

in MLD

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. Kadapa YSR colony, Akkayapalli Under

construction 20

2. Vijayawada

Ajitsingh Nagar,

Vijayawada, Krishna Dist

Under

construction 20

Jawahar Autonagar,

Vijayawada, Krishna Dist

Under

construction 10

Jakkampudi Under

construction 20

3. Visakhapatnam

Narava Under

construction 108

GVMC, Kommadi Nearing

completion 4

Total 182



TABLE-2.5

STPs IN MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS/MUNICIPALITIES

UNDER CONSTRUCTION, 2014-15

Sl.

No.

Location

of STP

No.of

STPs

Capacity

in MLD

1. 2. 3. 4.

I Municipal Corporations:

1. YSR Colony, Akkayapalli, Kadapa 1 20

2. Ajith Sing Nagar,Vijayawada 1 20

3. Jawahar Auto Nagar, Vijayawada 1 10

4. Jakkampudi, Vijayawada 1 20

5. Narava, Visakhapatnam 1 108

6. GVMC,Kommadi,Visakhapatnam 1 4

Total 6 182

II Municipalities:

Nil - -


Source : Engineer in Chief (PH) Department, Andhra Pradesh, Tadespalli, Guntur

District.

36

TABLE – 2.6

DISTRICT-WISE HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH

(As on 31.03.2015)

Sl.

No.

Name

of the

Zone

Name

of the

District

No. of

HW Genera-

ting

indust-

ries

Qty. of

Disposable

Waste

(MTA)

Qty. of

Re-

cyclable

Waste

(MTA)

Qty. of

Inciner-

able

Waste

(MTA)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

1. Kurnool Kurnool 67 9,170.345 4,749.795 7,654.271

Ananthapuramu 87 1,488.368 134.207 1,418.756

Chittoor 133 15,931.986 1,729.782 10,056.041

Kadapa 44 592.461 312.966 330.133

TOTAL 331 27,183.160 6,926.750 19,459.201

2. Vijayawada Prakasam 71 683.091 2,405.855 7,042.170

SPS Nellore 187 554.531 164.457 1,939.519

Krishna 229 4,137.957 2,991.463 5,353.649

Guntur 189 3,669.351 1,615.052 4,566.240

TOTAL 676 9,044.930 7,176.827 18,901.578

3.

Visakha-

patnam

Visakhapatnam 273 1,39,821.439 45,938.134 16,425.392

Srikakulam 77 1,59,183.767 8,043.088 16,905.543

Vizianagaram 88 2,095.682 2,233.923 51,152.431

East Godavari 289 7,719.124 2,019.020 11,766.210

West

Godavari 190 1,526.749 2,750.313 2,660.837

TOTAL 917 3,10,346.761 60,984.478 98,910.413

GRAND TOTAL 1,924 3,46,574.851 75,088.060 1,37,271.192


37

TABLE- 2.7

THE LIST OF COMMON BIO MEDICAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES

(CBMWTFs) OPERATING IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2014-15

Sl.

No

Districts

covered

Name of the

CBMWTF

Location of

the plant

1. 2. 3.

4.

1. Srikakulam,

Vijayanagaram M/s Rainbow Industries

Sy.No.21/1, Pathakunkam (V),

Laveru (M), Srikakulam District

2. Visakhapatnam M/s Maridi Eco Industries

(Andhra) Pvt. Ltd.,

Sy. No. 314,

Kapulupada,Bheemunipatnam

(M), Visakhapatnam District

3. East Godavari M/s EVB Technologies (P)

Ltd.,

Sy.No.560, Kanavaram (V),

Rajanagaram(M),

East Godavari District

4. Westgodavari M/s Safenviron &

Associates

R.S.No. 181/1, Nallamadu (V),

Ungutur (M),

West Godavari District

5. Krishna M/s Safenviron (Unit-II)

Sy.No.164/1A,

Dharmavarapupadu Thanda (V),

Jaggaiahpeta (M),

Krishna District

6. Guntur,

M/s Safenivron

Chinkakani, Mangalagiri,

Guntur District

7. Prakasam &

S.P.S Nellore M/s S.S. Bio Care

Sy.No.61, Plot No.02,

APIIC,Attivaram (V), Ozili(M),

S.P.S Nellore District

8. Chittoor M/s AWM Consulting Ltd.,

Sy.No. 4 Pachikapallam (V),

Vedurukuppam (M),

Chittoor District

9. Kurnool M/s Medical Waste

Solutions

Sy.No. 200/2 & 202/2,

Chetlamallapuram (V),

Kalluru (M),

Kurnool District

10. Y.S.R &

Ananthapuramu

M/s Sriven Environ

technologies

Sy.No. 277-1A, Dumpetla (V),

Dharmavaram (M),


Source: A.P Pollution Control Board, Hyderabad.

CHAPTER – III

BIODIVERSITY

CHAPTER-III

CHAPTER-III Page No.

BIODIVERSITY 39 - 51

TABLES

3.1 Area and Production of Species Plants in Andhra Pradesh,

2014-15 51

3.2 Number and status of Plant Species in India from 2010 to 2014 52

3.3 Reference Collection of Flora- 2014-15 52

3.4 Classification of Forest Area -2014-15 53

3.5 District wise Forest Area- 2014-15 53

3.6 Circle wise Forest Area covered in A.P. -2015 54

3.7 Forest cover change Matrix. 55

3.8 District wise Forest area under different classifications in Andhra

Pradesh as per 2014 Assessment 55

3.9 District wise Distribution of Forest area under different vegetation

classifications in Andhra Pradesh 2014Assessment 56

3.10 District wise Forest cover, Scrub and Mangrove cover,2014-15 56

3.11 Circle –wise Growing Stock in Andhra Pradesh -2015 57

3.12 District wise OR & UDOR cases under forest Protection in teak

bearing areas in Andhra Pradesh,2014-15 57

3.13 Circle wise OR & UDOR cases under forest Protection in teak

bearing areas in Andhra Pradesh, 2014-15 58

3.14 Circle wise Encroachments,Wildlife poaching cases under forest

Protection in teak bearing areas in Andhra Pradesh, 2013-14 58

3.15 Estimation of Non-forest wasteland in Andhra Pradesh, 2008 59

3.16 Physical Target and Achievements of forest produce (DET) for the

the years, 2013-14 & 2014-15 59

3.17 Area under APFDC with important Species 2013-14 & 2014-15 60

3.18 Area planted by APFDC for the years 2010-11 to 2014-15 60

3.19 Productivity of various plantations under APFDC for the years

2009-10 to 2013-14 60

3.20 Targets and Achievements under Afforestation in Andhra Pradesh 2011-12 to 2014-15

61

3.21 Abstract of the Physical Targets of the ongoing externally aided forest projects in Andhra Pradesh for the year 2009-10

61

3.22 Sanctuaries in Andhra Pradesh during the year 2014-15 62

3.23 National Parks in Andhra Pradesh during the year 2014-15 63

3.24 Deer Parks in Andhra Pradesh during the year 2014-15 63

3.25 Zoological Parks in Andhra Pradesh during the year 2014-15 63

3.26 Stock position of the species, Birds and Animals in National Zoological parks in A.P. from 2005-06 to 2013-14

64

3.27 National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Deer Parks and Zoological Parks

in Andhra Pradesh, 2013-14 65

3.28 Tiger/ Panther Population in Andhra Pradesh from 2008 to 2011 65

3.29 Species wise Tall and very tall seedlings raised by all agencies for

the planting season- 2014-15 66

3.30 District wise & Division wise probable forest status in Andhra

Pradesh 2014-15 67-69

3.31 Major and Minor Forest produces in Andhra Pradesh for the years

2009-10 to 2014-15 70

3.32 District wise Major Forest produce in Andhra Pradesh for the year

2014-15 70-71

3.33 Procurement of Minor forest produces in Andhra Pradesh

from 2012-13 to2014-15 71-73

3.34 Revenue and Expenditure of Forests from 2011-12 to2014-15 73

3.35 Component wise expenditure under compensatory afforestation

for the years 2013-14 & 2014-15 74

3.36 Component wise expenditure under NPV for the years 2013-14 &

2014-15 74

3.37 National Afforestation programme (FDA) for the years 2012-13 to

2014-15 74

3.38 Seizure of wild life Articles in Andhra Pradesh during the year

2013 75

3.39 Production of Fisheries in Andhra Pradesh 2010-11 to 2014-15 76

3.40 District-wise Marine Fish and Shrimp Production in Andhra Pradesh from 2011-12 to 2014-15

76

3.41 Length of coastline by coastal districts and fishing villages in A.P. during 2014-15

76

3.42 District –Wise inland Fishery Water Resources in Andhra Pradesh, 2014-15

77

3.43 Livestock and Poultry Population-2003,2007 & 2012(P) 78

3.44 District-wise Livestock and Poultry Population- 2012 Census (P) 78-79

39

CHAPTER – IIIBIODIVERSITY

Introduction

Biodiversity, in simple terms, is a measure of the health of ecosystems. More

technically, biodiversity can be defined as degree of variations of life forms within a

species, ecosystem, biome and the entire Earth. Conservation of biodiversity, in any

ecosystem acts as a bulwark against abrupt instabilities and makes it more resilient.

Economically too, biodiversity is important for agriculture, food security, industry,

medicine etc. Biodiversity also proffers rich externalities in various forms – recreation,

aesthetics, and environmental conservation. In the great saga of evolution, extinction

which means, irreversible and complete disappearance of certain life forms from the face

of the Earth has not been unnatural. However, the rates of extinction of life forms have

been accelerated to unnatural and dangerous rates because of anthropogenic facto₹

Destruction of natural habitats, clearing of forests for such reasons like building roads,

creating townships and industrial estates, constructing dams pose serious threat to

biodiversity. The continuous and unbridled loss of biodiversity has catastrophic

consequences and is a matter of grave concern worldwide. Recognizing the importance of

biodiversity conservation in sustainability, the United Nations has declared 2010-2020 as

the UN Decade of Biodiversity.

Biodiversity of any given area being a function of precipitation, temperature,

soils, altitude etc., and its distribution across the globe is quite uneven. For instance,

terrestrial biodiversity is as much as 25 times higher than marine biodiversity. Within

the terrestrial habitats, tropics are found to support much richer biodiversity than alpine

or polar regions. India is considered very rich in biodiversity. It is estimated that about

1/6th plant species of entire world belong to India. An area with a high concentration of

endemic species is called a “hotspot”. Out of the twelve hotspots of the world, two (North

East and Western Ghat areas) are in India.

Biodiversity conservation efforts have many facets – scientific surveys, policy

reforms, legislative initiatives, international co-operation, public participation etc.

National agencies like the Forest Survey of India, Botanical Survey of India and

Zoological Survey of India carry out extensive studies continuously to assess the extent

of diversity and the change trends across habitats, flora and fauna. The country has

enacted a number of legislations which have direct impact on biodiversity conservation

efforts like the Indian Forest Act 1927, the Wildlife Protection Act 1972, the Forest

Conservation) Act 1980, the Environmental Protection Act 1988 and the Biological

Diversity Act 2002 being the most important among them. By amending the

40

Constitution, protection of forests and wildlife has been made one of the Fundamental

Duties. Because of being incorporated in the concurrent List, Forests and Wildlife has

been accorded a national perspective in policy making and legislation. India is signatory

and zealous participant in international efforts of biodiversity conservation like the

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), the Convention on

Biodiversity (CBD) and the country has evolved a National Action Plan for Combating

Climate Change.

The enormity and intensity of these efforts notwithstanding, there is hardly

any room for complacency. Increase in population, urbanization, industrialization etc are

often at the cost of destruction of habitats. The forces of development and that of

conservation apparently bear adversarial relationships although this true only in the

short term and both have commonalities inthe long term. Rapid development at the cost

of environmental degradation is doomed to be unsustainable. The country is endeavoring

to balance the two.

Preventing a loss of biodiversity is important for mankind, given that humans

depend on the natural richness of the planet for the food, energy, raw materials, clean

air and clean water that make life possible and drive economies and societies. As such, a

reduction or loss of biodiversity may not only undermine the natural environment but

also economic and social goals. The challenges associated with preserving biodiversity

have made this topic an international issue.

Plant Biodiversity

Plant biodiversity as a national and global resource is extremely valuable but

is poorly understood, inadequately documented and often wasted. The preservation of

biodiversity is both a matter of investment and insurance to a) sustain and improve

agricultural, forestry and fisheries production, b) act as a buffer against harmful

environmental changes, c) provide raw materials for scientific and industrial innovations,

and d) safe guard transferring biological richness to future generations.

Mangroves and Coral Reefs:

Mangrove plants are those which survive high salinity, tidal extremes, strong

wind velocity, high temperature and muddy anaerobic soil - a combination of conditions

hostile for other plants. Mangroves are successfully adapted in colonizing saline inter

tidal zone at the interface between the land and sea along the deltas, shallow lagoons,

mud flats, bays and backwaters in tropical and subtropical shelters coast lines.

Mangroves not only protect the coastal communities from the fury of cyclones and

coastal storms, but also promote sustainable fisheries and prevent sea erosion. In

41

addition, they provide medicine and fuel wood. They also serve as the home of a wide

range of flora and fauna. The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) launched

Mangrove Conservation Programme in 1987 and has so far identified 38 Mangrove areas

for intensive conservation and management in the country, out of which Andhra Pradesh

is having 3, one at Coringa and the other two in East Godavari and Krishna districts.

Mangrove Area (in Sq. Kms)

in Andhra Pradesh2005 2009 2011

Very density Mangrove Area - - 0

Moderately Dense Mangrove Area - - 126

Open Dense Mangrove Area - - 226

Total 354 353 352

Change with reference to 2009 Assessment - - -1

Source: Annual Report 2012-13, Ministry of Environment & Forests.

The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) is primarily concerned with

the implementation of policies and programmes relating to conservation of the country’s

natural resources including lakes and rivers, its biodiversity, forests and wildlife,

ensuring the welfare of animals and prevention and abatement of pollution.

Forest and Wildlife:

Forests are important natural resources and provide goods and services to

mankind. People depend on the forest for paper, timber, fuel wood, medicine and fodder

for cattle and other grazing animals. The pressure on the forests arises mainly from

encroachments and illegal tree feeling, details of which are in the report. The forest area

covered in the State is 21.58% to the total geographical area.

Importance of Forest Eco-System:

Forests play a crucial role in preserving flora and fauna. Due to increasing

needs of fire wood, fodder and timber, due to population explosion resulted in the

serious depletion of forest resources. The ecological balance of flora, fauna and forest is

disturbed by the rapid increase in the levels of population.

Forests play a major role in maintaining ecological balance. Depletion of

forest resources will cause for the cloud drifting, soil erosion, floods, wind erosion and

ground water evaporation. Majority of human settlements are dependent on their natural

environment likewise majority of the species of plants and animals also.

42

Coastal and Marine Ecosystems:

Coastal and marine ecosystems provide significant benefits to human well-

being and are among the most productive and highly threatened systems. The coastal

and marine ecosystem plays an important role in the economy of the nation by virtue of

its rich resources, both living and non-living. The people and industries are increasingly

exploiting the coastal ecosystems for fish, timber, fuel wood, construction material, oil,

natural gas, sand, strategic minerals, bioactive compounds, genetic resources etc. In

addition, there is an ever increasing demand on coastal areas for shipping, waste

disposal, military and security uses, recreation, industrialization, and even habitation.

The pressure on these areas is illustrated with the example of Visakhapatnam harbour.

It is a semi-enclosed water body on the east coast of India and is subject to a high

degree of pollution due to industrial and urban wastes. The major industries and their

discharges are in below.

Industries ProductEffluent

Discharge area

Visakhapatnam Steel Plant Steel Sea

Simhadri Project of National

Thermal Power Corporatin (NTPC)Power Sea

Coramandel Fertiliers Fertilizers Sea

National Aluminum Corporation Ltd Aluminum Sea

Pharma viz, Matix, Reddy’s Labs, Aurobindo. Pharmaceuticals Sea

Vamsadhara Paper Mills, Delta Paper Mills Paper Sea

The Andhra Pradesh State is one of the nine Coastal States of India, having a

coastline of 974 km, continental shelf area of 33,227sq.km and the average width of

continental shelf of 32 sq. km Several industries like pharma, petroleum and gas,

fertilizers, shrimp hatcheries, power plants etc., have come up all along the coast near

the coastal highway.

There are 555 fishing villages with fisher folk families isolated from the main

habitation. Fisher folk largely live in thatched huts and face cyclones and tidal ravages.

The Bay of Bengal is prone to cyclones and other disasters of marine origin, and has

been struck repeatedly. The marine fish and shrimp production of 2,90,553tonnes in

2010-2011 increased to 4,76,401 tonnes by 2014-15 The extent of brackish water in

the State is about 21,409 hectares and total aquaculture extent is 78,705 hectares in

the year 2014-15.

43

Mangroves play an important role in protecting the shoreline from disasters

and prevention of shore erosion. The coastal ecosystem is impacted by indiscriminate

human activities, resulting in loss of habitats and services. The coastal environment

witnesses major impacts like heavy rains, flash floods, cyclone storms, sea level rise,

tsunamis etc.,

There have been policy initiatives for conserving marine environment which

are applicable to the whole of India, and some State specific actions.

Water:

Impacts of water resources development and management include shortage of

water quantity, deterioration in water quality, and reduction in storage capacity of

reservoirs, degradation of land, salinity intrusion and contamination from urban areas.

The Government of India and the State Government have set up various

committees and implemented water sector reforms for conservation of water and

sustainable water management in the State and notable among them are:

i) The Andhra Pradesh Farmer Management of Irrigation Systems Act, 1997.

ii) Water Users Associations (WUAs), 1997.

iii) Water Conservation Mission (WCM), 2000.

iv) Intensification of Watershed Development Programme (IWDP), 2000.

v) A.P Water, Land and Trees Act (APWLTA), 2002

vi) Massive Promotion of Micro Irrigation (MPMI), 2003

vii) A.P State Water Policy, 2008.

Forest Survey of India (FSI):

FSI an organization of the MoEF is engaged in generating information and

database on forest cover and forest resources in the country. The major activities of FSI

are forest cover assessment, inventory of forest areas, assessment of trees outside

forests (Rural & Urban), inventory data processing, methodology design etc.

Forestry:

Forests play an important role in moderating the soil mantle, improving soil

fertility, purifying the air, arrest soil erosion and in regulating the flow of water in rivers

and streams.

Andhra Pradesh has 34572 sq. kms of Forest area constituting 21.58 percent

of the total geographical area of the State. Out of this, the area under reserved forest is

44

29455 sq. kms protected forest forms 4897 sq. kms and the rest 220 sq. kms is

unclassified.

Forest Development activities have commenced on a really big scale in Andhra

Pradesh with the commencement of the 3rd Five-Year Plan. Forestry programmes involve

raising economic plantations and quick growing species. Large areas of mixed deciduous

forests of poor quality were cleared and planted with teak, eucalyptus and bamboo and

high yielding varieties of cashew are being planted on a large scale.

The scheme for soil conservation in River Valley Projects was taken up in

Machkhand/Sileru basin in Visakhapatnam district and upto the year 1975, over

7,850 Hects of badly eroded area have been afforested and 43,120 Hects of agricultural

land was treated with various soil conservation measures like contour bunding, bench

terracing, gully plugging, stabilization of river banks etc.

A.P. Forest Development Corporation (APFDC) was established in 1975 to

undertake large scale plantation of industrially useful species like bamboo and

eucalyptus in order to meet the growing demand for wood.

Social forestry:

The State Government has launched a massive People’s movement involving

General Public and farmers in a big way to increase Tree Cover outside the Reserve

Forests to improve the Environment and to provide gainful employment to thousands of

unemployed youth. These efforts were continued in the XI five year plan period also.

Under Social Forestry programme, Public Distribution of seedlings, Raising of community

land plantations/Avenue/ Shelter Belt Plantations and raising of Institutional Plantations

have been done.

The species raised mainly are Neem, Pongamia, Kanuga, Ficus species like

Raavi & Marri, Gangaraavi, Neredu, Rela, Usiri (Amla), Seethaphal, Mango, Teak,

Casuraina, Eucalyptus and others for public distribution and planting in public lands.

Vanamahostava (Two Million tree plantation)

Every year Forest Department celebrates Vanamahostava during rainy season

in the month of July to give wide publicity and to inculcate planting culture in the

society.

Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority(CAMPA)

Government of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests has constituted an

authority to be known as Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning

45

Authority (CAMPA) for conservation, protection, regeneration and management of

existing natural forests and wildlife and its habitat including environmental services,

research, training and capacity building. The Annual Plan of Operation (APO) is being

prepared every year for implementing the A.P.CAMPA Scheme for protection of forests

and wildlife. The A.P. State CAMPA is implemented in Andhra Pradesh from 2009-10

onwards. The main components of APO of CAMPA are:

1. Compensatory Afforestation (CA) in compensatory areas

2. Natural Forest Management through treatments to the natural forest area

and regeneration of degraded areas.

3. Forest & Wildlife Protection through establishment of base camps, strike

forces, check posts to check the illicit smuggling and transportation of

timber and poaching of wildlife.

4. Forest Fire Management to improve the growth of natural forests and

improvement of habitat of wildlife.

5. Bio-Diversity Conservation.

6. Research and Development to get good quality seedlings.

7. Capacity Building by updating the skills and knowledge of the frontline

staff.

Community Forest Management (CFM):

Forest Department is implementing various development schemes to protect

and develop the existing forests, to improve its productivity and economic value, as per

the National Forest Policy 1988 and the State Forest Policy announced during 1993 and

as revised during 2002 and also keeping in view the vision 2020 of the State of Andhra

Pradesh. Enriching existing low density forests and alleviating rural poverty are main

objectives of these programmes viz., Community Forest Management (CFM), Centrally

Sponsored National Afforestation Programme (NAP) through Forest Development

Agencies, RIDF Projects, Soil & Moisture Conservation, Social Forestry, Wildlife

Development and Human Resource Development.

The concept of people’s participation envisages protecting and managing the

forests with the active co-operation and support of local communities came into force

since 1990, in pursuance to the National Forest Policy, 1988. The programme of CFM

started in the state in the year 1993.

National Zoo Policy:

To give proper direction and thrust to the management of Zoos in the country,

the National Zoo Policy was framed and adopted by the Govt. of India in 1998. The main

46

objective of the zoos under the National Zoo Policy is to complement and strengthen the

national efforts in conservation of rich biodiversity of the country, particularly the wild

fauna. There are many ongoing conservation breeding programmes in off-display

conservation breeding centers of the zoos or specially created facilities for the purpose in

the country.

Special measures for Tiger Conservation:

As per the provisions of Wildlife (P) Amendment Act, 2006 instructions of

National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), a Steering Committee has been

constituted for the State with the Hon’ble Chief Minister as Chairman to look into Tiger

Protection.

The state has two well-developed Zoological parks at Visakhapatnam, Tirupati

and three National Parks, one each in East Godavari, YSR and Chittoor districts, 3 Deer

Parks and 13 Wildlife Sanctuaries.

Research Activities:

The Bio-diversity conservation laboratory has been setup at Nagarjunasagar,

Srisailam Tiger Reserve, Srisailam and the various research activities are being taken up.

This includes preparing an inventory of the Biodiversity of Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam

Tiger Reserve and other Protected Areas.

Environmental Education:

The Curator, National Parks, Hyderabad and other Protected Area Managers

have been bringing out several Educational materials for various target groups including

the school children on environmental education.

Agro Biodiversity:

The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBGR) established in 1976 as

an institution under Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) emerged as an

important organization dealing with various establishments of plant genetic resources.

The organization is entrusted with the vital responsibility of germ plasm, exchange with

appropriate quarantine measures, survey exploration, their organization, planning and

coordination, comprising evaluation, documentation and conservation of diverse plant

genetic resources. The National Gene Bank has also been established within the complex

for the documentation of genetic resources. The documentation of fish genetic resources

is the responsibility of National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow also an

institution under ICAR. The National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, an institution

under ICAR located at Karnal, maintains germ plasm of Indian cattle and buffalo breeds.

47

Despite the progress on several sectors from perspective, the environment

has continued to degrade during the past decade and environmental problems are

deeply embedded in socio-economic fabric of nations in all regions. Projected global

warming is expected to increase global sea level by expanding ocean water, melting

mountain of glaciers and causing the sheets of Greenland and Antarctica to melt or slide

into the oceans. A rise in sea level, would inundate wet lands and low lying areas, erode

shore line, exacerbate coastal flooding and increase salinity. Cyclones will be more

pronounced in the Bay of Bengal are witness for a sea level rise. Lack of biological

corridors and decline in biological diversity outside protected areas are threat to

biodiversity. Water quality and Water borne diseases are the cause of human sickness.

In Andhra Pradesh, the Kolleru Lake supports a rich biodiversity of aquatic

flora and fauna and has a high biomass of planktons, which form the source of food for

the birds and other aquatic fauna. The Kolleru Lake serves as a sanctuary for the

migratory birds including Grey Pelicans from Siberia.

The lake had an abundant resource of fish with an average production of

7,000 metric tonnes/year. Due to the eutrophication, caused by the polluting waters,

the natural fish population has come down drastically. The discharge of industrial

effluents from the paper mills, sugar factories etc. located in Krishna and West Godavari

districts and municipal waste from the major towns of Vijayawada, Eluru and Gudivada

further polluted this lake. The pollutants have resulted in silting up of the lakebed at a

faster rate and the water holding capacity of the lake is decreased drastically. This has

led to scarcity of drinking water in many of the villages.

The Convention inspired by the world community’s growing commitment to

sustainable development and the environment is a dramatic step forward in the

sustainable management of biological diversity at global level.

Objectives of CBD(Conservation of Biological Diversity):

The objectives of CBD are the conservation of biological diversity, the

sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits

arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, including appropriate access to genetic

resources and appropriate transfer of relevant techonologies, taking into account all

rights over those resources and to technologies, and by appropriate funding.

International Day of Biodiversity:

In recognition of the importance of Biodiversity at global level, the UN

General Assembly in 2002 adopted 22nd May as the international Day of Biodiversity

48

(IDB). Since then the global community celebrates world Biodiversity Day targeting

globally important themes such as marine and coastal Biodiversity, agricultural

biodiversity, mountain ecosystems, inland water ecosystems, etc., with a view to

enhancing global awareness on biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization. It

highlights biodiversity’s role in ensuring that people have sustainable access to enough

nutritive food to lead active and healthy lives and sustain ecosystem goods and services

and promote socio-economic development.

In its 83rd plenary meeting, the General Assembly of the United Nations

declared year 2010 as the International Year of Biodiversity (IYB) and designated the

secretariat of the CBD as the focal point at global level.

Conference of the Parties (COP)

The “Conference of the Parties” (COP) is the governing body of the Convention,

and advances implementation of the Convention through the decisions it takes at its

periodic meetings. To date the Conference of the Parties has held 10 ordinary meetings,

and one extraordinary meeting (the latter, to adopt the Bio-safety Protocol was held in

two parts). From 1994 to 1996, the Conference of the Parties held its ordinary meetings

annually. Since then these meetings have been held somewhat less frequently and,

following a change in the rules of procedure in 2000, will now be held every two yea₹

The 10th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP -10) to the Convention

on Biological Diversity was held in Nagoya, Japan (18-29 October 2010).

The meeting achieved its three inter-linked goals:

Adoption of a new ten year Strategic Plan to guide international and national

efforts to save biodiversity through enhanced action to meet the objectives of the

Convention on Biological Diversity,

A resource mobilization strategy that provides the way forward to a

substantial increase to current levels of official development assistance in support of

biodiversity;

And a new international protocol on access to and sharing of the benefits from

the use of the genetic resources of the planet.

The Strategic Plan of the Convention on Biological Diversity or the “Aichi

Target”, adopted and organized under five strategic goals that address the underlying

causes of biodiversity loss, reduce the pressures on biodiversity, safeguard biodiversity

49

at all levels, enhance the benefits provided by biodiversity, and provide for capacity-

building.

Among the targets, it is important to note that the COP-10 agreed to at least

halve and where feasible bring close to zero the rate of loss of natural habitats including

forests; - Established a target of 17% of terrestrial and inland water areas and 10% of

marine and coastal areas;

Through conservation and restoration, Governments will restore at least 15%

of degraded areas; and will make special efforts to reduce the pressures faced by coral

reefs.

The “Aichi Target” will be the overarching framework on biodiversity not only

for the biodiversity-related conventions, but for the entire United Nations system. Parties

agreed to translate this overarching international framework into national biodiversity

strategy and action plans within two yea₹

As per the decision the 11th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties

(COP -11) to the Convention on Biodiversity was held in Hyderabad, Telangana

State, India from 8th to 19th October, 2012.

This meeting took place during the United Nations Decade (2010-2020) on

Biodiversity(UNDB) as declared by the United Nations General Assembly.

The United Nations Decade on Biodiversity serves to support and promote

implementation of the objectives of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and the Aichi

Biodiversity Targets. Its goal is to mainstream biodiversity at different levels.

Throughout the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity, governments are encouraged to

develop, implement and communicate the results of national strategies for

implementation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity.

The provisional agenda includes consideration of: the status of the Nagoya

Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits

arising from their Utilization; Implementation of the Strategic Plan 2011-2020 and

progress towards the Aichi Biodiversity Targets; issues related to financial resources and

the financial mechanism; issues related to cooperation, outreach and the UN Decade on

Biodiversity; operations of the Convention; Article 8(j)and related provisions; in-depth

review of the programme of work on island biodiversity; ways and means to support

ecosystem restoration; marine and coastal biodiversity; Biodiversity and climate change;

Other substantive issues arising from COP 10 decisions, including dry land, forest, inland

50

waters, mountain, and agricultural biodiversity, protected areas, sustainable use of

biodiversity, the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation, biofuels and biodiversity,

invasive alien species, the Global Taxonomy Initiative, incentive measures, and

biodiversity and development; as well as administrative and budgetary.

The Agenda of CoP–11

The agenda of CoP meetings is primarily drawn from the decisions of the

previous CoP.

The key issues on the agenda of CoP-11 are:

Strategic Plan: Setting national targets and updating National Biodiversity

Action Plans (NBAPs)

Status of Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing

Strategy for Resource Mobilization: Establishment of targets, review of

implementation

High Level Segment of (HLS) CoP-11

High level segment of CoP–11 was held from 17-19 October. Unlike the

agenda of CoP, which is mostly from the decisions of previous CoP, the HLS is decided by

the host government in consultation with the CBD.

Key issues

Achieving the Aichi Biodiversity Targets: Progress at National Level and

Resource Mobilization

Biodiversity for sustainable development, livelihoods, poverty reduction

and food security

Coastal and Marine Biodiversity

Implementation of Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and

Benefit Sharing

Eleventh International CoP at India

CoP–11 was a prestigious event for both Government of India & Andhra

Pradesh State Government with the participation of nearly 8,000 delegates from 193

global countries. An estimated amount of ₹ 1,000 crores was funded for the event

collectively by the United Nations, Government of India and Andhra Pradesh State

Government.

As a mark for the occasion the state government is planning to set up a

biodiversity museum, pylon, and park on a 15-acre land on the Gachibowli-Mehdipatnam

road, Hyderabad. The foundation stone for the museum at the cost of ₹ 100 crore was

laid during the meet.

51

The countries agree in the United Nations Biodiversity Conference at

Hyderabad “to double resources for biodiversity protection by 2015- Special attention for

biodiversity, rich marine areas among other key outcomes.

Environment and Sustainability targets during 12th Five Year Plan-2012-17 by

the Government of Andhra Pradesh.

1. Increase green cover (as measured by satellite imagery) by one million

hectare.

2. Add 30,000 MW of renewable energy capacity.

3. Reduce emission intensity of GDP in line with the target of 20 percent to

25 percent reduction by 2020 over 2005 levels.

TABLE - 3.1AREA AND PRODUCTION OF SPECIES PLANTS IN ANDHRA PRADESH

2014-15

Sl.No. Name of Species Area in Hectares Production in

Metric Tonnes1. 2. 3. 4.1. Fruits 5,62,687 95,22,493

2. Vegetables 2,24,144 42,84,580

3. Aromatics & Medicinal Plants 450 1,188

4. Plantation crops 4,17,515 20,11,061

5. Spices 2,20,697 12,05,188

6. Flowers 14,387 1,03,319

Total 14,39,880 1,71,27,829

Source: Dept. of Horticulture, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

52

TABLE - 3.2NUMBER AND STATUS OF PLANT SPECIES IN INDIA

Sl.No. Type

No. of known speciesin India

No. of EndemicSpecies

No. of ThreatenedSpecies

2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 20141. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.I. Flowering Plants

Gymnosperms 74 75 8 8 7 7Angiosperms 17,926 18,043 ca 4,045 ca 4,036 1,700 1,700

II. Non Flowering Plants

Bryophytes 2,504 2,523 ca 629 ca 629 ca 80 Ca 80

Pteridophytes 1,265 1,268 ca47 ca47 ca414 ca414

III. OthersVirus &Bacteria 986 1,036

Notknown

Notknown

Notknown

Notknown

Algae 7,244 7,284 ca 1,924 ca 1,924Not

knownNot

knownFungi 14,756 14,883 ca 4,100 ca 4,100 ca 580 ca 580

Lichens 2,390 2,401 ca520 C a 520Not

knownNot

known

Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2015, CSO, New Delhi.The loss to biological diversity and the decrease of natural habits cannot be

recovered as a result of growing urbanization and industrialization. The ecological balance

of flora and forest is disturbed by rapid increase of population.

TABLE - 3.3REFERENCE COLLECTION OF FLORA, 2014-15

Sl.No. Category Total

Number

TotalGeographical

(Area in Sq. Kms.)1. 2. 3. 4.1. Biosphere Reserves - -2. National Parks 3 917.4833. Sanctuaries 13 6,394.830

Total Protected Area 7,312.313

4.Tiger Reserves (Area also covered insanctuaries)

1 1,401.720

5. Parks 4 0.3836. Zoological Parks 2 24.9197. Reserved Forests - 29,455.0008. Protected Areas - 4,897.0009. Other Forests/Unclassified - 220.00010. Total Geographical Area - 34,572.000

Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

53

TABLE - 3.4CLASSIFICATION OF FOREST AREA, 2014-15

Sl.No. Region Forest area

(Sq. Kms)Percentage to

total Forest Area

1. 2. 3. 4.1. Legal Status:

a)Reserved 29,455.00 85.20b)Protected 4,897.00 14.16c)Un-Notified 220.00 0.64

Total 34,572.00 100.002. Ownership:

Forest Department. 34,572.00 100.00

3. Forest Type*:(as per Champion & Seth’s Classification 2011)1.Plantation 689.19 1.082.Tropical Semi Ever Green Forests 0 03.Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests 2,603.61 4.084.Litoral & Swamp Forest 363.74 0.575.Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests 56,654.07 88.786.Tropical Thorn Forests 2,884.39 4.527.Tropical dry Ever Green Forests 619.00 0.97

Total 63,814.00 100.00Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

TABLE - 3.5CIRCLE WISE FOREST AREA COVERED IN ANDHRA PRADESH

2014-15(Area in Sq.Kms)

Sl.No.

Name of theCircle

VeryDenseForest(VDF)

Mode-ratelyDenseForest(MDF)

OpenForest(OF)

ScrubForests

(SF)

NonForest(NF)

WaterBodies(WB)

TotalEn-

croach-met

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101. Visakhapatnam 104.71 2,763.69 1,919.42 1,172.72 601.06 10.76 6,572.36 2.332. Rajahmundry 284.35 3,877.75 1,326.71 484.07 427.31 207.02 6,607.20 4.513. Guntur 75.44 1,078.94 1,646.71 2,796.37 412.87 54.75 6,065.08 2.054. Kurnool 8.37 908.64 2,299.17 1,516.47 819.51 8.51 5,560.67 0.65

5. FDPTSrisailam 8.74 507.47 1,509.12 1,505.95 290.82 84.42 3,906.52 1.08

6. Ananthapuramu 35.02 1,253.83 665.27 908.38 1,168.21 4.65 4,035.36 0.55

7. WLM Tirupathi 134.62 1,419.9 1,572.14 857.81 180.71 2.4 4,167.58 1.22

ANDHRA PRADESH 651.25 11,810.22 10,938.54 9,241.77 3,900.49 372.51 36,914.78 12.39

Note: Included (7) Mandals of Khammam Dist + Vijayapuri Range of WLM-NagarjunaSagar previously under control of FDPT Srisailam Circle which are now comes inAndhra Pradesh State under A.P Reorganization Act-2014. Hence, the Total ForestArea has been increased.


54

TABLE - 3.6

DISTRICT-WISE FOREST AREA, 2014-15

(Area in Sq. Kms.)

Sl. No.

District

Total Geo-

graphical Area

Forest Area % of Forest to Total

Geographical Area

Reserved Protected Others (un-

classified) Total

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

1. Srikakulam 5,837 422 243 21 686 11.75

2. Vizianagaram 6,539 716 420 57 1,193 18.24

3. Visakhapatnam 11,161 2,235 2,165 12 4,412 39.53

4. East Godavari 10,807 2,701 531 - 3,232 29.91

5. West Godavari 7,742 769 43 - 812 10.49

6. Krishna 8,727 430 234 - 664 7.61

7. Guntur 11,391 1,619 - - 1,619 14.21

8. Prakasam 17,626 4,385 40 - 4,425 25.10

9. S.P.S Nellore 13,076 2,500 14 5 2,519 19.26

10. Y.S.R 15,359 4,874 129 - 5,003 32.57

11. Kurnool 17,658 3,394 37 84 3,515 19.91

12. Ananthapuramu 19,130 1,922 15 34 1,971 10.30

13. Chittoor 15,152 3,488 1,026 7 4,521 29.84

ANDHRA PRADESH 1,60,205 29,455 4,897 220 34,572 21.58

Note: Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

55

TABLE-3.7 FOREST COVER CHANGE MATRIX

2011-12 (Data of

Sep.2011 to Mar.2012)

2012 (Data of Oct, 2012-Dec, 2012)

Total of 2011-12

Very Dense Forest (VDF)

Moderately Dense Forest (MDF)

Open Forest (OF)

SCRUB Non

Forest (NF)

Water bodies

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Very Dense Forest (VDF

429.30 - - - - - 429.30

Moderately Dense Forest (MDF)

- 9,332.73 1.05 2.07 3.35 - 9,339.20

Open Forest (OF)

- 2.26 13,347.30 3.38 8.87 - 13,361.81

SCRUB - 0.09 6.66 8,181.71 25.96 - 8,214.42

Non Forest (NF)

- - 0.51 17.97 5,084.88 - 5,103.36

Water bodies - - - - - 466.60 466.60

Total of 2012 429.30 9,335.08 13,355.52 8,205.13 5,123.06 466.60 36,914.69

Net change 0.00 -4.12 -6.29 -9.29 19.70 0.00 0.00 Note: Forest cover change matrix is not yet finalized due to inclusion of (7) mandals of Khammam district in AP under AP Reorganization Act, 2014. Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

TABLE - 3.8 DISTRICT-WISE FOREST AREA UNDER DIFFERENT CLASSIFICATIONS

IN ANDHRA PRADESH (2014 ASSESSMENT) (Area in Sq. Kms)

Sl. No. District Good Forest Degraded

Forest Water Total

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. Srikakulam 227.55 490.44 3.72 721.71 2. Vizianagaram 1,020.89 195.22 3.17 1,219.28 3. Visakhapatnam 3,539.38 1,088.12 3.87 4,631.37 4. East Godavari 3,968.96 568.31 172.24 4,709.51 5. West Godavari 1,080.36 172.07 0.75 1,253.18 6. Krishna 372.64 220.03 51.85 644.52 7. Guntur 402.95 1,051.46 22.50 1,476.91 8. Prakasam 2,793.40 2,008.27 27.29 4,828.96 9. S.P.S Nellore 1,002.12 1,346.93 30.91 2,379.96 10. Y.S.R 3,382.76 1,663.27 6.87 5,052.90 11. Kurnool 1,810.59 1,682.15 62.04 3,554.78 12. Ananthapuramu 75.98 1,865.73 3.89 1,945.60 13. Chittoor 3,655.58 839.29 1.23 4,496.10 ANDHRA PRADESH 23,333.16 13,191.29 390.33 36,914.78

Note: Scrub+Non Forest= Degraded Forest Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

56

TABLE - 3.9 DISTRICT -WISE DISRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA UNDER DIFFERENT

VEGETATION CLASSIFICATIONS IN ANDHRA PRADESH (2014 ASSESSMENT)

(Area in Sq. Kms)

Sl. No. District Green Forest Non- Forest Water Bodies Total

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. Srikakulam 543.08 174.91 3.72 721.71

2. Vizianagaram 1,142.36 73.75 3.17 1,219.28

3. Visakhapatnam 4,275.10 352.40 3.87 4,631.37

4. East Godavari 4,371.74 165.53 172.24 4,709.51

5. West Godavari 1,176.45 75.97 0.75 1,253.17

6. Krishna 545.40 47.27 51.85 644.52

7. Guntur 1,345.91 108.50 22.50 1,476.91

8. Prakasam 4,721.06 80.61 27.29 4,828.96

9. S.P.S Nellore 2,075.9 273.15 30.91 2,379.96

10. Y.S.R 4,839.74 206.29 6.87 5,052.90

11. Kurnool 2,553.32 939.42 62.04 3,554.78

12. Ananthapuramu 843.25 1,098.46 3.89 1,945.60

13. Chittoor 4,329.18 165.69 1.23 4,496.10

ANDHRA PRADESH 32,762.49 3,761.95 390.33 36,914.77 Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

TABLE - 3.10 DISTRICT -WISE FOREST COVER, SCRUB AND MANGROVE COVER, 2014-15

(Area in Sq.Kms)

Sl. No. District

Geographical Area Forest cover Scrub Mangrove

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. Srikakulam 5,837.00 227.55 315.53 -

2. Vizianagaram 6,539.00 1,020.89 121.47 -

3. Visakhapatnam 11,161.00 3,539.38 735.72 -

4. East Godavari 10,807.00 4,063.41 175.84 188

5. West Godavari 7,742.00 1,052.77 135.47 -

6. Krishna 8,727.00 372.64 172.76 109

7. Guntur 11,391.00 475.18 1,182.31 49

8. Prakasam 17,626.00 2,721.17 1,688.32 1

9. S.P.S Nellore 13,076.00 1,002.12 1,073.78 5

10. Y.S.R 15,359.00 3,382.76 1,456.98 -

11. Kurnool 17,658.00 1,810.59 742.73 -

12. Ananthapuramu 19,130.00 75.98 767.27 -

13. Chittoor 15,152.00 3,655.58 673.60 -

ANDHRA PRADESH 1,60,205.00 23,400.02 9,241.77 352 Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

57

TABLE - 3.11CIRCLE-WISE GROWING STOCK IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2014-15

Sl.No.

Nameof theCircle

DenseTotal

Volume

Opentotal

Volume

ScrubTotal

Volume

TotalVolume

CircleAverage

(per Hect.)

(in Million Cu. M) (in Cu. M)1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1. Visakhapatnam 29.55 6.12 2.33 38.02 57.85

2. Rajahmundry 35.84 3.84 0.27 39.94 60.45

3. Guntur 8.34 2.32 0.25 10.91 17.99

4. Kurnool 8.00 2.25 0.47 10.72 19.28

5. FDPT Srisailam 8.54 2.03 0.31 10.88 27.85

6. Ananthapuramu 2.19 1.59 0.47 4.25 10.53

7. WLM Tirupathi 7.76 3.92 0.21 11.88 28.51

ANDHRA PRADESH 100.22 22.07 4.31 126.60 34.30


TABLE - 3.12DISTRICTWISE OR & UDOR CASES UNDER FOREST PROTECTION IN TEAK

BEARING AREAS IN ANDHRA PRADESH FOR THE YEAR 2014-15

Sl.No. District

No. ofOR

cases

Value(₹ in

lakhs)

“C” feecollected

No. ofUDORcases

Value(₹ inlakhs)

No. ofvehiclesseized

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.1. Srikakulam 678 8.793 28.993 - - -2. Vizianagaram 798 4.183 13.939 1 0.002 -3. Visakhapatnam 2770 23.983 104.218 24 2.702 344. East Godavari 2545 40.977 157.676 110 22.729 925. West Godavari 616 11.971 48.819 363 26.551 696. Krishna 298 9.432 14.561 - - -7. Guntur 726 10.681 63.176 1 0.024 208. Prakasam 847 6.495 31.785 3 0.027 19. S.P.S Nellore 900 51.769 42.224 1 0.045 210. Y.S.R 1767 38.615 78.964 7 0.789 -11. Kurnool 2406 26.75 174.454 107 2.342 17312. Ananthapuramu 708 20.845 40.557 4 0.022 313. Chittoor 1728 33.048 116.389 3 2.204 23ANDHRA PRADESH 16787 287.54 915.76 624 57.44 417

Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests-Vigilance(Protection) Andhra Pradesh,Guntur.

58

TABLE - 3.13

CIRCLE WISE OR & UDOR CASES UNDER FOREST PROTECTION IN TEAKBEARING AREAS IN ANDHRA PRADESH FOR THE YEAR 2014-15

Sl.No.

Name of theCircle

TotalNo. of

ORcases

Booked

TotalValue of

thematerialinvolved

(₹ inlakhs)

Totalcompound

Feecollected

(₹ inlakhs)

TotalNo. ofUDORcases

Booked

TotalValue of

thematerialinvolved

(₹ inlakhs)

No. ofvehiclesseized

TotalValue ofmaterialinvolved

(₹ inlakhs)

1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.1. Visakhapatnam 4,246 36.96 147.15 25 2.70 34 N.A

2. Rajahmundry 3,459 62.38 221.06 473 49.28 161 N.A3. Guntur 2,438 67.63 137.18 5 0.1 23 N.A4. Kurnool 3,165 58.11 215.58 84 2.14 173 N.A5. FDPT Srisailam 421 2.50 11.51 28 0.82 - N.A6. Ananthapuram 1,377 30.40 81.61 6 2.21 19 N.A7. WLM Tirupati 1,681 29.56 101.67 3 0.19 7 N.AANDHRA PRADESH 16,787 287.54 915.76 624 57.44 417 N.AN.A: Not AvailableSource: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests-Vigilance (Protection), Andhra Pradesh,Guntur.

TABLE - 3.14

CIRCLE WISE ENCROACHMENTS,WILDLIFE POACHING CASES UNDER FORESTPROTECTION IN TEAK BEARING AREAS IN ANDHRA PRADESH

FOR THE YEAR 2013-14

Sl.No.

Name of theCircle

Details of Encroachments(out of OR & UDOR Cases)

Details of Wildlife/Poachingcases (out of OR & UDOR

Cases)

TotalNo. ofcases

Booked

TotalArea

involved(in Hect)

Total No.of

personsinvolved

TotalNo. ofCases

Booked

No. of casesprosecuted

Withinthe

protectedArea

Outsidethe

protectedArea

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.1. Visakhapatnam 35 67.74 91 3 - 2

2. Rajahmundry 36 276.39 595 4 1 3

3. Guntur - - - 5 - 2

4. Kurnool 26 159.09 22 23 - -

5. FDPT Srisailam - - - 4 2 2

6. Ananthapuramu 1 3.78 2 - - -

7. WLM Tirupati - - - 23 10 7

ANDHRA PRADESH 98 507.00 710 62 13 16Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests-Vigilance (Protection), Andhra Pradesh,Guntur.

59

TABLE - 3.15

ESTIMATION OF NON-FOREST WASTE LANDIN ANDHRA PRADESH AS ON 31.03.2008

(Area in Lakh Hect.)

Saline Alkaline Lands Wind ErodedArea

Water ErodedArea Total

1. 2. 3. 4.

2.40 - 74.42 76.82

Note: Data related to United Andhra PradeshSource: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

TABLE- 3.16

PHYSICAL TARGETS AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF FOREST PRODUCE (DET) FOR THEYEARS 2013-14 & 2014-15

Sl.No. Name of the Species

2013-14 2014-15PhysicalTargets Achievements Physical

Targets Achievements

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. Teak (Cmt) 7,663.730 4,052.102 3,786.03 2,556.46

2. Non-Teak (Cmt) 6,675.000 4,681.048 1,002.00 256.06

Timber Total 14,338.730 8,733.150 4,788.03 2,812.52

3. Casuarina (Cmt) 7,589.000 445.000 7,113.00 1,982.00

4. Non-Teak (Cmt) - - - -

5. Teak (Cmt) 2,265.000 2,181.840 1,991.30 1,945.00

6. Eucalyptus (Cmt) 29,505.540 8,750.790 14,076.90 8,564.34

7. UDOR Fuel 50.000 1,35,502.000 235.00 1,126.30

Fuel Total (Cmt) 39,409.540 24,879.630 23,416.20 13,617.64

8. Teak (Nos.) 32,312 521 38,633 2,528

9. Non-Teak (Nos.) - - - -

10. Eucalyptus (Nos.) 18,707 - 632 -

11. AA Formis 63,100 - - -

Poles Total (Nos.) 1,14,119 521 39,265 2,528

12. Long Bamboo (Nos.) 99,59,673 59,90,201 41,79,829 34,73,854

13.Bamboo Industrial Cuts(Nos.) 10,26,917 - 7,19,450 -

Bamboo Total (Nos.) 1,09,86,590 59,90,201 48,99,279 34,73,854

Source: Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

60

TABLE -3.17

AREA UNDER A.P. FOREST DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED(Area in Hectares)

Sl.No. Species 2013-14 2014-15

1. 2. 3.1. Teak 662.18 745.36

2. Eucalyptus(seed Origin) 5,622.374,584.95

3. Eucalyptus(clonal) 26,932.35 28,719.004. Cashew 8,258.12 7,367.985. Bamboo 2,380.42 2,438.156. Coffee 4,010.00 4,010.007. Medicinal Plants 505.39 505.39

8. Casuarina, Pines and other Miscellaneousspecies 266.78 266.78Total 48,640.61 48,637.61


TABLE -3.18AREA PLANTED BY A.P. FOREST DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED

(Area in Hectares)Sl. No. Species 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. Eucalyptus Clonal2,256.70 2,400.30 1,804.00

2. Bamboo 70.00 80.16 65.003. Teak 75.00 80.00 95.00

Total 2,401.70 2,560.46 1,964.00Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

TABLE -3.19PRODUCTIVITY OF VARIOUS PLANTATIONS

(Area in Hectares)Sl.No. Species 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.1. Eucalyptus – Pulpwood (MTs) 87,942 1,52,872 13,491*2. Bamboo- industrial cuts (MTs) 123 169 325

3. Bamboo- Long Bamboo (Nos.) 6,34,690 8,42,074 7,95,388

4. Cashew (MT) 213 210 184

5. Coffee (MT) 548 755 358.437

6. Pepper (MT)15 37 2.80

Note: * Harvesting of Eucalyptus Plantations during 2014-15 season was not taken up asthe sale of resultant pulpwood is deferred due to bifurcation of the state.Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

61

TABLE - 3.20

TARGETS AND ACHIEVEMENTS UNDER AFFORESTATIONIN ANDHRA PRADESH FOR THE YEARS FROM 2011-12 TO 2014-15

Sl. No. Year Details Achievements

1. 2. 3. 4.

1.

2011-12

Block Plantation in Hects. 170.11

2. Avenue Plantation in kms. 531.83

3. Seedlings in Lakhs 1,354.92

1.

2012-13




1.

2013-14




1.

2014-15



3. Seedlings in Lakhs 2,212.73Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

TABLE - 3.21

ABSTRACT OF THE PHYSICAL TARGETS OF THE ONGOING EXTERNALLY AIDEDFOREST PROJECTS IN ANDHRA PRADESH FOR THE YEAR, 2009-10

Nameof theProject

AidAgency

ProjectPeriod

ProjectCost asper ADS

( ₹ inCrores)

Physicaltargets treated

Area(In ‘000Hects.)

Total AidComponent

(In ₹ in Crores)

Target Achieve-ment Target Achieve-

ment1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

APCFMWorldBankIDA

7 Years2002-2010 653.97 3,15,800 3,45,259 25.23 627.55

Note: CFM Scheme was closed now.Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

62

TABLE - 3.22

WILD LIFE SANCTUARIES ANDHRA PRADESH AS ON 31-03-2015(Area in Sq. Km.)

Sl.No. Name of Sanctuary District Sanctuary

Area in Sq. Kms

1. 2. 3. 4.1. Kambalakonda WLS Vishakapatnam 71.390

2. Coringa WLS East Godavari 235.700

3. Kolleru WLS West Godavari 237.936

Krishna 70.616

Total 308.552

4. Krishna WLS Krishna 149.781

Guntur 44.435Total 194.216

5. Rajiv Gandhi WLS (Tiger Reserve)Kurnool 411.000

Prakasam 665.180

Guntur 325.540Total 1,401.720

6. Gundla Brahmeswara WLS(Extended Core)

Kurnool 735.492

Prakasam 458.192

Total 1,193.685

7. Nelapattu WLS S.P.S Nellore 4.580

8. Pulicat WLS S.P.S Nellore 600.000

9. Sri Penisula Narasimha WLS S.P.S Nellore 626.425

Y.S.R 404.433

Total 1,030.858

10. Sri Lankamalleswara WLS Y.S.R 464.420

11. Rallapadu WLS Kurnool 6.140

12. Sri Venkateswara WLS Chittoor 284.306

Y.S.R 241.660

Total 525.966

13. Koundinya WLS Chittoor 357.600

Grand Total 6,394.830Source: Chief Conservator of Forest, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

63

TABLE - 3.23NATIONAL PARKS IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2014-15

Sl.No. Name Location (District) Sanctuary Area

in Sq. Kms1. 2. 3. 4.

1. Papikonda National Park,East Godavari

East Godavari 230.5445

Khammam Part (Chintoor) 69.1809

West Godavari 261.8280

Total 561.5534

2. Rajiv Gandhi NationalPark, Kadapa Y.S.R 2.3000

3. Sri VenkateswaraNational Park, Tirupathi

Y.S.R 232.7000

Chittoor 120.9300

353.6300

Total 917.4834Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Wildlife Section, Andhra Pradesh,Guntur.

TABLE - 3.24DEER PARKS IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2014-15


in Sq. Kms.1. 2. 3. 4.

1. Kandaleru Deer Park At Kandaleru Dam,S.P.S Nellore District 0.2500

2. Chittoor RF Deer ParkChittoor, Chittoor District 0.0325

3.Deer Park , NagarjunaFertilizers and ChemicalsLimited Green Belt Kakinada, East Godavari District 0.0500

4. Deer Park, GVK PowerPlant Jegurupadu, East Godavari 0.0500

Total: 0.3825Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Wildlife Section, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

TABLE - 3.25ZOOLOGICAL PARKS IN ANDHRA PRADESH 2013-14


in Sq. Kms

1. 2. 3. 4.

1. Indira Gandhi ZoologicalPark

Visakhapatnam,Visakhapatnam District 2.559

2. Sri Venkateswara ZoologicalPark, Tirupathi Tirupati, Chittoor District 22.390

Total: 24.919

Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Wildlife Section, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

64

TABLE – 3.26STOCK POSITION OF THE SPECIES, BIRDS AND ANIMALS IN NATIONALZOOLOGICAL PARKS IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 2005-06 TO 2013-14

Sl.No.

Name ofthe Species

2005-06 2006-07 2007-08SVZP IGZP Total SVZP IGZP Total SVZP IGZP Total

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.1. Carnivores 47 52 99 47 64 111 48 59 107

2. Herbivores 116 84 200 103 88 191 86 82 168

3. Primates 2 41 63 22 35 57 23 38 61

4. Rodents 17 8 25 20 8 28 24 12 36

5. Birds 653 438 1091 647 423 1,070 696 446 1,142

6. Reptiles 141 80 221 152 86 238 149 85 234Total 996 703 1,699 991 704 1,695 1,026 722 1,748

(Contd..)TABLE – 3.26(Contd.)

STOCK POSITION OF THE SPECIES, BIRDS AND ANIMALS IN NATIONALZOOLOGICAL PARKS IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 2005-06 TO 2013-14

Sl.No.

Name ofthe Species

2008-09 2009-10 2010-11SVZ

P IGZP Total SVZP IGZP Total SVZP IGZP Total

1. 2. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.1. Carnivores 43 45 88 41 43 84 18 2 202. Herbivores 88 171 259 107 171 278 57 8 653. Primates 27 42 69 28 40 68 12 0 124. Rodents 28 8 36 28 8 36 4 14 185. Birds 619 432 1051 644 450 1094 72 495 5676. Reptiles 166 88 254 171 88 259 4 162 166

Total 971 786 1,757 1,019 800 1,819 167 681 848

TABLE – 3.26(Concld.)STOCK POSITION OF THE SPECIES, BIRDS AND ANIMALS IN NATIONALZOOLOGICAL PARKS IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 2005-06 TO 2013-14

Sl.No.

Name ofthe Species

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14SVZP IGZP Total SVZP IGZP Total SVZP IGZP Total

1. 2. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.1. Carnivores 14 7 21 85 48 133 81 45 1262. Herbivores 69 16 85 175 188 363 157 182 3393. Primates 1 - 11 24 33 57 28 41 694. Rodents 2 14 16 - 8 8 - 8 85. Birds 73 487 560 630 473 1,103 644 476 1,1206. Reptiles - 166 166 164 91 255 157 90 247

Total 169 690 859 1,078 841 1,919 1,067 842 1,909Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

65

TABLE - 3.27NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES, DEER PARKS, ZOOLOGICAL

PARKS IN ANDHRA PRADESH(As on 31.3.2015)

Sl.No.

Name of theDistrict

Nationalparks

Wild lifesanctuaries Deer parks Zoological

parks

No Area in(sq.km.) No Area in

(sq.km.) No Area in(sq.km.) No Area in

(sq.km.)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

1. Srikakulam - - - - - - - -

2. Vizianagaram - - - - - - - -

3. Visakhapatnam - - 1 71.390 - - 1 2.529

4. East Godavari 1 *561.554 1 235.700 2 0.100 - -

5. West Godavari - - 1 *308.552 - - - -

6. Krishna - - 1 *194.216 - - - -

7. Guntur - - - - - - - -

8. Prakasam - - 1 *1,401.720 - - - -

9. S.P.S Nellore - - 3 *1,635.438 1 0.250 - -

10. Y.S.R 1 2.300 1 464.420 - - - -

11. Kurnool - - 2 *1,199.825 - - - -

12. Ananthapuramu - - - - - - - -

13. Chittoor 1 353.630 2 *883.566 1 0.033 1 22.390

ANDHRA PRADESH 3 917.484 13 6,394.830 4 0.383 2 24.919Protected Area(NP+WLS) 16 7,312.314

Note: * Indicates that, the Sanctuaries Area is covering more than a District. Hence themain Sanctuary points of the District, the areas were showed.Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

TABLE-3.28

TIGER/PANTHER POPULATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH

(In Number)Year Tigers/Panthers Male Female Cubs Unknown Total1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

2008 Tigers 38 43 11 10 102

2009 Tigers 44 45 3 14 106

2010 Tigers NA NA NA NA 72

2011Tigers 50 56 1 - 107

Panthers 75 81 26 - 182Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Wild life section, A.P., Hyderabad.

66

TABLE-3.29

SPECIES WISE TALL AND VERY TALL SEEDLINGS RAISED BY ALLAGENCIES FOR THE PLANTING SEASON, 2014-15

(in Thousands)

Sl.No. Name of the Species Social

Forestry Territorial OtherAgencies Total

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. Ravi - - - -

2. Marri 40.00 2.43 - 42.43

3. Neem 191.44 167.00 100.14 458.58

4. Peltophorum 3027.39 - - 3,027.39

5. Kanuga 40.14 213.00 9,700.34 9,953.48

6. Raintree - 7.82 1,210.00 1,217.82

7. Badam 19.84 110.00 1.09 130.93

8. Devakanchanam - - - -

9. Panasa - 49.02 - 49.02

10. Gulmohar 38.10 124.28 900.00 1,062.38

11. T.Maddi 126.00 223.00 1,000.15 1,349.15

12. Ponna - - 0.70 0.70

13. Seemabadam - - - -

14. Legastromia - - - -

15. Gangaravi 128.97 114.00 300.24 543.20

16. Kadamalli - - - -

17. Seemaruba - - - -

18. Bandaru 20.00 63.95 - 83.95

19. Rela - 104.00 100.81 204.81

20. Neredu 665.06 9.50 - 674.56

21. Kadamba 11.00 57.60 - 68.60

22. Others 12,689.02 750.29 1,88,503.12 2,01,942.42

Tall Seedlings Total 17,012.11 2,144.00 2,02,117.00 2,21,273.11

1. Ravi - - - -

2. Marri - - - -

3. Neem - - - -

4. Others - - - -

Very Tall Seedlings total - - - -

All Total: 17,012.11 2,144.00 2,02,117.00 2,21,273.11Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

67

TABLE - 3.30DISTRICT WISE & DIVISION WISE PROBABLE FOREST STATUS

IN ANDHRA PRADESH(Area in Sq. Kms)

Sl.No. District Division

Geogra-phicalArea

VDF MDF OF

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

1. Srikakulam Srikakulam 5,837.00 - 11.52 216.03

2. Vizianagaram Vizianagaram 6,539.00 0.06 530.41 490.42

3. Visakhapatnam

Visakhapatnam 5,100.00 3.34 461.01 523.28

Paderu 2,300.00 3.16 196.09 410.62

Narsipatnam 3,761.00 98.15 1,564.66 279.07

Total 11,161.00 104.65 2,221.76 1,212.97

4. East Godavari Kakinada 8,721.97 67.18 1,996.70 743.74

Chintur 2,085.03 125.06 1,001.07 129.66

Total 10,807.00 192.24 2,997.77 873.40

5. West Godavari Eluru 6,989.00 41.47 530.76 45.90Kuknoor Range(Paloncha Division) 753.00 50.64 346.23 37.77

Total 7,742.00 92.11 876.99 83.67

6. Krishna Vijayawada 8,727.00 - 2.99 369.65

7. GunturGuntur 10,753.00 - 124.24 278.71

Vijayapuri Range(N. Sagar Division) 638.00 1.21 5.01 66.02

Total 11,391.00 1.21 129.25 344.73

8. Prakasam Giddaluru 10,776.00 24.64 468.06 903.32

Markapur 6,850.00 5.79 202.35 1,117.00Total 17,626.00 30.43 670.41 2,020.32

Markapur+Vijayapuri Range 7,488.00 7.00 207.36 1,183.02

9. S.P.S Nellore Nellore 13,076.00 50.80 486.64 464.68

10. Y.S.RKadapa 4,480.00 1.24 158.06 894.38

Proddaturu 7,250.00 2.55 77.30 900.01

Rajampet 3,629.00 99.79 825.05 424.38Total 15,359.00 103.58 1,060.41 2,218.77Rajampet-(BalapalliRange) Division 3,314.00 75.22 617.86 360.91

(Contd.)

68

TABLE - 3.30(Contd.)DISTRICT WISE & DIVISION WISE PROBABLE FOREST STATUS


Sl.No. District Division

Geogra-phicalArea

VDF MDF OF

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

11. KurnoolKurnool 12,558.00 0.00 1.13 147.97

Nandyal 2,600.00 4.58 672.15 356.81Atmakur 2,500.00 1.74 300.11 326.10

Total 17,696.87 6.32 973.39 830.88

12. Ananthapuramu Ananthapuramu 19,130.00 0.00 5.18 70.80

13. Chittoor

Chittoor East 6,360.00 0.00 306.84 1,036.18

Chittoor West 7,940.00 35.02 1,248.65 594.47

WLM Tirupathi 852.00 34.83 288.01 111.58

Total 15,152.00 69.85 1,843.50 1,742.23WLM Tirupati +Balapalli RangeDivision 1,167.00 59.40 495.20 175.05

Andhra Pradesh 16,0205.00 651.25 11,810.22 10,938.55(Contd.)

TABLE - 3.30(Contd.)DISTRICT WISE & DIVISION WISE PROBABLE FORESTS STATUS


Sl.No. District Division SF NF WB

TOTAL(ForestArea)

1. 2. 3. 8. 9. 10. 11.

1. Srikakulam Srikakulam 315.53 174.91 3.72 721.71

2. Vizianagaram Vizianagaram 121.47 73.75 3.17 1,219.28

3. VisakhapatnamVisakhapatnam 246.56 29.83 2.08 1,266.10Paderu 367.20 33.21 1.24 1,011.52

Narsipatnam 121.96 289.36 0.55 2,353.75

Total 735.72 352.40 3.87 4,631.37

4. East Godavari Kakinada 30.89 244.03 152.85 3,235.39

Chintur 144.95 75.40 1.44 1,477.58Total 175.84 319.43 154.29 4,712.97

5. West Godavari Eluru 107.25 46.78 0.86 773.02Kuknoor Range(Paloncha Division) 28.22 13.83 0.02 476.70

Total 135.47 60.61 0.88 1,249.72(Contd.)

TABLE - 3.30

69

TABLE - 3.30(Concld.)DISTRICT WISE & DIVISION WISE PROBABLE FOREST STATUS


Sl.No. District Division SF NF WB

TOTAL(ForestArea)

1. 2. 3. 8. 9. 10. 11.

6. Krishna Vijayawada 172.76 47.27 51.85 644.52

7. GunturGuntur 942.96 108.50 22.50 1,476.91Vijayapuri Range(N. Sagar Division)()

239.35 19.56 18.15 349.29

Total 1,182.31 128.06 40.65 1,826.20

8. PrakasamGiddaluru 779.63 31.22 1.34 2,208.21

Markapur 908.69 29.83 7.80 2,271.46

Total 1,688.32 61.05 9.14 4,479.67Markapur+Vijayapuri Range 1,148.03 49.39 25.95 2,620.75

9. S.P.S Nellore Nellore 1,073.78 273.15 30.91 2,379.96

10. Y.S.RKadapa 586.02 75.87 0.98 1,716.55Proddaturu 545.64 45.65 3.96 1,575.11

Rajampet 325.32 84.77 1.93 1,761.24

Total 1,456.98 206.29 6.87 5,052.90Rajampet-(BalapalliRange) Division 312.21 83.83 1.91 1,451.94

11. KurnoolKurnool 356.11 696.01 1.32 1,202.54

Nandyal 28.70 1.97 2.25 1,066.46Atmakur 357.92 241.43 58.47 1,285.77

Total 742.73 939.41 62.04 3,554.77

12. Ananthapuramu Ananthapuramu 767.27 1,098.46 3.89 1,945.60

13. Chittoor

Chittoor East 451.32 92.23 0.25 1,886.82Chittoor West 141.11 69.75 0.76 2,089.76WLM Tirupathi 81.17 3.71 0.22 519.52Total 673.60 165.69 1.23 4,496.10WLM Tirupati +Balapalli RangeDivision 94.28 4.65 0.24 828.82

Andhra Pradesh 9,241.77 3,900.48 372.51 36,914.78VDF:Very Dense Forest; MDF:Moderately Dense Forest; OF:Open Forest; SF:ScrubForest; NF:Non Forest and WB:Water BodiesSource: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

70

TABLE -3.31MAJOR AND MINOR FOREST PRODUCES IN ANDHRA PRADESH

FROM 2009-10 TO 2014-15(₹ in Lakhs)

Sl.No. Species 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.MAJORPRODUCE

1. Timber 1,997.91 1,436.60 2,214.43 1,789.73 1,421.15 247.5282. Firewood 36.96 23.69 46.46 51.34 38.93 27.398

3. Other MajorForest produce 67.06 42.09 13.92 370.50 12.02 -MINORPRODUCE

1. Bamboo 950.65 894.19 1,110.78 1,121.87 1,299.93 1,274.5392. Beedi leaves 23.76 13.77 30.99 30.33 13.34 5.156

3. Other minorForest produce 10.18 47.86 11.49 10.63 6.32 28.768MISCELLANEOUS

1. Cashew 23.16 11.52 41.27 39.87 43.67 32.7172. Others 55.70 46.20 156.32 231.74 1,063.03 265.457

Grand Total 3,165.38 2,515.92 3,625.65 3,646.01 3,898.37 3,138.986Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

TABLE- 3.32CIRCLE WISE MAJOR AND MINOR FOREST PRODUCE IN

ANDHRA PRADESH FOR THE YEAR 2014-15(₹ in Lakhs)

Sl.No. Name of the Circle

Major ProduceTimber Other Major

ForestProduceTimber Teak Thinning Total Fire

wood1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.1. Visakhapatnam 104.48 471.43 45.76 621.67 7.32 -2. Rajahmundry 121.86 736.62 3.62 862.11 16.20 -4. Guntur 0.20 - - 0.20 3.68 -5. WLM Tirupati - - - - - -6. FDPT Srisailam 4.97 - - 4.97 - -7. Kurnool 16.02 - - 16.02 0.21 -8. Ananthapuramu - - - - - -

ANDHRA PRADESH 247.53 1,208.05 49.38 1,504.96 27.41 -(Contd..)

71

TABLE- 3.32(Concld.)CIRCLE WISE MAJOR AND MINOR FOREST PRODUCE IN

ANDHRA PRADESH FOR THE YEAR 2014-15(₹ in Lakhs)

Sl.No.

Name of theCircle

Minor ProducesGrandTotalBamboo

Beedi

Leaves

OtherMinorForest

Produce

Miscellaneous

Cashew Other Total

1. 2. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.1. Visakhapatnam 368.33 - 8.20 21.64 84.29 489.78 1,111.45

2. Rajahmundry 516.61 5.16 17.32 6.68 21.73 583.70 1,445.81

3. Guntur 93.25 - 0.67 4.39 14.15 116.14 1,16.330

4. WLM Tirupati - - - - - - -

5. FDPT Srisailam 60.65 - 0.14 - - 60.79 65.76

6. Kurnool 190.72 - 2.45 - - 193.38 209.40

7. Ananthapuramu - 1.50 - - 149.34 150.84 150.84ANDHRA PRADESH 1,229.56 6.66 28.78 32.71 269.51 1,594.63 3,099.59

Source: Chief Conservator of Forest, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.TABLE -3.33

PROCUREMENT OF MINOR FOREST PRODUCES IN ANDHRA PRADESHFROM 2012-13 TO 2014-15

(Qty in Qtls & Value in ₹ in Lakhs)Sl.No. Name of the

Commodity2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Qty. Value Qty. Value Qty. Value1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.A Minor Forest Produce

1. Gum Karaya 163.31 31.11 264.39 44.91 160.47 30.01

2. Gum Kondagogu 90.94 14.65 92.71 14.50 32.74 1.71

3. Gum Olibanum 38.46 1.85 - - 56.19 8.454. Bees Wax 1.35 0.16 2.05 0.24 1.03 0.12

5. Cleaning Nuts 4.47 0.05 24.93 0.38 3.11 0.06

6. Dry Amla 70.23 3 916.28 41.28 747.84 33.587. Green Amla - - - - - -

8. Honey Rock Bee 1,011.39 121.37 1,807.69 220.21 3,020.68 402.79

9. Hill Brooms 1,25,512 38.93 1,80,05400 64.11 1,01,772 34.03

10. Maredugaddalu 243.11 24.31 236.57 27.79 90.18 9.66

11. Marking Nuts 1,363.05 7.73 2,160.02 25.45 1,462.07 17.5612. Mohwa Seed 0.33 - 49.36 0.69 89.49 1.33

13. Myrobolans 4,498.76 34.98 6,249.52 38.60 4,500.94 27.0

14. Naramamidi Bark 991.38 27.76 1,317.95 38.61 1,204.80 38.89

15. Nuxvomica 259.23 5.58 953.51 27.21 392.71 11.78(Contd.)

72

TABLE -3.33(Contd.)



Commodity2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Qty. Value Qty. Value Qty. Value1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

16. Pungam Seed 197.27 1.87 92.08 0.94 294.52 2.94

17. Seeded

Tamarind

21,785.51 342.1

7

26,383.01 473.01 12,025.00

0

233.12

18. Deseeded

Tamarind

1,703.32 47.57 777.98 27.20 349.54 11.21

19. Flower

Tamarind

134.12 5.91 576.59 28.83 357.85 19.14

20. Sheekakai 491.3 2.95 438.14 2.63 231.64 1.40

21. Soapnuts 430.49 3.34 220.74 2.45 424.43 4.12

22. Tamarind Seed - - 80.50 2.58 - -

23. Addaleaf - - 215.00 1.08 - -

24. Rellabark 241.74 1.22 590.58 3.44 1,273.78 8.69

25.WildBrooms(Kgs) 1,88,397 17.55 1,78,217.00 17.82 20,028 2.06

Total 3,46,753.99 683.39 4,01,720.60 1,103.96 148519 899.65(Contd..)

TABLE -3.33 (Contd.)


(Qty in Qtls & Value in ₹ in Lakhs)Sl.No.

Name of theCommodity

2012-13 2013-14 2014-15Value Qty. Value Value Qty. Value

1. 2. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.B Agricultural Produces1. Ragi 1,059.31 17.17 770.65 11.63 727.45 11.032. Soya Bean - - - - - -3. White Beans 1.96 0.06 41.20 1.24 - -4. Turmeric 1,835.76 131.3 71.93 5.04 - -5. Coffee Seed Gr.1 353.38 24.58 10.85 1.03 - -6. Chillies 350.28 21.1 50.46 3.74 - -7. Rajmah (Red) 542.93 24.51 323.56 17.53 472.68 26.438. Rajmah (White) 1.48 0.11 11.11 1.00 - -9. Cuttings 13.74 0.37 - - 2.45 0.0710. Annato Seed 377.33 18.89 16.76 0.79 5.85 0.2711. Paddy 392.4 5.1 - - 751.83 40.9812. Maize 7,050.89 70.51 - - 27.63 1.0513. Jowar 725 8.1 - - 20.000 1.00

Total 12,354.18 300.7 1,296.52 41.99 2,007.89 80.83(Contd.)

73

TABLE -3.33 (Concld.)



Commodity2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Value Qty. Value Value Qty. Value

1. 2. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.C Medicinal Herbs

1. Nepalam Seed(Jatropha) - - - - - -

2. Gilli Seed 6.93 0.05 9.08 0.06 23.04 0.163. RS Roots 0.22 0.03 0.09 0.004. Tippateega - - 504.59 3.76 365.46 0.205. Tanikayalu - - 4.00 0.01 33.46 2.956. Dudipalagaddalu - - - - - -7. Gatchakayalu 1.23 0.03 0.67 0.01 15.37 0.198. Dola Seed - - - - - -9. Sugandhipala - - - - - -10. Chitramoolam - - - - - -

11. Tellamaddi Chekka - - 76.50 1.33 183.51 1.00Total 8.38 0.11 594.93 5.18 620.84 4.50

Grand Total 3,59,116.55 984.20 4,03,612.04 1,151.13 1,51,147.74 986.27Source: (1) Girijan Cooperative Society Limited, Visakhapatnam.

(2) Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

TABLE- 3.34REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE (PLAN & NON-PLAN)

( ₹ in Lakhs)

Sl.No. Year Gross

RevenueTotal

ExpenditureNet RevenueExpenditure

Surplus/Deficit

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. 2011-12 5,207.413 17,784.439 (-)12,577.026

2. 2012-13 5,371.872 15,149.004 (-)9,777.132

3. 2013-14 5,733.010 14,007.424 (-)8,274.414

4. 2014-15 43720.880 27232.320 16488.560Source: Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

74

TABLE- 3.35 COMPONENT WISE EXPENDITURE UNDER COMPENSATORY AFFORESTATION

FOR THE YEARS 2013-14 & 2014-15

Sl. No.

Compensatory Afforestation Component

2013-14 2014-15

Physical Financial

(₹ in Lakhs)

Physical Financial

(₹ in Lakhs)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. Compensatory Afforestation (CA) (Ha.) 706.284 278.053 735.480 906.380

2. Additional CA / Penal (CA) (Ha.) 144.700 30.295 34.830 113.110

3. Safety Zone (Ha.) 16.74 5.260 7.330 9.160

4. Extraction of Tree Growth (Nos) 160.00 3.965 0.000 18.600

5. Catchment Area Treatment Plan (CAT) 157.00 130.843 35.110 109.920

Total 1,184.720 448.416 812.750 1,157.180

Source: Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

TABLE- 3.36

COMPONENT WISE EXPENDITURE UNDER NPV FOR THE YEARS 2013-14 & 2014-15

Sl. No.

NPV Component

2013-14 2014-15 Physical (Area in Hects.)

Financial (₹ in

lakhs)

Physical (Area in Hects.)

Financial (₹ in lakhs)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. Natural Forest Management (NFM) 4,833.00 3,274.213 18803 3546.67

2. Forest Protection (FP) - 2,177.472 2479 2689.67

3. Forest Fire Management (FFM) - 63.645 15266 354.55

4. Bio diversity Conservation (BDC) - 696.635 743 893.22

5. Research & Development (R & D) - 185.502 7413 166.11

6. Capacity Building (CB) - 20.025 44 41.94

7. Information & Technology & Communication (IT&C) - 195.247 1509 300.34

8. Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E) - 22.641 3 29.28

Total 4,833.00 6,635.379 46260 8021.77 Note: NPV: Net Present Value Source: Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

TABLE- 3.37 NATIONAL AFFORESTATION PROGRAMME (FDA)

Sl. No. Year Target

(In Hects.) Achievement (In Hects.)

Releases (₹ in lakhs)

Expenditure incurred

(₹ in lakhs) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. 2012-13 590 595 241.855 275.064

2. 2013-14 790 720 327.241 338.526

3. 2014-15 810 665 455.68 255.906 Note: FDA: Forest Development Authority Source: Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

75

TABLE – 3.38SEIZURE OF WILD LIFE ARTICLES IN ANDHRA PRADESH

DURING THE YEAR 2013

Sl.No.

Name of theCircle

Name of the Article(species)

Description ofproduce (live

animal, carcass,animal article

etc.,)

Quantity&Units ValueCommon

nameScientific

name

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1. Rajahmundry 7 yellowMonitorLizards

VaramesFlavescens

7 yellowMonitorLizards

7 Nos.

Con

serv

atio

n &

eco

logi

cal b

alan

ce v

alue

2. Ananthapuramu AsianElephant

Elephantmaximus Live animal One

3. WLM Tirupati BarkingDeer

Muntiacusmuntjak

Body tore intopieces -

4. Ananthapuramu Black Buck - Live animalsdied One

5. Rajahmundry Gorregede India Biso(Bos gaurus) - 1

6. Guntur KondaGorre

Four HornedAntilope(chowsingha)

1 kgs driedout meat Kgs

7. WLM Tirupati Namakodi Fulica atra - 7 Nos ofCootscarcasses

8. Ananthapuramu Panther Pamtharapardus

Live animalsdied One

9. FDPTSrisailam Sambar - Sambar meat -

10. FDPTSrisailam Snares - - 20 nos

11. FDPTSrisailam Snares - - 14 Nos

with 25length

12. FDPTSrisailam Snares - - Clutch

wires 10Nos

13. FDPTSrisailam Snares - Snares 100 Nos

with smallsize14. WLM Tirupathi Spotted

DeerAxis axis Carcass

animal15. Rajahmundry Turtles Indian soft

shelled Live 480 Nos(12)Gunnybags16. FDPT

Srisailam Wild Animal - - - -

17. FDPTSrisailam Wild Animal - - - -



20. FDPTSrisailam Wild Boar - - - -

21. FDPTSrisailam Wild Boar - - - -

22. Guntur Wild Pig Sus Scrofa 2 kgs meat 2 kgs -

23. Rajahmundry Wild Pig Sus Scrofa Material found 150 gms -

Note: Department has not furnished the latest data.Source: Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

76

TABLE – 3.39PRODUCTION OF FISHERIES IN ANDHRA PRDESH

(In Tonnes)

Sl.No.

Year MarineFish

Marineshrimp

Brackishwatershrimp

InlandFish

Freshwaterprawn

Total

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

1. 2010-11 2,51,826 38,727 43,379 10,55,750 34,130 14,23,812

2. 2011-12 3,26,472 52,945 56,179 8,88,309 78,781 14,02,686

3. 2012-13 3,51,585 62,764 69,871 10,22,497 81,733 15,88,450

4. 2013-14 3,73,338 64,908 88,036 11,39,708 1,02,793 17,68,783

5. 2014-15 4,06,249 69,152 1,05,162 12,76,817 1,21,198 19,78,578Source: Commissioner of Fisheries, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.

TABLE - 3.40DISTRICT-WISE MARINE FISH AND SHRIMP PRODUCTION

IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 2011-12 TO 2014-15.(Quantity in Tonnes)

Sl.No. District 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.1. Srikakulam 41,402 43,306 47,358 56,9632. Vizianagaram 13,591 13,711 16,431 16,5073. Visakhapatnam 79,274 84,232 89,906 97,3204. East Godavari 81,128 96,710 94,445 1,01,7295. West Godavari 8,190 8,874 10,998 11,8056. Krishna 31,207 33,096 36,619 39,9437. Guntur 30,387 33,348 33,860 38,9148. Prakasam 22,904 26,796 26,145 29,6099. S.P.S Nellore 71,334 74,276 82,484 82,611

TOTAL 3,79,417 4,14,349 4,38,246 4,75,401Source: Commissioner of Fisheries, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.

TABLE - 3.41LENGTH OF COASTLINE BY DISTRICTS

AND FISHING VILLAGES IN ANDHRA PRADESH(As on 31.3.2015)

Sl.No. District Coastal Length

(in Kms.) No. of Fishing Villages1. 2. 3. 4.1. Srikakulam 200 1282. Vizianagaram 29 203. Visakhapatnam 136 634. East Godavari 161 975. West Godavari 20 76. Krishna 111 437. Guntur 43 368. Prakasam 105 679. S.P.S Nellore 169 94

TOTAL 974 555Source: Commissioner of Fisheries, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.

77

TABLE – 3.42DISTRICT-WISE INLAND FISHERY WATER RESOURCES

IN ANDHRA PRADESH DURING THE YEAR 2014-15

Sl.No. District

Length of

Rivers (Kms.) Canals (Kms.) Total(Kms.)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. Srikakulam 409.15 112 521.15

2. Vizianagaram 395 190 585

3. Visakhapatnam 45 39 84

4. East Godavari 225 254 479

5. West Godavari 150 359 509

6. Krishna 102 80 182

7. Guntur 52 74 126

8. Prakasam 444 183.34 627.34

9. S.P.S Nellore 131 1577 1708

10. Y.S.R 270 55 325

11. Kurnool 433 412 845

12. Ananthapuramu 350 210 560

13. Chittoor - - -

ANDHRA PRADESH 3,006.15 3,545.34 6,551.49(contd.)

TABLE – 3.42(Concld.)DISTRICT-WISE INLAND FISHERY WATER RESOURCES

IN ANDHRA PRADESH DURING THE YEAR 2014-15

Sl.No. District

Area (in Hects)Under

Reservoirs Tanks

FreshWaterAqua

CultureFish Ponds

BrackishWater

TotalAcquaculture

1. 2. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

1. Srikakulam 944 4,547.5 199.87 347.75 547.622. Vizianagaram 4,099 30,031 72 27 993. Visakhapatnam 3,150 3,045 36 499 5354. East Godavari 6,687 7,799.6 2,557.454 43,39.3 6,896.7545. West Godavari 700 1,503 26,604 1,976 28,5806. Krishna 7,800 5,705 23,780 4,032 27,8127. Guntur 13,227 8,313 1,012 2,016 3,0288. Prakasam 3,558.8 1,643.20 354 2,790 3,1449. S.P.S Nellore 7 418 2,554 5,382 7,93610. Y.S.R 1174 16,181 - - -11. Kurnool 70978.25 10,478 57.26 - 57.2612. Ananthapuramu 12,623 46607 49 - 4913. Chittoor 720.80 36156 20.21 - 20.21ANDHRA PRADESH 1,25,578.9 1,72,427 57,295.794 21,409 78,704.844

Source: Commissioner of Fisheries, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.

78

TABLE - 3.43LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY POPULATION

(Number)Sl. No. Particulars 2003 2007 2012

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)1. Cattle

Males (over three years) 16,67,319 16,49,466 12,03,944Females (over three years) 15,67,129 20,16,832 19,24,499Young Stock 13,18,134 18,06,486 15,87,206

Total 45,52,582 54,72,784 47,15,6492. Buffaloes

Males (over three years) 2,95,198 2,53,583 1,24,499Females (over three years) 39,15,048 44,25,444 35,25,527Young Stock 27,99,605 35,50,710 28,12,345

Total 70,09,851 82,29,737 64,62,3713. Sheep 95,74,345 1,21,82,061 1,35,59,8224. Goats 31,90,482 48,24,020 44,95,5265. Pigs 2,51,092 2,05,703 1,57,3016. Other Livestock 28,138 64,850 12,6477. Total Livestock without dogs 2,46,06,490 3,09,79,155 2,94,03,3168. Dogs 8,91,596 6,14,902 12,07,1049. Rabbits 8,607 11,391 24,22610. Poultry 6,00,33,899 7,45,36,821 8,05,83,096

Source: Director of Animal Husbandry, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.TABLE - 3.44

LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY POPULATION, DISTRICT-WISE, 2012 CENSUS(Number)

Sl.No. District

CattleMales over

3 YearsFemales over

3 Years Young Stock Total(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)1. Srikakulam 1,79,588 3,15,530 2,94,908 7,90,0262. Vizianagaram 1,74,637 1,72,363 1,34,634 4,81,6343. Visakhapatnam 89,203 1,61,282 1,57,947 4,08,4324. East Godavari 86,689 1,55,689 1,32,869 3,75,2475. West Godavari 33,334 83,148 71,625 1,88,1076. Krishna 24,047 30,483 24,890 79,4207. Guntur 53,343 30,515 26,213 1,10,0718. Prakasam 42,099 17,167 15,579 74,8459. S.P.S Nellore 30,403 45,451 40,114 1,15,96810. Y.S.R 40,498 57,371 41,272 1,39,14111. Kurnool 1,97,071 1,21,763 89,789 4,08,62312. Ananthapuramu 1,81,203 2,55,345 1,80,722 6,17,27013. Chittoor 71,289 4,78,398 3,76,638 9,26,865

ANDHRA PRADESH 12,03,944 19,24,499 15,87,206 47,15,649(Contd..)

79

TABLE - 3.44 (Contd.)LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY POPULATION, DISTRICT-WISE, 2012 CENSUS

(Number)

Sl.No. District

Buffaloes

Sheep Goats PigsMalesover

3 Years

Femalesover 3Years

YoungStock Total

(1) (2) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)1. Srikakulam 18,475 54,408 53,445 1,26,328 5,75,046 2,12,300 4,725

2. Vizianagaram 13,803 68,671 50,582 1,33,056 4,23,123 1,73,751 10,151

3. Visakhapatnam 26,756 1,56,261 1,23,248 3,06,265 2,52,610 3,24,024 7,938

4. East Godavari 10,192 3,73,547 2,58,469 6,42,208 2,46,722 2,92,201 32,153

5. West Godavari 7,131 3,30,679 2,82,374 6,20,184 4,36,810 1,93,218 10,327

6. Krishna 2,352 3,65,050 3,28,716 6,96,118 5,08,061 1,51,118 10,187

7. Guntur 13,342 5,50,362 4,44,238 10,07,942 6,21,122 2,13,249 9,222

8. Prakasam 12,540 5,23,319 4,34,507 9,70,366 14,06,578 4,06,239 10,076

9. S.P.S Nellore 8,274 3,37,057 2,79,333 6,24,664 10,51,938 3,51,426 5,364

10. Y.S.R 5,883 2,63,085 1,97,965 4,66,933 14,03,224 4,57,896 9,309

11. Kurnool 1,540 2,39,136 1,72,136 4,12,812 15,04,671 5,06,173 17,787

12. Ananthapuramu 3,362 2,18,973 1,48,792 3,71,127 38,79,840 7,85,210 21,777

13. Chittoor 849 44,979 38,540 84,368 12,50,077 4,28,721 8,285ANDHRA PRADESH 1,24,499 35,25,527 28,12,345 64,62,371 1,35,59,822 44,95,526 1,57,301

(Contd..)

TABLE - 3.44 (Concld.)

LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY POPULATION, DISTRICT-WISE, 2012 CENSUS(Number)

Sl.No. District Other

LivestockTotal Livestock(without dogs) Dogs Rabbits Poultry

(1) (2) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18)1. Srikakulam 7 17,08,432 49,308 149 27,26,0622. Vizianagaram 242 12,21,957 52,088 308 35,37,8753. Visakhapatnam 1,227 13,00,496 99,592 480 57,14,5094. East Godavari 64 15,88,595 1,77,183 11,978 1,39,87,5755. West Godavari 26 14,48,672 89,990 498 1,62,06,5326. Krishna 56 14,44,960 97,303 421 1,17,51,9917. Guntur 171 19,61,777 70,216 1,356 69,75,5278. Prakasam 204 28,68,308 60,173 1,318 12,37,8649. S.P.S Nellore 80 21,49,440 72,121 958 14,91,09310. Y.S.R 247 24,76,750 68,039 586 15,62,50911. Kurnool 3,775 28,53,841 88,760 5,041 12,01,43012. Ananthapuramu 6,483 56,81,707 1,38,057 297 15,89,27813. Chittoor 65 26,98,381 1,44,274 836 1,26,00,51

ANDHRA PRADESH 12,647 2,94,03,316 12,07,104 24,226 8,05,83,096Source: Director of Animal Husbandry, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.

17626

13076

15359

17658 1

9130

15152

15000

20000

25000

AR

EA

IN

Sq

.Km

s.TABLE-3.6

DISTRICT WISE GEOGRAPHICAL AREA AND FOREST AREA IN ANDHRA PRADESH-2014-15

Total Geographical Area

Total Forest Area

5837

6539

11161

10807

7742 8727

11391 1

3076

686 1193

4412

3232

812

664 1

619

4425

2519

5003

3515

1970

4520

0

5000

10000AR

EA

IN

Sq

.Km

s.

1257.3

1417.58

1638.61

1205.57

1578.38

1672.1

1595.54

1699.51

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

AR

EA

IN

Sq.K

ms

Table-3.8

DEGRADED FOREST AREA IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2014 ASSESMENT

139.92

98.67

568.31

172.07

284.49

0

200

400

600

800

AR

EA

IN

Sq.K

ms

DISTRICT

47

65

136

Table-No-3.43

LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY POPULATION IN

ANDHRA PRADESH 2012 CENSUS

(No. in Lakhs)

45

12

806

Cattle Buffaloes Sheep Goats Dogs Poultry

CHAPTER – IV

ATMOSPHERE

CHAPTER-IV

CHAPTER-IV Page No.

ATMOSPHERE 81-98

TABLES

4.1 Pollutants and their related health Hazards 98

4.2 Status of compliance of Fuel Gas Emission (SPM) Standard

2014-15 98

4.3 National Ambient Air Quality Standards 99

4.4 Ash Pond Effluents quality of A.P. Genco Stations ,2014-15 99

4.5 Plant Effluent Quantity of A.P.GENCO Stations for

2014-15 99

4.6 Ambient Air quality levels at various thermal power stations

– 2014-15 100

4.7 Plantation at various thermal power stations of A.P.Genco –

2011 to 2014 100

4.8 Production and Utilization of Thermal power stations,

A.P.GENCO, 2014-15 101

4.9 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) in

Andhra Pradesh 101-102

4.10 State of Ambient Air Quality in Major Cities of Andhra

Pradesh During 2010 to 2015 103

4.11 Ambient Air Quality Status in Major Cities of Andhra

Pradesh During the year 2014-15 103

4.12 Indian standards for Maximum permissible limits for

industrial effluent discharges 104

4.13 Summary of the Ambient Air Quality Data of the Stations

Monitored throughout the State for the year 2014-15 105

4.14 Number of Motor Vehicles of Different Classes and

Categories, 2013-14 & 2014-15 106

4.15 District wise Number of Motor Vehicles of Different Classes

and Categories on Road as on 31.03.2015 107-109

4.16 District wise Number of CNG Vehicles Registered in Andhra

Pradesh as on 31.12.2015 109-110

4.17 Urban Air Pollution from Vehicular Emissions 110

4.18 Emission Standards Notified 111-113

4.19 New Norms 114

4.20 Annual Gross Generation of Power by Various Sources from

2010-11 to 2014-15 114

4.21 Electricity Generation Capacity of A.P. Transco 2009-10 to

2014-15 115

4.22 Generation Capacity & Electricity of A.P.Transco from

2010-11 to 2014-15 116

4.23 Power Supply Position in Andhra Pradesh from 2010-11 to

2014-15 117

4.24 Consumption of Fossil Fuels for Generation of Electricity from

Thermal Power Stations during 2014-15 117

4.25

Consumption of Fossil Fuels for Electricity Generation from

Thermal Stations ( By kind of fuels) in Andhra Pradesh

during 2014-15 (Gas & Diesel)

118

4.26 Category –wise installed capacities of AP Transco 2010-11 to

2014-15 118

4.27 District wise No. of Towns and Villages Electrified in Andhra

Pradesh 119

4.28 District wise Wind Power installed capacity as on 31.03.2015 119

4.29 Estimated potential for Renewable Energy Technologies in

Andhra Pradesh 2014-15 120

4.30 Lighting facilities in Andhra Pradesh as per Census 2011 120

4.31 Summary status of Pollution in 17 categories of Industries in

Andhra Pradesh 2014-15 120

4.32 Number of Registered Factories in Andhra Pradesh from

2004 to 2013 121

4.33(A) District wise number of Registered Factories – 2013 121

4.33(B) District wise number of Registered Factories – 2014 122

4.34 Contribution of Green House Gases to Atmosphere 122

4.35 A summary of Key Green House Gases 123

4.36 Production of Ozone depleting substances from 2006 to 2011 123

4.37 Consumption of Ozone depleting substances from 2006 to

2011 124

4.38 Noise Ambient Standards 124

4.39 Land Area and Population affected by one meter

sea level rise 124

4.40 Month wise Average Noise levels in cities/towns of Andhra

Pradesh,2014-15 125

4.41 Average Noise levels in cities/towns of Andhra Pradesh,

2013 & 2014 125

4.42 Effects of Noise Pollution on Human Health 126

4.43 Rainfall data season wise and district wise -2014-15 126-127

4.44 District wise Annual Average Rainfall from 2012-13 to

2013-14 127

4.45 Month wise Maximum and Minimum Temperature

at Different Stations -2014 128-129

4.45 Month wise Humidity & Wind Velocity at Different

Stations-2014 130-133

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CHAPTER - IV

ATMOSPHERE

The atmosphere of Earth is a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth that

is retained by Earth’s gravity. The atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing

ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention (green house

effect), and reducing temperature extremes between day and night.

The atmosphere consists of a mixture of gases that completely surround the

earth. It extends to an altitude of 800 to 1000 kilometers above the earth’s surface, but

it is deeper at the equator and shallow at the poles. The earth’s atmosphere keeps the

planet warm. Without the warming cover of natural green house gases, mainly carbon

dioxide (CO2) and water vapour, life could not exist on the Earth.

Gases in the atmosphere

Earth's atmosphere is made of a mixture of gases. Surprisingly, Oxygen is

not the most abundant gas in the atmosphere. That honor belongs to nitrogen at roughly

78% of all the gases. Oxygen comes in second at around 21%. The last 1% or so of the

atmosphere is made up of such small amounts of other gases that it doesn't make sense

to list each gas separately, so they are lumped together and called trace gases. Water

vapor is another gas in Earth's atmosphere and it ranges from 0%-4% of the gases in

the atmosphere, depending on temperature. The other gases in the atmosphere adjust

to fit the water vapor.

Climate Change

The term “climate” refers to the “weather” over very long periods, while

weather is what we experience daily. In short, climate is the description of the long-term

pattern of weather. The weather and climate vary with both space and time. Climate

change is a change in the average weather with the time, which has two components

namely natural variations in built in nature that are beyond human control and the other

one is human induced change. The natural variations in turn have two components,

namely irregular variations and systematic variation. Inter-seasonal and inter-annual

variations are known as irregular variations. With the uninterrupted population growth,

their new life styles and accordingly to meet these life styles new technologies, changing

the climate but are not the same at all places.

The actions of man also have an impact on climate. This is reflected in the

form of increasing or decreasing trend. This has got in turn two components associated

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with changes in anthropogenic gases (greenhouse gases) and its impacts are expressed

as global warming & ozone depletion; and ecological changes and their impacts are

expressed in changes in weather and climate that include urban heat-island and rural

cold-island affects and changes in greenhouse gases balance.

Government of India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)

addressed some of these under 8 activities, namely: National Solar Mission, National

Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency, National Mission on Sustainable Habitat, National

Water Mission, National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem, National

Mission for a “Green India”, National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture & National

Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change. The first two relate to alternate

pollution free energy production related issues and 3 to 7 relate to issues of ecological

changes. The NAPCC also describes other ongoing initiatives, including (i) Power

Generation: The Government is mandating the retirement of inefficient coal - fired power

plans and supporting the research and development of IGCC and supercritical

technologies;(ii) Renewable Energy: Under the Electricity Act 2003 and the National

Tariff Policy 2006, the central and the state electricity regulatory commission must

purchase a certain percentage of grid-based power from renewable sources; and (iii)

Energy Efficiency; Under the Energy Conservation Act 2001, large energy consuming

industries are required to undertake energy audits and an energy labeling program for

appliances has been introduced.

“Climate change is a vast subject and plays vital role in the nation’s economy

in diverse ways as well environment at local, regional, national and global scales. Some

of the changes are in built in nature, which are beyond human control but only needs to

adapt to them – short & long term cycles or rhythms in precipitation & temperature; and

some are due to man’s actions. Climate change presents the changes in average

weather with the time. Weather is what we observe at any given time, which is

expressed by several meteorological parameters such as precipitation & temperature,

humidity, wind, evaporation, etc. and climate is the average of such weather over time.

These are however changed due to man’s actions that include changes in land use and

land cover and changes in the atmospheric green house gases composition. These are

represented by increasing or decreasing trend in meteorological parameters at given

location or region.

Ecological changes: In addition to changes in the atmosphere’s composition,

changes in the land use & land cover, known as ecological changes, can have important

effects on climate. For example, a change in land use and cover can affect temperature

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by changing how much solar radiation the land reflects and absorbs. Process such as

deforestation, reforestation, desertification, changes in topography /orography,

urbanization, mining, construction of roads including railways & infrastructure, industry,

agriculture – dry- land to wet-land & vice versa or grazing lands, water resources-

construction of dams, etc. that come under ecological changes, play important role at

local & regional scales and thus contribute to changes in temperature, humidity, wind,

precipitation, evaporation/evapotranspiration, etc. Changes in land cover and land use

can also affect the greenhouse gases balance in the atmosphere through direct and

indirect actions in addition to their impact on life forms. Some of the well known

ecological changes are acid rain, heat-island effect, and cold-island effect.

The most common form of atmospheric pollution believed to affect forests is

‘acid rain’, defined as precipitation containing high levels of sulphuric or nitric acid. Acid

rain and air pollution degrade forest vegetation and thereby weather & climate and

greenhouse gases balance in the atmosphere. Urbanization, mining & deforestation

change weather & climate – Heat-island effect--. They also contribute changes in the

greenhouse gases balance in the atmosphere. This process produces ground level

ozone, a greenhouse gas, in the presence of pollutants such as NOx, VOCs, etc.

Changes in agriculture (dry-land to wet-land) and development of reservoirs,

reforestation modifies weather & climate – cold-island effect – as well greenhouse gases

balance in the atmosphere. In urban areas through poor town planning, destruction of

water bodies and green belts in the presence of air pollution the temperatures over cities

all over the world has raised by 2 to 10 o C over their rural surroundings. This change is

not only at the surface but also higher levels by which power consumption has increased

multifold. With the increased personalized vehicles use, also increases the fuel

consumption. That is with the increased urbanization and associated congestion &

dryness factor & dryness factor the power and fuel consumption are increasing non-

linearly. In tropical countries like India, we must always think globally and act locally.

By 2030 the urban population is expected to double (by 100% growth) to what is in

2008 but the same in the case of China, it is expected around 50 % only.

Greenhouse Gases and their effects:

The green house effect plays a crucial role in regulating the heat balance of

the earth. It allows the incoming short-wave solar radiation to pass through the

atmosphere relatively unimpeded; but the long-wave terrestrial radiation emitted by the

earth’s surface is partially absorbed and then re-emitted by a number of trace gases in

the atmosphere. These gases known as Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) are water vapour,

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carbon-dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, CFCs (Chloro floro Corbons) and ozone in the

troposphere. This natural greenhouse effect warms the lower atmosphere.

If the atmosphere were transparent to the outgoing long wave radiation

emanating from the Earth’s surface, the equilibrium mean temperature of the Earth’s

surface would be considerably lower and probably below the freezing point of water.

Mere incidence of GHGs in the atmosphere, by itself, is no concern. What is more

important is that their concentration should stay within reasonable limits so that global

ecosystem is not unduly affected. However by increasing the concentrations of natural

green-house gases the global average and the annual mean surface air temperature

(referred to as the global temperature) can be raised, although the rate at which it will

occur is un-certain. This is the enhanced green house effect, which is over and above

that occurring due to natural green house concentration. Such a rise in the atmospheric

concentration of GHGs led to an upward trend in global temperature.

It is required to follow the general commitments under the Framework

Convention on Climate Change. India is not required to adopt any GHG reduction

targets. Irrespective of international commitments, it is to be ready with the following.

• Inventory of sinks and sources of GHG emission

• Predict the cumulative impact of national and international GHG emissions

to plan for temperature and sea level rise

• Devise land use plans for the coastal areas likely to be affected

• Devise water and land management strategies especially in agriculture

sector.

New GHGs like Chlorofloro carbons, – though CFCs of ozone depleting

substances were replaced by ozone friendly substances, they are still come under

greenhouse gases. GoI at a recent Copenhagen meet in Dec.2009 expressed that India

will voluntarily reduce the GHGs by 20-25%, which is not legally bounding on

government of India

Ozone Layer Protection:

The Stratospheric Ozone layer absorbs all the harmful ultra violet radiation

emanating from Sun and protects human and animal life from UV radiation. UV radiation

has the potential to cause skin cancers, eye damage, suppress body’s immune system

and decrease of crop yields, more melanoma and non-melanoma and damage to ocean

eco system. In 1970 Prof. Paul Crutzen pointed out that nitrogen oxides from fertilizers

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and super-sonic aircraft might deplete the ozone layer. When Chloro Floro Carbons

(CFCs) finally break in the atmosphere release chlorine atoms, which cause ozone

depletion and bromine atoms released by halons have the same effect.

India and in entire global level produce CFC 11, CFC 12, CFC 113, Halon

1211, HCFC 22, Halon 1301, Carbon Tetra Chloride (CTC), Methyl Chloroform and Methyl

bromide. These Ozone Depletion Substances (ODS) are used in refrigeration, Air

conditioning, Fire fighting, Electronics, Foams, aerosol fumigation application. India has

taken serious regulatory measures to phase out the above ODS in the country. The rules

were amended to prohibit the CFC and Halon’s manufacturing used in various products.

Commemorating closer of ODS production sites under Montreal Protocol 2005 to freeze

of CFC and Halon production. The Govt. of India has strived to achieve the Montreal

Protocol control measures without intervening industrial and economic growth and

without undue burden on consumers and public due to the technical and financial

assistance received from multilateral fund and the implementing agencies of the

Montreal Protocol.

Ozone is another important gas in the atmosphere. The stratosphere has the

highest amount of naturally occurring ozone. Ozone in the troposphere is considered a

pollutant. Ozone is made of three atoms of oxygen bonded together to make one

molecule of ozone. Ozone is destroyed by chemicals caused by Chloro Fluro Carbons

(CFCs). Researchers think that chlorine from these types of chemicals breaks the bonds

between the oxygen atoms. This produces one molecule of regular oxygen, and one

molecule of chlorine and oxygen bonded together. Along comes a free floating oxygen

that bumps out the chlorine and bonds with the other oxygen. Now there is another

regular molecule of oxygen and a free floating atom of chlorine. This chlorine is now

ready to go and destroy another molecule of ozone. This is bad for the ozone layer.

Ozone absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Without it, skin cancer rates would

increase. Who knows what other changes could occur.

Atmospheric pressure and thickness

The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is about 1 atmosphere (atm)

= 101.3 kPa (kilopascals) = 14.7 psi (pounds per square inch) = 760 torr = 29.9 inches

of mercury (symbol Hg). Total atmospheric mass is 5.1480×1018 kg (1.135×1019 lb),

about 2.5% less than would be inferred naively from the average sea level pressure and

the Earth's area of 51007.2 mega hectares, this defect having been displaced by the

Earth's mountainous terrain. Atmospheric pressure is the total weight of the air above

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unit area at the point where the pressure is measured. Thus air pressure varies with

location and time, because the amount of air above the Earth's surface varies.

If atmospheric density were to remain constant with height the atmosphere

would terminate abruptly at 8.50 km (27,900 ft). Instead, density decreases with height,

dropping by 50% at an altitude of about 5.6 km (18,000 ft). As a result the pressure

decrease is approximately exponential with height, so that pressure decreases by a

factor of two approximately every 5.6 km (18,000 ft) and by a factor of e = 2.718…

approximately every 7.64 km (25,100 ft), the latter being the average scale height of

Earth's atmosphere below 70 km (43 mi; 230,000 ft). However, because of changes in

temperature, average molecular weight, and gravity throughout the atmospheric

column, the dependence of atmospheric pressure on altitude is modelled by separate

equations for each of the layers listed above. Even in the exosphere, the atmosphere is

still present. This can be seen by the effects of atmospheric drag on satellites.

In summary, the equations of pressure by altitude in the above references

can be used directly to estimate atmospheric thickness. However, the following published

data are given for reference:

• 50% of the atmosphere by mass is below an altitude of 5.6 km

(18,000 ft).

• 90% of the atmosphere by mass is below an altitude of 16 km (52,000 ft).

The common altitude of commercial airliners is about 10 km (33,000 ft)

and Mt. Everest's summit is 8,848 m (29,029 ft) above sea level.

Density of air

The density of air at sea level is about 1.2 kg/m3 (1.2 g/L). Density is not

measured directly but is calculated from measurements of temperature, pressure and

humidity using the equation of state for air (a form of the ideal gas law). Atmospheric

density decreases as the altitude increases. This variation can be approximately

modelled using the barometric formula. More sophisticated models are used to predict

orbital decay of satellites.

The average mass of the atmosphere is about 5 quadrillion (5 × 1015) tonnes

or 1/1,200,000 the mass of Earth. According to the National Centre for Atmospheric

Research, "The total mean mass of the atmosphere is 5.1480 × 1018 kg with an annual

range due to water vapour of 1.2 or 1.5 × 1015 kg depending on whether surface

pressure or water vapour data are used; somewhat smaller than the previous estimate.

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The mean mass of water vapour is estimated as 1.27 × 101 kg and the dry air mass as

5.1352 ±0.0003 × 1018 kg."

Emission (electromagnetic radiation)

Emission is the opposite of absorption; it is when an object emits radiation.

Objects tend to emit amounts and wavelengths of radiation depending on their "black

body" emission curves, therefore hotter objects tend to emit more radiation, with shorter

wavelengths. Colder objects emit less radiation, with longer wavelengths. For example,

the Sun is approximately 6,000 K (5,730 °C; 10,340 °F), its radiation peaks near

500 nm, and is visible to the human eye. The Earth is approximately 290 K (17 °C;

62 °F), so its radiation peaks near 10,000 nm, and is much too long to be visible to

humans.

Because of its temperature, the atmosphere emits infrared radiation. For

example, on clear nights the Earth's surface cools down faster than on cloudy nights.

This is because clouds (H2O) are strong absorbers and emitters of infrared radiation. This

is also why it becomes colder at night at higher elevations. The atmosphere acts as a

"blanket" to limit the amount of radiation the Earth loses into space.

The greenhouse effect is directly related to this absorption and emission (or

"blanket") effect. Some chemicals in the atmosphere absorb and emit infrared radiation,

but do not interact with sunlight in the visible spectrum. Common examples of these

chemicals are CO2 and H2O. If there are too much of these greenhouse gases, sunlight

heats the Earth's surface, but the gases block the infrared radiation from exiting back to

space. This imbalance causes the Earth to warm, and thus climate change.

Atmospheric circulation

Atmospheric Circulation is the large-scale movement of air, and the means

(with ocean circulation) by which heat is distributed around the Earth. The large-scale

structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the basic structure

remains fairly constant as it is determined by the Earth's rotation rate and the difference

in solar radiation between the equator and poles.

Currently, anthropogenic greenhouse gases are increasing in the atmosphere.

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, this increase is the main

cause of global warming.

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Global warming

Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's

near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation.

According to the 2007 Fourth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change (IPCC), global surface temperature increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C

(1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the 20th century. Most of the observed temperature increase

since the middle of the 20th century was caused by human activity such as fossil fuel

burning, deforestation land uses etc. Global dimming, a result of increasing

concentrations of atmospheric aerosols that block sunlight from reaching the surface,

has partially countered the effects of greenhouse gas induced warming.

Air pollution

Air pollution is the human introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or

biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to organisms into the atmosphere.

Stratospheric ozone depletion is believed to be caused by air pollution (chiefly from

chlorofluorocarbons).

Air pollution is a major problem that has been recognized throughout the

world for hundreds of years. Air pollution stems from gases and airborne particles which,

in excess, are harmful to human health, buildings and ecosystems. APPCB 338 Air

pollution industries provided the stack monitoring equipment and 126 units installed

continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring stations. This will help to watch the status of

air pollution of the unit from time to time.

Main Sources of Atmospheric Pollution:

1. The combustion of fuels to produce energy for heating and power

generation both in domestic and industrial sectors.

2. The exhaust emissions from the transport vehicles that use petrol, diesel

oil, etc.

3. Waste gases, dust and heat from many industrial sites including chemical

manufacturers, electrical power generating stations, etc.

Environmental factors have emerged as a major cause of global increase in

illness and deaths. Mosquito which causes malaria, the most deadly of insect borne

tropic diseases is claiming millions of people annually throughout the world. 23 percent

of global diseases could be associated with environmental factors. An estimated 95

percent of tuberculosis sufferers are from the developing world. It is prevalent in poor

rural regions producing recurrent inspection.

89

Due to exposure to climate change, air pollution both outdoor and indoor,

ambient air quality and waterborne diseases claims huge lives, due to lack of adequate

water supply and sanitation. Environmental quality has been an issue of concern in the

back drop of increasing urbanization, industrial and vehicular pollution as well as

pollution of water courses due to discharge of effluents without confirming to the

environmental norms and standards. Realizing the trend of pollution in various

environmental media like air, water and soil, MoEF, Govt. of India adopted policy for

abatement of pollution which provides strategies in the form of regulations and

legislations.

Air pollution and the resultant air quality can be attributed to emissions from

vehicles, industrial and domestic activities. The air quality has been therefore an issue of

social concern in the back drop of various development activities. The norms for ambient

air quality and industry specific emissions have been notified. Air quality monitoring

stations have been installed. Sulphur Dioxide, Oxides of Nitrogen and respirable

suspended particulate matter are being monitored by the Pollution Control Board;

besides additional parameters for other toxic trace matters and also hydrocarbons are

also being monitored.

Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB) is monitoring the ambient air

quality in the state of Andhra Pradesh under two programmes.

1. National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Program (NAMP)

2. State Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (SAAQM)

In addition to the above, ambient air quality is monitored daily in cities

covering traffic junctions, commercial and sensitive areas in the peak areas for 8 hours.

Monitoring of ambient air quality under National Air Monitoring Program

(NAMP):

To assess the ambient air quality of the country, Central Pollution Control

Board (CPCB) has sponsored the NAMP. This program is being carried out in all the

states of the country. The monitoring agencies include Government departments,

scientific and technical organizations, private institutes, state pollution control boards

etc. The data generated from these stations shall be submitted to the CPCB by 10th of

every month. CPCB has also established National Environmental Data Bank (EDB). The

data generated from the NAMP station shall be fed into the EDB on monthly basis for all

stations. There are 25 NAMP stations sanctioned by CPCB to APPCB and are in operation.

The NAMP stations cover 13 districts of the state. Under the NAMP, four air pollutants

viz., Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen, suspended particulate matter and

90

respirable suspended particulate matter have been identified for regular monitoring at all

locations. The monitoring of meteorological parameters such as wind speed and wind

direction, relative humidity, pressure and temperature was also integrated with the

monitoring of air quality.

State Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (SAAQM):

The monitoring is carried out twice in a fortnight for 24 hours with 8 hourly

frequency of sampling. The monitoring of these stations is purely managed by the APPCB

funds. The APPCB is monitoring network of 4 (four) stations in Andhra Pradesh state.

Environment Pollution due to Energy Use:

Air pollution is due to burning of fossil fuels. The household sector is the

largest consumer of energy in India. Wood is the fossil fuel for cooking. More than 60%

of Indian households depend on traditional sources of energy like fuel wood, dung and

crop residue for meeting their cooking and heating needs. Burning of traditional fuels

introduces large quantities of CO2 when the combustion is complete, but if there is

incomplete combustion and oxidation, then carbon monoxide (CO) is produced, in

addition to hydrocarbons. The combustion of various fuels, namely, coal, oil, nuclear etc.

in industries and vehicles has been a major source of pollution. Coal production through

opencast mining, its supply to and consumption in power stations and industrial boilers

leads to particulate and gaseous pollution which can cause pneumoconiosis, bronchitis

and respiratory diseases. Another major impact of coal mining is land degradation in

forest areas.

The combustion of petroleum products in vehicles, industries and domestic

cooking activities, results in the emission of pollutants in large quantities. Radioactive

emissions from nuclear power plants are of grave concern as they can cause serious

impact on human beings. Due to limited reserves of petroleum, main emphasis needs to

be given to non-conventional energy sources such as wind energy, solar energy and

ocean energy.

Industrial Emissions:

Air borne emissions emitted from various industries are a cause of major

concern. These emissions are of two forms viz., solid particles (SPM) and gaseous

emissions (SO2, NOx, CO, etc.). Liquid effluents, generated from certain industries

containing organic and toxic pollutants are also a cause of concern. 17 categories of

highly polluting industries are identified for the purpose of monitoring and regulation of

pollution from them. The MoEF has developed standards for regulating emissions from

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various industries including thermal power stations, iron and steel plants, cement plants,

fertilizer plants, oil refineries, pulp and paper, petro-chemicals, sugar, distilleries and

tanneries.

Transport:

Tremendous growth has happened in sectors like IT, Pharmacy, Real Estate in

A.P. due to liberalization and globalization of economy, which has resulted in high growth

in employment and rise in income levels. Credit and financing facilities are easily

accessible to those with assured income. Public transport is unreliable. Personal vehicles

are also inspirational in nature. All these have resulted in an increase in the number of

personal vehicles, thereby increasing the pollution load.

The increase in number of vehicles creates adverse impacts on road

infrastructure, neighborhoods, safely and adds to air and noise pollution. Studies

conducted by National Institute of Nutrition, A.P. Pollution Control Board reveal that the

vehicular air pollution causes health hazards to school going children, traffic constables

and road side traders in particular, and the public in general. The State Government has

taken number of policy initiatives to regulate the vehicle movements by improving the

public transport infrastructure, and to control the vehicular air pollution. The important

initiatives are

• Levy of Green Tax

• Levy of additional Life Tax

• Encouragement of green fuels

• Installation of inspection and certification system

• Construction of flyovers

• Registration of Euro III model vehicles

• Restriction on number of Autos

Road Transport:

Road vehicles are the second major source of pollution. They emit CO, HCs,

NOx, SO2 and other toxic substances such as TSP and lead. Diesel engines are much less

polluting than petrol engines. Both types of engines are not efficient converters of fuel

energy and they are incomplete combustion of fuels causing deterioration of health of

human beings. Stringent measures are taken to curb air pollution caused by

automobiles. Present vehicular system is to be streamlined from the poor maintenance

of vehicles. Four factors make pollution from the vehicles i.e., poor quality of vehicles,

lower quality of fuel, concentration of motor vehicles in few large cities and exposure of

population that lives and moves in the open.

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With the alarming increase in the atmospheric pollution in cities, the Andhra

Pradesh Government taken some important initiatives like tightening of the auto

emissions and fuel quality specifications 1996, as recommended by the CPCB, secondly

ambient air quality standards as prescribed by national ambient air quality standards for

three distinct areas viz., industrial, residential, rural areas and sensitive areas besides

the following steps taken.

1. Reduction of lead in petrol

2. Reduction of sulphur in diesel

3. Tightening of emission norms

4. Phasing out grossly polluting vehicles

Auto Fuel Policy:

In order to control vehicular pollution, a road map has been adopted as per

the schedule proposed in Auto Fuel Policy, which includes use of cleaner fuels,

automobile technologies and enforcement measures for in use vehicles through improved

Pollution Under Control (PUC) certification system. As per the Auto Fuel Policy, Bharat

Stage-II norms for new vehicles have been introduced throughout the country from 1st

April, 2005. However, EURO-III equivalent emission norms for all new vehicles, except

2-3 wheelers have been introduced in 11 major cities from 1.4.2005. To meet Bharat

Stage-II, EURO-III and EURO-IV emission norms, matching quality of petrol and diesel is

being made available.

Introduction of CNG buses:

APSRTC is ready to convert their buses to CNG mode and is awaiting for

supply of CNG by BGL. As on 31.03.2010 M/s Bhagyanagar Gas Limited (BGL) is

operating CNG stations. There are 8958 CNG vehicles are registered during the year

2013-14 and 9116 CNG vehicles are registered during the year 2014-15 which are

shown in table 4.16(a) & (b).

Harmful Effects of Emissions:

Smoke and fumes can increase the atmospheric turbidity and reduce the

amount of solar radiation reaching the ground. The effect of air pollution on the

biosphere can be considered under three heads.

1. Buildings & Materials

2. Soil, Vegetation, Crops and Animal Life

3. Human Beings.

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Steps Taken so far and Their Impact:

The decreasing trend has been observed in Sulphur Dioxide in many cities

due to various measures taken such as reduction of sulphur in diesel and substitute of

LPG instead of coal as domestic fuel.

The following are the air pollution measures:

• Upgradation of existing Pollution Under Control (PUC) centres with

computer testing facility

• Unleaded gasoline and low sulphur diesel are being supplied

• Introduction of mobile task forces to monitor the visibly polluting vehicles

• Bharat stage-III norms have been introduced

• Ban on sale of loose 2T oil, shall be dispensed through premixed

dispensing stations

• Establishment of LPG dispensing stations

• Constitution of task forces to check the adulteration of oil and fuel

• Introduction of multi model transport system

• Urban greening is being carried out

• Open space plantation is being carried out

Air Pollution Control Measures and Performance Status:

Coal being received by APGENCO stations is of high ash and low sulphur

category. The Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) in the fly ash emission is of high

concern and is controlled by installing Electro Static Precipitators (ESPs). Andhra Pradesh

Pollution Control Board (A.P.P.C.B.) has prescribed new SPM limit as 115 mg/Nm3

against earlier limit of 400/200mg/Nm3. New stations such as RTPP, KTPS-V and VTPS-

III are designed for latest emission standards. Old stations designed for earlier standards

are being upgraded. Present pollution levels against statutory standards are given in

Table 4.2.

The following are the Industrial Pollution Control measures:

• Intensifying monitoring by special vigilance squad under the Air Act, 1981

• Determining efficacy of APC system and taking remedial actions including

upgradation of existing air pollution control measures wherever needed

• Implementation character on Corporate Responsibility for Environment

Protection (CREP) Action Plan for highly polluting industries as decided by

the MoEF

• Ban on burning off specification materials/wastes by scrap traders

94

Noise Pollution:

The increasing noise pollution may be attributed to increase in no. of vehicles,

urbanization and industrialization. The noise pollution has already reached at a high level

in most of the metropolitan cities in all the residential, commercial, industrial and silence

zones. Of late noise has been recognized as a pollutant which until recently was

considered only as a nuisance. In recent years, noise being an environment pollutant

has been receiving increased attention. Concerns were expressed about the ill-effects of

noise, and subsequently legislative regulations to control noise in western countries were

enacted in the 1960s. But in developing countries, the control exercise was initiated only

in the 1980s. In India, noise pollution is deemed to be an offence through the

promulgation of the Environment (Protection) Act 1986. Every industry, trade, transport

and process using equipment, apparatus, materials and methods that produce unwanted

and unpleasant sound, constitute to be the source of noise. In India, the major sources

of noise are industries, automobiles, domestic appliances, public address system,

religious functions, festivals and related celebrations, construction activities, use of

generators, pressure horns and fire crackers etc. Keeping in view the increasing trend in

noise levels, the MoEF has issued various regulations from time to time to control noise

pollution in ambient air at source and at manufacturing stage.

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has notified the ambient noise

standards in 1987 under Section 20 of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,

1981. The noise standards specify limits as 55dB(A) and 45dB(A) as limits for day and

night time respectively, for residential areas, 75 dB(A) and 70 dB(A) in the day and night

time for industrial areas and 50 dB(A) and 40 dB(A) in the day and night time for silence

zones, 65 dB(A) and 55dB(A) as limits for day and night time for Commercial areas.

Environmental Performance of Thermal Power Stations as on 01.8.2008:

Conservation of natural resources and environmental protection to achieve

sustainable development are the primary objectives of APGENCO. To achieve the

objectives, APGENCO is putting efforts on the following areas.

• Optimisation of efficiency of plant and equipment

• Optimisation and upgradation of pollution control systems

• Improvement of the operating practices and use of better grade fuels

• Compliance of statutory norms

• Innovative measures for fly ash utilization

• Green belt development in and around the plant

A fugitive emission from the coal storage and handling area is controlled by

menace of dust suppression and dust extraction systems.

95

Compliance of Ambient Air Quality Standards:

The air quality around thermal stations i.e., SPM, RPM, SO2 and NOx are

meeting national ambient air quality standards. Ambient air quality status against

standards is as follows in Table No-4.3.

Water Pollution Control Measures:

Ash Pond effluent from coal and oil handling areas, colony and domestic

sewage are the main effluents being generated from Thermal Power Stations.

Decantation system in the ash pond is a general method of filtering the ash from slurry.

These systems are provided in all stations and are working efficiently. The effluent

emerging from ash pond from all stations is meeting the standards. Effluent quality

reports against A.P.P.C.B. limits are as follows in Table. No. 4.4 .

Compliance of Plant Effluent Quality Standards:

For treatment of plant effluents, sedimentation tanks are provided at

Vijayawada Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) for Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station

(RTPS) is in nearing completion and will be commissioned shortly. To conserve water,

ash pond effluent re-circulation system consisting of settling tanks and pumping system

is provided at Rayalaseema Thermal Power Plant (RTPP). All stations have been provided

septic tanks for treatment of sewage from colonies and plants. Advanced Sewage

Treatment Plant (STP) is under construction for VTPS. Oxidation Pond for better

treatment of sewage is also provided at RTPP. The effluent quality report is as follows in

Table- No.4.5.

Development of Green Belts:

Green belts have been developed at all power plants to act as a sink for

absorbing pollutants, sound barrier improve aesthetics and purify the atmosphere. The

following table shows the development of Green Belts in thermal power stations.

Fly Ash Utilization Scenario:

APGENCO is making sincere efforts to improve the ash utilization levels from

thermal power stations. The following are the measures.

1. APGENCO has entered into Memorandum of Understanding with Cement

Manufacturing and other fly ash users for upgradation of dry ash handling

systems for operation and maintenance of the system for 100 percent

extraction of fly ash.

2. All other promotional measures are being implemented.

96

Clean Development Mechanism and Opportunities for Industries under CDM:

Climate changes as a result of emission of Green House Gases (GHG)

particularly Carbon Dioxide. The terrestrial biosphere has a strong influence on climate

system both regional and global on land use and nature. Even a small change in

precipitation, evaporation and occurrence of extreme weather events such as storms,

drought and floods has considerable ecological and socio-economic effects. Climate

change is the biggest environmental disaster facing human kind because human beings

are heavily dependent on fossil fuels like coal and petrol. No country has been able to

de-link GDP on carbon dioxide emissions. The developed countries have been responsible

for bulk emissions of GHG hence the responsibility for GHG abatement lies directly with

these countries.

CDM is a mechanism under Kyoto protocol, which regulates countries in order

to mitigate their green house gas emissions. The CDM is the only mechanism provided

under Kyoto protocol, which allows developing countries to take part in Joint Green

House Gas Integration Projects. This mechanism enables the implementation of

technology transfer from developed to developing countries.

CDM Opportunities and Benefits in India:

• India has 5 CDM type projects in place under pilot version of the CDM-

Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ)

• The projects cover the spectrum of potential CDM Activities like

� Implements in industrial efficiency

� Power generation using waste materials

� Changes in agricultural practices

CPCB of MoEF/GoI brought out in Dec. 2009 a “Comprehensive Environmental

Assessment of Industrial clusters”. For this purpose they defined a Comprehensive

Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI) to characterize the environmental quality at a

given location. The index includes various health dimensions of environment including

air, water and land, to act as an early warning tool. The index was derived for 88

selected industrial clusters/areas in which 2 such areas are included from Andhra

Pradesh. The CEPI and the ranking in 88 areas for the two areas given as follows:

Sl. No. Area

Rank

Air CEPI

Water CEPI

Land CEPI

CEPI

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

1 Vijayawada 74 52.00 41.50 43.00 60.57

2 Vishakhapatnam 40 57.00 57.50 55.00 70.82

97

CDM Potential in A.P:

Andhra Pradesh has large potential for energy conservation and energy

efficiency in small scale sectors using renewable energy technologies i.e., energy from

waste biomass, energy plantation, industrial waste etc. The following types of projects

have potential in Andhra Pradesh. They are eligible for attracting funds under Clean

Development Management (CDM).

1. Renewable energy projects such as biomass, energy plantation, co-

generation, small hydro, geo-thermal etc.

2. Energy efficiency projects that are aimed at reducing emissions, below the

standard bench marks of industrial prevailing standards

3. Fuel switch projects such as switching of fossil fuels to renewable energy

sources, switching of high emitting sources to low emitting sources

4. Forestation and afforestation activities.

Industrial Development:

There are more than one lakh small scale industries which are covered under

SSI non-polluting category. The State Government / Government of India has taken a

number of policy initiatives to promote industrial investment and regulate the

environmental degradation. Some of the important policy initiatives in this regard are

• Industrial Investment Promotion Policy, 2005-2010

• Eco- Industrial Parks

• Food Processing Policy

• Integrated Industrial Development Centers

• Special Economic Zones

• Environment Impact Assessment Notification, 2006

The above initiatives are creating an enabling environment for promotion of

industries in the State and regulating the environmental impacts and thus providing

space for sustainable industrial development.

Tourism:

Tourism is recognized as a key sector for employment generation and

promotion of infrastructure in the State. The Tourism Policy, 2006 provides the

framework for the private investment in this sector. The State also provides a single

window clearance system for enabling infrastructure development in the tourism sector.

Information on historic sites and monuments, forts, arts and crafts, fairs and festival,

National Parks, Zoos, wildlife sanctuaries, beaches, tourist arrivals, visitors to centrally

protected monuments, pilgrim services offered by APSRTC and other tourist service

across the State are available in the report.

98

Archaeological Survey of India has around 170 archaeological sites across the

State, of which over 600 sites are being maintained by the State Department of

Archaeology and Museums. More than 10,000 temples and places of worship exist across

the State. The State has a large number of lakes, waterfalls, beaches, hill stations,

wildlife sanctuaries and forest reserves.

Increase in influx of tourists, including pilgrims to popular religious

destinations has led to increased pollution levels due to vehicles, municipal solid waste,

sewage etc.

TABLE - 4.1

POLLUTANTS AND THEIR RELATED HEALTH HAZARDS

Sl. No. Pollutants Affects on Human Health

1. 2. 3.

1. Carbon Monoxide Affects the cardiovascular system

2. Nitrogen Oxides Affects the respiratory system

3. Ozone Causes increased sensitivity to infections, lung diseases, irritation in eyes, nose and throat

4. Sulphur Dioxide Affects the functions of lungs

5. Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)

Small particles are poisonous. They are carriers of carcinogenic transfer elements

6. Volatile Organic Substances (VOC)

Eg: Benzene are carcinogenic

Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, All India.

TABLE - 4.2 STATUS OF COMPLIANCE OF FLUE GAS EMISSION

(SPM) STANDARD, 2014-15

Sl. No. Station

Actual SPM (mg/Nm3)

Level during 2014-15

Limit for SPM

(mg/Nm3)

Status of Compliance

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. Dr.NTTPS,Vijayawada

Unit -1 110

115 Units 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, & 7 are within

the limits and unit 2 is marginally

higher than the APPCB limit.

Unit-2 118

Unit-3 112

Unit-4 102

Unit-5 105

Unit-6 106

Unit-7 70 100

2. Rayalaseema TPP 87

Unit-1 107

115 All the units are within the limits.

Unit-2 108

Unit-3 79

Unit-4 80

Unit-5 92

Source: A.P. GENCO, Hyderabad.

99

TABLE - 4.3

NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS

Sl. No. Pollutants

Industrial Areas

*ug/m3

Rural & Residential Areas ug/m3

Sensitive Area

ug/m3

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. Suspended Particulate Matter

(SPM) – 500 200

100

2. Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RPM) -

150 100 75

3. Sulphur Dioxide – SO2 120 80 30

4. Nitrogen Oxide – NO2 120 80 30

* 24-hourly/8- hourly values should be met 98%of the time in a year. However 2% of

time it may exceed but not on two consecutive days. (ug: Microgram)

TABLE - 4.4

ASH POND EFFLUENTS QUALITY OF A.P. GENCO STATIONS FOR 2014-15

Sl.

No. Station

Ash Pond effluent

quality suspended solids

(PPM) during 2014-15

(Max/ Min)

APPCB Limit

(PPM)

Status of

Compliance

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. Dr.NTTPS 98/24

100 Within limit

2. RTPP 84/68

Source: A.P.GENCO, Hyderabad.

TABLE - 4.5

PLANT EFFLUENT QUALITY OF A.P.GENCO STATIONS FOR 2014-15

Sl. No.

Station Total suspended solids (PPM) during 2014-15

Average (Max/Min)

APPCB Limit (PPM)

Status of compliance

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. Dr.NTTPS 28/20 100 Within limit

2. RTPP 24/15 100

Source: A.P. GENCO, Hyderabad.

100

TABLE - 4.6

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY LEVELS IN ug/Nm3 FOR 2014-15

AT VARIOUS THERMAL POWER STATIONS

Sl. No.

Station PM10

PM 2.5

SO2 NOx Remarks Max/Min

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Dr.NTTPS (VTPS)

1. Power House 99/55 58/20 36/20 46/29

Within limits

2. Security Colony 82/35 37/17 32/21 44/28

3. B Colony 91/50 54/29 40/27 48/36

4. Hill Top Guest House 88/42 42/17 34/22 40/27

5. Railway wagon work shop Rayanapadu village.

96/44 46/20 36/23 43/30

RTPP

1. Top of the Weigh Bridge Room 88/62 54/42 33/20 31/19

Within limits.

2. Top of the TXR Office 87/67 58/46 34/18 31/19

3. Project Hostel 81/62 58/38 34/20 28/16

4. Project Guest House 79/50 60/38 33/19 30/19

5. Police Station Kalammalla village

75/63 58/45 34/22 32/20

Source: A.P. GENCO, Hyderabad. (All figures are in microgram/m3) Note:Ambient Air Quality levels in Ug/Nm3 as per MoE&F, GOI Notification dated 16th November, 2009. Standards: PM10 - 100 microgram/m3, PM 2.5 - 60 microgram/m3 SO2 - 80 micrograms /m3, NOx - 80 micrograms/m3

TABLE - 4.7

PLANTATION-AT VARIOUS THERMAL POWER STATIONS OF APGENCO

Sl.

No. Station

Total no of available Plantation

upto 31st, March

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

1. Dr.NTTPS 1,58,000 1,62,000 1,63,795 1,74,400 1,74,400

2. RTPP 96,183 1,01,733 76,574 76,574 98,650

Total 2,54,183 2,63,733 2,40,369 2,50,974 2,73,050


101

TABLE - 4.8 PRODUCTION AND UTILISATION OF A.P.GENCO

THERMAL POWER STATIONS, 2014-15

Sl. No. Station Production

(MU)

Utilization(MU) (Aux

Consumption)

Percentage

of utilization

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. Dr. NTTPS 9,086.58 937.44 10.32

2. Dr. NTTPS-IV 3,618.77 185.74 5.13

3. RTPP-Stage I 2,759.23 342.88 12.43

4. RTPP-Stage II 2,984.79 260.71 8.76

5. RTPP-Stage III 1,419.45 141.12 9.94


TABLE - 4.9

NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (NAAQS)

Sl. No.

Pollutant

Time

weighted Average

Concentration in Ambient Air

Industrial Residen-

tial, Rural and

Other Area

Ecologically sensitive

Area (Notified by

Central Govt.)

Methods of Measurement

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) µg/m3

Annual Average*

50 20 Improved west and Gaeke Ultra violet fluorescence 24

hours** 80 80

2. Nitrogen Dioxide as (NO2 ) µg/m3

Annual Average*

40 30 Modified Jacob & Hochheiser (Na-Arsenite) Chemiluminesence

24 hours**

80 80

3.

Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM)(Size less than 10 microns) or P M10 µg/m3

Annual Average*

60 60 Gravimetric TOEM Beta attenuation

24 hours**

100 100

4. Particulate Matter (Size less than 2.5 um) or P M2.5 µg/m3

Annual Average*

40 40 Gravimetric TOEM Beta attenuation 24

hours** 60 60

(Contd.)

102

TABLE - 4.9(Concld.)

NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (NAAQS)

Sl. No.

Pollutant

Time

weighted Average

Concentration in Ambient Air

Industrial Residen-tial, Rural

and OtherArea

Ecologically sensitive

Area (notified by

Central Govt.)

Methods of Measurement

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

5. Ozone (O3 ) µg/m3

8 hours**

100 100 UV Photometric Chemilminescence Chemical method 1 hour** 180 180

6. Lead (Pb) µg/m3

Annual average*

0.50 0.50 AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper ED – XRF using Teflon filter

24 hours**

1.0 1.0

7. Carbon Monoxide (CO) in mg/m³

8 hours**

02 02 _ Non Dispersive Infra Red(NDIR) Spectroscopy 1 hour 04 04

8. Ammonia ( N H3) ) µg/m3

Annual average*

100 100 Chemilminescence Indophenol Blue method

24 hours**

400 400

9. Benzene (C6H6) µg/m3

Annual* 05 05

Gas Chromatography based continuous analyzer Absorption and

10. Benzo(a) Pyrene (BaP) ng/ m3 Particulate phase only ng/ m³

Annual* 01 01 Solvent extraction followed by HPLC/GC analysis

11. Arsenic (As) ng/ m3 Annual* 06 06

_AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper

12. Nickel (Ni) ng/ m3 Annual* 20 20

AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper

*Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at a particular site

taken twice a week, 24 hourly at uniform intervals. **24 hourly or 8 hourly or 01 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall be complied with 98% of the time in a year. 2% of the time, they may exceed the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring. Note:- Whenever and wherever monitoring results on two consecutive days of monitoring exceed the limits specified above for the respective category, it shall be considered adequate reason to institute regular or continuous monitoring and further investigation.

103

TABLE - 4.10 STATE OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY IN MAJOR CITIES

IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 2010 to 2015

1. Annual average values of Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) in ug/m3

Sl. No City 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 *Standard

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1. Visakhapatnam 10.0 13.3 16.7 12.3 12.8 11.7

50 2. Vijayawada 7.1 6.2 6.1 7.7 4.6 4.7

3. Kurnool - - - 4.0 4.2 4.8

2. Annual average values of Oxides of Nitrogen (Nox) in ug/m3

3. Annual average values of Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) in

ug/m3

Sl. No City 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 *Standard 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1. Visakhapatnam 88 84 70 59 61 70

60 2. Vijayawada 92 90 84 101 103 86

3. Kurnool - - - 73 85 69

4. Annual average values of Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSPM) in

ug/m3

*National Ambient Air Quality Standards Source: A.P. Pollution Control Board, Hyderabad.

TABLE- 4.11

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STATUS IN MAJOR CITIES/TOWNS

IN ANDHRA PRADESH 2014-15

Sl No.

City Area class

Annual mean concentration in ug/m3

SO2 NOx TSPM RSPM

(PM10) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

1. Visakhapatnam Residential 11.7 19.7 141 70

2. Vijayawada Residential 4.7 24.7 179 86

3. Kurnool Residential 4.8 11.3 156 69

*Standard 50 40 --- 60

*National Ambient Air Quality Standards Source: A.P. Pollution Control Board, Hyderabad.

Sl. No City 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 *Standard 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1. Visakhapatnam 19.0 20.8 15.0 15.6 - 19.7

40 2. Vijayawada 14.5 13.4 12.4 16.7 - 24.7

3. Kurnool - - - 9.0 - 11.3

Sl. No City 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

1. Visakhapatnam 196 172 152 126 115 141

2. Vijayawada 244 206 179 214 214 179

3. Kurnool - - - 198 - 156

104

TABLE- 4.12 INDIAN STANTDARDS FOR MAXIMUM PERMISSABLE LIMITS FOR INDUSTRIAL

EFFLUENT DISCHARGES

(Mg/Litre)

Sl. No.

Parameter

Into land surface

waters Indian

standards:

2490 (1974)

Into Public Sewers Indian

Standards: 3306 (1974)

On land for

Irrigation Indian

Standards: 3307

(1974)

Marine Coastal

Area

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. pH 5.5 – 9.0 5.5 – 9.0 5.5 – 9.0 5.5 – 9.1

2. Biological oxygen demand (for 5 days at 20° C)

30.00 350.00 100.00 100.00

3. Chemical Oxygen demand 250.00 - - 250

4. Suspended Solids Total dissolved solids (inorganic)

2100.00 2100.00 2100.00

5. - - - -

6. Temparature (°C) 40.00 45.00 - 45.00

7. Oil and Grease 10.00 20.00 10.00 20.00

8. Phenolic Compounds 1.00 5.00 - 5.00

9. Cyanides 0.20 2.00 0.20 0.20

10. Sulphides 2.00 - - 5.00

11. Fluorides 2.00 15.00 - 15.00

12. Total residual chlorine 1.00 - - 1.00

13. Pesticides - - - -

14. Arsenic 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20

15. Cadmium 2.00 1.00 - 2.00

16. Chromium (hexavalent) 0.10 2.00 - 1.00

17. Copper 3.00 3.00 - 3.00

18. Lead 0.10 1.00 - 1.00

19. Mercury 0.01 0.01 - 0.01

20. Nickel 3.00 3.00 - 5.00

21. Selenium 0.05 0.05 - 0.05

22. Zinc 5.00 15.00 - 15.00

23. Chlorides 1000.00 1000.00 600.00 -

24. Boron 2.00 2.00 2.00 -

25. Sulphates 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00 -

26. Sodium (%) - 60.00 60.00 -

27. Ammoniacal nitrogen 50.00 50.00 - 50

28. Radioactive materials

29. Alpha emitters (milli curie/milliliter)

10-7 10-7 10-8 10-7

30. Beta emitters (u curie / milliliter)

10-6 10-6 10-7 10-6

Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2015 C.S.O. Govt. of India, New Delhi.

105

TABLE - 4.13

SUMMARY OF THE AMBIENT AIR QUALITY DATA OF THE STATIONS MONITORED

THROUGHOUT THE STATE OF ANDRA PRADESH FOR THE YEAR 2014-15

Sl. No.

Station Name Area RSPM

(PM10) ug/M3

TSPM ug/M3

SO2 ug/M3

NOx ug/m3

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Vijayawada Zone (Krishna, Guntur, Prakasam & S.P.S Nellore districts)

1. Autonagar Industrial 101 210 4.8 25.3

2. Benz circle Res/Com 96 190 4.8 26.0

3. Police control room Res/Com 102 212 4.7 25.1

4. Guntur Municipal Corpn. Res/Com 87 200 4.6 25.0

5. Prakasam(Ongole) Near Court centre

Res/Com 65 132 4.6 23.5

6. Nellore (Terrace of regional Science)

Res/Com 65 133 4.6 23.3

*Standard 60 --- 50 40

Visakhapatnam Zone (Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari and West Godavari districts) 7. Mindi Res/Com 61 123 19.2 17.4

8. Industrial Estate Autonagar

Res/Com 58 115 10.7 15.8

9. Police Barracks Res/Com 94 173 17.3 32.0

10. E S I Sensitive 53 107 10.8 13.7

11. Gnanapuram Res/Com 86 165 14.9 27.9

12. Seetammadhara Res/Com 52 101 11.4 16.5

13. Pedagantyada 58 121 9.6 14.6

14. Parwada (Ramky Pharma city)

53 96 8.9 13.7

15. Vizianagaram Res/Com 66 149 10.8 20.8

16. Srikakulam Res/Com 71 130 12.3 21.1

17. Eluru Res/Com 127 288 4.7 21.1

18. Kakinada, IDA, Ramanayya peta

Res/Com 57 123 11.1 17.5

19. A.P Papermills, Rajahmundry

Ind 65 143 10.8 19.7

*Standard 60 --- 50 40

Kurnool Zone (Kurnool, Y.S.R, Anathapuramu and Chittoor districts)

20. Krishna Nagar (NAMP)/Kurnool

Res/Com 75 161 4.4 9.9

21. Anantapuramu Res/Com 76 158 4.9 10.6

22. Tirupati Sensitive 61 149 4.5 12.0

23. Thirumala Sensitive 61 143 4.9 13.5

24. Chittoor Residential 67 151 5.4 11.2

25. Yerraguntla Kadapa Industrial 74 174 4.5 10.5

*Standard 60 - 50 40

Source: A.P. Pollution Control Board, Hyderabad.

106

TABLE- 4.14 NUMBER OF MOTOR VEHICLES OF DIFFERENT CLASSES AND CATEGORIES

ON ROAD

(As on 31st March 2015)

Sl. No.

Type of Vehicle 2013-14 2014-15

1. 2. 3. 4.

Stage Carriages:

1. APSRTC 9,665 9,987

2. Hire with APSRTC 1,864 2,275

3. Private 696 779

Total Stage Carriages (1+2+3) 12,225 13,041

4. Goods Vehicles

(Heavy+Medium+Light+Three

Wheeler) 2,91,752 3,13,078

5. Tractors & Trailers 1,70,114 1,86,330

Contract Carriages:

6. All India Tourist Buses 153 143

7. Contract Carriage Buses 3,062 2,781

8. Idle Buses 888 98

Total Contract Carriages (6+7+8) 4,103 3,022

Taxi Cabs:

9. All India Tourist cabs 2,382 2,432

10. Taxi cabs 48,198 50,805

11. Maxi cabs 18,601 20,087

Total Taxi cabs (9+10+11) 69,181 73,324

12. Auto Rickshaws 3,51,396 3,97,126

13. Education Institute Buses 19,248 20,471

14. Private Service Vehicles 1,633 1,735

Total School Buses & Private Service

Vehicles (13+14) 20,881 22,206

15. Ambulances 2,552 2,573

16. Others 1,745 3,286

I Total Transport Vehicles 9,23,949 10,13,986

17. Motor Cars 4,23,665 4,75,929

18. Jeeps 10,851 10,378

19. Motor Cycles 54,31,832 61,47,523

20. Tractors 1,14,386 1,26,862

21. Construction Equipment 8,653 9,668

22. Rig mounted 739 770

23. Road Rollers 1,101 1,128

24. Trailer for Agriculture purpose 85,758 93,155

25. Fire Tenders 244 259

26. Others 2,604 2,604

II Total Non-Transport Vehicles 60,79,833 68,68,276

Grand Total of Transport & Non-

Transport Vehicles 70,03,782 78,82,262

Source: Commissioner of Transport, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.

107

TABLE- 4.15 NUMBER OF MOTOR VEHICLES OF DIFFERENT CLASSES AND CATEGORIES

ON ROAD


Sl. No.

District

Stage Carriages Goods Carriage (Articula

ted+ Heavy+ Medium +Light+ Three Wheel Goods)

Tractors

& Trailers

Contract Carriages

A.P.S. R.T.C.

Hire with APS RTC

Private Total

(Col.3+4+5)

All India Touris

t Buses

State Permit

Two District

s Permit

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

1. Srikakulam 421 112 90 623 7,400 10,360 1 1 5

2. Vizianagaram 290 169 17 476 8,146 10,317 16 4 14

3. Visakhapatnam 878 170 6 1,054 31,171 6,844 16 22 19

4 East Godavari 720 193 33 946 35,353 11,220 - 30 3

5. West Godavari 558 118 11 687 25,971 17,379 - 5 -

6. Krishna 1,266 254 40 1,560 57,174 25,596 46 177 16

7. Guntur 1,040 193 177 1,410 33,003 26,573 7 88 18

8. Prakasam 773 104 13 890 16,832 13,746 16 99 2

9. S.P.S Nellore 799 124 86 1,009 20,142 9,148 1 28 18

10.

. Y.S.R 719 258 - 977 17,860 11,457 2 95 7

11..

Kurnool 881 188 20 1,089 19,232 20,559 - 11 -

12. Ananthapuramu 868 150 118 1,136 17,688 13,951 27 47 8

13. Chittoor 774 242 168 1,184 23,106 9,180 11 24 10

ANDHRA PRADESH 9,987 2,275 779 13,041 3,13,078 1,86,330 143 631 120

(Contd.)

TABLE- 4.15 (Contd..) NUMBER OF MOTOR VEHICLES OF DIFFERENT CLASSES AND CATEGORIES

ON ROAD (As on 31st March 2015)

Sl. No.

District Single District Permit

Idle Buses

Total Contract Carriages (Col.9 to

13)

Cabs

All India Tourist Cabs

Taxi Cabs

Maxi Cabs Total Cabs (Col. 15 to

17)

1. 2. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

1. Srikakulam 20 2 29 355 1,630 1,115 3,100

2. Vizianagaram 56 - 90 19 1,407 1,117 2,543

3. Visakhapatnam 651 - 708 268 7,092 2,918 10,278

4. East Godavari 204 22 259 8 5,109 1,865 6,982

5. West Godavari 43 26 74 694 3,737 1,193 5,624

6. Krishna 237 11 487 193 8,661 1,831 10,685

7. Guntur 132 8 253 31 5,910 2,206 8,147

8. Prakasam 63 25 205 69 2,059 1,278 3,406

9. S.P.S Nellore 118 2 167 16 2,203 1,040 3,259

10. Y.S.R 104 1 209 99 3,056 1,128 4,283

11. Kurnool 49 - 60 96 3,255 1,183 4,534

12. Ananthapuramu 112 - 194 346 2,418 930 3,694

13. Chittoor 241 1 287 238 4,268 2,283 6,789

ANDHRA PRADESH 2,030 98 3,022 2,432 50805 20,087 73,324

108

TABLE- 4.15 (Contd..) NUMBER OF MOTOR VEHICLES OF DIFFERENT CLASSES AND CATEGORIES


Sl.

No. District

Auto Ricksha

ws

Total Taxis

(Col.18 + 19)

Private Service Vehicles

Education Institute Buses

Amula

nces

Other

s

Total Transport

Vehicles (Col.

6+7+8+14 +(20 to

24))

1. 2. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

1. Srikakulam 15,107 18,207 54 509 87 124 37,393

2. Vizianagaram 15,841 18,384 65 568 91 90 38,227

3. Visakhapatnam 50,850 61,128 330 1,580 350 428 1,03,593

4. East Godavari 41,530 48,512 210 2,995 216 215 99,926

5. West Godavari 25,943 31,567 124 2,131 142 176 78,251

6. Krishna 42,738 53,423 241 2,364 366 301 1,41,512

7. Guntur 40,738 48,885 172 3,053 245 716 1,14,310

8. Prakasam 21,649 25,055 80 1,563 152 180 58,703

9. S.P.S Nellore 36,467 39,726 121 1,256 220 305 72,094

10. Y.S.R 21,547 25,830 60 1,020 186 318 57,917

11. Kurnool 31,701 36,235 43 974 147 105 78,444

12. Ananthapuramu 19,158 22,852 44 781 158 177 56,981

13. Chittoor 33,857 40,646 191 1,677 213 151 76,635

ANDHRA PRADESH 3,97,126 4,70,450 1,735 20,471 2,573 3,286 10,13,986

TABLE- 4.15 (Contd..)

NUMBER OF MOTOR VEHICLES OF DIFFERENT CLASSES ANDCATEGORIES

ON ROAD


Sl. No.

District Motor Cars

Jeeps Two

Wheelers Tractors

Trailer for Agriculture

purpose

Road Rollers

1. 2. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.

1. Srikakulam 8,867 95 1,97,809 886 329 46

2. Vizianagaram 10,253 348 1,91,723 1,094 233 34

3. Visakhapatnam 97,482 1,536 7,80,872 4,865 198 298

4. East Godavari 54,591 964 8,08,563 14,935 2,651 189

5. West Godavari 34,153 577 5,71,166 11,260 7486 54

6. Krishna 75,165 1,200 7,42,590 14,017 8914 126

7. Guntur 47,672 1,113 6,26,471 11,017 8259 115

8. Prakasam 16,725 419 2,80,858 12,209 13,507 39

9. S.P.S Nellore 29,865 490 3,29,930 9,238 10,699 66

10. Y.S.R 20,626 1,165 3,57,822 10,847 8547 44

11. Kurnool 23,903 718 4,03,280 10,035 6358 51

12. Ananthapuramu 22,083 835 3,97,002 6,572 5402 20

13. Chittoor 34,544 918 4,59,437 19,887 20,572 46

ANDHRA PRADESH 4,75,929 10,378 61,47,523 1,26,862 93,155 1,128

109

TABLE- 4.15 (Concld..) NUMBER OF MOTOR VEHICLES OF DIFFERENT CLASSES AND CATEGORIES


Sl. No.

District Rig

Mounted Construction Equipment

Fire Tenders

Others

Total Non-Transport Vehicles

(Col. 26 to 34)

Grand Total of Transport

& Non Transport Vehicles

(Col. 25+35)

1. 2. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37.

1. Srikakulam 18 349 17 67 2,08,483 2,45,876

2. Vizianagaram 16 247 8 54 2,04,010 2,42,237

3. Visakhapatnam 87 1,929 61 201 8,87,529 9,91,122

4. East Godavari 101 832 51 120 8,82,997 9,82,923

5. West Godavari 15 445 18 185 6,25,359 7,03,610

6. Krishna 39 761 33 264 8,43,109 9,84,621

7. Guntur 34 517 4 320 6,95,522 8,09,832

8. Prakasam 35 515 5 165 3,24,477 3,83,180

9. S.P.S Nellore 40 1,025 17 216 3,81,586 4,53,680

10. Y.S.R 41 695 9 165 3,99,961 4,57,878

11. Kurnool 28 525 10 192 4,45,100 5,23,544

12. Ananthapuramu 272 569 11 471 4,33,237 4,90,218

13. Chittoor 44 1,259 15 184 5,36,906 6,13,541

ANDHRA PRADESH 770 9,668 259 2,604 68,68,276 78,82,262

Source: Commissioner of Transport, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada. TABLE – 4.16

NO. OF CNG VEHICLES REGISTERED IN ANDHRA PRADESH AS ON 31-03-2015

Sl. No.

District

Number of CNG vehicles (Vehicle type)

Ambulances

Auto Ricksh

aw

Contr-act

Carria-ges

Education Institute

Bus

Goods

Carriage

Luxury Tourist

Cab

Maxi cab

Motor Cab

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

1. Srikakulam - 4 - 1 4 1 2 -

2. Vizianagaram - 4 - 1 0 - - -

3. Visakhapatnam - 2 5 8 1 - - -

4. East Godavari - 62 - 3 17 3 3 -

5. West Godavari - 0 - 15 2 - - -

6. Krishna - 5,327 2 1 20 2 6 24

7. Guntur - 37 - 2 6 - 1 2

8. Prakasam 1 9 - 2 4 - - -

9. SPS Nellore - 1 - 4 3 - - -

10. YSR - 8 - 8 2 - - -

11. Kurnool - 2 - 4 9 - - -

12. Ananthapuramu - 16 - 2 3 - - -

13. Chittoor - 34 1 5 11 - - -

ANDHRA PRADESH 1 5,506 8 56 82 6 12 26

(Contd..)

110

TABLE – 4.16(Concld.)

NO. OF CNG VEHICLES REGISTERED IN ANDHRA PRADESH AS ON 31-03-2015

Sl.No.

District

Number of CNG vehicles (Vehicle type)

Motor Car

Omni Buses

Omni Bus for private

Use

Private Service Vehicle

s

Stage Carriages

Three Wheeled Goods

vehicles

Total

1. 2. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

1. Srikakulam 5 - - - - 5 22

2. Vizianagaram 3 - - - - - 8

3. Visakhapatnam 33 - - 1 - 4 54

4. East Godavari 1,715 - 4 1 1 3 1,812

5. West Godavari 42 - - - - 3 62

6. Krishna 1,054 1 12 7 311 29 6,796

7. Guntur 95 - - 1 - 1 145

8. Prakasam 19 - 1 - - - 36

9. SPS Nellore 9 - - - - 2 19

10. YSR 6 - - 2 - - 26

11. Kurnool 11 - - - 1 1 28

12. Anantapuramu 5 - - - - - 26

13. Chittoor 24 - - - - 7 82

ANDHRA PRADESH 3,021 1 17 12 313 55 9,116

Source: Commissioner of Transport, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.

TABLE - 4.17

URBAN AIR POLUTION FROM VEHICULAR EMISION

Sl. No.

Pollutant Source of Emission

Contribution (percent) of the source to total

emissions

Remarks

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. Carbon Monoxide Petrol - Driven Vehicles

85 Contribution of two wheel ers is expected to rise.

2. Unburnt

Hydrocarbons

Two and Three

Wheelers 35 to 65 -

3. Nitrogen Oxides Diesel Driven Vehicles

90 or more -

4. Particulates Diesel Driven

Vehicles - -

Source: Teri Energy Data Directory of Year Book 1996-97.

In Andhra Pradesh, Two Wheelers which have generally two stroke engines

are getting popular because of more fuel economy, better specific power, lower

operational and maintenance costs and lower production costs. However, in two and three wheelers powered by two stroke engines, exhaust emissions are the principal source of pollutants. Diesel vehicular exhaust pollution is due to particulate matter, aldehydes and other toxic pollutants like carbon monoxide, un burnt hydrocarbons and

oxides of Nitrogen.

111

TABLE - 4.18

EMISSION STANDARDS NOTIFIED

1. Emission Standards for Diesel Truck and Bus Engines, g/kWh

Year Reference Test CO HC NOx PM

1992 --- ECE R49 17.3-32.6 2.7-3.7 ---- ----

1996 --- ECE R49 11.2 2.40 14.4 ----

2000 Euro I ECE R49 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36*

2005 Euro II ECE R49 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15

2010 Euro III ESC ETC

2.1 5.45

0.66 0.78

5.0 5.0

0.10 0.16

2010 Euro IV ESC ETC

1.5 4.0

0.46 0.55

3.5 3.5

0.02 0.03

2. Emission Standards for Diesel Truck and Bus Engines, g/kWh

Year Reference Test CO HC NOx PM

1992 --- ECE R49 17.3-32.6 2.7-3.7 ---- ----

1996 --- ECE R49 11.2 2.40 14.4 ----

2000 Bharat Stage I

ECE R49 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36

2005 Bharat

Stage II ECE R49 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15

2010 Bharat

Stage III ESC ETC

2.1 5.45

0.66 0.78

5.0 5.0

0.10 0.16

2010 Bharat

Stage IV ESC ETC

1.5 4.0

0.46 0.55

3.5 3.5

0.02 0.03

3. Emission Standards for Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles, g/km

Year Reference CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM

1992 --- 17.3-32.6

2.7-3.7 --- ---- ---

1996 --- 5.0-9.0 ---- 2.0-4.0 ----- ---

2000 Euro I 27.2-6.90

---- 0.97-1.70 0.14-0.25 ---

2005 Euro II 1.0-1.5 ---- 0.7-1.2 0.08-0.17 ---

2010 Euro III 0.64 0.80 0.95

----

0.56 0.72 0.86

0.50 0.65 0.78

0.05 0.07 0.10

2010 Euro IV 0.50 0.63 0.74

----

0.30 0.39 0.46

0.25 0.33 0.39

0.025 0.04 0.06

Year Reference CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM

1992 --- 17.3-32.6

2.7-3.7 --- ---- ---

1996 --- 5.0-9.0 ---- 2.0-4.0 ----- ---

2000 Bharat Stage I

27.2-6.90

---- 0.97-1.70 0.14-0.25 ---

2005 Bharat

Stage II 1.0-1.5 ---- 0.7-1.2 0.08-0.17 ---

2010 Bharat

Stage III

0.64 0.80 0.95

----

0.56 0.72 0.86

0.50 0.65 0.78

0.05 0.07 0.10

2010 Bharat

Stage IV

0.50 0.63 0.74

----

0.30 0.39 0.46

0.25 0.33 0.39

0.025 0.04 0.06

112

TABLE - 4.18 (Contd…)


4. Emission Standards for Light-Duty Diesel Engines, g/kWh

Year Reference CO HC NOx PM

1992 ---- 14.0 3.5 18.0 --

1996 ---- 11.20 2.40 14.4 --

2000 Euro I 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36*

2005 Euro II 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15

Year Reference CO HC NOx PM

1992 ---- 14.0 3.5 18.0 --

1996 ---- 11.20 2.40 14.4 --

2000 Bharat Stage I

4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36*

2005 Bharat

Stage II 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15

5. Emission Standards For Gasoline vehicles (GVW ≤ 3,500 kg),g/km

Year Reference CO HC HC+ NOx NOx

1991 ---- 14.3-27.1 2.0-2.9 ----

1996 ---- 8.68-12.4 ---- 3.00-4.36

1998 ---- 4.34-6.20 ---- 1.50-2.18

2000 Euro I 2.72-6.90 ---- 0.97-1.70

2005 Euro II 2.2-5.0 ---- 0.5-0.7

2010 Euro III 2.3

4.17 5.22

0.20 0.25 0.29

---

0.15 0.18 0.21

2010 Euro IV 1.0

1.81 2.27

0.1 0.13 0.16

--- 0.08 0.10 0.11

Year Reference CO HC HC+ NOx NOx

1991 ---- 14.3-27.1 2.0-2.9 ----

1996 ---- 8.68-12.4 ---- 3.00-4.36

1998 ---- 4.34-6.20 ---- 1.50-2.18

2000 Bharat Stage I

2.72-6.90 ---- 0.97-1.70

2005 Bharat

Stage II 2.2-5.0 ---- 0.5-0.7

2010 Bharat

Stage III

2.3

4.17 5.22

0.20

0.25 0.29

---

0.15

0.18 0.21

2010 Bharat

Stage IV

1.0

1.81 2.27

0.1

0.13 0.16

---

0.08

0.10 0.11

113

TABLE - 4.18 (Concld…)


6. Emission Standards for 3-Wheel Gasoline Vehicles, g/km

Year CO HC HC+NOx

1991 12-30 8-12 --

1996 6.75 --- 5.40

2000 4.00 --- 2.00

2005(BS II) 2.25 --- 2.00

2010.04(BS III) 1.25 --- 1.25

7. Emission Standards for 2-Wheel Gasoline Vehicles, g/km

Year CO HC HC+ NOx

1991 12-30 8-12 ---

1996 5.50 --- 3.60

2000 2.00 --- 2.00

2005(BS II) 1.5 --- 1.5

2010.04(BS III) 1.0 --- 1.0

8. Emission Standards for 2-Wheel and 3-Wheel Diesel Vehicles, g/km

Year CO HC+ NOx PM

2005.04

1.00 0.85 0.10

2010.04 0.50 0.50 0.05

Co: Carbon Monoxide, HC: Hydro Carbon, NOX: Oxides of Nitrogen PM: Particulate Mater


114

TABLE - 4.19

NEW NORMS

Sl. No.

Vehicle Type CO%

HC ppm

1. 2. 3. 4.

1. Two-Wheelers - (2/4S) Manufactured on or before 31st March 2000 4.5 9,000

2. Two-Wheelers - (2S) Manufactured after 31st March 2000 3.5 6,000

3. Two-Wheelers - (4S) Manufactured after 31st March 2000 3.5 4,500

4. Bharat Stage - II compliant 4-wheelers 0.5 750

5. 4 - wheelers other than Bharat Stage - II compliant 3.0 1,500


TABLE - 4.20

ANNUAL GROSS GENERATION OF POWER BY VARIOUS SOURCES (In Million Units)

Sl.

No. Year Hydro Thermal Gas

Private

Sector

Central

Sector Others Total

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1. 2010-11 7,718 26,846 1,681 18,005 19,986 3,529 77,764

2. 2011-12 6,376 32,893 1,448 16,406 24,953 3,085 85,160

3. 2012-13 3,207 34,730 1,140 11,785 30,414 923 82,198

4. 2013-14 7,115 31,838 5,072 4,612 25,808 14,378 88,823

5.

2014-15 (April’14 &

May’14) 627 5,728 179 1,526 4,774 2,726 15,560

6.

2014-15

(June, 14 to March’15) 3,177 16,285 467 5,748 14,553 397 40,627

Note: Sl. No. 1 to 5 data pertaining to Combined Andhra Pradesh State.

Source: A.P Transco, Hyderabad.

115

TABLE - 4.21

GENERATION CAPACITY & ELECTRICITY GENERATION

OF A.P.TRANSCO DURING THE YEARS 2010-11 TO 2014-15

Sl. No. Parameters 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

I. Generating capacity Non-Utilities (MW)

a. Public Sector G.O.I (from Central Sector) - - 312.43 72.43 64.13

b. Private Sector 164.08 - 6.48 - -

c. Wind (Pvt.) - - 193.90 232.60 285.20

d. Solar - - - 23.00 72.70

Total (a+b+c+d) 164.08 - 512.81 328.03 422.03

II. Generating Capacity Utilities

(MW) -APSEB

a. Hydro 87.00 39.00 - - -

b. Thermal 210.00 500.00 - - 800.00

c. Gas - - - - -

d. Wind - - - - -

e. Other - 2.20 - - -

Total (a+b+c+d) 297.00 541.20 - - 800.00

A.P. Total 461.08 541.20 512.81 328.03 1,222.03

III. Electricity Generation

Non-Utilities Net (MU)

Com-

bined A.P.

A.P.

a. Public Sector G.O.I 19,986.24 24,953.20 30,413.50 25,807.70 47,74.49 14,553.46

b. Private Sector 21,533.78 19,490.44 12,708.29 3,806.41 1,526.09 5,747.81

c. Other - - - 14,378.21 2,726.41 396.75

Total(a+b+c) 41,520.02 44,443.64 43,121.79 43,992.32 9,026.99 20,698.02

IV. Utilities including of Railways

– Gross (MU)- APSEB

a. Hydro 7717.67 6,375.56 3,206.64 7114.91 626.87 3,177.08

b. Thermal 26845.62 32,893.12 34,729.55 31,837.94 5,727.73 16,285.25

c. Gas 1,680.74 1,447.93 1,140.08 5,072.35 178.64 466.98

d. Wind - - - 805.39 - -

Total (a+b+c+d) 36,244.03 40,716.61 39,076.27 44,830.59 65,33.24 19,929.31

ANDHRA PRADESH 77,764.05 85,160.25 82,198.06 88,822.91 15,560.23 40,627.33


116

TABLE - 4.22 GENERATION CAPACITY AND ELECTRICITY GENERATION

OF A.P.TRANSCO FROM 2010-11 TO 2014-15 (as on end of the year)


Sl. No. Parameters 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

I. Generating Capacity Non-Utilities (MW)

a. Public Sector G.O.I 2,882.68 3,116.54 3,428.97 3,501.40 1,679.86

b. Private Sector:

(i)

Non-conventional (inclu.wind) 864.40 924.30 1,163.13 1,418.73 1,710.70

(ii) Hydel

104.40 105.60 105.64 105.64 89.10

(iii) Gas 2,494.70 2,494.70 2,494.70 2,494.70 1,150.31

Total 6,346.18 6,872.14 7,192.44 7,520.47 4,629.97

II. Generating Capacity of Utilities (MW) – AP GENCO

a. Hydro 3,790.36 3,829.36 3,829.36 3,829.36 1,671.29

b. Steam 4,592.50 5,092.50 5,092.50 5,092.50 3,148.15

c. Thermal - - - - -

d. Wind + Solar 2.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.00

e. Gas Joint Sector (APGPCL) 272.00 272.00 272.00 272.00 34.29

Total 8,656.86 9,196.86 9,196.86 9,196.86 4,855.73

Total(Utility + Non-Utility) 15,003.04 16,069 16,389.30 16,717.33 9,485.70

III. Electricity Generation Non-utilities (MU) Combined

A.P. A.P.

a. Public Sector G.O.I 19,986.24 24,953.20 30,413.50 25,807.70 4,774.49 14,553.46

b. Private Sector 18,004.95 16,405.69 11,784.88 3,806.41 1,526.09 5,747.81

c. Others

3,528.83 3,084.75 923.41 14,378.21 2,726.41 396.75

Total Non-Utilities

41,520.02 44443.64 43,121.79 43,992.32 9,026.99 20,698.02

IV. Utilities incl. of Railways – APGENCO

a. Hydro 7,717.67 6,375.55 3,206.64 7,114.91 626.87 3,177.08

b. Thermal 26,845.62 32,893.11 34,729.55 31,837.94 5,727.73 16,285.25

c. Steam - - - - - -

d. Gas 1,680.74 1,447.93 1,140.08 5,072.35 178.64 466.98

e. Wind - - - 808.39 - -

Total Utilities 36,244.03 40,716.59 39,076.27 44,830.59 6,533.24 19,929.31

Total(Utility + Non-Utility) 77,764.05 85,160.23 82,198.06 88,822.91 15,560.23 40,627.33

117

TABLE - 4.23

POWER SUPPLY POSITION IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 2010-11 TO 2014-15

Sl. No. Year

Requirement (MUs)

Availability (MUs)

Surplus /Deficit(MUs)

Surplus/ Deficit (%)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. 2010-11 79,803 77,901 -1,902 -2.38

2. 2011-12 91,663 85,868 -5,795 -6.32

3. 2012-13 99,849 83,030 -16,819 -16.84

4. 2013-14 95,374 88,191 -7,183 -7.53

5. 2014-15 41,798 40,627 -1,171 -2.80

Note: Sl. No. 1 to 4 data pertaining to Combined Andhra Pradesh State.

Source: A.P Transco, Hyderabad

TABLE - 4.24

CONSUMPTION OF FOSSIL FUELS FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM

THERMAL POWER STATIONS DURING 2014-15

Sl. No.

Name of the

Project/Location

Coal (MT)

Fur Nace Oil

(KL)

LDO (KL)

LSHS /HSD (KL)

Heat Input (Million Kcal)

Gross Genera

tion (MU)

Averge Heat Input (K.Cal /KWH)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1.

Vijayawada,TPS

Ibrahimpatnam,

Krishna District

95,17,054 13,845 - 1,136 3,12,92,415 12,705 2,463

2.

Rayalaseema,TPS

V.V.ReddyNagar

Y.S.R District

54,30,901 13,374 557 - 1,65,98,988 7,164 2,317

3.

Krishnapatnam,

AP PDC Ltd.

S.P.S Nellore

District

9,39,507 36,531 2,625 - - 1,644 -


118

TABLE - 4.25

CONSUMPTION OF FOSSIL FUELS FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM

THERMAL STATIONS (BY KIND OF FUELS) IN ANDHRA PRADESH

(IPPs ONLY)DURING 2014-15 (GAS & DIESEL)

Sl. No.

APS

Gas Stations Diesel Stations

Natural Gas

(MMSCM)

HSD (Kilo

Litres)

Naphtha (MT)

Genera-tion (MU)

Diesel Oil (kilo litres)

Gene-ration (GWH)

Average Oil Con-sumed (Lts/ Kwh)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1. M/s APGPCL

(A.P. TRANSCO share 21.62%) 32.7424 - - 141.7821 - - -

2.

M/s. GVK Power

& Infrastructure

Ltd. 132.1169 - 3,058.496 583.1025 - - -

3. M/s. Lanco

Kondapalli Power 68.7590 - 34,298.486 498.6750 - - -

4. M/s. Reliance

Infrastructure

Ltd. 47.6296 - - 161.5808 - - -

5. M/s. Spectrum

Power Generation

Ltd. 113.5834 - 6,301.039 514.1575 - - -

6. Vemagiri - - - - - - -

7. Goutami - - - - - - -

8. GVK. Extension -I - - - - - - -

9. Konaseema Gas Power Ltd. - - - - - - -

ANDHRA PRADESH 394.8313 - 43,658.021 1,899.2979 - - -

MMSCM: Million Metric Standard Cubic Metre Source: A.P. Transco, Hyderabad.

TABLE – 4.26

CATEGORY-WISE INSTALLED CAPACITIES OF AP TRANSCO (As on 31st March)

Sl. No.

Year Hydro Thermal

Nuclear Wind& Solar

(GENCO)

Others Total Steam Diesel Gas

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

1. 2010-11 3,790 4,592 - 272 - 2 6,347 15,003.00

2. 2011-12 3,829 5,092 - 272 - 2 6,681 15,876.45

3. 2012-13 3,829 5,092 - 272 - 2 7,194 16,389.30

4. 2013-14 3,829 5,092 - 272 - 2 7,521 16,717.33

5. 2014-15 1,671 3,148 - 34 - 2 4,630 9,485.70

Note: Sl.No. 1 to 4 data pertaining to Combined Andhra Pradesh State. Source: A.P. Transco, Hyderabad.

119

TABLE - 4.27

NUMBER OF TOWNS AND VILLAGES ELECTRIFIED IN

ANDHRA PRADESH

Sl. No.

District

Total No. of Towns (Statutory and Census) as

per 2011 Census

Inhabited Villages as per 2011 Census

Total Electrified Total Electrified

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. Srikakulam 12 12 1,701 1,701

2. Vizianagaram 14 14 1,452 1,452

3. Visakhapatnam 15 15 3,072 3,072

4. East Godavari 19 19 1,312 1,312

5. West Godavari 13 13 842 842

6. Krishna 17 17 934 934

7. Guntur 14 14 691 691

8. Prakasam 13 13 985 985

9. S.P.S Nellore 10 10 1,093 1,093

10. Y.S.R 18 18 830 830

11. Kurnool 12 12 870 870

12. Ananthapuramu 16 16 921 921

13. Chittoor 22 22 1,455 1,455

ANDHRA PRADESH 195 195 16,158 16,158

100% Electrification of villages since 1992. Source: A.P. Transco, Hyderabad.

TABLE - 4.28

DISTRICT- WISE WIND POWER INSTALLED CAPACITY

(As on 31.03.2015)

Sl. No.

District

APGENCO Projects

Commercial Projects

Total Projects

Deve- -lopers

Capacity (MW)

Deve- -lopers

Capacity (MW)

Deve- -lopers

Capacity (MW)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

1. Srikakulam - - - - - -

2. Vizianagaram - - - - - -

3. Visakhapatnam - - - - - -

4. East Godavari - - - - - -

5. West Godavari - - - - - -

6. Krishna - - - - - -

7. Guntur - - - - - -

8. Prakasam - - - - - -

9. S.P.S Nellore 1 2.50 - - 1 2.50

10. Y.S.R - - 10 135.90 10 135.90

11. Kurnool 1 2.75 18 124.40 19 127.15

12. Ananthapuramu 1 2.00 104 785.34 105 787.34

13. Chittoor - - 3 7.03 3 7.03

ANDHRA PRADESH 3 7.25 135 1,052.67 138 1,059.92

Source: A.P. Transco, Hyderabad.

120

TABLE - 4.29

ESTIMATED POTENTIAL FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES IN ANDHRA PRADESH AS ON 31.03.2015

Sl. No.

Sources / Systems Estimated

Potential (MW) Remarks

1. 2. 3. 4.

1. Wind 13,000

At 80 M hub height Source: MNRE/NIWE

2. Biomass Projects including Biomass Co- generation 500 -

3. Ba-gasse based Co-generation 300 -

4. Municipal solid waste 100 -

5. Industrial waste 100 -

6. Small Hydro Power 500 -

7. Solar Energy 38,440 Source: NRE/NIWE

TOTAL 52,940 -

Source: A.P Transco, Hyderabad. TABLE - 4.30

LIGHTING FACILITIES (HOUSE HOLDS) IN ANDHRA PRADESH

AS PER CENSUS 2011 Sl. No.

Item Rural Urban Total

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. Electricity 81,12,273 34,96,726 1,16,08,999

2. Kerosene 8,10,043 88,028 8,98,071

3. Solar Energy 18,995 10,449 29,444

4. Other Oil 18,154 3,649 21,803

5. Any Other 5,360 1,557 6,917

6. No Lighting 32,198 6,440 38,638

Total Number of House Holds 89,97,023 36,06,849 1,26,03,872

Source: Census of India, 2011. TABLE - 4.31

SUMMARY STATUS OF POLLUTION IN 17 CATEGORIES OF INDUSTRIES IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2014-15

Sl. No. Category Total Number

of Units

Status of Industries No. of Units

Under OPRNS** Closed

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. Alluminium 1 - -

2. Cement 22 1 -

3. Chlor-Alkali 3 - -

4. Copper - - -

5. Distillery 17 4 -

6. Dye & Dye Intermediates - - -

7. Fertilizers 6 1 -

8. Integrated Iron and Steel 5 2

9. Oil Refineries 2 - -

10. Pesticides 4 - -

11. Petro Chemicals 1 2 -

12. Pharmaceuticals 112 2 -

13. Paper & Pulp 4 - 1

14. Sugar 23 8 1

15. Tannery 2 - -

16. Thermal Power Plants 9 6 -

17. Zinc 1 - -

ANDHRA PRADESH 212 26 2 Source: Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board, Hyderabad. Note: **OPRNS: Effluent treatment/Emissions control systems installed but not

complying with the standards

121

TABLE - 4.32

NUMBER OF REGISTERED FACTORIES IN ANDHRA PRADESH

FROM 2004 TO 2013

Sl. No. Year Registered

Factories

Working Factories

Manufacturing Process

Electricity, Gas and Water Supply

Repair Services

and Storage

Other Activities Total

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

1. 2004 21,777 14,991 120 369 1,608 17,088

2. 2005 22,187 15,148 117 396 1,052 16,713

3. 2006 22,783 14,651 121 404 989 16,165

4. 2007 23,548 15,112 124 412 1,072 16,720

5. 2008 24,217 15,941 129 449 1,194 17,713

6. 2009 24,794 15,920 138 456 1,442 17,956

7. 2010 24,974 15,885 138 456 1,953 18,432

8. 2011 25,570 16,883 130 490 1,322 18,825

9. 2012 26,469 19,037 130 200 1,737 21,104

10. 2013 26,469 19,014 140 168 1,782 21,104

11. 2014 26,921 20,260 128 164 578 21,130 Source: Director of Factories, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.

TABLE - 4.33(A)

DISTRICT-WISE NUMBER OF REGISTERED FACTORIES, 2013

Sl.

No. District

No. of Factories

2 m(i) 2 m(ii) 85 (i) Total 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. Srikakulam 820 154 264 1,238

2. Vizianagaram 374 1 250 625

3. Visakhapatnam 1,124 4 401 1,529

4. East Godavari 1,521 16 1,127 2,664

5. West Godavari 1,176 62 1,197 2,435

6. Krishna 1,501 5 1,345 2,851

7. Guntur 2,475 129 1,713 4,317

8. Prakasam 1,738 181 1,010 2,929

9. S.P.SNellore 789 - 624 1,413

10. Y.S.R 896 - 363 1,259

11. Kurnool 1,548 18 720 2,286

12. Ananthapuramu 749 8 761 1,518

13. Chittoor 1,112 1 292 1,405

ANDHRA PRADESH 15,823 579 10,067 26,469

Source: Director of Factories, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.

122

TABLE - 4.33(B)

DISTRICT-WISE NUMBER OF REGISTERED FACTORIES, 2014

Sl.

No. District

No. of Factories

2 m(i) 2 m(ii) 85 (i) Total

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. Srikakulam 869 153 277 1,299

2. Vizianagaram 443 - 228 671

3. Visakhapatnam 1,192 4 419 1,615

4. East Godavari 1,643 8 1,088 2,739

5. West Godavari 1,179 64 1,142 2,385

6. Krishna 1,602 5 1,292 2,899

7. Guntur 2,604 71 1,694 4,369

8. Prakasam 1,754 133 967 2,854

9. S.P.SNellore 894 - 578 1,472

10. Y.S.R 887 - 293 1,180

11. Kurnool 1,609 19 735 2,363

12. Ananthapuramu 764 8 806 1,578

13. Chittoor 1,207 4 286 1,497

ANDHRA PRADESH 16,647 469 9,805 26,921

Source: Director of Factories, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.

TABLE - 4.34

CONTRIBUTION OF GREEN HOUSE GASES TO ATMOSPHERE

Sl. No. GREEN HOUSE GASES CONTRIBUTION TO

ATMOSPHERE (%)

1. 2. 3.

1. Carbon Dioxide 55

2. Methane 15

3. CFCs 11 & 12 17

4. Nitrous Oxide 6

5. Others 7

Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013, Central Statistical Organisation, New Delhi.

123

TABLE - 4.35

A SUMMARY OF KEY GREEN HOUSE GASES

Sl No

Concentration CO2 CH4 N2O CFC-11 HC FC.22

(CFC) (Substitute)

CF4 (a per) (Fluoro Carbon)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

1. Pre Industrial Concentration

280 PPMV

700 PPbV

275 PPbV

Zero Zero Zero

2. Concentration in 1994 PPMV

358 PPBV

1720 PPbV

312$ PPtV

268$ PPtV

110 PPtV

72$

3. Rate of Change of Concentration 0.4% / year

1.5 PPMV/yr 0.6%/yr

10 PPbV/yr

0.25%/yr

0.8 PPbV /yr 0

%/yr

0.0 PPbV/yr

5%/yr

5.0 PPTV/yr

2%/yr

1.2

PPtV/yr

4. Atmospheric life time(years)

(50-200)*

12# 120 50 12 5000

(i)* No single life time for CO2 can be defined because of the different rates of uptake by different sink processes.(ii) $ Estimated from 1992-93 data(iii) # This has been defined as on adjustment time which takes into account the indirect effect methane on its own life time. Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2003, Central Statistical Organisation, New Delhi.

TABLE - 4.36

PRODUCTION OF OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES

Sl.

No. CFC/HCFC 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

1. CFC-11 785.1 424.8 117.6 - 83.5 Nil

2. CFC-12 6,104.7 1,869.9 549.6 - 234.8 Nil

3. CFC-113 373.5 72.6 79.1 - Nil Nil

4. H-1211 - - - - - -

5. H-1301 - - - - -

6. CTC 13,877.8 9,538.0 12,035.7 11,248.5 15,222.8 17,741.0

7. MCF - - - - - -

8. HCFC-22 30,386.4 41,213.6 45,558.2 47,657.1 47,613.30 44,476.6

9. Methyl

Bromide - - - - - -

Total 51,527.6 53,118.9 58,340.2 58,905.6 61,354.4 66,217.6

CFC: Ch;prp-Floro-Carbon CTC: Carbon Teracloride HCFC: HydroChloro Fluoro Carbon Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2015, Central Statistical Organization, New Delhi.

124

TABLE - 4.37

CONSUMPTION OF OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES

Sl. No.

CFC/HCFC 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

1. CFC-11 514.9 274.9 101.6 43.5 78.6 Nil

2. CFC-12 3,017.9 723.6 109.7 158.7 212.1 Nil

3. CFC-113 - - 6.6 - Nil Nil

4. CTC 3,636.8 634.0 1,563.7 34.7 Nil Nil

5. HCF-22 6,137.0 14,576.6 10,831.7 9,386.4 12,503.0 10,266.4

6. HCF-123 - 27.2 101.0 238.0 115.1 Nil

7. HCF-124 - - - - - 288.7

8. HCF-141b - 4,711.9 12,588.9 7,900.0 7,836.8 7,924.0

9. HCF-142b - - - - - 645.0

10. Methyl Bromide - - - - - -

Total 13,306.5 20,948.2 25,303.2 17,761.3 20,745.6 19,124.1

CFC: Ch:prp-Floro-Carbon CTC: Carbon Teracloride HCFC: HydroChloro Fluoro Carbon Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2015, Central Statistical Organization, New Delhi.

TABLE - 4.38

NOISE (AMBIENT STANDARDS)

Area

Code

Category

of Area/Zone

*Limit in dB(A) Leq

Day time Night time

1. 2. 3. 4.

A Industrial Area 75 70

B Commercial Area 65 55

C Residential Area 55 45

D Silence Zone 50 40 Note:

1. Silence zone is an area comprising not less than 100 mtrs around hospitals, education institutes, courts, religious places or any other area which declared as such by the competent authority.

2. dB (A) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels (units in which noise is measured) on scale A which is relatable to human hearing.

3. “A” in dB (A) Leq, denotes the frequency waiting in the measurement of noise and corresponds to frequency response characteristics of the human ear.

4. “Leq” denotes the energy mean of the noise level over a specified period. Source: A.P. Pollution Control Board, Hyderabad.

TABLE - 4.39

LAND AREA & POPULATION AFFECTED BY ONE METER SEA LEVEL RISE

Sl. No. State % of State's

area inundated % of State's

Population affected

1. 2. 3. 4.

1. Andhra Pradesh 0.19 0.93

Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 1999, Central Statistical Organisation, New Delhi.

125

TABLE-4.40

MONTHWISE AVERAGE NOISE LEVELS IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2014-15

Sl. No.

Month

Tirupathi (GNC

Building)

Vijayawada (All India radio)

Visakhapatnam (Siripuram)

Visakhapatnam (Zoo Park)

Day Night Day Night Day Night Day Night

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

1. April,2014 73 72 69 64 74 69 68 64

2. May,2014 - 73 69 65 73 69 67 84

3. June,2014 74 72 70 66 73 69 67 63

4. July,2014 74 72 70 66 74 69 67 63

5. Aug,2014 74 71 70 65 75 67 67 63

6. Sept,2014 73 69 70 64 75 67 66 63

7. Oct,2014 74 70 70 64 75 66 68 63

8. Nov,2014 75 71 70 63 75 66 68 64

9. Dec,2014 75 72 70 64 75 67 68 64

10. Jan,2015 75 71 69 64 75 66 68 64

11. Feb,2015 75 70 70 64 75 66 68 64

12. Mar,2015 75 70 69 64 74 66 68 64

*Standards

Commercial

area 65 55 65 55 65 55 65 55

Residential

area 55 45 55 45 55 45 55 45

Silence zone 50 40 50 40 50 40 50 40

Note: 1.*Ambient air quality standards in respect of noise 2 .All values are expressed in d/B (A)Leg. 3. Day time means 6.00A.m. To 10.00P.M. 4. Night time means 10.00P.M to 6.00A.M.

TABLE - 4.41

AVERAGE NOISE LEVELS IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2014 AND 2015

Sl.

No. Year

Tirumala (Commercial)

Vijayawada (Commercial)

Visakhapatnam (Commercial)

Visakhapatnam (Silence Zone)

Day Night Day Night Day Night Day Night

1. 2014 73 71 70 66 73 69 66 65

2. 2015 73 71 70 65 74 68 67 65

*Standards 65 55 65 55 65 55 50 40

Note: 1.*Ambient air quality standards in respect of noise 2 .All values are expressed in d/B (A)Leg. 3. Day time means 6.00A.m. To 10.00P.M. 4. Night time means 10.00P.M to 6.00A.M.

126

TABLE - 4.42

EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH

A. Noise Hazards

Stage – I Stage – II

Threat to Survival

(a) Communication interference

(b) Permanent hearing loss

Causing Injury

(a) Neural-humoral stress response

(b) Temporary hearing loss

(c) Permanent hearing loss

B. Noise Nuisances

Stage – III Stage - IV

Curbing Efficient Performance

(a) Mental Stress

(b) Task Interference

(c) Sleep Interference

Diluting Comfort and Enjoyment

(a) Invasion of Privacy

(b) Disruption of Social Interaction

(c) Hearing Loss

Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2008/2009, C. S. O, New Delhi.

TABLE- 4.43

DISTRICT-WISE, SEASON-WISE RAINFALL DATA, 2014-15

(In Millimeters)

(Contd..)

Sl. No.

District

South West Monsoon (June to September)

North-East Monsoon (October to December)

Winter Period (January & February)

Actual Normal % of

Devia-tion

Actual Normal % of

Devia-tion

Actual Normal % of

Devia-tion

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

1. Srikakulam 668.1 705.7 -5 236.0 276.0 -14 7.3 25.9 -72

2. Vizianagaram 626.3 692.7 -10 296.2 245.8 21 4.5 25.5 -82

3. Visakhapatnam 559.5 712.6 -21 282.0 297.2 -5 5.7 22.3 -74

4. East Godavari 440.5 768.0 -43 122.9 305.4 -60 1.2 19.7 -94

5. West Godavari 479.3 791.9 -39 90.0 239.4 -62 1.8 17.7 -90

6. Krishna 418.9 685.1 -39 126.7 249.4 -49 4.5 15.8 -72

7. Guntur 307.6 525.8 -41 151.4 228.9 -34 1.3 18.4 -93

8. Prakasam 216.7 388.3 -44 202.2 393.7 -49 0.6 16.3 -96

9. S.P.S Nellore 207.3 331.3 -37 337.2 661.4 -49 3.2 19.9 -84

10. Y.S.R 211.0 393.6 -46 110.8 251.0 -56 2.3 3.4 -32

11. Kurnool 313.4 455.1 -31 91.8 149.6 -39 1.8 4.6 -61

12. Ananthapuramu 169.2 338.4 -50 101.0 155.3 -35 0.9 2.9 -69

13. Chittoor 270.4 439.4 -38 178.5 395.4 -55 1.7 12.1 -86

ANDHRA PRADESH 355.7 556.0 -36 170.0 296.0 -43 2.5 15.7 -84

127

TABLE-4.43 (Concld..)

DISTRICT-WISE, SEASON-WISE RAINFALL DATA, 2014-15 (In Millimeters)

Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Vijayawada. TABLE- 4.44

DISTRICT-WISE ANNUAL AVERAGE RAINFALL

(In Millimeters)

Sl. No.

District Normal

2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Actual % of

Devia-tion

Actual % of

Deviation Actual

% of Devia-tion

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1. Srikakulam 1,161.6 1,261.8 9 1,389.9 20 970.9 -16

2. Vizianagaram 1,130.7 1,216.8 8 1,239.0 10 1,013.8 -10

3. Visakhapatnam 1,202.3 1,303.4 8 1,269.4 6 969.5 -19

4. East Godavari 1,217.6 1,525.8 25 1,087.1 -11 642.3 -47

5. West Godavari 1,153.0 1,584.3 37 1,065.9 -8 604.0 -48

6. Krishna 1,033.5 1,573.4 52 1,345.7 30 587.1 -43

7. Guntur 853.0 1,017.6 19 1,072.3 26 497.6 -42

8. Prakasam 871.5 841.1 -3 912.3 5 470.6 -46

9. S.P.S Nellore 1,080.4 848.1 -22 758.9 -30 620.2 -43

10. Y.S.R 699.6 570.5 -18 709.3 1 409.6 -41

11. Kurnool 670.5 616.3 -8 771.7 15 473.9 -29

12. Ananthapuramu 552.3 455.7 -17 538.7 -2 401.3 -27

13. Chittoor 933.9 936.1 0 744.4 -20 583.1 -38

ANDHRA PRADESH 966.0 1036.9 7 968.1 0 606.1 -37

Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Vijayawada.

Sl. No.

District

Hot Weather Period (March to May)

Total (June to May)

Actual Normal % of

Deviation Actual Normal

% of Deviation

1. 2. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

1. Srikakulam 59.5 154.0 -61 970.9 1,161.6 -16

2. Vizianagaram 86.8 166.7 -48 1013.8 1,130.7 -10

3. Visakhapatnam 122.3 170.2 -28 969.5 1,202.3 -19

4. East Godavari 77.7 124.5 -38 642.3 1,217.6 -47

5. West Godavari 32.9 104.0 -68 604.0 1,153.0 -48

6. Krishna 37.0 83.2 -56 587.1 1,033.5 -43

7. Guntur 37.3 79.9 -53 497.6 853.0 -42

8. Prakasam 51.1 73.2 -30 470.6 871.5 -46

9. S.P.S Nellore 72.5 67.8 7 620.2 1,080.4 -43

10. Y.S.R 85.5 51.6 66 409.6 699.6 -41

11. Kurnool 66.9 61.2 9 473.9 670.5 -29

12. Ananthapuramu 130.2 55.7 134 401.3 552.3 -27

13. Chittoor 132.5 87.0 52 583.1 933.9 -38

ANDHRA PRADESH 77.9 98.3 -21 606.1 966.0 -37

128

TABLE-4.45 MONTH-WISE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURE AT

DIFFERENT STATIONS, 2014 (In Celsius)

Sl. No.

Station Maxi./Mini. January February March April May June

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1. Ananthapuramu Maximum 31.2 34.3 37.0 40.5 39.2 37.1

Minimum 17.9 19.6 21.8 25.1 25.7 25.5

2. Arogyavaram

Maximum 29.5 31.6 34.0 37.7 36.6 34.0

Minimum 16.0 17.0 18.7 21.7 22.5 22.3

3. Bapatla Maximum 29.8 30.3 32.6 34.6 38.0 40.3

Minimum 18.2 18.7 21.5 25.2 27.2 29.3

4. Gannavaram Maximum 30.5 31.6 34.7 38.3 39.3 40.0

Minimum 19.2 19.5 22.2 25.3 27.1 29.3

5. Kadapa Maximum NA NA NA NA NA NA Minimum NA NA NA NA NA NA

6. Kakinada Maximum 30.3 31.5 33.8 35.8 36.7 37.8

Minimum 20.6 20.7 23.6 26.0 27.5 28.7

7. Kalingapatnam Maximum 27.7 30.4 32.2 34.0 33.9 35.0

Minimum 18.6 19.0 22.9 25.7 26.2 27.3

8. Kavali

Maximum 29.6 30.7 33.3 36.8 38.9 39.9

Minimum 18.9 19.7 22.0 24.3 27.0 28.7

9. Kurnool Maximum 31.6 34.0 36.6 40.6 40.0 38.1

Minimum 18.1 19.8 22.9 26.3 27.1 26.2

10. Machilipatnam Maximum 29.4 30.7 33.2 35.3 37.0 39.2

Minimum 20.3 20.7 22.7 25.1 27.2 28.9

11. Nandigama Maximum 30.9 32.4 35.8 39.2 39.8 39.0

Minimum 15.1 15.9 18.8 22.1 24.0 25.7

12. Nandyal Maximum 30.9 33.2 36.0 40.1 40.4 38.7

Minimum 18.2 19.7 21.9 25.6 27.0 27.1

13. Narsapur Maximum 30.4 31.4 33.7 35.2 36.0 38.1

Minimum 20.5 20.47 23.0 26.0 28.3 29.6

14. Nellore Maximum 30.4 31.6 34.7 38.2 40.2 39.9

Minimum 21.5 22.0 24.3 26.2 28.9 30.0

15. Ongole Maximum 31.0 31.8 34.2 36.6 39.9 40.4

Minimum 19.7 20.2 23.8 26.3 28.7 30.4

16. Rentachintala Maximum 30.0 29.0 37.3 42.2 43.1 42.2

Minimum 15.0 15.0 21.9 24.8 26.7 26.5

17. Tirupati

(Airport)

Maximum 30.8 33.3 37.3 40.6 40.7 39.9

Minimum 19.2 19.4 21.9 24.8 26.7 26.5

18. Tuni Maximum 30.5 31.9 35.3 37.8 37.2 38.9

Minimum 20.2 20.3 23.2 26.4 26.8 29.2

19. Visakhapatnam

C.W.C

Maximum 28.9 29.3 30.8 32.2 32.8 34.1

Minimum 20.7 21.0 23.5 26.0 26.5 27.5

20. Visakhapatnam Maximum 29.6 31.5 35.0 37.3 37.2 37.8

NAS Minimum 20.0 20.0 23.4 26.5 26.9 28.4

129

TABLE- 4.45 (Concld..) MONTH –WISE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURE AT


Sl. No.

Station Maxi./Mini. July August September October November December

1. 2. 3. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

1. Ananthapuramu Maximum 34.2 34.0 33.0 33.8 31.6 30.6

Minimum 24.6 24.1 23.5 22.9 19.7 18.9

2. Arogyavaram

Maximum 31.8 32.2 31.5 31.0 28.8 28.3

Minimum 21.5 20.8 20.0 18.3 17.1 16.4

3. Bapatla Maximum 36.1 35.3 33.9 33.1 30.6 29.8

Minimum 26.5 25.9 25.3 24.0 20.6 18.1

4. Gannavaram Maximum 39.3 33.6 32.9 32.9 30.9 30.5

Minimum 27.1 25.7 25.1 24.1 21.0 18.5

5. Kadapa Maximum NA NA NA NA NA NA

Minimum NA NA NA NA NA NA

6. Kakinada Maximum 33.3 33.9 32.9 33.0 31.7 30.1

Minimum 26.6 26.6 25.9 24.8 21.9 19.7

7. Kalingapatnam Maximum 31.5 32.6 32.0 31.6 30.4 27.8

Minimum 25.9 25.9 25.4 24.2 20.5 16.8

8. Kavali

Maximum 36.7 36.1 34.8 32.5 30.7 29.1

Minimum 26.4 26.8 26.7 25.5 22.8 21.4

9. Kurnool Maximum 33.7 33.8 32.7 34.4 31.7 30.9

Minimum 24.6 24.9 23.9 23.5 20.0 18.3

10. Machilipatnam Maximum 35.2 34.9 33.2 32.9 31.2 29.8

Minimum 26.0 25.8 25.3 24.3 21.9 19.7

11. Nandigama Maximum 34.0 33.8 32.6 33.2 31.1 30.5

Minimum 22.7 22.2 21.5 20.6 17.0 14.3

12. Nandyal Maximum 34.7 34.6 32.5 33.6 30.6 30.4

Minimum 25.2 25.3 24.3 23.6 19.9 18.2

13. Narsapur Maximum 34.0 33.6 32.6 32.6 31.4 30.1

Minimum 27.0 26.6 26.0 24.8 21.9 19.6

14. Nellore Maximum 36.5 36.0 34.9 34.0 31.3 29

Minimum 28.4 27.5 26.7 25.5 23.2 22.1

15. Ongole Maximum 35.9 36.1 35.2 34.2 31.9 30.7

Minimum 27.5 27.4 26.4 25.1 22.5 20.7

16. Rentachinthala

Maximum 37.4 37.1 35.8 35.5 31.2 30.7

Minimum 25.2 25.6 24.9 23.4 20.2 21.6

17. Tirupathi

(Airport)

Maximum 36.8 35.8 35.0 33.8 31.0 29.1

Minimum 27.4 26.0 25.1 24.1 21.6 21.3

18. Tuni Maximum 33.4 34.3 33.1 32.8 31.9 30.5

Minimum 26.1 26.2 25.7 24.5 21.8 19.4

19. Visakhapatnam C.W.C.

Maximum 31.6 .32.1 31.3 31.9 30.9 29.2

Minimum 25.6 26.2 25.6 25.4 23.8 21.3

20. Visakhapatnam (NAS)

Maximum 33.5 34.2 33.3 32.8 32.0 29.6

Minimum 26.3 26.2 25.9 25.0 22.1 19.1

N A: Not Available Source: Meteorological Centre, India Meteorological Department, Govt. of India, Hyderabad.

130

TABLE- 4.46 MONTH-WISE HUMIDITY AND VELOCITY OF WIND AT


Sl. No.

Station

Relative Humidity-

08.30-17.30 Mean Wind Speed 24 Hrs.

k.m.p.h.

Janu-ary

Febru-ary

March April May June July

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

1. Ananthapuramu

RH- 08.30 % 77 65 59 55 62 68 70 RH-17.30 % 41 35 33 27 37 42 55 MWS 6 6 7 6 11 20 25

2. Arogyavaram

RH- 08.30 % 85 73 67 65 62 69 73 RH-17.30 % 55 43 44 40 44 52 57 MWS 4 4 4 4 2 4 4

3. Bapatla

RH- 08.30 % 92 85 83 76 68 58 70 RH-17.30 % 68 65 62 68 63 46 54 MWS 2 3 3 4 4 5 5

4. Gannavaram

RH- 08.30 % 86 85 81 79 74 68 74 RH -17.30 % 59 56 47 44 49 47 49 MWS 3 2 2 2 3 3 5

5. Kadapa

RH- 08.30 % NA NA NA NA NA NA NA RH-17.30 % NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MWS NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

6. Kakinada

RH- 08.30 % 84 81 76 81 79 73 82 RH-17.30 % 71 61 58 64 65 57 73 MWS 2 2 2 3 3 4 4

7. Kavali

RH- 08.30 % 85 78 75 75 75 78 88 RH-17.30 % 79 69 73 79 82 77 86 MWS 6 8 9 14 13 9 7

8. Kalingapatnam

RH- 08.30 % 85 80 75 73 63 53 58 RH-17.30 % 64 61 60 63 54 51 45 MWS NA NA NA 7 7 9 10

9. Kurnool

RH- 08.30 % 81 73 70 63 63 68 77 RH-17.30 % 30 29 30 27 37 37 60 MWS 4 4 5 4 6 10 11

10. Machilipatnam

RH- 08.30 % 88 80 79 76 75 61 72 RH-17.30 % 70 63 64 68 68 53 64 MWS 4.1 5.5 5 9 10 11 10

(Contd..)

131

TABLE- 4.46 (Contd..)

MONTH-WISE HUMIDITY AND VELOCITY OF WIND AT

DIFFERENT STATIONS, 2014

(In Celsius)

Sl. No.

Station

Relative Humidity- 08.30-17.30 Mean

Wind Speed 24 Hrs. k.m.p.h.

August September October November December

1. 2. 3. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

1. Ananthapuramu

RH- 08.30 % 74 76 76 77 75 RH -17.30 % 55 58 52 48 47 MWS 18 14 6 5 5

2. Arogyavaram

RH- 08.30 % 72 76 82 84 82 RH -17.30 % 55 61 65 57 61 MWS 4 4 2 4 2

3. Bapatla

RH- 08.30 % 72 77 81 87 87 RH-17.30 % 62 70 72 74 69 MWS 5 4 3 2 2

4. Gannavaram

RH- 08.30 % 80 84 81 84 77 RH -17.30 % 66 74 76 71 58 MWS 3 2 3 2 4

5. Kadapa

RH- 08.30 % NA NA NA NA NA RH- 17.30 % NA NA NA NA NA MWS NA NA NA NA NA

6. Kakinada

RH- 08.30 % 81 85 81 82 77 RH- 17.30 % 71 74 73 70 69 MWS 3 4 8 2 2

7. Kavali

RH- 08.30 % 85 88 83 79 76 RH- 17.30 % 87 84 77 67 63 MWS 8 6 8 11 7

8. Kalingapatnam

RH- 08.30 % 64 71 77 80 81 RH- 17.30 % 49 59 65 67 70 MWS NA NA NA NA NA

9. Kurnool

RH- 08.30 % 77 79 78 82 78 RH- 17.30 % 53 56 46 49 44 MWS 9 7 4 3 3

10. Machilipatnam

RH- 08.30 % 77 81 80 82 79 RH -17.30 % 66 69 72 70 68 MWS

8 7 5 5 6

132

TABLE- 4.46 (Contd.)

MONTH-WISE HUMIDITY AND VELOCITY OF WIND AT

DIFFERENT STATIONS, 2014

(In Celsius)

Sl.

No. Station



Janu-

ary

Febru-

ary March April May June July

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

11. Nandigama

RH- 08.30 % 92 87 84 74 70 61 74 RH-17.30 % 55 52 49 35 38 39 42 MWS 3 4 4 6 5 7 6

12. Nandyal

RH- 08.30 % 84 77 70 63 60 65 76 RH-17.30 % 45 42 35 32 35 39 54 MWS 5 6 6 5 6 11 13

13. Narsapur

RH- 08.30 % 93 92 86 85 85 73 76 RH-17.30 % 69 66 63 72 74 66 75 MWS 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

14. Nellore

RH- 08.30 % 86 82 77 78 67 59 64 RH -17.30 % 66 60 59 61 54 45 51 MWS 5 5 5 7 7 10 10

15. Ongole

RH- 08.30 % 85 80 74 74 62 53 64 RH-17.30 % 63 59 52 48 53 40 47 MWS 3 3 3 4 4 - 6

16. Rentachinthala

RH- 08.30 % 89 89 86 83 78 80 86 RH-17.30 % 66 54 48 36 36 37 48 MWS 4 4 5 5 6 5 5

17. Tirupati

(Air Port)

RH- 08.30 % 81 72 62 63 59 57 60 RH-17.30 % 58 46 37 32 46 43 44 MWS 5 5 5 6 5 6 4

18. Tuni

RH- 08.30 % 80 73 66 67 73 67 80 RH-17.30 % 64 61 59 62 65 62 71 MWS 4 4 4 4 5 4 5

19. Visakhapatnam (CWC)

RH- 08.30 % 76 67 63 71 72 73 77 RH-17.30 % 72 67 70 77 77 71 76 MWS 5 7 7 5 10 8 7


RH- 08.30 % 85 81 69 72 76 72 78 RH-17.30 % 76 68 60 67 73 67 76 MWS 5 5 4 4 5 5 3

133

TABLE- 4.46 (Concld..) MONTH-WISE HUMIDITY AND VELOCITY OF WIND AT


Sl. No.

Station



August September October November December

1. 2. 3. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

11. Nandigama

RH- 08.30 % 81 85 85 89 82 RH -17.30 % 64 76 68 67 54 MWS 4 4 3 2 3

12. Nandyal

RH- 08.30 % 76 81 77 83 78 RH -17.30 % 52 61 58 63 55 MWS 9 5 3 3 3

13. Narsapur

RH- 08.30 % 87 91 88 87 81 RH-17.30 % 77 84 79 69 72 MWS 1 1 1 1 1

14. Nellore

RH- 08.30 % 70 72 79 83 84 RH -17.30 % 55 61 97 69 72 MWS 8 7 5 6 5

15. Ongole

RH- 08.30 % 66 71 77 82 80 RH- 17.30 % 53 60 64 66 66 MWS 5 4 3 3 3

16. Rentachintala

RH- 08.30 % 82 86 89 91 NA RH- 17.30 % 46 52 50 71 NA MWS 4 4 4 4 4

17. Tirupathi

(AirPort)

RH- 08.30 % 70 71 78 80 83 RH- 17.30 % 54 59 66 63 70 MWS 3 3 3 4 5

18. Tuni

RH- 08.30 % 82 81 79 76 70 RH- 17.30 % 72 73 72 66 61 MWS 5 4 5 4 5

19. Visakhapatnam

(CWC)

RH- 08.30 % 76 78 69 60 59 RH -17.30 % 75 76 74 65 58 MWS 3 3 8 7 7


RH- 08.30 % 79 80 75 71 71 RH -17.30 % 75 76 74 65 58 MWS 3 3 8 7 7

N A: Not Available Source: Meteorological Centre, India Meteorological Department, Govt. of India, Hyderabad.

CHAPTER – V

LITHOSPHERE

CHAPTER-V

CHAPTER-V Page No.

LITHOSPHERE 135-142

TABLES

5.1 Soil Testing from 2011-12 to2014-15 143

5.2 Seed Testing from 2011-12 to2014-15 143

5.3 Soil Testing Labs in Andhra Pradesh 143

5.4 Fertilizer Consumption 2013-14 & 2014-15 144

5.5 Fertilizers targets and achievements from 2010-11 to

2014-15 144

5.6 Utilization of Pesticides in Andhra Pradesh from 2010-11 to

2014-15 144

5.7 Land Use Classification in Andhra Pradesh

2010-11 to 2014-15 145

5.8 Information on Rapid Reconnaissance Survey in Andhra

Pradesh (till March 2009) 145

5.9 Area Under High Yielding Varieties from 2011-12 to 2014-15 145

5.10 Percentage Distribution of Seed Replacement from 2010 to

2014-15 146

5.11 Performance of Crop Production from 2011-12 to 2014-15 146

5.12 Area Under Principal Crops from 2010-11 to 2014-15 147

5.13 Consumption of Technical Grade Pesticides from 2011-12 to

2014-15 148

5.14 District-wise Consumption of Pesticides (Technical Grade)

from 2011-12 to 2014-15 148

5.15 Distribution of Certified Seeds During 2011-12 to 2014-15 149

5.16 Production of foundation seeds during 2011-12 to 2014-15 150

5.17 Production of Certified Seeds during 2011-12 to 2014-15 151

5.18 Achievements Made Under Sericulture Sector from

2010-11 to 2014-15 152

5.19 Historical Record of Earthquakes in Andhra

Pradesh 153

5.20 District-wise Mandals declared as Drought Affected Areas in

Andhra Pradesh During 2011-12 to 2014-15 153

5.21 Details of Cyclones and Depressions Frequently Recurring in

Andhra Pradesh Since 2014 & 2015 154-165

5.22 Details of Damages and Estimated Loss during Cyclone/

Heavy Rains and Floods from 2014 & 2015 in AP 166-169

5.23 Mineral-wise Extent of Lease Granted (Major Minerals)-

2014-15 170-171

5.24 Mineral-wise extent of lease granted (Minor Minerals)

2014-15 171-172

5.25 Major Mineral Production in Andhra Pradesh from 2009-10 to

2014-15 172-173

5.26 Minor Mineral Production in Andhra Pradesh from 2009-10 to

2014-15 174

5.27 Consumption of Explosives in Andhra Pradesh from

2006-07 to 2008-09 174

135

CHAPTER – V

LITHOSPHERE

Geographically, Andhra Pradesh is the 7th largest state in India with an area

of 1,62,975 sq. kms. The state is bordered by Tamil Nadu on the south, Karnataka on

the west, Telangana on the north and north-west and Telangana & Orissa states on the

north-east and Bay of Bengal Ocean on eastern side. The state of Andhra Pradesh has a

series of mountain ranges including Eastern Ghats, the Nallamalais, Yerramalais and the

Seshachalam range of hills. The climate is hot and humid with a normal rainfall of 966.0

mms c.ms but actual rainfall during the years 2013-14 & 2014-15 is 968.1 mms, 606.1

mms respectively in Andhra Pradesh. Krishna, Godavari and Penna are the major river

systems with their respective tributaries contributing to the river line habitats in the

state. The Bay of Bengal runs along the eastern coast stretching over 974 kilometers.

Andhra Pradesh has been divided into three major geographic zones.

1. Deccan Plateau

2. Eastern Ghats

3. Coastal Plains

Deccan Plateau:

The Deccan Plateau characterized with open thorny scrub jungle dominated

by the Acacia, Albizia, Hardwickia and allied species. It is interspersed with huge rocky

outcrops and grasslands locally called as the kanchas. This area supports a variety of a

rich avifauna and endangered herbivores like blackbuck, chinkara, chowsinga etc. Due to

extensive hunting, the Asiatic cheetah that once thrived here has become extinct. The

Southern Deccan Plateau in Andhra Pradesh locally known as Plateau covers Chittoor,

Ananthapuramu, Kurnool districts. The plateau has two erosional surfaces with altitudes

of 150-600 meters and 300-900 meters above Mean Sea Level (MSL).

Eastern Ghats:

The Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh representing hill ranges extend from

Chittoor district in the south to Srikakulam district in the north cover about 33 percent

area of the state. There are series of broken hill ranges, hills and ridges largely covered

by forests and uncultivable rocky wastes. The Eastern Ghats have 3 elevation surfaces,

viz., 600-900 meters, 900-1200 meters and 1200 - 1600 meters above MSL. The hill

ranges are highest in the north, in the interior of Chintapalli and Paderu of

Visakhapatnam district (highest peak 1680 meters). Eastern Ghats is a home to a few of

the rarest plants in the world like Tree ferns, Cycas beddomeli and Red sanders etc.

136

Coastal Plains:

Coastal plains including the wetlands and the Bay of Bengal in the east

stretch about 974 kms and cover about 13 percent area of the state. The east coast

plain has been divided into six landforms; they are marine, inland plains, Krishna delta,

Godavari delta, laterite and sandstone (Rajahmundry). The mangroves of the Godavari

and Krishna are extending over an area of 333 sq.kms constitute one of the most fragile

ecosystems. About 90 percent of the total catch of fish, crustaceous and molluscas are

obtained from these coastal areas. Wetlands are the most productive life supporting

systems in the world that render immense socio-economical, ecological and bio-aesthetic

value to man kind. They are mostly useful for the survival of natural biodiversity and

playing an important role in improvement of water quality, removal of sediment load,

production of oxygen, control of floods, recharge of aquifers and treatment of pollution

abatement.

On the basis of nine-fold land-use classification, out of the total geographical

area of 162.96 lakh hectares, the area of cultivable land (i.e., net area sown, current

fallows and other fallow lands) is 84.51 lakh hectares and it accounts for 51.86 percent

of the total geographical area of the state and land available for cultivation but not

cultivated (culturable waste, permanent pastures and other grazing lands and

miscellaneous tree crops and groves not included in net area sown) was 7.79 lakh

hectares, which accounts for 4.78 percent and land not available for cultivation (forests,

barren and un-cultivable land and land put to non-agricultural uses) was 70.67 lakh

hectares and it is accounted for 43.36 percent during 2014-15.

Land Degradation:

Land is one of the basic components of the environment and performs three

major functions as far as the interface between environment and economic

development; it provides retention of water and moisture as well as retention of soil

nutrients to support vegetation cover, maintenance and sustenance of biodiversity and

geological properties. Land is degraded when it suffers a loss of intrinsic qualities,

decline in its capabilities or loss in its productive capacity. Land degradation may be due

to natural causes or human causes or it may be due to combination of both. Land

degradation is an important problem largely related to agricultural use. The major

causes include i) Land clearance such as deforestation ii) Agriculture depletion of soil

nutrients through poor farming practices Livestock including over grazing. iv)

Inappropriate irrigation v) Urban sprawl and commercial development vi) Land pollution

including industrial waste vii) Vehicle off-roading viii) Quarrying of stone, sand ore and

minerals etc., Soil erosion is the major cause of land degradation and due to

137

deforestation and conversion of large tracts of fertile, agricultural and forest land into

urbanization and human settlements.

Soil Degradation:

Soils is the most precious and non-renewable natural resource which support

life on earth. Due to tremendous pressure on land and water resources, which is causing

decline in soil health and stagnation in productivity. Secondly, problems relating to soil

degradation, soil pollution and environmental imbalances are posing serious challenges

to sustainable agricultural production.

Soil degradation refers to the decline in productive capacity of soils due to

natural processes like floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or human induced

processes such as large scale irrigation leading to salinity and alkalization, deforestation,

over grazing, enhanced industrial growth and excessive use of chemical fertilizers and

pesticides to meet the demands of the ever increasing population. This has resulted in

over exploitation of natural resources with very little consideration for maintaining the

eco balance causing salinity and alkalization, flooding, water logging, recurrence of

drought, accelerated erosion, loss of nutrients and toxicity problems.

Soil is the non-renewable natural resource which supports life on earth.

Mainly soils are degraded by water and wind erosion, through gully and ravine, siltation

of dams, pollution of water- courses by agricultural chemicals, shifting cultivation, sandy

areas, deserts and water logging and cultivated waste land. Soil erosion by rain and river

that takes place in hill areas causes landslides and floods, due to cutting of trees for

firewood, grazing of large number of livestock on grass lands, traditional agricultural

practices, formation of roads, mining and quarrying and construction of dams have led to

the opening of hill faces to heavy soil erosion. Wind erosion causes expansion of deserts,

dust storms, whirl winds and destruction of crops, while moving sand covers the land

and makes it sterile. Excessive soil erosion with consequent high rate of sedimentation in

the reservoirs and decreased fertility has become serious environmental problem with

disastrous economic consequences.

Soil erosion results in huge loss of nutrients in suspension or solution, which

are removed away from one place to another, thus causing depletion or enrichment of

nutrients. Besides, there is also degradation through the creation of gullies and ravines,

which makes land unsuitable for agricultural production. Subsidence of the land in some

areas and landslides in the hilly tracts are problems effecting highways, habitations and

irrigation dams.

138

The use of pesticides particularly chlorinated hydrocarbons like DDT above

permissible limits enters into the food chain causing health hazards. Pesticide residues in

food chain even small quantities or these residues ingested daily along with food can

buildup high levels in the body fat. In long term effects results in carcinogenicity,

reducing life span, increased cholesterol, high infant mortality and varied metabolic and

genetic disorders.

Among fertilizers, the conversion of fertilizer to gaseous forms - ammonia

(NH3) and various oxides of nitrogen lead to atmospheric pollution. The presence of

ammonia and sulphur dioxide may lead to acid rains, which ultimately degrade the soil.

Atmospheric ammonia contaminates water bodies, impairs visibility and causes

corrosion. Nitrous oxide also contributes to global warming.

Soil Testing:

Soil testing is carried out in the laboratory for evaluation of nutrient content

and fertilizer recommendation. There are 16 Soil Testing Labs (STLs) 1 (one) Regional

Soil Testing Lab in Guntur District, and 4 Mobile Soil Testing Labs in Visakhapatnam,

East Godavari, Guntur and YSR districts and 30 Agriculture Market Committee (AMC)

Labs in 13 districts of the state. Analysis is carried out for Electrical Conductivity (Soluble

salt content), pH (Index for acidity / alkalinity), Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium

(Macronutrients) in all the labs. In addition, the District STLs have the facility for

analysis of micro-nutrients (Zinc, Iron, Copper and Manganese) and water analysis. The

target and achievements for the years 2011-12 to 2014-15 are shown in Table - 5.1.

Testing Labs:

There are notified labs functioning in the state for land enforcement analysis

including DNA Finger Printing lab at Hyderabad. In addition to Seed Testing Labs and

Fertiliser Testing Labs are established. These labs will take up the analysis of seed

samples and fertilizer samples other than law enforcement samples. The farmers,

producers, dealers or any person interested can know the status of seed lots &

fertilizers. Achievements under seed testing are given in Table-5.2.

Fertilizer Consumption:

Product-wise consumption of fertilizer during the years 2013-14 to 2014-15 is

given in Table–5.4.

Pesticides:

The pesticide consumption has been decreasing gradually by adopting

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) up to 2009-10, but later on during the recent years

139

it is increased to 4,253 & 4,050 Metric Tonnes respectively during 2013-14 & 2014-15

was utilized for crop protection. Utilization of pesticides in Andhra Pradesh from

2010-11 to 2014-15 is shown in Table - 5.6.

Agriculture:

Extensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has caused harmful effects

on human beings, and led to surface and groundwater pollution. Water logging causes

methane emissions. The result of the ICAR–AP Cess fund project show that methane

emission was lower in upland rice, as compared to wet land and irrigated rice. The

database on methane emission has disproved the apprehension that rice crop is the main

culprit in environmental pollution, as the methane emission was much lower than the

projected level of 11.65 percent.

The State Government is implementing a number of programmes to improve

the agricultural output, reducing the water use, soil protection, farm mechanization;

wasteland development etc. and some of them are as under:

• System of Rice Intensification (SRI technology)

• Organic farming

• Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

• Integrated Nutrient Management (INM)

• Farmer trainings.

• Agricultural Technology Mission (ATM)

• Soil Testing Program (AGRISNET)-Agricultural Resources Information

System-Net Work)

• Dry Land farming

• Waste land development

• Multi State Agriculture Competitiveness Project(MSACP)

• Andhra Pradesh Livestock Development Agency (APLDA)

• Raitu Chaitanya Yatra

• Raithu Sadassulu

• Raithu bata

• On Line Soil Health Card Generation System etc.

Farm Mechanization Scheme:

Farm Mechanization is gaining much importance during the last decade for

carrying out various farm activities effectively in less time with less effort. There is

increased demand for improved farming implements from the farming community. This

would result in efficiency and timeliness in the field operations, reduction in the cost of

cultivation and improvement in the quality of produce for better marketability.

140

Depending on the type of cropping pattern and grown, soil conditions, local situations

and requirements in the districts, the Agriculture Department has been distributing

various farm machinery and implements through A. P. State Agro Industries

Development Corporation Ltd.,

Mining:

Minerals contribute significantly for the state resources and its economic

growth. Andhra Pradesh is renowned as the mineral storehouse of the south and is

recognized as the prime mineral producer in the country. So far, 48 varieties of

minerals(both major & minor minerals) have been identified in the state, important

among them are Barytes, Dolomite, Clay, Laterite, Limestone, Manganese, Oil and

Natural Gas, Sand, Quartz, etc. The activity of mining and quarrying covers underground

and surface mines, quarries and wells and includes extraction of minerals and also all the

supplemental activities such as dressing and benefaction of ores, crushing, screening,

washing, cleaning, grading, milling floatation, melting floatation and other preparations

carried out at the mine site which are needed to render the material marketable.

The mining activities in the country are governed by the Mineral Conservation

Development Rules (MCDR), 1988. Every license holder of mining lease shall take all

possible precautions for protection of environment and control of pollution while

conducting prospecting, mining beneficiation or metallurgical operations in the area.

Specific provisions for proper removal and utilization of top soil, storage of overburden

and waste rocks, reclamation and rehabilitation of lands, precautions against air

pollution, noise and ground vibrations, restoration of flora, discharge of toxic liquid,

control of surface subsidence have been provided under MCDR. The Indian Bureau of

Mines collects the statistics on all these aspects under the above rules.

Earthquake

Earthquakes occur due to slippage of rocks in the earth’s crust or in the upper

part of the mantle. Strong vibrations occur on the ground consequent to these sudden

movements in a short span of time. According to seismic zoning of India, the country has

been divided into five zones basing on intensity from moderate to severe. The Himalayan

Range, the Indo-Gangetic plains and the Kuthch and Kathaiwar region of Western India

are the most prone to earthquakes. Andhra Pradesh falls into the third zone of relatively

low seismicity as compared to the Himalayan zone. Earthquake is not predictable by the

seismologists accurately as expected by the public. Indian sub-continent has suffered

over 1,00,000 deaths due to earthquakes since the year 1803. South Indian peninsular

region was believed to be stable continental crust region and are away from tectonic

activity of the boundaries i.e., not prone to earthquakes. However, this concept was

141

completely shaken by the Koyana earthquake of 1967, Lathur earthquake of 1993 of

magnitude 6.3 in the Richter scale and Jabalpur earthquake of 1997 of magnitude 6.0 in

the Richter scale. During recent time, Gujarat earthquake of 2005 has claimed over

20000 causalities. The state of Andhra Pradesh has a history of earthquakes since 1800

to till date.

The state of Andhra Pradesh is fortunate in having the Geological Survey of

India, National Remote Sensing Agency and Environment Protection Training and

Research Institute (EPTRI). To avoid loss of human life and injuries, it is advisable to

built quake resistant housing. High level of awareness in the public will be of great help

in reducing the number of people getting trapped in collapsed houses.

Drought:

India is prone to natural disasters. Among these, drought is a phenomenon

associated with scarcity of water. The National Commission on Agriculture has classified

drought into metrological, hydrological and agricultural drought. In a metrological

drought there is a significant (25 percent) decrease from normal precipitation over an

area. When prolonged, it leads to hydrological drought with marked depletion of surface

water consequent drying up of reservoirs, lakes, rivulets and rivers and fall in ground

water levels. In agricultural drought, soil moisture and rainfall are inadequate during the

growing season to support favourable crop growth.

Drought is a natural hazard, which recurs frequently in India. According to an

appraisal made by the World Bank about 60 million hectares in 72 districts are classified

as drought prone districts. Droughts are recurrent feature in Andhra Pradesh and make

the state’s agricultural scenario dismal despite the tremendous efforts made by the

farmers. The state has experienced several droughts; the worst in the last 50 years were

in 1952-53, 1955-56, 1970-71 and 1984-86. The areas are periodically affected by

drought are Rayalaseema and Telangana regions. Several attempts have been made by

climatologists, hydrologists and others to identify drought prone areas taking into

account mostly the weather parameters. It has tentatively identified 3 drought prone

zones based on the frequency and intensity of droughts.

They are mild, moderate and chronic droughts. Mild are those in which

drought recurs once in 6-10yrs, moderate once in 5yrs & chronic once in 3 yrs.

Management of Drought:

The Govt. of India started the Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) in Fifth

Five Year Plan on a massive scale with an idea of optimizing use of available resources

142

and improving the living conditions of the rural poor. 94 blocks in 11 districts of the state

are covered under DPAP. And Desert Development Programme (DDP) is being

implemented in the 16 Blocks if Ananthapuramu District since 1995-96 .The strategy

was aimed at bringing back ecological equilibrium and to improve the socio-economic

conditions of people. Recently efforts were made to overcome drought through water

harvesting and conservation, alternate crop planning and other compensatory

programmes on watershed basis. Utilization of rain water is reducing evaporation from

soils, drought tolerant crops that suit the soil. Dry land farming practices are adopted in

the state to mitigate the drought.

Cyclone:

Due to the location and geographical features, it is vulnerable to be happened

a number of natural disasters like, cyclones, floods during rainy season and also off

season, in most of the districts in Andhra Pradesh. Natural disasters result in heavy

economic loss apart from the loss of human life and the hardship inflicted on the

survivors.

Severe cyclonic storms are more frequent in the Bay of Bengal. Andhra

Pradesh with 974 kilometers of coast line covering the nine coastal districts of

Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna,

Guntur, Prakasam and Nellore is highly vulnerable to these cyclones and storms. These

cyclones generally occur in the Bay of Bengal during May, October and November

months. Cyclones are some times accompanied by tidal waves which inundate coastal

areas causing huge loss to human life, huts and houses, crops, cattle and damage to

irrigation sources, roads and public buildings by causing very inconveniences. It is

difficult to forecast much in advance in spite of advance technology with definite

occurrence of a cyclone or tidal wave in the exact area that would be affected. To

combat the situation arising out of such natural disasters, the State Government making

preventive measures in disaster prone areas in the state. During the 2013, in the month

of October, November due to Heavy rains ‘Helen Cyclone and Leher Cyclone’ 11 districts

affected with loss of Rs. 6,928.77 crores. During the year 2014 in the month of October,

due to very severe cyclone storm ‘Hud Hud’ affected 4 districts with loss of Rs.

21,908.49 crores and heavy damages to houses, roads, crops, cattle etc.,

A state level high Power Standing Committee, functions under the

Chairmanship of the Chief Secretary deals with all matters such as controlling,

monitoring, rescue, relief and rehabilitation measures due to situations arising out of

natural calamities.

143

TABLE - 5.1

SOIL TESTING FROM 2011-12 TO 2014-15

(In Number)

Item 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Target Achieve-ment

Target Achieve- ment

Target Achieve-ment

Target Achieve-ment

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Macronutrient, E.C, pH & N,P,K.

2,14,320 2,41,354 1,27,000 1,97,533 1,66,800 1,69,669 1,69,000 1,81,407

Micronutrients Analysis Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn

71,440 64,532 1,29,000 93,758 96,400 68,023 96,400 90,008

Water Samples Analysis

13,220 7,882 13,220 7,036 13,220 15,404 13,220 18,259

Source: Commissioner of Agriculture, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

TABLE - 5.2

SEED TESTING FROM 2011-12 TO 2014-15

(In Number)

Sl.

No. Year Target Achievement Substandard

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. 2011-12 13,560 12,188 296

2. 2012-13 7,160 6,424 296

3. 2013-14 7,520 7,204 270

4. 2014-15 7,535 7,478 269 Source: Commissioner of Agriculture, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

TABLE - 5.3

SOIL TESTING LABORATORIES IN ANDHRA PRADESH

(In Number)

Sl. No. District AMC STL RSTL MSTL TOTAL

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

1. Srikakulam 2 1 - - 3

2. Vizianagaram 1 2 - - 3

3. Visakhapatnam 2 1 - 1 4

4. Eastgodavari 5 1 - 1 7

5. Westgodavari 2 1 - - 3

6. Krishna 4 1 - - 5

7. Guntur 1 1 1 1 4

8. Prakasam 2 1 - - 3

9. SPS Nellore 2 2 - - 4

10. YSR 2 1 - 1 4

11. Krurnool 2 2 - - 4

12. Ananthapuramu 2 1 - - 3

13. Chittoor 3 1 - - 4

ANDHRA PRADESH 30 16 1 4 51 STL:Soil Testing Lab, RSTL:Regional Soil Testing Lab, MSTL:Mobile Soil Testing Lab, AMC: Agricultural Market Committee Source: Commissioner of Agriculture, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

144

TABLE - 5.4

FERTILIZER CONSUMPTION, 2013-14 & 2014-15

( In Lakh MTs.)

Sl. No. Product

2013-14 2014-15

Kharif Rabi Total Kharif Rabi Total

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

1. Urea 8.22 9.85 18.07 6.78 9.96 16.74

2. Di-ammonium

Phosphate (DAP) 1.82 1.90 3.72 1.08 1.75 2.83

3. Murate of Potash

(MOP) 0.93 1.30 2.23 1.36 1.47 2.83

4. Single Super

Phosphate (SSP) 0.99 1.01 2.00 0.98 1.00 1.98

5. Complexes 4.26 6.96 11.22 4.53 7.55 12.08

6. Others 0.31 0.58 0.89 0.35 0.44 0.79

Total 16.53 21.60 38.13 15.08 22.17 37.25

Source: Commissioner of Agriculture, Andhra Pradesh,Guntur.

TABLE - 5.5

FERTILIZERS TARGETS AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN ANDHRA PRADESH

(In Metric Tonnes)

Sl. No. Year Target Achievement Non-Standard

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. 2010-11 9,530 9,915 204

2. 2011-12 9,712 10,064 178

3. 2012-13 8,972 9,186 143

4. 2013-14 10,155 10,582 329

5. 2014-15 8,694 9,701 141


TABLE - 5.6

UTILISATION OF PESTICIDES IN ANDHRA PRADESH

FROM 2010-11 TO 2014-15

(In Metric Tonnes)

Sl. No. Year Consumption

(Technical Grade- Revised)

1. 2. 3.

1. 2010-11 4,410

2. 2011-12 4,882

3. 2012-13 4,249

4. 2013-14 4,253

5. 2014-15 4,050


145

TABLE - 5.7

LAND USE CLASSIFICATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 2010-11 TO 2014-15

(Area in Hectares) Sl. No.

Category 2010-11* 2011-12* 2012-13* 2013-14* 2014-15

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

1. Total Geographical Area 1,60,20,400 1,60,20,400 1,60,20,400 160,20,400 1,62,96,690

2. Forests 34,87,043 34,87,043 34,84,363 34,93,475 36,88,461

3. Barren and Un-culturable Land 14,09,403 14,07,310 13,42,707 13,40,559 13,46,606

4. Land put to Non-agricultural Uses 18,99,666 19,21,496 19,87,441 19,82,435 20,31,758

5. Culturable Waste 4,59,321 4,48,703 4,13,505 3,91,500 2,11,554

6. Permanent Pastures and otherGrazing Lands 2,51,796 2,50,458 2,12,157 2,12,129 1,57,073

7. Land under Miscellaneous Tree Crops and Groves not included in Net Area Sown 1,76,275 1,74,705 1,64,534 1,60,057 4,10,349

8. Current Fallows 8,31,608 10,36,986 11,33,765 10,87,497 14,10,091

9. Other Fallow Lands 7,09,590 7,32,497 8,19,106 7,91,619 8,32,196

10. Net Area Sown (including fish ponds) 67,95,698 65,61,202 64,62,822 65,61,129 62,08,602

11. Area sown more than once 19,50,441 16,04,589 16,06,244 16,79,662 15,76,686

12. Total Cropped Area 86,44,431 80,57,509 79,59,907 81,27,748 76,89,820

* Data for the years from 2010-11 to 2013-14 excludes merged villages of Khammam. Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.

TABLE - 5.8 INFORMATION ON RAPID RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY

IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2015 (Area in Lakh Hectares)

Surveys Area

Priority Area Total Priority

% Priority Very high High

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

164.501 7.483 16.506 23.989 14.58

Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2015, C.S.O.,Govt.of India, New Delhi. TABLE - 5.9

AREA UNDER HIGH YIELDING VARIETIES IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 2011-12 TO 2014-15

(‘000' Hects.)

Sl.

No. Crop

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1. Paddy 1,710 636 1,530 679 1,706 878 1,598 317

2. Jowar 28 120 28 136 33 86 25 92

3. Bajra 29 3 54 3 47 2 24 1

4. Maize 82 191 91 218 110 242 94 118

5. Ragi 35 5 34 4 37 5 27 2

Total 1,884 955 1,737 1,040 1,933 1,213 1,768 530


146

TABLE - 5.10

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF SEED REPLACEMENT

FROM 2011-12 TO 2014-15 (Average of Kharif and Rabi Percentage)

Sl.

No. Crop 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. Paddy 88 89 89 90

2. Jowar 89 91 96 62

3. Bajra 93 87 100 100

4. Maize 100 100 100 100

5. Red gram 79 78 78 73

6. Green gram 50 51 51 53

7. Black gram 60 66 66 60

8. Bengal gram 85 87 87 85

9. Groundnut 62 63 63 63

10. Sesamum 33 35 35 34

11. Sunflower 100 100 100 100

12. Safflower 34 35 35 35

13. Soyabean 100 100 100 100

14. Castor 80 72 95 43

15. Cotton 100 100 100 100


TABLE - 5.11

PERFORMANCE OF CROP PRODUCTION FROM 2010-11 TO 2014-15 (In Tonnes)

Sl.

No. Crop 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

1. Rice 78,83,078 77,44,175 68,62,743 79,93,425 84,55,584

2. Wheat 1,061 365 574 336 256

3. Millets 21,76,000 22,23,173 24,99,415 26,24,850 23,70,028

4. Pulses 9,65,894 9,32,660 11,32,517 10,79,076 9,49,207

5.

Total Food

grains 1,10,26,033 1,09,00,373 1,04,95,249 1,16,97,687 1,17,75,075

6. Oilseeds 23,72,632 17,42,749 19,88,286 22,42,246 19,03,524

7. Cotton (Lint)* 8,55,405 8,88,316 15,43,271 21,88,598 27,51,284

8.

Sugarcane

(Gur) 11,99,831 13,01,207 12,15,919 12,03,207 10,02,293 * Production lakh bales of 170 Kgs. (Lint) Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.

147

TABLE - 5.12

AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL CROPS FROM 2010-11 TO 2014-15

(In Hectares) Sl. No.

Crop 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

I Food Crops

1. Rice 27,72,377 23,46,300 22,09,237 25,83,440 23,93,955

2. Wheat 757 314 450 348 320

3. Jowar 88,197 1,48,157 1,64,148 1,18,245 1,41,461

4. Bajra 48,212 31,820 56,714 49,227 28,178

5. Maize 2,33,420 2,72,375 3,09,123 3,52,115 3,03,326

6. Ragi 39,625 40,240 38,505 41,559 33,440

7. Total Minor Millets 28,833 28,792 37,675 27,498 20,099

A .Total Cereals and Millets 31,82,588 28,67,998 28,15,852 31,72,432 29,20,779

8. Bengal gram 4,74,826 4,79,896 5,68,792 4,72,380 3,41,766

9. Red gram 2,96,647 1,82,863 2,04,246 1,84,124 1,50,544

10. Green gram 1,67,337 1,35,625 1,28,517 1,33,706 1,71,444

11. Black gram 3,88,238 4,69,776 3,87,502 2,64,773 3,15,838

12. Horse gram 32,239 27,556 27,800 28,206 35,091

13. Cowgram 7,551 7,955 11,715 12,123 14,035

14. Other Pulses 6,679 8,096 9,519 13,250 13,582

B. Total Pulses 13,73,544 13,11,767 13,38,091 11,08,562 10,42,300

Total Food grains (A+B) 45,56,132 41,79,765 41,53,943 42,80,994 39,63,079

15. Chillies 1,18,186 1,58,630 1,21,221 1,31,316 1,34,959

16. Turmeric 18,608 26,043 18,062 17,822 16,534

17. Banana 56,790 60,325 62,400 60,626 61,607

18. Mango 2,61,864 2,39,257 2,37,811 2,55,559 2,59,551

19. Cashewnut 1,30,384 1,28,921 1,21,802 1,20,012 1,13,953

20. Potato 1,272 1,247 1,201 1,458 1,385

21. Onions 28,966 40,248 25,311 26,285 33,428

22. Sugarcane 1,51,900 1,58,591 1,55,048 1,52,847 1,39,226

II Non – Food Crops

23. Groundnut 14,26,111 11,35,675 11,57,484 11,76,377 8,74,090

24. Coconut 1,03,222 97,318 99,825 99,066 99,105

25. Gingelly 97,742 52,855 43,516 61,133 84,753

26. Sunflower 1,97,385 1,33,224 1,14,053 79,950 50,039

27. Castor 83,974 1,61,758 1,09,982 48,883 47,837

28. Mesta 25,140 25,659 14,657 9,164 6,689

29. Cotton 3,81,223 4,72,789 5,89,099 6,76,614 8,21,077

30. Tobacco 1,48,596 1,23,330 1,29,863 1,43,033 1,39,505

Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.

148

TABLE - 5.13

CONSUMPTION OF TECHNICAL GRADE PESTICIDES

FROM 2011-12 TO 2014-15 (In MTs.)

Sl.

No. Name 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. Insecticides 2,453 2,204 2,202 2,167

2. Fungicides 1,125 929 933 859

3. Herbicides 916 781 782 712

4. Rodenticides 13 12 13 11

5. Others 375 323 323 301

Total 4,882 4,249 4,253 4,050


TABLE - 5.14

DISTRICT-WISE CONSUMPTION OF PESTICIDES(TECHNICAL GRADE)

FROM 2011-12 TO 2014-15 (In MTs.)

Sl. No. District 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. Srikakulam 338 51 231 193

2. Vizianagaram 193 58 169 135

3. Visakhapatnam 225 151 179 157

4. East Godavari 255 760 368 413

5. West Godavari 378 163 305 225

6. Krishna 522 209 286 300

7. Guntur 698 58 402 344

8. Prakasam 328 672 441 450

9. SPS Nellore 321 594 337 400

10. Y.S.R 189 515 369 326

11. Kurnool 632 381 366 453

12. Ananthapuramu 396 350 316 334

13. Chittoor 407 287 484 320

ANDHRA PRADESH 4,882 4,249 4,253 4,050


149

TABLE - 5.15

DISTRIBUTION OF CERTIFIED SEEDS FROM 2011-12 TO 2014-15

(In Lakh Qtls.)

Sl. No.

CROP 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

1. Paddy 1.3700 0.6400 1.5800 0.3400 1.7000 0.4200 1.4586 0.0509

2. Jowar 0.0013 0.0019 0.0014 0.0030 0.0000 0.0000 0.0114 0.0000

3. Maize 0.0470 0.1140 0.0068 0.0016 0.0053 0.0012 0.0133 0.0000

4. Bajra 0.0023 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

5. Ragi 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

6. Red gram 0.0710 0.0002 0.1323 0.0000 0.0950 0.0000 0.6297 0.0000

7. Green gram 0.0210 0.0097 0.0131 0.0475 0.0038 0.0316 0.0179 0.0686

8. Black gram 0.0480 0.4500 0.0153 0.2190 0.0016 0.1600 0.0364 0.1530

9. Bengal

gram

0.0000 1.8800 0.0000 2.0500 0.0000 0.1592 0.0000 0.5794

10. Groundnuts 6.0100 0.3300 5.0400 0.3680 3.2800 0.0797 1.9674 0.2057

11. Castor 0.0020 0.0000 0.0013 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000

12. Sunflower 0.0000 0.0200 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

13. Safflower 0.0170 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

14. Soyabean 0.0000 0.0000 0.0054 0.0000 0.0044 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

15. Sesamum 0.0000 0.0016 0.0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0023

16. Cotton 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

17. Other Crops 0.0125 0.0000 0.0218 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.2144 0.0162

TOTAL 7.6021 3.4474 6.8178 3.0303 5.0904 0.8520 4.3492 1.0761


150

TABLE - 5.16

PRODUCTION OF FOUNDATION SEEDS FROM 2011-12 TO 2014-15

(In Qtls.)

Sl.

No. Crop

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

1. Paddy 40,260 22,480 41,132 22,967 56,469 31,530 47,451 47

2. Jowar 227 732 149 479 97 312 0 409

3. Maize 295 790 257 688 48 127 44 200

4. Bajra 12 9 37 28 4 3 - 25

5. Ragi 164 23 - - 53 8 - 173

6. Korra 28 - 56 - - - - -

7. Red gram 323 - 915 - 1974 - 682 -

8. Green

gram 211 493 97 225 240 560 - 59

9. Black gram 203 2,699 469 6,235 64 856 94 656

10. Bengal

gram - 16,044 - 31,807 - 40,000 - 953

11. Cowpea

gram - - - - 49 - - 17,568

12. Castor 22 - 133 - - - - 26

13. Groundnuts 72,430 7,163 93,869 9,284 63,363 6,267 20,771 -

14. Safflower - - - 2 - - - 16,941

15. Sesamum - 27 - 4 - 34 - -

16. Soyabean - - 4 - 24 - 517 -

17. Cotton - - - - - - - -

18. Jute 803 - 501 - 376 - 613 -

19. Vegetables 476 - 170 - 383 - 3 -

TOTAL 1,15,454 50,460 1,37,789 71,719 1,23,144 79,697 70,175 37,057


151

TABLE - 5.17

PRODUCTION OF CERTIFIED SEEDS FROM 2012-13 TO 2014-15

(In Qtls)

Sl.

No. CROP

2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi

1. 2. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

1. Paddy 2,62,887 1,46,786 2,42,502 1,35,404 93,259 3,16,831

2. Jowar 4,378 14,095 4,982 16,039 - 33,140

3. Maize 9,841 26,379 5,719 15,330 - 12005

4. Bajra 10,897 8,174 6,451 4,838 - 17543

5. Ragi - - 53 8 - -

6. Red gram 28,815 - 24,203 - 9,370 74

7. Green

gram 8,466 19,754 2,259 5,271 214 15,792

8. Black gram 5,889 78,244 1,453 19,306 1,648 20,104

9. Bengal

gram - 3,26,148 - 1,74,364 - 1,79,504

10. Cowpea 502 - 299 - - 280

11. Castor 422 - - - - -

12. Groundnuts 10,73,798 1,06,200 5,34,939 52,906 66,482 2,96,948

13. Sunflower - - - - - -

14. Safflower - 2 - - - -

15. Sesamum 123 61 - 101 - -

16. Soyabean 4 - 33,408 - 3,893 -

17. Cotton - - - - - -

18. Jute 57,948 - 44,915 - 41,915 -

19. Mesta - - - - - -

20. Vegetables 952 - 2,091 - - 551

TOTAL 14,64,922 7,25,843 9,03,274 4,23,567 2,16,781 8,92,772


152

TABLE - 5.18

ACHIEVEMENTS MADE UNDER SERICULTURE SECTOR

FROM 2010-11 TO 2014-15

Sl. No. Item 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

I. Mulbery Sector

1. Employment Generation (Lakh Persons)

4.63 4.90 4.192 4.562 3.40

2. Area under Mulberry Cultivation (Cumulative in acres)

92,524 97,951 99,651.5 1,06,217 68,526^

3.

Cross Breed Disease Free Layings (CBDFLs) Production (In Lakh Numbers)

71.64 93.21 61.17 34.783 36.551

4.

Cross Breed Disease Free Layings (CBDFLs) Brushing (In Lakh Numbers)

790.53 864.75 902.72 813.94 504.00

5. Cocoon Production (In MTs.)

46,105 51,186 51,522.96 47,726.20 31,098.20

6. Raw Silk Production (In MTs.)

5,161 5,740 7,360.42 6,818.02 4,212.48

7. Sericulture Farmers (Number)

94,360 95,991 76,792 81,851 53,920

II. Tassar Sector

8. Tasar Food Plantation available for rearing (In acres)

21,000 20,500 1,800* 2,000* 1,440

9.

Tasar Disease Free Layings (DFLs) Brushed (In Lakh Numbers)

9.40 9.37 - - 2.36

10. Tasar Cocoon Production (In Lakh numbers)

125.77 159.61 - - 19.28

11. Tasar Rearers (No.) 1,963 2,275 - - -

III. Eri

12. Eri DFLs Brushed (No.) 0.83 0.57 - - -

13. Eri Cocoons Production (MTs.)

12.12 8.63 - - -

*Hectares ^ Totally 46860 acres are unproductive & Uprooted out of 1.14316 lakhs acres. Source: Directorate of Sericulture, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

153

TABLE - 5.19

HISTORICAL RECORD OF EARTHQUAKES IN ANDHRA PRADESH

Date Lat Long. Location Intensity Mag Ref.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

2009 - 2015 - - No events as per IMD Web site

Source: Commissioner of Disaster Management, Andhra Pradesh, Tadepali.

TABLE - 5.20

DISTRICT WISE MANDALS DECLARED AS DROUGHT AFFECTED AREAS

IN ANDHRA PRADESH DURING 2011-12 TO 2014-15

Sl.

No. District

Total

No of

Mandals

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

1. Srikakulam 38 30 - - -

2. Vizianagaram 34 15 - 5 -

3. Visakhapatnam 43 31 - - -

4. East Godavari 60 14 - - -

5. West Godavari 46 15 - - -

6. Krishna 50 32 - - -

7. Guntur 57 41 4 - 4

8. Prakasam 56 56 35 4 54

9. S.P.S Nellore 46 9 9 2 7

10. Y.S.R 51 51 43 16 48

11. Kurnool 54 54 36 - 20

12. Ananthapuramu 63 63 63 63 63

13. Chittoor 66 49 28 33 42

ANDHRA PRADESH 664 460 218 123 238

Source: Commissioner of Disaster Management, Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalli.

154

TABLE - 5.21

DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRING IN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2014

Sl. No.

(SMRC)

(Even

No.)

Date/

Year

Type of

Disturbance

Relevant Information

1 April 18, 1700

Severe Cyclonic Strom (More Dreadful Strom)

Coast: This cyclone crossed Visakhapatnam Coast in Andhra Pradesh. Loss and Damage: All vessels in the sea along the coast were lost and many in the rivers by the force of current and tide. A ship bound for Bengal was driven ashore.

2 December 1706 (date not known)

Severe Cyclonic Storm

Coast: It crossed Kakinada Coast of Andhra Pradesh. Loss and Damage: A great number of people were lost at Kottapalam and other neighboring villages. Paddy fields, springs of fresh water were all spoiled.

3 October 12, 1779

Severe Cyclonic Storm with a core of hurricane winds (It was mentioned as a hurricane in the references)

Coast: The cyclone crossed the coast of Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh. Surge Height: Sea flowed 3.63 m (12ft.) deep inland (Inside a Dutch Factory). Loss and Damage: People killed = 20,000 (drowned) Many houses were destroyed.

4 May 20, 1787

Severe Cyclonic Storm with a core of hurricane winds (It was mentioned as a Great Storm in the references)

Coast: The cyclone crossed the Coringa Island near Injaram, Andhra Pradesh. Surge Height: Coringa Island and Country near Injaram were flooded and so was Injaram, Andhra Pradesh. Loss and Damage: People killed = 20,000 (Enquiry by Mr. Topping Astronomer in 1789)

5 December, 1789

Severe Cyclonic Storm with a core of hurricane winds

Coast: It crossed the Coringa coast, Andhra Pradesh. Surge Height: Several feet of water entered the town. All low lying areas were inundated. The whole Coringa village was destroyed in single day. (The hurricane started at the time high tides and it generated three incredibly high waves moving towards the town. The first destroyed everything enroot inundated the city to a depth of 1-2 m, the second covered the entire city and penetrated deep into plain, the third inundated everything that remained. All the boats anchored on the shore were driven far inland into the plain and sailors drowned. Loss and Damage: People killed = 20,000

(Contd.)

155

TABLE - 5.21(Contd..)

DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRING

IN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2014

Sl. No.

(SMRC)

(Even

No.)

Date/

Year

Type of

Disturbance


93 November

6-10,

1995

Severe

Cyclonic

Storm with a

core of

hurricane

winds

Formation: It was detected as a low pressure area over the Andaman Sea and adjoining area at 0300 UTC on November 6, became a depression near 11.0o N and 91.5o E at 0300 UTC on November 7 over the Southeast Bay of Bengal and neighborhood. It concentrated into a cyclonic storm at 0000 UTC on November 8 and was centered near 13.5o N and 87.5o E at 0300 UTC on the same day. It intensified into a severe cyclonic storm near 15.50 N and 85.50 E about 350 Km. southeast of Visakhapatnam at 1200 UTC on November 8 and further intensified into a severe cyclonic storm with a core of hurricane winds at 1500 UTC on the same day and lay close to North Andhra Pradesh - South Orissa coast with its center near 19.0 0 N and 85.0 0

E at 0300 UTC on November 9. Movement: Moved North West and North. Coast: It crossed North Andhra Pradesh - Orissa coast near Ichchaturam in Kalingapatnam district between 0400 and 0500 UTC on November 9 and weakened into a cyclonic storm. Maximum wind: S’ly/111 kph (60 kts) at Gopalpur at 0500 UTC of 9th. Intensity: T 4.5 Loss and Damage: In Nepal: IMD website gave: 93 persons and 81 boats were affected. 2,631 houses damaged. 153 fishermen were missing.

June 13-16, 1996

Cyclonic Storm

Formation: Formed as a monsoon depression over the South West Bay and adjoining area at 0000 UTC near 12.50 N and 84.00 E on June 13, became a deep depression near 13.50 N and 82.50 E at 1200 UTC on the same day. It concentrated into a cyclonic storm near 14.00 N and 81.50 E at 1500 UTC on June 14. Movement: Moved North West, North North East, North East and North. Coast: It crossed Andhra coast as a cyclonic storm near Kalingapatnam at 1200 UTC on June 1996.

156




Sl. No.

(SMRC)

(Even

No.)

Date/

Year

Type of

Disturbance


95 November 5th-6th, 1996

Severe Cyclonic Storm with a core of hurricane winds

Formation: Initially it was detected as a well-marked low over the West Central Bay and adjoining Bay on November 4 and this well-marked low concentrated into a depression near (about 810 kms. southwest of Chittagong port and 700 kms. southwest of Khulna town) 17.00 N and 86.00 E at 0300 UTC on November 5. It became cyclonic storm near 17.00 N and 85.50 E at 1200 UTC on the same day. It intensified into a severe cyclonic storm near 17.00 N and 84.50 E at 0600 UTC on November 6. It further intensified into severe cyclonic storm with a core of hurricane winds near 17.00 N and 83.50 E at 1200 UTC on the same day. Movement: Moved in a W’ly direction. Coast: Crossed Andhra coast near Kakinada of India at midnight (1800 UTC) of November 6th. Maximum Wind: Reported wind speed = 200 kph. Surge Height: 12 ft. ECP: 990 hPa Loss and damage: People feared killed = 2,000 Dead bodies recovered = 710 People missing = 900 People were stranded by flood water = 0.5 million Crops destroyed were 3,20,000 hectares Houses destroyed = 10,000(almost all houses except pucca buildings) Villages under water = 300 Worst affected area: Coastal city of Kakinada (300 miles east of Hyderabad). Duration of the cyclone’s destruction period was 5hrs. Timely estimate of the loss for crops (Rice, oil seeds and some sugarcane) and property = Rs. 150 crores IMD website gave: 978 persons died 1,375 persons reported to be missing 1,380 villages affected 6,464 boats lost at sea Rao et al (1997) gave: ^P= hPa, R = 20 Km, Wmax= 90 knots Latitude of landfall = 16.70 N (South of Kakinada)

157




Sl. No.

(SMRC)

(Even

No.)

Date/

Year

Type of

Disturbance


96 Nov 28 -Dec 6, 1996

Severe Cyclonic Storm with a core of hurricane winds (Unusual movement of the cyclone in the history)

Formation: A depression was formed on the morning of 28 November with center near 11.50 N and 86.50 E. Moving initially in a northeast and intensified into a deep depression by November 29 and later in the afternoon of November 30, it moved southwards when it was centered near 14.50 N and 89.00 E as a depression up to the morning of December 1. Thereafter, it moved almost in a westerly direction. Thus it executed a loop around the point 15.00 N and 88.00 E. Further moving in a westerly direction, it intensified into a cyclonic storm on December 2nd and severe cyclone in the morning of December 3rd with its center near 14.0o N and 81.4o E. By the same evening it attained the intensity of a severe cyclonic storm with a core of hurricane winds and was centered near 14.50

N and 83.00 E. At this point, it came close to Andhra Pradesh coast 15.40 N and 81.40 E by the evening of December 4th. During the night of December 4th, the system showed sign of weakening and made a small loop there and moved slowly in a SE’ly direction. It is located near 14.50 N to 82.00 E at 0300 UTC on December 5th. Thus it took another clock-wise loop close to the Andhra Pradesh coast at 1200 UTC on December 4th. Moving in a SW’ly direction, it crossed the coast. Note: This cyclone created a record in the history of the state due to its unusual behavior of movement over the Bay of Bengal. This was the first time that a cyclone made two loops over the Bay of Bengal. Though the system did not cause any severe damage to the life and property, it kept alive the anxiety and interest during its life period of 9 days. Movement: Moved NW, NE, S, W, WNW, NW, SE and SW. Coast: Crossed the coast close to Mahabalipuram in Tamil Nadu on the evening of December 6th. Intensity: T 4.5 Loss and Damage: The cyclone did not cause any severe damage to the life and property. IMD website gave: Cyclone crossed the coast near Chennai around 2100 UTC on 6th December 1996. The cyclone persisted for 9 days which is reported to be very long life compared to any cyclone in Indian Ocean. It caused severe damage to life and property.

158




Sl. No.

(SMRC)

(Even

No.)

Date/

Year

Type of

Disturbance


October

15th-17th,

2001

Cyclonic

Storm

Under the influence of the North East

Monsoon, the state has been lashed by

cyclonic weather accompanied by very heavy

and incessant rains due to depression in the

Bay of Bengal. This depression turned up into

deep depression on 15th October.

September

18th-19th,

2005

Heavy Rains /

Flash Foods

The deep depression over North West Bay

of Bengal moved slightly west wards and lay

centered at about 125 kms. South East of

Paradeep at 14.30 hrs. IST. The cyclonic

storm crossed the coast near Kalingapatnam

at 08. hrs. on 19th September 2005.

August

2nd-5th,

2006

Cyclone

Storm/

Floods

The low pressure area formed in the Bay

of Bengal intensified into depression on

2.8.2006 and lay close to Orissa. Under its

influence, the South West monsoon turned

active over Orissa and Coastal districts of

Andhra Pradesh.

Oct. 28th

-Nov.4th

2006

Ogni Cyclone A Cyclonic storm Ogni has formed over

South West Bay of Bengal, which lay centred

at 08.30 hrs. IST on 29th October 2006 near

latitude 14.50 N and longitude 80.50 E about

50 kms. east of Nellore in South Coastal

Andhra Pradesh.

June

21st-24th

2007

Heavy Rains/

Flash Floods

A well marked low pressure formed over

East Central and adjoining West Central Bay

of Bengal on 20th June 2007 and lay centered

at 2.30 hrs. IST of 21st June 2007 near

latitude 16.50 N and longitude 82.60 E close to

coast.

September

17th-22nd

2007

Heavy Rains/

Floods

A well marked low pressure formed over

West Central and adjoining North West Bay of

Bengal at 17.30 hrs. IST of 21st September

2007. It moved towards Northwest wards and

lay centered at 08.30 hrs. IST of 22nd

September 2007 over north West and

adjoining.

October

5th-7th

2007

Heavy Rains/

Floods

Under the influence of cyclonic circulation

extending up to mid troposphere level over

West Central Bay of Bengal off Coast, a

trough of low pressure developed and existed

over West Central Bay of Bengal and North

Coastal Andhra Pradesh.

159



IN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2014 Sl. No. (SMRC) (Even No.)

Date/ Year

Type of Disturbance


October

29th

-Nov,1st

2007

Heavy Rains/

Floods

Depression over South West Bay of Bengal

moved further westwards and centered at

05.30 hrs. IST of 29th October 2007 over West

Central Bay and adjoining South West Bay of

Bengal close to coast. This depression moved

slightly north westwards and weakened.

February

9th-13th

2008

Heavy Rains Due to persistence of upper air trough

extending from Vidarbha to south Tamil Nadu,

there was heavy rainfall from February 9-13,

2008.

March

22nd-29th

2008

Unseasonal

Heavy Rains

and

Hailstorm

Under the influence of low pressure air

trough near the South Coast of Andhra

Pradesh and neighborhood, fairly wide spread

rainfall with isolated heavy falls occurred in

the state during 22nd to 29th March 2008.

Rains with hailstorm during 1st week of April.

August

3rd-11th

2008

Heavy Rains /

Floods

Due to low pressure formed over West

Central and adjoining North West Bay of

Bengal and adjoining coastal areas of South

Orissa and North Andhra Pradesh during 3-5th

August and subsequent depression in Bay of

Bengal on 9th August 2008

November

14th-16th

2008

Khaimuk-

Cyclone

The deep depression over South West and

adjoining South East Bay of Bengal moved

North West wards and lay centered at 14.30

hrs. IST of 14thNov,2008 over South West&

adjoining west central Bay near latitude 13.50

N & Longitude 84.50 E

November

25th-30th

2008

Nisha-

Cyclone

Due to Cyclonic Storm “Nisha” over interior

Tamil Nadu on 27th November 2008, South

Coastal districts have received heavy to very

heavy rains on 28th, 29th and 30th November

2008.

29th Sept

to 4th Oct

2009

Floods/

Heavy Rains

A low Pressure system developed in West

Central Bay of Bengal and Adjoining Areas on

29th Sept-2009 and persisted till 4th Oct-

2009 under its influence the South West

Monsoon became active /Vigorous over

Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. The torrential

and incessant rains received during this period

in Mahabubnagar and Kurnool Districts, Which

are part of Krishna river catchment upstream

of Srisailam reservoir,caused floods to Krishna

& its tributaries such as Kundu River in

Andhra Pradesh.

160




Sl. No.

(SMRC)

(Even

No.)

Date/

Year

Type of

Disturbance


17th to

22nd

May

2010

Laila-Cyclone A low pressure area over southeast Bay of

Bengal and neighbourhood has concentrated

into depression over southeast Bay of Bengal

and lay centerd at 11.30 hours IST on 17-5-

2010 near Lattitude 10.50 N & 88.50 E about

930 KM east south east of Chennai. The

System was intensify further into cyclonic

storm and moved north westerly towards

Andhra Pradesh coast. The cyclonic storm

was named as LIALA which lay over south

East and adjoining South west. The Bay of

Bengal, moved west north west wards and

lay centered at 8.30 hrs. IST on 18th May,

2010 over south east and adjoining south

west Bay of bengal near lattituded 12.00 N

and 85.50 E about 690 Km south East of

VisakhaPatnam. On 19-5-2010, it lay over

south west and adjoining west central Bay of

Bengal near lattitude 13.50 N and long 82.00

E about 480 kms west South west of

Visakhapatnam. By 20-05-2010 evening the

severe cyclonic storm was over west central

and adjoining south west Bay of Bengal and

lay centered at 14.30 hrs, near lattitude

15.80 E & 80.50 E, close to Bapatla. By 21-

05-2010. the afore said Laila Cyclone had

weakend into a deep depression, moved

north northeast wards ans centered at 08.30

hrs over north coastal A.P about 50 kms

north of Machilipatnam. The Laila Cyclone

crossed the AP coast in the after noon on 22-

05-2010 between Bapatla of Guntur Dist and

Ongole town. The crossing of Cyclone

resulted in large scale damage to public and

private properties.

161

TABLE - 5.21(Contd.)



Sl. No. (SMRC) (Even No.)

Date/ Year

Type of Disturbance


South

West

Monsoon,

2010

Heavy Rains/

Floods

The unprecedented highest state

average rainfall of 808 mm in South west

mansoon of 2010 resulted in naturally, in

an unprecedented damages to Agricutural

crops, Horticultural crops, Milch Animals,

draught animals and Poultry Birds of AH

department extensive damages to the

infrastructure of the fishermen besides

causing extensive damages to public and

private proporties of roads, bridges,

buildings,panchayathraj works of roads

and buildings irrigation and command

area sources etc.

29th Oct.-

8th Nov.

2010

Heavy Rains/

Floods/Jal Cyclone

A well marked low pressure area over

south Andaman Sea concentrated into a

depression on 4th Nov.2010 near Lat. 8.50

N & 91.00 E and gradually intensified into

a cyclone JAL on 5th Nov. 2010, lay

centered near Lat 9.00 N & 87.50 E and

further intensified into a severe Cyclonic

Storm and lay centered at 8.30hrs. IST of

6th Nov. 2010 near Lat 10.00 N & 85.50 E.

It weakened into a Cyclone Storm on 7th

Nov-2010 over south west Bay of Bengal

Lat 12.50 N & 82.50 E. The system

crossed north Tamilnadu and south AP

coast close to Chennai in the night of 7th

Nov.-2010.

5th Dec.

to

8th Dec.

2010.

Heavy Rains/

Floods due to

depression in Bay

of Bengal

The depression in the Bay of Bengal

during the period from 5th Dec. 2010 to

8th Dec. 2010 resulted in heavy rainfall of

82.5 mm in 15 out of 23 districts which is

more than 16 times of the normal rainfall

of 5.2mm.

2011-12 Thane Cyclone A very severe Cyclonic developed over

the Bay of Bengal during the last week of

December,2011. It crossed North

TamilNadu and Pudducherry coast

between Pudducherry and Cuddalore with

in 6.30 to 7.30 hrs. IST of 30th Dec,2011

with a wind speed of 120-140 Kmph.

162

TABLE - 5.21(Contd.) DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRING


Date/ Year Type of Disturbance


2012

Nilam Cyclone The Cyclonic Storm ‘NILAM’ developed

over Southwest Bay of Bengal on 30th

October, 2012 near latitude 10.0 N and

longitude 82.0oE.about 400 km south

south-east of Chennai and 180 km north

northest of Trincomalee ( Srilanka). The

system crossed north Tamilnadu coast

near Mahabalipuram sourth of Chennai (

near latitude 12.50 N and longitude

80.20E) between 1600 and 1700hrs IST

on 31st October, 2012.

Unseasonal Heavy

Rains and Hailstorm

The IMD in its weather forecast report

dated 15-02-2013 has informed that

the Western Disturbance as a mid-

tropospheric system (5-6 kms above

mean sea level) an induced cyclonic

circulation has formed over Rajasthan &

neighbourhood. Under its influence, a

low pressure area developed over the

same area. There is high moisture

incursion taking place from Arabian Sea

as well as Bay of Bengal over northwest,

central and east India.

Phailin Cyclone Cyclonic storm, PHAILIN over east

central Bay of Bengal moved westwards,

intensified into a severe cuclonic storm

and laid centred at 0830 Hours IST of

10th near Lat. 14.5N and Long.91.0°E. It

moved west northwestwards, laid

centred over east central Bay of Bengal

at 0830 Hours IST of 11th near Lat.

16.0N and Long.88.5°E. It moved west-

northwestwards and further intensified

into a veru severe cuclonic storm and

laid centred over west central and

adjoining northwest Bay of Bengal at

0830 Hours IST of 12th near Lat. 17.8°N

and Long.86°E. Then it moved north-

northwestwards and crossed the coast

near Gopalpur (Odisha) about 40 kms

from border of Andhra Pradesh State,

from Itchapuram (Srikakulam District)

between 2030 to 2130 hours IST of 12th.

163





Date/ Year

Type of Disturbance


2013 Heavy Rains /Floods A well marked Low Pressure area over

West Central Bay Bengal & adjoining

areas of south coastal Andhra Pradesh,

laid over Rayalseema & adjoining areas

of Telangana with associated cyclonic

circulation extending upto mid-

tropospheric levels on 24th Oct,2013 and

over Telangana and adjoining

Rayalseema & coastal Andhra Pradesh

on 25th Oct,2013. It weakened into a low

pressure area and laid over Telangana &

neighbourhood on 26th Oct,2013. It laid

over north coastal Andhra &

neighbourhood with associated cyclonic

circulation extending upto mid-

tropospheric levels on 27th morning and

became less marked on 27th night.

However, its associated upper air

cyclonic circulation laid over north

coastal Andhra Pradesh & neighbourhood

extending upto 3.1 km above mean sea

level. The upper air cyclonic circulation

over west central Bay of Bengal &

adjoining coastal areas of Andhra

Pradesh extending upto 1.5 km above

mean sea level on 28th persisted over

the same region on 29th & 30th October,

2013.

164

TABLE - 5.21(Contd.) DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRING


Date/ Year

Type of Disturbance


2013 Helen Cyclone &

Leher Cyclone

Helen: A depression formed over west

central Bay of Bengal and lay centred at

05.30 am, on 19-11-2013 about 700km

East Northeast of Chennai, 600 km east-

south east of Machilipatnam and 500km

southeast of Visakhapatnam and turned

into a deep depression and moved

closer to Chennai Machilipatnam,

Visakhapatnam and Kavali by 5.30 a.m

20-11-2013, It intensified into a

Cyclonic storm HELEN and lay centred at

8.30. am and further intensified into a

severe cyclonic storm and lay centred at

5.30 am on 21-11-2013 about 460 km

East North East of Chennai, 360 km East

of Ongole, 260 km East Southeast of

Machilipatnam and 230 km Southeast of

Visakhapatnam and further moved

slightly westwards and lay centred at

11.30 am on 22-11-2013 about 15 km

of East of Machilipatnam and crossed AP

Coast close to south of Machilipatnam

between 1-30 pm and 2.30 pm as a

cyclonic storm with a wind speed of 80-

90 kmph.

LEHER: A depression formed over south

Andaman sea and lay centred at 1730

hrs IST on 23rd November,2013 near

latitude 8.50N and longitude 96.50E,

about 550 km south-southeast of Port

Blair and moved northwestward,

intensified into deep depression and lay

centred at 2330 hrs IST near latitude

9.00N and longitude 96.00E, about 470

km south southest of Port Blair. It

further intensified into a cyclonic storm

“LEHER” and lay centred at 0530hrs IST

of 24th November, 2013, over Andaman

Sea near latitude 10.00N and longitude

95.00E, about 300 km south-southeast

of Port Blair. It intensified into a severe

cyclonic storm crossed Andaman and

Nicobar Islands, close to Port Blair in the

early morning.

165





Date/ Year

Type of Disturbance


2014 Damages due to

unseasonal Rains/

Thunderbolt/Hailstorm

State experienced Unseasonal Heavy

rainfall/ Thundershowers/ Hailstorm

from 28-03-2014 to 10-03-2014. Rain or

thundershowers with or without hail

would occurred at a few places over

Telangana at isolated placed over

Coastal Andhra Pradesh and

Rayalseema.

2014 Very severe Cyclone

storm ‘HUDHUD”

cyclone

The deep depression over north

Andaman Sea & neighbourhood moved

west north westward (11-10-2014 to

13-10-2014) intensified into a Cyclonic

Storm ‘HUDHUD’ which is and lay

centered at 8.30 hrs IST of 8th October,

2014. At 8.30 hours on 9-10-2014, the

Cyclonic Storm ‘HUDHUD’ over east

central Bay of Bengal moved west north

westward and intensified into a Severe

Cyclonic Storm and lay centered. At

14.30 hrs IST of 10-10-2014, the

severe Cyclonic Storm, ‘HUDHUD’ over

west central Bay of Bengal moved

northwestwards and intensified into a

very severe cyclonic storm ‘HUDHUD’

and crossed over Visakhapatnam coast

between 1200 hrs and 1300 hours IST

and lay centered near latitude 17.8 N

and longitude 83.0 E, about 30 km

west- northwest of Visakhapatnam.

Source: Commissioner of Disaster management, Andhra Pradesh, Tadepali.

166

TABLE - 5.22

DETAILS OF DAMAGES AND ESTIMATED LOSS BY CYCLONE/HEAVY

RAINS AND FLOODS DURING 1977 TO 2015 IN ANDHRA PRADESH

Sl. No.

Period of Cyclone/ Heavy rains

Event Dists. affected

Popu- lation affect-

ted (in

Lakh)

No of Hu-man

Death

Live Stock Loss

No of Houses dama-

ged

Crop Da-

mage (Lakh) (Hec)

Esti- mated Loss

(in Cr)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

1.

1977 28th Oct.- 1st Nov.

Severe Cyclonic Storm with core

of Haricane 8 34.00 10,000 2,50,000 10,14,800 13.51 172.00

1977 15-20 Nov.

Severe Cyclonic Storm with Core

of Haricane - - - - - - -

2. 1978

August Severe Cyclonic

Storm 16 0.49 52 1,465 22,000 9.51 150.00

3.

1979 13-15 May

Heavy Rains / Floods

Severe Cyclonic Storm with Core

of Haricane

10 37.40 706 - 7,48,000 - 242.65

1979 24-25 Nov.

Cyclonic Storm - - - - - - -

4. 1980

16-18 Oct.


With Core of Haricane

- - - - - - -

5 1982

16-18 Oct. Cyclonic Storm - - - - - - -

6.

1983 August


8 1.58 58 1,726 94,218 7.14 89.56

1983 3-5 Oct.


7. 1984

11-15 Nov.


With Core of 3 19.00 7 3,976 8,244 1.92 55.53

8.

1985 10-11 Oct.


1985 11-13 Dec.


11 11.75 16 4 3196 2.14 40.50

9. 1986

August Heavy

Rains/Floods 13 21.15 309 22,000 4,23,000 8.53 1,686.74

10.

1987 15-16 Oct.


1987 2-3 Nov.


10 32.04 119 - 1,10,550 9.61 126.48

1987 12-13 Nov.


- - - - - - -

11. 1988 July


11 23.43 88 4,233 48,694 4.06 245.40

12.

1989 July


22 89.44 232 10,905 2,27,000 5.93 913.50

1989 3-6 Nov


1989 5-8 Nov



- - - - - - -

(Contd.)

167

TABLE - 5.22 (Contd.)



Sl. No.




ted (in

Lakh)

No of Hu-man

Death

Live Stock Loss

No of Houses dama-

ged

Crop Da-

mage (Lakh) (Hec)

Esti- mated Loss

(in Cr)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

13.

1990 5-10 May

Severe Cyclonic Storm With Core

of Haricane 14 77.81 817 27,625 14,39,659 5.63 2,137.27

1990 Aug. Heavy Rains /Floods

10 12.45 50 - 76,420 1.73 179.86

14. 1991

11-15 Nov. Cyclonic Storm 9 0.18 192 - 97,470 4.09 367.32

15. 1993 Oct.

Nov. & Dec. Cyclonic Storm 5 - - - - 0.37 70.87

16.

1994 July, Aug.& Sep.


6 2.81 12 - - 0.52 130.45

1994 29-31 Oct.


7 2.86 3 - 79,172 4.52 625.93

17.

1995 May



10 2.56 26 3260 43,179 3.2 471.86

1995 6-18 Oct. & 9-10 Nov.


19 2.30 229 3663 1,46,525 6.65 917.00

18.

1996 12-16 June

Cyclonic Storm 10 0.22 100 1607 21,517 0.15 129.10

1996 Aug. & Sep.


13 0.21 140 188 12,100 1.34 159.00

1996 1-3 Oct.


14 0.27 61 154 18,058 4.49 262.53

1996 17-21 Oct.


11 87.37 338 1,46,621 1,30,731 11.28 843.27

1996 6-7 Nov.



4 80.62 1077 19,856 6,16,553 5.11 6,129.25

1996 28 Nov.-7th

Dec.



3 0.37 27 293 7,569 0.21 53.59

19. 1997

23-26Sept. Severe Cyclonic

Storm 6 9.47 40 93 7,725 1.35 255.87

20.

1998 Sep.-Oct.


22 16.34 260 5,126 1,50,196 14.05 2,525.20

1998 13-15 Nov.

Very Severe Cyclonic Storm

5 0.68 16 5,874 13,543 3.39 305.99

21. 1999

16-17 Oct. Cyclonic Storm 1 1.89 3 388 3,425 - 237.76

22. 2000

22-31 August Heavy Rains /

Floods 17 1.98 207 6,156 99,800 1.78 966.15

168


DETAILS OF DAMAGES AND ESTIMATED LOSS BY CYCLONE/HEAVY RAINS AND FLOODS DURING 1977 TO 2015 IN ANDHRA PRADESH

Sl. No.




ted (in

Lakh)

No of Hu-man

Death

Live Stock Loss

No of Houses dama-

ged

Crop Da-

mage (Lakh) (Hec)

Esti- mated Loss

(in Cr)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

23. 2001

15-17 Oct. Heavy Rains/ Flash Floods

5 - 119 - 1,11,340 - -

24. 2003

15-16 Dec. Cyclonic Storm / Flash Floods

6 42.68 44 1,02,324 17,147 2.65 765.92

25. 2005

18-19 Sept. Heavy Rains/ Flash Floods

10 350.00 107 14,416 1,18,618 5.51 2,697.97

26.

2006 2-5 Aug.

Cyclonic Storm / Floods

10 13.84 165 20,530 2,76,567 2.20 3,455.23

2006 14-22 Sept.

Heavy Rains 8 0.23 52 4,849 29,837 2.20 188.44

2006 28 Oct.- 4 Nov.

Ogni Cyclone 5 13.85 41 3,50,000 95,218 3.85 7,173.25

27.

2007 21-24 June

Heavy Rains/ Flash Floods

16 8.35 50 47,172 1,95,456 0.52 1,296.20

2007 17-22 Sept.

Heavy Rains/ Floods

15 2.40 77 745 33,241 0.62 -

2007 5-7 Oct.

Heavy Rains/ Floods

6 0.94 9 3126 9,246 0.17 1,156.11

2007 29 Oct.- 1 Nov.

Heavy Rains/ Floods

4 27.32 36 - 6,11,907 0.23

28.

2008 9-13 Feb.

Heavy Rains/ Floods

11 0.13 4 3000 122 2.93 741.47

2008 22-29 March

Unseasonal Heavy Rain

& Consequent Floods

22 (Except)

(VSP) 0.01 36 1,643 3,556 2.28 929.88

2008 3-11 Aug.

Heavy Rains/ Floods

15 44.28 130 6,692 44,364 1.96 1,116.00

2008 14-16 Nov.

Khaimuk Cyclone

9 1.00 - 37 1,190 0.59 36.00

2008 25-30 Nov.

Nisha Cyclone 5 1.00 9 28 8,258 2.20 80.00

29. 2009

Sept-Oct. Floods/

Heavy Rains 13 20.72 90 49,686 2,59,095 2.26 12,455.75

30.

2010 17-22 May

Laila Cyclone 14 17.80 22 2,075 14,298 0.27 1,603.22

2010 June-Sept.

South west Monsoon

HeavyRains/ Floods

22 8.95 65 7,236 11,022 2.77 5,776.60

2010 29 Oct.- 8 Nov.

Heavy Rains/ Floods/

JaL Cyclone 13 16.98 63 1,140 20,554 4.83 2,496.98

2010 5thDec to 8thDec.

Heavy Rains/Floods/

due to depression in Bay Bengal

15 8.16 21 3,076 3,169 12.08 2,739.33

31. 2011

25-31Dec. Thane Cyclone 9 - - - - 0.63 56.92

169




Sl. No.




ted (in Lakh)

No of Hu-man

Death

Live Stock Loss

No of Houses dama-

ged

Crop Da-

mage (Lakh) (Hec)

Esti- mated Loss

(in Cr)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

32. 2012

29 October- 6 November

Nilam Cyclone 13 20.39 56 1829 30526 8.36 4,038.60

33.

2013 16 & 17 February

Unseasonal Heavy rains

and Hailstorm 7 0.27 10 19 41 0.16 26.66

2013 10-13 October

PHAILINE Cyclone

3 3.71 2 99 1720 0.12 92.02

2013 21-27 October

Heavy Rains/ Floods

11 5.13 39 1,130 35,976 6.84 6,928.77

2013 19-28

November

HELEN Cyclone &

Leher Cyclone 7 7 9 85 4995 2.75 746.86

34.

2014 28 February-

10 March

Damages due to unseasonal

rains/ Thunderbolt/

Hailstorm

5 0.01 2 119 8 0.03 5.12

2014 11-13 October

Very severe Cyclone Storm

‘HUDHUD’ Cyclone

4 92.77 61 5,874 20,0673 3.26 21,908.49

35. 2015

9 November- 13 December

Heavy Rains/ Floods

8 850.80 88 4,820 32,743 2.18 5,129.35

Source: Commissioner of Disaster management, Andhra Pradesh, Tadepali.

170

TABLE - 5.23 MINERAL WISE EXTENT OF LEASE GRANTED (MAJOR MINERALS) IN

ANDHRA PRADESH DURING 2014-15 (In Hects)

Sl. No.

Name of the Mineral

Govt. Land

Patta Land

Forest Land

Total Extent (Col 3+4+5)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. Amethyst - - - -

2. Apatite 16.123 - - 16.123

3. Asbestos 228.168 - - 228.168

4. Ball Clay 95.864 58.592 - 154.456

5. Barites 1,455.781 19.292 10.930 1,486.003

6. Beach Sand 815.090 4.370 - 819.460

7. Calcite 79.423 - - 79.423

8. China Clay 12.145 24.245 - 36.390

9. Clay 347.398 - 35.627 383.025

10. Coal - - - -

11. Corrndum - - - -

12. Dolomite 1,862.398 46.990 - 1,909.388

13. Feldspar 512.679 - - 512.679

14. Ferrogenous shale 40.660 - - 40.660

15. Fire clay 53.134 41.433 - 94.567

16. Garnet 4.704 - - 4.704

17. Graphite - - - -

18. Grey Barites - - - -

19. Iron Ore 1,996.681 47.578 358.723 2,402.982

20. Laterite 426.601 85.784 80 592.385

21. Lime Kankar 10.980 18.456 - 29.436

22. Lime Shell 136.879 - - 136.879

23. Lime stone 9,035.985 6,781.848 2,329.130 18,146.963

24. Manganese 557.545 138.240 29.480 725.265

25. Mica 177.491 72.715 72.310 322.516

26. Micacious Hematite 33.981 - - 33.981

27. Moulding sand 95.810 - - 95.81

28. Mica, Quartz, Feldspar 1,203.436 283.124 87.575 1,574.135

29. Pyrophylite 494.939 1.214 - 496.153

30. Quartz 3,005.375 102.564 7.460 3,115.399

31. Quartzite 766.390 - - 766.390

32. Quartz & Feldspar 238.140 56.547 - 294.687

33. Red Oxide 26.340 - - 26.340

34. Semi-Precious Stone 20.160 121.780 - 141.940

35. Shale 18.208 - - 18.208

36. Silica Sand 2,203.208 118.365 - 2,321.573

37. Slate 415.185 - - 415.185

(Contd.)

171


MINERAL WISE EXTENT OF LEASE GRANTED (MAJOR MINERALS) IN

ANDHRA PRADESH DURING 2014-15

(In Hects)

Sl.

No.

Name

of the Mineral

Govt.

Land

Patta

Land

Forest

Land

Total Extent

(Col 3+4+5)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

38. Steatite 389.268 32.482 39.010 460.758

39. Stowing Sand - - - -

40. Soap Stone - - - -

41. Serpentine 3.700 - - 3.700

42. White clay 65.290 - - 65.290

43. White Shale 101.425 11.126 - 112.551

44. Yellow Orche 214.966 2.140 - 217.106

45. Quartz White 453.323 - - 453.323

46. Vermiculite 139.711 5.152 - 144.863

47. Uranium 813.412 - - 813.412

48. Other Minerals 1,833.438 26.117 12.100 1,871.655

ANDHRA PRADESH 30,401.434 8,100.154 3,062.345 41,563.933

Source: Directorate of Mines and Geology, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.

TABLE - 5.24 MINERAL WISE EXTENT OF LEASE GRANTED

(MINOR MINERALS) DURING 2014-15 (In Hects)

Sl. No.

Name of the Mineral

Govt. Land

Patta Land

Forest Land

Total Extent (Col.3+4+5)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. Black Granite (Galaxy) 396.142 254.463 4.970 655.575

2. Black Granite

(Other than Galaxy) 1,111.853 103.835 80.737 1,296.425

3. Colour Granite 3,057.705 52.035 - 3,109.74

4. Building Stone 534.183 3.246 - 537.429

5. Building stone/Gravel 184.153 1.012 - 185.165

6. Dimensional Stones 57.858 - - 57.858

7. Fuller's Earth - - - -

8. Gravel 426.515 220.908 - 647.423

9. Lime Kankar - - - -

10. Limestone slabs (Black) 1,170.985 75.761 - 1,246.746

11. Lime stone (Minor) 3.317 6.045 - 9.362

12. Limestone slabs (Colour) 342.181 1.570 - 343.751

13. Marble 28.785 - - 28.785

(Contd.)

172

TABLE - 5.24(Concld.) MINERAL WISE EXTENT OF LEASE GRANTED

(MINOR MINERALS) DURING 2014-15 (In Hects)

Sl. No.

Name of the Mineral

Govt. Land

Patta Land

Forest Land

Total Extent (Col.3+4+5)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

14. Mosaic chips 63.897 7.914 - 71.811

15 Morrum - - - -

16. Napa slabs (Black) 68.596 36.168 - 104.764

17. Napa slabs (Colour) 3.795 - - 3.795

18. Road metal 6,961.810 250.310 78.169 7,290.289

19. Rough stone 16.940 2.895 - 19.835

20.. Cubes and Kerbs 17.288 - - 17.288

21. Slate(Minor Mineral) 71.247 2.893 15.787 89.927

22. Bentonite - 0.500 - 0.5

23. Shingle 1.502 - - 1.502

24. Earth - - - -

25. Other Minerals - - - -

ANDHRA PRADESH 14,518.750 1,019.555 179.663 15,717.97


TABLE - 5.25 MAJOR MINERAL PRODUCTION IN ANDHRA PRADESH

FROM 2010-11 TO 2014-15 ( In 000’tonnes /M3 )

Sl. No

Major Mineral

Units 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

1. 2. 3. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1. Apatite Tonnes 2,654 2,985 575 750 845

2. Asbestos Tonnes 281 274 311 129 1,063

3. Ball Clay Tonnes 3,26,008 2,30,913 1,98,163 1,05,655 1,83,538

4. Barytes Tonnes 11,91,761 24,21,743 16,76,184 15,80,336 9,90,853

5. Beach Sand Tonnes 3,35,858 1,900 30 - -

6. Calcite Tonnes 12,466 6,850 4,210 600 23,132

7. China Clay Tonnes 15,855 16,625 12,733 8,374 17,532

8. Crude Oil Tonnes 3,04,357 3,03,584 2,95,329 2,22,485 2,56,662

9. Dolomite Tonnes 7,34,506 6,68,521 8,68,124 22,43,008 10,27,203

10. Feldspar Tonnes 77,681 1,27,619 1,04,849 1,01,982 2,49,072

11. Fire Clay Tonnes 56,548 60,184 63,154 40,906 63,717

(Contd.)

173


MAJOR MINERAL PRODUCTION IN ANDHRA PRADESH

FROM 2010-11 TO 2014-15

( In 000’tonnes /M3 )

Sl.

No

Major

Mineral Units 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

1. 2. 3. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

12. Garnet Tonnes - 62,756 64,369 1,01,150 84,694

13. Iron Ore Tonnes 13,71,812 14,21,501 16,32,988 7,61,057 7,23,590

14. Latarite Tonnes 16,63,750 10,52,584 17,37,160 4,72,959 25,56,739

15. Lead Tonnes - - 20 - -

16. Lime Shell Tonnes 4,630 2,900 6,100 306 33,140

17. Lime Stone Tonnes 2,76,64,788 2,82,85,093 3,74,01,796 2,80,33,140 3,19,25,340

18. Lime Kankar Tonnes 490 550 370 - -

19. Manganese Ore Tonnes 6,42,928 2,67,342 2,88,778 2,97,321 2,55,337

20. Mica Tonnes 8,997 11,260 9,118 48,965 59,791

21. Moulding Sand Tonnes 500 650 8,270 6,000 10,600

22. Natural Clay Tonnes 25,007 28,500 19,000 13,500 14,000

23. Natural Gas MM3 2,404 1,353 1,228 944 514

24. Phyrophillite Tonnes 1,677 179 9,713 291 1,795

25. Quartz Tonnes 3,09,675 4,49,847 6,79,873 7,33,400 7,99,640

26. Quartzite Tonnes 33,431 98,793 1,42,605 2,00,190 3,97,221

27. Silica Sand Tonnes 21,66,719 22,38856 27,00,782 17,17,115 36,30,958

28. Steatite Tonnes 91,156 1,02,085 91,311 67,713 86,062

29. Slate Tonnes 4,370 5,160 22,681 13,000 7,220

30. Serpentene Tonnes - - - - -

31. Vermiculite Tonnes 16,843 26,242 17,720 14,366 1,25,586

32. W. Shale Tonnes 94,527 88,783 2,25,070 1,66,013 1,60,836

33. White Clay Tonnes 2,75,352 1,69,471 1,05,766 57,098 1,53,296

34. Yellow Ochre Tonnes 1,56,366 2,08,954 2,32,625 1,34,180 2,18,061

35. Illiminite Tonnes - 2,71,130 1,87,370 2,32,333 2,15,492

36. Silliminite Tonnes - 25,880 29,517 36,388 33,433

37. Rutile Tonnes - 9,044 3,665 12,141 6,193

38. Zircon Tonnes - 23,989 95,908 4,146 3,942


174

TABLE - 5.26 MINOR MINERAL PRODUCTION IN ANDHRA PRADESH

FROM 2010-11 TO 2014-15 (In ‘000’tonnes /M3 )

Sl. No.

Minor Mineral

Units 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

1. 2. 3. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1. B. Granite M3 3,46,824 5,11,703 4,16,186 3,54,442 4,41,047

2. C. Granite M3 1,34,657 1,99,430 2,64,787 2,51,299 5,09,300

3. Cubes & Kerbs M3 69,767 67,826 75,262 45,442 6,286

4. Gravel/Earth Tonnes 4,72,25,899 4,28,40,965 3,63,58,187 2,61,29,315 3,74,25,880

5. L. Stone Slabs M3 1,39,07,414 1,33,71,812 1,92,65,256 1,12,50,227 1,25,99,745

6. Limekankar Tonnes 773 1,,247 1,152 964 -

7. Limestone M2 50,800 74,250 69,865 61,250 81,250

8. Mosaic Chips Tonnes 2,48,284 2,61,662 29,4,197 2,94,973 3,88,349

9. Marble Tonnes 118 63,394 9,715 19 60

10. Road Metal Tonnes 8,93,22,976 7,43,36,866 7,25,67,960 4,03,92,870 6,29,23,731

11. Slate Stone Tonnes 5,1264 35,131 11,415 9,180 44,100

12. Ordinary Sand M3 2,94,52,812 2,30,05,291 35,97,881 88,338 -


TABLE - 5.27 CONSUMPTION OF EXPLOSIVES IN ANDHRA PRADESH

DURING YEARS 2006-07 TO 208-09

Sl.

No. Year

No. of

Mines

Gun

Powder

Liquid

Oxygen

High

Expo

Ord.

Deto.

Electric

Deto.

Safety

Fuse

Deto.

Fuse

Oth.

Deto

No. ‘000

Kgs

‘000

Kgs

‘000

Kgs

‘000

Nos.

‘000

Nos.

‘000

Mtrs

‘000

Mtrs

‘000

Nos.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

1. 2006-07 81 6 - 8,059 230 397 4,789 2,073 114

2. 2007-08 92 - - 6,747 253 405 280 1,984 121

3. 2008-09 93 - - 9,720 213 380 163 2,140 217

Source: Indian Bureau of Mines, Govt. of India, Nagpur.

CHAPTER – VI

HYDROSPHERE

CHAPTER-VI

CHAPTER-VI Page.N

o

HYDROSPHERE 175-191

TABLES

6.1 Rainfall in Andhra Pradesh from 2010-11 to 2014-15 192

6.2 Season wise rainfall in Andhra Pradesh from 2010-11 to

2014-15 192

6.3 District-wise, Season wise Rainfall in Andhra Pradesh, 2014-15 193

6.4 District wise Rainfall from 2012-13 to 2014-15 194

6.5 District-Wise Status of Mandals According to Rainfall during

01-06.2014 to 31.05.2015 194

6.6 Water Flows in Streams of Andhra Pradesh during 2014-15 195-196

6.7 District-wise Length of Important Rivers in Andhra Pradesh 197-198

6.8 District wise Ground Water Resources Potential And Stage of

Development in Andhra Pradesh -2010-11 199

6.9 District wise Number of Mandals in Different Categories Based

on Ground Water Resource Status in A.P-2010-11 200

6.10

District wise number of Watersheds (Micro Basins) in different

categories based on Ground Water Resources Status in Andhra

Pradesh -2010-11

200

6.11 Catchment Area of Major River Basins 2014-15 201-202

6.12 Primary Water Quality Criteria 203

6.13 River Water Quality for the Year 2014-15 204

6.14 River wise Distribution of Water Quality Sampling Stations -

2014-15 205

6.15 Length of Coastline and Area of Coastal Districts 205

6.16 Main Activities Along the Coastal Zone in Andhra Pradesh 206

6.17 Pollutants and their Impacts on the Marine Environment 206

6.18 Sediment Load in Major River Basins 207

6.19 Water Flow in Stream for Major River Basins 207

6.20 Water Discharge at Monsoon & Non-Monsoon in Major River

Basins 208

6.21 Water Discharge in Major River Basins 208

6.22 Potential Hotspots along the Andhra Pradesh Coast 209

6.23 Water Requirement for Various Sectors of Andhra Pradesh 209

6.24 Estimated Annual Requirement of Water For Domestic

Purposes including Cattle in Andhra Pradesh, 2026 209

6.25 Water Quality Parameters 210

6.26 Water Resources Potential in River Basins 211

6.27 River Basin wise Distribution of water quality monitoring

stations 211

6.28 Ground water resource potential as per basin (Prorata basis) 212

6.29 Navigable water ways in Andhra Pradesh, 2013-14 212

175

CHAPTER – VI

HYDROSPHERE

A hydrosphere (from Greek hydor, "water" and sphaira, "sphere") in

physical geography describes the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the

surface of a planet.

Discontinuous layer of water at or near the Earth's surface is hydrosphere. It

includes all liquid and frozen surface waters, groundwater held in soil and rock, and

atmospheric water vapour. Virtually all of these waters are in constant circulation

through the hydrologic cycle. Although the components of the hydrosphere are

undergoing continuous change of state and location, the total water budget remains in

balance.

The Hydrosphere represents all the surface water sources on earth like

oceans, lakes, rivers, snow and ice and also atmospheric water consists of water vapour

and rain including ground water and glaciers. The consumption of fresh water is a gift of

God.

The main use of water is public water supply; out-door bathing and

recreation, fisheries, wildlife propagation, irrigation and agricultural uses, cooling in

power plants and navigation.

Other hydrosphere

A thick hydrosphere is thought to exist around the Jovian moon Europa. The

outer layer of this hydrosphere is almost entirely ice, but current models predict that

there is an ocean up to 100 km in depth underneath the ice. This ocean remains in a

liquid form because of tidal flexing of the moon in its orbit around Jupiter. The volume of

Europa's hydrosphere is 3 × 1018 m3, 2.3 times that of Earth.

Hydrological cycle

Isolation, or energy (in the form of heat and light) from the sun, provides the

energy necessary to cause evaporation from all wet surfaces including oceans, rivers,

lakes, soil and the leaves of plants. Water vapour is further released as transpiration

from vegetation and from humans and other animals.

The components of the hydrosphere have been seriously affected by the

water-polluting activities of modern society.

176

Water Pollution

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers,

oceans, ground water).

The domestic sewage, industrial effluents and agricultural run-off from

activities are also the major sources of pollution. Effluents from tanneries, pulp, paper,

chemical industries are cause of concern for the water pollution. Diarrhea, Trachoma,

Intestinal worms, Hepatitis etc. are common diseases due to water pollution. The

increase in global warming predict rise in sea level which would inundate wet and low

level areas, erode shoreline.

Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water;

and, in almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and

populations, but also to the natural biological communities.

Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly

into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.

In certain industrial zones government banned to come up new industries and

existing industries were not permitted to increase the pollution load as those areas are

saturated with pollution. To overcome this ban order industries come out with

innovative ideas such as zero-discharge, Research & Development, change in product

mix, etc. All these paths are used to produce in excess of consented quantity and the

excess is dumped. Haphazardly causing severe water ( Sea, Surface, Ground water) &

Soil pollution.

Pollution Categories

Surface water and groundwater have often been studied and managed as

separate resources, although they are interrelated. Sources of surface water pollution

are generally grouped into two categories based on their origin.

1. Point source pollution

Point source pollution refers to contaminants that enter a waterway through a

discrete conveyance, such as a pipe or ditch. Examples of sources in this category

include discharges from a sewage treatment plant, a factory, or a city storm drain.

2. Non-point source pollution

Non-point source (NPS) pollution refers to diffuse contamination that does not

originate from a single discrete source. NPS pollution is often the cumulative effect of

177

small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area. The leaching out of nitrogen

compounds from agricultural land which has been fertilized is a typical example. Nutrient

run off in storm water from "sheet flow" over an agricultural field or a forest are also

cited as examples of NPS pollution.

Contaminated storm water washed off of parking lots, roads and highways,

called urban runoff, is sometimes included under the category of NPS pollution. However,

this runoff is typically channeled into storm drain systems and discharged through pipes

to local surface waters, and is a point source. However where such water is not

channeled and drains directly to ground it is a non-point source.

Causes of water pollution

The specific contaminants leading to pollution in water include a wide

spectrum of chemicals, pathogens, and physical or sensory changes such as elevated

temperature and discoloration. While many of the chemicals and substances that are

regulated may be naturally occurring (calcium, sodium, iron, manganese, etc.) the

concentration is often the key in determining what is a natural component of water, and

what is a contaminant.

Oxygen-depleting substances may be natural materials, such as plant matter

(e.g. leaves and grass) as well as man-made chemicals. Other natural and

anthropogenic substances may cause turbidity (cloudiness) which blocks light and

disrupts plant growth, and clogs the gills of some fish species.

Pathogens

Coliform bacteria are a commonly used bacterial indicator of water pollution,

although not an actual cause of disease. Other microorganisms sometimes found in

surface waters which have caused human health problems include:

• Burkholderia pseudomallei

• Cryptosporidium parvum

• Giardia lamblia

• Salmonella

• Novovirus and other viruses

• Parasitic worms (helminths).

High levels of pathogens may result from inadequately treated sewage

discharges.[13] This can be caused by a sewage plant designed with less than secondary

treatment (more typical in less-developed countries). In developed countries, older cities

with aging infrastructure may have leaky sewage collection systems (pipes, pumps,

178

valves), which can cause sanitary sewer overflows. Some cities also have combined

sewers, which may discharge untreated sewage during rain storms.

Pathogen discharges may also be caused by poorly managed livestock

operations

Chemical and other contaminants

Contaminants may include organic and inorganic substances.

Organic water pollutants include

• Detergents

• Disinfection by-products found in chemically disinfected drinking water,

such as chloroform

• Food processing waste, which can include oxygen-demanding substances,

fats and grease

• Insecticides and herbicides, a huge range of organohalides and other

chemical compounds

• Petroleum hydrocarbons, including fuels (gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuels,

and fuel oil) and lubricants (motor oil), and fuel combustion byproducts,

from stormwater runoff

• Tree and bush debris from logging operations

• Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as industrial solvents, from

improper storage. Chlorinated solvents, which are dense non-aqueous

phase liquids (DNAPLs), may fall to the bottom of reservoirs, since they

don't mix well with water and are denser.

• Various chemical compounds found in personal hygiene and cosmetic

products.

Inorganic water pollutants include

• Acidity caused by industrial discharges (especially sulfur dioxide from

power plants)

• Ammonia from food processing waste

• Chemical waste as industrial by-products

• Fertilizers containing nutrients--nitrates and phosphates--which are found

in storm water runoff from agriculture, as well as commercial and

residential use

• Heavy metals from motor vehicles (via urban storm water runoff) and acid

mine drainage

• Silt (sediment) in runoff from construction sites, logging, slash and burn

practices or land clearing sites

179

Macroscopic pollution

Large visible items polluting the water—may be termed "floatables" in an

urban storm water context, or marine debris when found on the open seas, and can

include such items as:

• Trash (e.g. paper, plastic, or food waste) discarded by people on the

ground, and that are washed by rainfall into storm drains and eventually

discharged into surface waters

• Nurdles, small ubiquitous waterborne plastic pellets

• Shipwrecks, large derelict ships

Micro Pollutants:

As there is growing concern about pesticide residues and heavy metals in

water resources, the CPCB has directed to collect samples of water and sediments in

addition to the routine schedule samples once in a year preferably in the month of April.

Micro pollutants i.e., heavy metals and pesticide analysis is proposed for all the stations

in Andhra Pradesh in view of the increased use of chemicals in agriculture and their

subsequent contribution to the water bodies.

List of Micro Pollutants

A. Heavy Metals B. Pesticides

1 2

1. Mercury 1. Alpha BHC

2. Arsenic 2. Beta BHC

3. Chromium 3. Gama BHC(Lindane)

4. Cadmium 4. OP DDT

5. Lead 5. PP DDT

6. Copper 6. Alpha Endosulphan

7. Nickel 7. Beta Endosulphan

8. Zinc 8. Dieldrin

9. Iron 9. Carboryl(Carbamate)

10. 2,4D-Malathian

11. Aldrin

12. Total BHL

13. Methyl Parathian

14. Anilophos

15. Chloropyriphos

Measurement of water pollution

Water pollution may be analyzed through several broad categories of

methods: physical, chemical and biological. Most involve collection of samples, followed

by specialized analytical tests. Some methods may be conducted in situ, without

sampling, such as temperature. Government agencies and research organizations have

180

published standardized, validated analytical test methods to facilitate the comparability

of results from disparate testing events.

Sampling

Sampling of water for physical or chemical testing can be done by several

methods, depending on the accuracy needed and the characteristics of the contaminant.

Many contamination events are sharply restricted in time, most commonly in association

with rain events. For this reason "grab" samples are often inadequate for fully

quantifying contaminant levels. Scientists gathering this type of data often employ auto-

sampler devices that pump increments of water at either time or discharge intervals.

Sampling for biological testing involves collection of plants and/or animals

from the surface water body. Depending on the type of assessment, the organisms may

be identified for bio surveys (population counts) and returned to the water body, or they

may be dissected for bioassays to determine toxicity.

Physical testing

Common physical tests of water include temperature, solids concentration

like total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity.

Chemical testing

Water samples may be examined using the principles of analytical chemistry.

Many published test methods are available for both organic and inorganic compounds.

Frequently used methods include pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical

oxygen demand (COD), nutrients (nitrate and phosphorus compounds), metals

(including copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and mercury), oil and grease, total petroleum

hydrocarbons (TPH), and pesticides.

Biological testing

Biological testing involves the use of plant, animal, and/or microbial

indicators to monitor the health of an aquatic ecosystem.

Control of water pollution

Domestic sewage

Domestic sewage is 99.9% pure water; the other 0.1% are pollutants. While

found in low concentrations, these pollutants pose risk on a large scale. In urban areas,

domestic sewage is typically treated by centralized sewage treatment plants. Cities with

181

sanitary sewer overflows or combined sewer overflows employ one or more engineering

approaches to reduce discharges of untreated sewage, including:

• utilizing a green infrastructure approach to improve storm water

management capacity throughout the system, and reduce the hydraulic

overloading of the treatment plant

• repair and replacement of leaking and malfunctioning equipment

• increasing overall hydraulic capacity of the sewage collection system (often

a very expensive option).

A household or business not served by a municipal treatment plant may have

an individual septic tank, which treats the wastewater on site and discharges into the

soil. Alternatively, domestic wastewater may be sent to a nearby privately owned

treatment system (e.g. in a rural community).

Industrial wastewater

Some industrial facilities generate ordinary domestic sewage that can be

treated by municipal facilities. Industries that generate wastewater with high

concentrations of conventional pollutants (e.g. oil and grease), toxic pollutants (e.g.

heavy metals, volatile organic compounds) or other nonconventional pollutants such as

ammonia, need specialized treatment systems. Some of these facilities can install a pre-

treatment system to remove the toxic components, and then send the partially treated

wastewater to the municipal system. Industries generating large volumes of wastewater

typically operate their own complete on-site treatment systems.

Some industries have been successful at redesigning their manufacturing

processes to reduce or eliminate pollutants, through a process called pollution

prevention.

Heated water generated by power plants or manufacturing plants may be

controlled with:

• cooling ponds, man-made bodies of water designed for cooling by

evaporation, convection, and radiation

• cooling towers, which transfer waste heat to the atmosphere through

evaporation and/or heat transfer

• cogeneration, a process where waste heat is recycled for domestic and/or

industrial heating purposes.

182

Agricultural waste water:

Non point source controls

Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) are typically applied to farmland as

commercial fertilizer; animal manure; or spraying of municipal or industrial wastewater

(effluent) or sludge. Nutrients may also enter runoff from crop residues, irrigation water,

wildlife, and atmospheric deposition. Farmers can develop and implement nutrient

management plans to reduce excess application of nutrients.

To minimize pesticide impacts, farmers may use Integrated Pest Management

(IPM) techniques (which can include biological pest control) to maintain control over

pests, reduce reliance on chemical pesticides, and protect water quality.

Sediment from construction sites is managed by installation of:

• erosion controls, such as mulching and hydro seeding, and

• sediment controls, such as sediment basins and silt fences.

Discharge of toxic chemicals such as motor fuels and concrete washout is prevented by use

of spill prevention and control plans, and

• specially designed containers (e.g. for concrete wash out) and structures

such as overflow controls and diversion berms.

Urban runoff (storm water)

Effective control of urban runoff involves reducing the velocity and flow of

storm water, as well as reducing pollutant discharges. Local governments use a variety

of storm water management techniques to reduce the effects of urban runoff. These

techniques, called best management practices (BMPs) may focus on water quantity

control, while others focus on improving water quality, and some perform both functions

Pollution prevention practices include low impact development techniques,

installation of green roofs and improved chemical handling (e.g. management of motor

fuels & oil, fertilizers and pesticides).[31] Runoff mitigation systems include infiltration

basins, bio retention systems, constructed wetlands, retention basins and similar

devices.

GROUND WATER POLLUTION

Interactions between groundwater and surface water are complex.

Consequently, groundwater pollution, sometimes referred to as groundwater

contamination, is not as easily classified as surface water pollution.[7] By its very

nature, groundwater aquifers are susceptible to contamination from sources that may

not directly affect surface water bodies, and the distinction of point vs. non-point source

may be irrelevant. A spill or ongoing releases of chemical or radionuclide contaminants

183

into soil (located away from a surface water body) may not create point source or non-

point source pollution, but can contaminate the aquifer below, defined as a toxin plume.

The movement of the plume, a plume front, can be part of a Hydrological transport

model or Groundwater model. Analysis of groundwater contamination may focus on the

soil characteristics and site geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of the

contaminants.

The total Ground Water availability in the state is 18,883 mcm out of which

7,007 mcm is the utilization for various purposes leaving a balance of 11,876 mcm. The

overall stage of ground water development is about 37%.

Pollutant State Place of occurrences

Salinity

(Coastal) Andhra Pradesh

Vishakapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna,

Guntur, Prakasam.

Fluoride Andhra Pradesh Cuddapah, Guntur, Prakasam, Nellore, Ananthapuramu.

Nitrate Andhra Pradesh Vishakapatnam, East Godvari, Krishna, Prakasam,

S.P.S Nellore, Chittoor, Ananthapuramu, YSR, Kurnool.

Heavy Metals Andhra Pradesh Ananthapuramu, Prakasam, Visakhapatnam, YSR.

The Central Pollution Control Board undertook a major groundwater quality

survey and the report published in 1995 identified about 20 locations in various states of

India as critical sites of ground water pollution. CPCB found that industrial effluents are

the primary reason for ground water pollution. In the industrial and urban fringe zones of

cities, sub-soil water has already been polluted by industries which release highly toxic

substances. The wells in many residential areas are contaminated with nitrate and

detergents.

For maintaining the quality of river water, the pollution levels in rivers have

been detected by monitoring limited number of the physico-chemical parameters, which

could only determine the changes in chemical characteristics of water bodies.

Deterioration in water quality, over the past several years has gradually rendered the

river water quality unsuitable for various beneficial purposes.

Water Quality Monitoring Objectives:

The water quality monitoring is being carried out to ensure that the water

quality is being maintained or restored at desired level and the objectives of the water

quality monitoring are as follows:

• For rational planning of pollution control strategies and their prioritization

• To assess nature and extent of pollution control needed in different water

bodies or their part

• To evaluate effectiveness of pollution control measures already in

existence

• To evaluate water quality trend over a period of time

184

• To assess assimilative capacity of a water body there by reducing cost on

pollution control measures

• To understand the environmental fate of different pollutants

• To assess the fitness of water for different uses

Water Quality Monitoring Programme:

Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board is participating in the “National Water

Quality Monitoring Programme”–NWMP, since 1980 in collaboration with Central Pollution

Control Board. Several rivers, lakes, tanks and ground water resources of Andhra

Pradesh state are being monitored under various programmes like Global Environment

Monitoring System (GEMS), Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources (MINARS)

and Ganesh Immersion etc.

The details of the monitoring network and frequency of sampling are provided

in the following table.

MONITORING NETWORK IN ANDHRA PRADESH

Sl. No.

Name of the Monitoring Programme

No. of Monitoring Stations

Frequency No. of

Stations

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. National Water Quality Monitoring

Programme (NWMP) 50

Monthly 37

Half Yearly 13

2. Kolleru lake 20 Monthly 20

3. Coastal Water Quality Monitoring

Programme 39 Monthly 39

Total 109 109

Source: AP Pollution Control Board, Hyderabad.

APPCB is also monitoring the water quality of rivers, lakes, canals etc., during

Ganesh idol immersion every year at 10 towns of Andhra Pradesh state.

Monitoring Parameters:

It was observed that some of the regular parameters are not giving much

information on water quality and hence not used in interpretation for the major water

quality issues. Also some additional parameters are becoming important in certain areas

due to increased human/industrial activities.

Therefore, the compulsory parameters to be analyzed for all the monthly,

quarterly, half yearly monitoring stations under GEMS and MINARS Programmed are

decided as follows:

Core parameters for surface waters:

1. Temperature

2. pH

3. Conductivity

185

4. BOD

5. Nitrate - N

6. Ammonia - N

7. Faecal Coliform

8. Total Coliform

9. Dissolved oxygen

Core parameters for ground waters:

1. Temperature

2. pH

3. Conductivity

4. BOD

5. Nitrate - N

6. Faecal Coliform

7. Total Coliform

In addition to the above, the following parameters will be analysed for all the

stations once in a year during summer (usually in the month of April) for assessment of

water quality along with the regular parameters.

1. COD

2. TKN/NH3-N

3. Turbidity

4. Total Hardness

5. Total dissolved solids

6. Total Fixed solids

7. Total Suspended Solids

8. Total Alkalinity

9. Phenolphthalene Alkalinity

10. Floride

11. Sulphates

12. Potassium

13. Calcium

14. Magnesium

15. Chlorides

16. Sodium

17. Phosphates

18. Boron

19. Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR)

20. %Sodium

Coastal Monitoring Programme:

Andhra Pradesh has 974 kms of coast spread in nine districts and it is put to

use for different activities. Two major and six minor rivers enter the eastern sea in this

stretch into Bay of Bengal. Discharges of sewage from towns, cities, agricultural runoff

186

and industrial effluents are degrading the water quality along the coast. Construction of

major and minor dams across the rivers is also reducing the flow of rivers in lean

seasons thereby reducing the dilution capacity drastically and affecting the self-

purification mechanism of the rivers.

National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD), under the MoEF is engaged

in implementing the River and Lake Action Plans under the National River Conservation

Plan (NRCP). The objective of NRCP is to improve the water quality of the rivers, which

are the major fresh water sources in the country, through the implementation of

pollution abatement schemes. Some of the important works taken up under the NRCP:

• Interception and diversion works to capture the raw sewage flowing into the

river through open drains and divert them for treatment

• Setting up of Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) for treating the diverted

sewage

• Construction of low cost sanitation toilets to prevent open defecation on

river banks

• Construction of electric crematoria and improved wood crematoria to

conserve the use of wood and help in ensuing proper cremation of bodies

brought to the burning ghats

• River front development works such as improvement of bathing ghats

• Afforestation and Public Awareness and Participation

River Water:

Rivers are the lifeline of majority of population in cities, towns and villages

and most of these are considered as sacred. Every river stretch has a distinct water use

like bathing, drinking, municipal supply, navigation, irrigation and fishing, sports etc.

Simultaneously, it is also used as receptacle for discharge of industrial effluent,

municipal sewage and dumping of solid wastes. The Water (Prevention and Control of

Pollution) Act, 1974 is aimed to support the quality of various designated best uses of

water bodies. The Water Quality Atlas of the Indian River System has been prepared by

the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) on the basis of five major uses of the river

water, such as:

1. Drinking water source without conventional treatment but after

disinfection;

2. Outdoor bathing organized;

3. Drinking water source, but with conventional treatment followed by

disinfection;

4. Propagation of wildlife, fisheries;

5. Irrigation, industrial cooling, controlled waste disposal.

187

River Godavari:

It is the 2nd longest river in India. It is about 1465 kms length of which, 757

kms lie in the state. River Godavari is one of the important perennial rivers of South

India. Its total catchment area is about 3.13 lakh sq. kms. There are two main

tributaries i.e., Manjeera and Maner joining the river Godavari apart from several small

rivers like Kadam, Pranahita, Indravathi and Sabari. The confluence point of river

Godavari is Bay of Bengal near Antharvedi and Bendamurlanka in the East Godavari

district.

The A.P.P.C.B. is monitoring river Godavari at 5 (five) stations under National

Water Monitoring Programme (NWMP) regularly and sending the data to CPCB.

Water quality trend:

The water quality trend indicates that there is a slight improvement in the

water quality status of river Godavari at stations Polavaram u/s of Rajahmundry when

compared to the previous years.

River Krishna:

River Krishna is the 2nd longest perennial river of Andhra Pradesh and 3rd

longest river of India. It has rather poor water wealth because of fairly low rainfall in the

basin. Its total length in the state is about 720 kms with a catchment area of 2.59 lakh

sq. kms. It is entering the state in Kurnool district and confluence with Bay of Bengal

near 'Hamsaladeevi’ and ‘Nachakunta' in Krishna district. Tungabhadra, Musi, Dindi,

Wyra, Chandravanka, Tammileru and Naguleru are some of the important tributaries.

The A.P.P.C.B. is monitoring river Krishna at 7 (seven) stations under NWMP

regularly and sending the data to CPCB.


The year-wise comparative trend indicates that the water quality is slightly

improved when compared to previous years.

River Pennar:

Pennar River also called as "Pinakini" originates in the Chennakesava Hills

(Nandi Hills in Kolar district of Karnataka State) and flows through 597 kms and

confluence with Bay of Bengal. The river enters Andhra Pradesh State in the extreme

south of Hindupur of Ananthapuramu district. The total length of the river from head to

its outfall into the sea is 597 kms of which about 61 kms is in Karnataka and the balance

of 536 kms is in Andhra Pradesh State. APPCB is monitoring at 4 stations.

188




River Nagavali:

Nagavali River flowing in the North-East of the State is about 115 kms length

and confluence with Bay of Bengal near Mofaz Bandar in Srikakulam district.

Swarnamukhi is a tributary of river Nagavali. The monitoring point is at "Thotapalli"

regulator.




Wet land conservation:

Wet lands are lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic system where

the water table is usually or near the water surface and land is covered by shallow

water. They are life support systems for people living around and are effective in flood

control, waste water treatment, reducing sediment, recharging of aquifers and also

winter resort for a variety of birds for shelter and breeding and provide a suitable habitat

for fish and other flora and fauna. They also act as buffer against the devastating effect

of hurricanes and cyclones, stabilize the shoreline and act as bulwark against the

encroachment by the sea and check soil erosion.

Status of Water Quality of Kolleru Lake:

Kolleru lake is a natural wet land lake situated between Krishna and Godavari

deltas in the coastal districts of West Godavari and Krishna lying between the latitudes

16o32’ and 16o47’ and longitudes 81o05’ and 81o21’ E. It is one of the largest fresh water

eco-systems (Wet land) of international importance recognized under Ramsar

Convention (Iran 1971) covering 2,25,250 acres up to its +10 feet contour with a total

catchment area of 4763 sq. kms. This lake is situated nearly 35 kms away from the

coast line. The important activities in the lake area are agriculture and aquaculture. The

lake is a drinking water source for the people living in the vicinity of the Kolleru Lake and

it is a bird sanctuary for indigenous and migrating birds.

The ecological degradation of the lake was due to extensive use of pesticides

by farmers of upper catchment and delta regions, bunding for pisciculture, drainage or

sewage and industrial effluents from paper mills, sugar factories etc. located in Krishna

and West Godavari districts. Further the municipal waste from the major towns of

Vijayawada, Gudivada and Eluru polluted this lake.

189

Monitoring of Kolleru Lake:

APPCB is monitoring the water quality of the lake at 20 points viz. 11 inlets, 8

lake points and one outlet.

The Supreme Court appointed a committee to set right the Kolleru Lake

problem. Under the guidance of the committee the District Collector took up a massive

illegal encroachments clearance. He was successful. Now, again the same illegal

encroachers put pressure on government to reduce the size of the Kolleru Lake from 5th

contour level to 3rd contour level. Government passed a resolution in this direction.

However, we have to wait and see whether Supreme Court agrees on this or not. Mean

while the illegal encroachers started their activities secretly.

Urban development:

Rapid urbanization, particularly in case of large cities, is accompanied by

problems of overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, inadequate health facilities, poor

sanitation, environmental degradation and growth of urban slums. Urban population in

the State in 2001 is 1,09,56,153 and increased to 1,46,10,410 as per population

census- 2011.

In order to address the issues arising out of pressure from the urbanization

process, the State Government has taken several initiatives. Some of these are longer

term and could have a great impact on the State of environment while several other

measures have specific short term impacts, and are meant to solve immediate problems

of congestion, drinking water shortage, urban poverty, proliferation of slums etc. some

of these initiatives are

1. Environmental conservation and protection

a)Andhra Pradesh Water, Land and Trees Act, 2002 (APWALTA)

2. Drinking water supply

a)Godavari water supply project

3. Sewerage Development

a)Water supply and sewerage lines in housing colonies

Provision of water supply and sewerage infrastructure in formal

settlements

4. Poverty alleviation programmes

a) Establishment of Mission for Elimination of Poverty in Municipal Areas

(MEPMA) for addressing urban poverty issues

b) Increasing access to credit

c) Pavala vaddi (low interest loans)

5. Social security schemes

a) Dr. Y. S. R. Abhaya Hastam Insurance scheme for BPL people

b) Group insurance scheme for Self Help Groups (SHGs)

Rural development

The rural population of the State is 70.5 % of the total population, and is

mainly dependent on agriculture and allied activities, which are climate dependent.

190

Climate change has brought in its wake problems in rural hinterlands as well – delayed

monsoons, decline in rainfall, use of more pesticides to get good yield. These

environmental issues have impacted the lives of people which are evident in the

migration to urban areas in search of livelihood. The rural areas also have problems of

poor water supply, sanitation, degradation of soil, ground water contamination, health,

education etc.

The State Government apart from ushering in several initiatives on its own

has been implementing the national policies to address the rural problems and reduce

the rural poverty. Some of the important National and State level initiatives are as under

1. National policies:

National policy on sanitation

a) Indiramma programme

b) NREGA

c) Watershed Development and Drought Relief Programme

d) Swarnajayanthi Grama Swarojgar Yojana

e) Water supply and Drinking Water Programmes

2. State Government Policies

a) Rajiv Palle Bata, Rajiv Nagara Bata and Prajapatham

b) Revamping Panchayat clusters

c) Arogyashri

d) Rythu Chaitanya Yatras and Rythu Sadassulu

e) Indira Prabha

f) Rachchabanda

The rural development programmes have significant environmental impact by

way of improving sanitation, creating better living conditions, discussions of environment

related issues, soil and moisture conservation works, afforestation etc. The alleviation of

rural poverty checks migration to urban areas which would have adversely affected the

urban environment.

Environment Pollution:

Much of the Environmental deterioration is the direct or indirect result of

advances in technology and industrialization, also responsible for increased urbanization

interfering to a large extent in all the areas of the environment such as air and water.

Environmental pollution can be discussed with respect to air, water and noise, all of

which have detrimental impacts on living beings. The first and foremost effect of

pollution is seen in air which has its long term effects both globally and locally.

Details of common air pollution sources and their pollutants, suspended

particulate matter, respirable suspended particulate matter, microbial pollution, water

191

pollution, noise pollution, annual averages of respirable suspended particulate matter,

annual averages of total suspended particulate matter, prevalence of sulphur dioxide

(SO2) concentrations of Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) are provided in the report, besides

providing the policy initiatives of the Government for prevention of environmental

pollution.

Environmental Acts and Laws of Andhra Pradesh

Government of India has formulated environmental laws which are applicable

to all the States and Union Territories in the country. However, as India has a diverse

and varied set of resources and social conditions, most of the States have their own set

of specific laws and Acts, in consonance with what is applicable nationally.

Since 1974, some of the major environmental laws that have been passed by the

Government of India are as under:

1. Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 amended in 1978

again amended in 1988.

2. Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977, amended in

1991.

3. Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 amended in 1987.

4. Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.

5. Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 amended in

2003.

6. Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 amended in 1992.

7. Bio-Medical waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998 amended in

2003.

8. Plastics manufacture & Usage Rules, 1999 amended in 2003.

9. Municipal Solid Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000.

In consonance with the Central laws and Acts, Government of Andhra

Pradesh has also notified specific laws which are applicable to the State. The State

specific laws are–

1. Andhra Pradesh Farmer Management of Irrigation Systems Act, 1977

2. Water User Associations, 1997

3. Water Conservation Mission, 2000

4. Intensification of watershed development programme, 2000

5. Andhra Pradesh Water, Land and Trees Act, 2002

6. Massive Promotion of Micro Irrigation, 2003

7. Andhra Pradesh State Water Policy, 2008.

In addition to the above, certain green movements like Karga Movement,

Kolleru Lake Management, filed by the fishermen opposing the Sompeta power plant

have been included in the report.

192

TABLE - 6.1

RAINFALL IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 2010-11 TO 2014-15

(In mm)

Sl. No. Year Actual Normal % of Deviation

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. 2010-11 1,318.2 966.0 36

2. 2011-12 763.1 966.0 -21

3. 2012-13 1,036.9 966.0 7

4. 2013-14 968.1 966.0 -

5. 2014-15 606.1 966.0 -37


TABLE 6.2

SEASON WISE RAINFALL IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 2010-11 TO 2014-15

(In Millimeters)

Year

South West Monsoon (June to September)

North-East Monsoon (October to December)

Winter Period (January & February)

Actual Normal % of Devia-

tion Actual Normal

% of Devia-

tion Actual Normal

% of Devia-tion

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

2010-11 755.6 556.0 35 456.1 296.0 54 15.8 15.7 1

2011-12 498.7 556.0 -10 174.3 296.0 -41 24.7 15.7 57

2012-13 586.0 556.0 5 356.8 296.0 20 33.4 15.7 113

2013-14 518.9 556.0 -7 359.1 296.0 21 1.2 15.7 -92

2014-15 355.7 556.0 -36 170.0 296.0 -43 2.5 15.7 -84

(Contd..)

TABLE 6.2 (Concld..)

SEASON WISE RAINFALL IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 2010-11 TO 2014-15

(In Millimeters)

Year

Hot Weather Period (March to May) Total (June to May)

Actual Normal % of


% of

Deviation

1 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

2010-11 90.7 98.3 -8 1,318.2 966.0 36

2011-12 65.4 98.3 -34 763.1 966.0 -21

2012-13 60.7 98.3 -39 1,036.9 966.0 7

2013-14 88.9 98.3 -12 968.1 966.0 -

2014-15 77.9 98.3 -21 606.1 966.0 -37


193

TABLE- 6.3


(In Millimeters)

(Contd..)

TABLE- 6.3 (Concld.)


(In Millimeters)

Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.

Sl.

No.

District

South West Monsoon

(June to September)

North-East Monsoon

(October to

December)

Winter Period

(January & February)

Actual Normal

% of

Devia-

tion

Actual Normal

% of

Devia-

tion

Actual Normal

% of

Devia-

tion

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

1. Srikakulam 668.1 705.7 -5 236.0 276.0 -14 7.3 25.9 -72

2. Vizianagaram 626.3 692.7 -10 296.2 245.8 21 4.5 25.5 -82

3. Visakhapatnam 559.5 712.6 -21 282.0 297.2 -5 5.7 22.3 -74

4. East Godavari 440.5 768.0 -43 122.9 305.4 -60 1.2 19.7 -94

5. West Godavari 479.3 791.9 -39 90.0 239.4 -62 1.8 17.7 -90

6. Krishna 418.9 685.1 -39 126.7 249.4 -49 4.5 15.8 -72

7. Guntur 307.6 525.8 -41 151.4 228.9 -34 1.3 18.4 -93

8. Prakasam 216.7 388.3 -44 202.2 393.7 -49 0.6 16.3 -96

9. S.P.S Nellore 207.3 331.3 -37 337.2 661.4 -49 3.2 19.9 -84

10. Y.S.R 211.0 393.6 -46 110.8 251.0 -56 2.3 3.4 -32

11. Kurnool 313.4 455.1 -31 91.8 149.6 -39 1.8 4.6 -61

12. Ananthapuramu 169.2 338.4 -50 101.0 155.3 -35 0.9 2.9 -69

13. Chittoor 270.4 439.4 -38 178.5 395.4 -55 1.7 12.1 -86

ANDHRA PRADESH 355.7 556.0 -36 170.0 296.0 -43 2.5 15.7 -84

Sl. No.

District

Hot Weather Period (March to May)

Total (June to May)

Actual Normal % of


% of Deviation

1. 2. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

1. Srikakulam 59.5 154.0 -61 970.9 1161.6 -16

2. Vizianagaram 86.8 166.7 -48 1013.8 1130.7 -10

3. Visakhapatnam 122.3 170.2 -28 969.5 1202.3 -19

4. East Godavari 77.7 124.5 -38 642.3 1217.6 -47

5. West Godavari 32.9 104.0 -68 604.0 1153.0 -48

6. Krishna 37.0 83.2 -56 587.1 1033.5 -43

7. Guntur 37.3 79.9 -53 497.6 853.0 -42

8. Prakasam 51.1 73.2 -30 470.6 871.5 -46

9. S.P.S Nellore 72.5 67.8 7 620.2 1080.4 -43

10. Y.S.R 85.5 51.6 66 409.6 699.6 -41

11. Kurnool 66.9 61.2 9 473.9 670.5 -29

12. Ananthapuramu 130.2 55.7 134 401.3 552.3 -27

13. Chittoor 132.5 87.0 52 583.1 933.9 -38

ANDHRA PRADESH 77.9 98.3 -21 606.1 966.0 -37

194

TABLE - 6.4

DISTRICT-WISE ANNUAL AVERAGE RAIN FALL DURING THE YEARS 2012-13 TO 2014-15

(In Millimeters)

Sl. No.

District Normal

2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Actual % of

Deviation Actual

% of Deviation

Actual % of

Deviation

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1. Srikakulam 1,161.6 1,261.8 9 1,389.9 20 970.9 -16

2. Vizianagaram 1,130.7 1,216.8 8 1,239.0 10 1,013.8 -10

3. Visakhapatnam 1,202.3 1,303.4 8 1,269.4 6 969.5 -19

4. East Godavari 1,217.6 1,525.8 25 1,087.1 -11 642.3 -47

5. West Godavari 1,153.0 1,584.3 37 1,065.9 -8 604.0 -48

6. Krishna 1,033.5 1,573.4 52 1,345.7 30 587.1 -43

7. Guntur 853.0 1,017.6 19 1,072.3 26 497.6 -42

8. Prakasam 871.5 841.1 -3 912.3 5 470.6 -46

9. S.P.S Nellore 1,080.4 848.1 -22 758.9 -30 620.2 -43

10. Y.S.R 699.6 570.5 -18 709.3 1 409.6 -41

11. Kurnool 670.5 616.3 -8 771.7 15 473.9 -29

12. Ananthapuramu 552.3 455.7 -17 538.7 -2 401.3 -27

13. Chittoor 933.9 936.1 - 744.4 -20 583.1 -38

ANDHRA PRADESH 966.0 1,036.9 7 968.1 - 606.1 -37


TABLE - 6.5

DISTRICT-WISE STATUS OF MANDALS ACCORDING TO RAIN FALL FROM 01.06.2014 TO 31.05.2015.

Sl. No.

District Name Total No. of

Mandals

No. of Mandals having

No Rain-100%

Scanty (-99 to -60%)

Deficient (-59 to -

20%)

Normal (-19 to +19%)

Excess (>19%)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

1. Srikakulam 38 - - 19 18 1

2. Vizianagaram 34 - - 10 23 1

3. Visakhapatnam 43 - - 22 21 -

4. East Godavari 64 - 9 52 3 -

5. West Godavari 48 - 7 41 - -

6. Krishna 50 - 2 48 - -

7. Guntur 57 - 6 46 5 -

8. Prakasam 56 - 9 47 - -

9. SPS Nellore 46 - 5 39 2 -

10. Y.S.R 51 - 2 42 7 -

11. Kurnool 54 - 1 40 13 3

12. Ananthapuramu 63 - 3 39 18 -

13. Chittoor 66 - 4 57 5 -

ANDHRA PRADESH 670 - 48 502 115 5


195

TABLE – 6.6 WATER FLOWS IN STREAMS OF ANDHRA PRADESH, 2014-15

Sl. No.

Basin Name of the

Gauging Station Max. flow per

Year(in Cumecs) Min. flow per

Year(in Cumecs)

Basin Sub-basin First Last First Site

Last Site

First Site

Last Site

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1. EFR between Mahanandi & Godavari

Sarada Jampana Tallapalem 11.210 1.459 0.358 -

2. Godavari Peddagedda Peddagedda Seethapalli 3.233 - 0.006 -

3. EFRbetween Mahanandi &Godavari

Kandivala-sagedda

Kamavaram - - - - -

4. Nagavalli Champavathi Salur Nellimarla 25.842 405.430 0.690 0.004

5. Nagavalli Ghostani Kasipatnam Tagara-puvalasa

- - - -

6. Nagavalli Madhuravada Paradespalem - - - - -

7. Varaha Varaha - Yetikoppaka - 1,203.614 - -

8. Thandava Thandava - Tuni - - - -

9. Godavari Burada Kalva Kamarajupeta - - - - -


Pundi minor basin

Bendi - - - - -


Bahuda Itchapuram - 61.289 - 0.669 -


Vamsadhara Katragadda Seedhi - - - -

13. Godavari Kovvada Kalva (33)

Pragadapalli Dommeru 67.330 90.860 - 10.370

14. EFR between Godavari and Krishna

Tammileru (40)

Biopf E&W TAmmileru

West Tammileru @ Eluru,East Tammileru @ Eluru

14.990 17.720 6.270 -

15. Godavari Errakalva (37)

Konguvari gudem

Ananthapalli - 50.840 - 13.340

16. Krishna Krishna in Guntur Dist (50)

Naguleru @ Dachepalli

- 694.810 - 0.930

17.

Krishna Muniyeru (49)

Polampalli,

- 52.740 - - -

18.

Ippalavagu@ Koduru (khabham-padu)

- 53.070 - 14.920 -

19. Kattaleru @ Tiruvuru

- 48.380 - 14.170 -

20. EFR between Krishna and Pennar

Romperu (56) Karamchedu - - - - -

(Contd.)

196

TABLE – 6.6 (Concld.)

WATER FLOWS IN STREAMS OF ANDHRA PRADESH 2014-15

Sl. No.

Basin Name of the

Gauging Station

Max. flow per Year

(in Cumecs)

Min. flow per Year

(in Cumecs)

Basin Sub-basin First Last First

Site

Last

Site

First

Site

Last

Site

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

21.

EFR between Krishna and Pennar

Musi (59) Marrichetlapalem Tumadu 102.300 363.110 3.650 89.280

22.


Voleru vagu (55)

ETB drain @ Machavaram

Nallamada drain @ Returu

362.720 987.620 3.930 1.540

23.


Maneru (61)

1. Pillaperu river @ Narravada 2. U/s of Mopadu reservoir

U/S of Rallapadu Reservoir (Pottupalli)

- - - -

24. Pennar Lower Pennar (72)

-

Pyderu Anicut @ Kamma-palem

- 65.310 - 4.910

25. Pennar Upputeru (73)

Upputeru (Pambaleru) @ Gudur

- - - - -

26. Pennar Budameru (42)

Velagaleru - 37.930 - 7.880 -

27.

EFR between Godavari and Krishna

Other drains in West Godavari (36)

Yenamadurru drain @ Gollala koderu

Gonteru drain @ Veera-vasam

165.090 233.000 10.810 23.420

28.


Minor drain in Guntur (54)

BM drain @ Pallikona

- 79.090 - 4.710 -

29. EFR between Krishna and Pennar

Minor drain in Krishna (52)

Chandraiah drain @ Gudivada

Lazza-banda drain @ Pedana

24.830 31.990 1.780 2.000

30.

Inampudi drain @ Yenda-kuduru

- 54.300 - 8.280

31. Pennar TAdakleru Kalvapally - No flows

32.

EFR between Pennar and Kavery

Kortalair Nagari - Not working

33.

EFR between Pennar and Kavery

Palar Narsingarayani-peta

- Not working

Source: Chief Engineer, Hydrology, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.

197

TABLE - 6.7

DISTRICT-WISE LENGTH OF IMPORTANT RIVERS IN ANDHRA PRADESH

Sl.

No. Name of the River

Length of the River

Approx.(in Kms)

Percentage

of Basin area in

the District(Approx.)

1. 2. 3. 4.

I Srikakulam District

1. Bahuda 97.02 4.84

2. Mahendra tanaya 86.92 7.96

3. Vamsadhara 120.71 25.56

4. Nagavali 124.50 25.19

II Vizianagaram District

1. Nagavali River 124.50 52.37

2. Champavathi 79.61 24.42

3. Vegavathi 19.35 -

4. Gosthani 44.85 13.27

III Visakhapatnam District

1. Varaha - -

2. Mamidivaka gedda 16.17 10.42

3. Pedderu 41.29 -

IV East Godavari District

1. Sitapalli vagu 21.77 -

2. Burada Kalva 53.07 -

3. Thandava 98.82 2.46

V West Godavari District

1. Thammeleru 27.09 8.27

2. Yerrakalva 56.06 30.02

3. Kovvadakalva 25.89 -

VI Krishna District

1. Thammeleru 14.50 -

2. Krishna 152.00 89.61

3. Munneru 40.00 -

4. Katteleru 8.71 -

VII Guntur District

1. Krishna River 179.64 86.14

VIII Prakasam District

1. Gundlakamma River 268.22 38.57

2. Chinnamusi 70.29 12.65

3. Paleru 110.50 14.11

4. Manneru 43.63 11.99

Contd.

198


DISTRICT-WISE LENGTH OF IMPORTANT RIVERS IN ANDHRA PRADESH

Sl.

No. Name of the River

Length of the River

Approx.(in Kms)

Percentage

of Basin area in

the

District(Approx.)

1. 2. 3. 4.

IX S.P.S Nellore District

1. Pennar River 107.37 32.79

2. Swarnamukhi River 49.26 7.84

X Y.S.R District

1. Cheyyeru River 100.00 -

2. Buggavanka 70.00 -

XI Kurnool district

1. Krishna 202.53 55.42

2. Bhavanasi 73.38 -

3. Tungabhadra 151.50 -

4. Hundri 130.56 -

5. Kundu 144.04 -

6. Zurreru 72.78 -

XII Ananthapuramu District

1. Pennar 282.50 34.20

2. Chitravathi 150.00

3. Papagni 55.00 -

4. Maddileru 71.50 -

5. Vedavathi (Hagari) 82.50 -

XIII Chittoor District

1. Kushastali River at Nagari 80.00 -

2. Arnior River at Pitchatur 120.00 -

3. Racha Kalva at Karakambadi

near Renigunta 30.00 -

4. Kalangi Vagu at Kalangi 50.00 -

5. Swarnamukhi at Chandragiri Hills 150.00 -

6. Siddalagandi - -

7. Bahuda near Valmikipuram 150.00 -

8. Pedderu River near Peddamandyam 80.00 -

9. Ponnai River near Chittoor 60.00 - Data source measured from India WRIS website.

Source: Chief Engineer, Hydrology, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.

199

TABLE -6.8

DISTRICT WISE GROUND WATER RESOURCE POTENTIAL

AND STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT IN ANDHRA PRADESH (2010-11)

(Hecta Meters)

Sl. No.

District

Annual total

Ground water

Recharge

Net Annual Ground Water

availability

Draft for Irrigation

uses

Draft for Domestic

and Industrial

Uses

total Draft for all uses (Col.5

+Col.6)

Balance available

for future use

(Col.4–Col.7)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

1. Srikakulam 1,10,151 1,00,213 20,871 4,404 25,275 74,938

2. Vizianagaram 99,454 90,047 16,184 838 17,022 73,025

3. Visakhapatnam 92,456 84,484 14,310 4,287 18,597 65,887

4. East Godavari 1,61,415 1,46,879 32,646 4,451 37,097 1,09,782

5. West Godavari 1,62,271 1,47,200 52,859 565 53,424 93,776

6. Krishna 1,81,886 1,64,969 49,627 9,530 59,157 1,05,812

7. Guntur 2,00,306 1,80,577 28,288 6,642 34,930 1,45,647

8. Prakasam 1,78,624 1,61,414 43,804 2,124 45,928 1,15,486

9. S.P.S Nellore 2,72,471 2,46,888 62,575 5,080 67,655 1,79,233

10. Y.S.R 1,23,645 1,15,361 62,328 6,105 68,433 46,928

11. Kurnool 1,50,515 1,37,725 35,086 4,144 39,230 98,495

12. Ananthapuramu 1,59,296 1,44,156 1,04,597 9,585 1,14,182 29,974

13. Chittoor 1,86,430 1,68,366 1,03,764 16,033 1,19,797 48,569

ANDHRA PRADESH 20,78,920 18,88,279 6,26,939 73,788 7,00,727 11,87,552

(Contd..)

Table -6.8(Concld.)

DISTRICT WISE GROUND WATER RESOURCE POTENTIAL

AND STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT IN ANDHRA PRADESH (2010-11) (Hecta Meters)

Sl.

No. District

Allocation for

Domestic & Industrial

Water Uses Up to

2025

Net Ground

Water Availability for

future Irrigation Use

Stage of

Ground Water

Development

% 1. 2. 9. 10. 11.

1. Srikakulam 9,475 69,867 25

2. Vizianagaram 6,650 67,213 19

3. Visakhapatnam 11,421 58,753 22

4. East Godavari 13,177 1,01,056 25

5. West Godavari 6,003 88,338 36

6. Krishna 11,884 1,05,226 36

7. Guntur 14,624 1,37,823 19

8. Prakasam 7,795 1,12,453 28

9. S.P.S Nellore 44,026 1,40,287 27

10. Y.S.R 8,804 44,229 59

11. Kurnool 13,067 89,853 28

12. Ananthapuramu 13,376 38,123 79

13. Chittoor 18,852 47,361 71

ANDHRA PRADESH 1,79,154 11,00,582 37 Note :Groundwater Resource area estimated during 2012 with the base year as 2010-11. Source: Ground Water Department, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.

200

TABLE -6.9

DISTRICT WISE NUMBER OF MANDALS IN DIFFERENT CATEGORIES BASED ON

GROUND WATER RESOURCE STATUS IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2010-11 (Numbers)

Sl. No.

District

Category of Mandals

Poor Quality

Safe Semi

Critical Critical

Over Exploited

Total

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

1. Srikakulam - 38 - - - 38

2. Vizianagaram - 34 - - - 34

3. Visakhapatnam - 45 - - - 45

4. East Godavari F-10 57 1 - - 58

5. West Godavari 14 F 45 1 - - 46

6. Krishna 13 F 48 1 - 1 50

7. Guntur 12 P 57 - - - 57

8. Prakasam 1 F, 12P 48 2 - 6 56

9. S.P.S Nellore 2 P 46 - - - 46

10. Y.S.R - 44 5 - 2 51

11. Kurnool - 54 - - - 54

12. Ananthapuramu - 24 16 2 21 63

13. Chittoor - 34 16 5 11 66

ANDHRA PRADESH 38 F,26P 574 42 7 41 664

Note:Stage of Ground water Development (%) Safe: less than 70%, Semi Critical: 70% to 90%, Critical: 90% to 100%, Over Exploited: more than 100% Source: Ground Water Department, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.

TABLE -6.10

DISTRICT WISE NUMBER OF WATER SHEDS (MICRO BASINS)

IN DIFFERENT CATEGORIES BASED ON GROUND WATER RESOURCES STATUS IN

ANDHRA PRADESH, 2010-11 (Numbers)

Sl. No.

District

Category of watershed (Ground water Basin)

Poor Quality

Safe Semi

Critical Critical

Over Exploited

Total

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

1. Srikakulam 17 - 1 - 18

2. Vizianagaram 24 - - - 24

3. Visakhapatnam 43 - - - 43

4. East Godavari F-10 52 - - - 52

5. West Godavari 14 F 40 - - - 40

6. Krishna 13 F 54 - - 3 57

7. Guntur 14-P 63 - - 1 64

8. Prakasam 7P, 1F 51 4 - 7 62

9. SPS Nellore 5- P 45 - - - 45

10. Y.S.r - 62 12 2 1 77

11. Kurnool - 77 1 1 1 80

12. Ananthapuramu - 37 25 6 31 99

13. Chittoor - 49 10 4 12 75

ANDHRA PRADESH 38 F, 26 P 614 52 14 56 736

Note: Stage of Ground Water Development (%) Safe: less than 70%, Semi Critical:70% to 90%, Critical: 90% to 100%, Over Exploited: more than 100%. Source: Ground Water Department, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.

201

TABLE -6.11

CATCHMENT AREA OF MAJOR RIVER BASINS, 2014-15

Sl. No.

Name of the River

Origin

Length in Andhra Pradesh

(Approx in Kms)

Basin Catchment

Area in Andhra Pradesh

(Approx in Sq. Kms)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. Bahuda Ramgiri hills of Gajapathi District, Odisha 22.00 287

2. Mahendratanya Mahendragiri range of Gajapathi District,

Odisha 86.92 441

3. Pundi Minar Basin NA - 365

4. Vamsadhara

Border of Thuamul Rampur in the kalahandi district and kalyansingpur in

Rayagada district of Orrissa 120.71 1,933

5. Nagavali NA 124.50 4,833

6. Godavari Brahmagiri

mountains,tryambakeswar,Nasik 209.50 73,200

7. Krishna Mahabaleswar,Western Ghats 331.64 76,252

8. Pennar Chennakesava hills of Nandi Durg in Kolar

district, Karnataka 107.37 47,109

9. Arniar

Sadasiva

konda,Narayanavanam,protected forest in

eastern slopes of the eastern ghats NA 1,124

10. Korthaliar NA NA 884

11. Paleru NA 110.50 -

12. Ponnaier NA NA 91

13. Noupad Minor Basin NA NA 821

14. Peddagedda NA NA 436

15. Kandivalasagedda NA NA 304

16. Champavathi NA 79.61 1,526

17. Ghosthani NA 44.85 1,558

18. Madhuravada NA NA 276

19. Narvagedda NA NA 491

20. Anakapalli Minor Basin NA NA 424

21. Sarada NA NA 2,365

22. Varaha NA NA 1,236

23. Thandava NA 98.82 1,469

24. Pampa NA NA 589

25. Suddagedda NA NA 658

26. Yeleru NA NA 3,364

27. Yerrakalva Kothagudem

Eastern Ghats 56.06 3,879

(Contd.)

202

TABLE -6.11(Concld.) CATCHMENT AREA OF MAJOR RIVER BASINS, 2014-15

Sl. No.

Name of the River

Origin

Length in Andhra Pradesh

(Approx in Kms)

Basin Catchment Area in

Andhra Pradesh (Approx in Sq. Kms)

1. 2. 6. 7. 8.

28. Tammileru Khammam 41.59 1,495

29. Ramilleru NA - 340

30. Budameru NA - 1,910

31. Romperu NA - 1,717

32. Gundlakamma

Nallamalla Hills an off shoot of the eastern ghats 268.22 8,195

33. Minor drains between

Musi & Gandla Kamma NA

NA 696

34. Musi NA 70.29 2,189

35. Paleru NA 110.50 2,373

36. Maneru NA 43.63 3,557

37. Kandaleru NA NA 1,071

38. Upputeru NA NA 3,371

39. Swaranamukhi

Eastern ghat ranges

near pakala village

in chittor district of

A.P. 49.26 3,129

40. Kalangi NA NA 1,483

41. Zurreru NA 72.78 NA

42. Kundu NA 144.04 NA

43. Hundri NA 130.56 NA

44. Thungabhadra Nagaladinne 151.50 NA

45. Bhavansai NA 73.38 NA

46. Vegavathi NA 19.35 NA

47. Pedderu NA 41.29 NA

48. Mamidivakagedda Chattipalem 16.17 NA

49. Kattaleru NA 8.71 NA

50. Munneru NA 40.00 NA

51. Kovvadakalva NA 25.89 NA

52. Buradakalva NA 53.07 NA

53. Sitapallivagu NA 21.77 NA NA: Not Available. Source: 1)Annual Report 2010-11 of I & CAD Department & India WRIS website and

2)Chief Engineer, Hydrology, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.

203

TABLE -6.12

PRIMARY WATER QUALITY CRITERIA

Sl.

No.

Designated

Best Use

Class of

Water Criteria

1. 2. 3. 4.

1. Drinking water source without Conventional Treatment but after Disinfection

A

1. Total Coli forms Organism MPN/100 ml. shall be 50 or less

2. pH between 6.5 & 8.5

3. Dissolved Oxygen 6 mg/l or more

4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 200 C 2 mg/l or less

2. Outdoor bathing (organised)

B

1. Total Coli forms Organism MPN/100 ml. shall be 500 or less

2. pH between 6.5 & 8.5


4. Biochemical Oxygen demand 5 days 200 C 3 mg/l or less

3. Drinking water source after Conventional treatment and disinfection

C

1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml. Shall be 5000 or less

2. pH between 6 & 9

3. Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more

4. Biochemical Oxygen demand 5 days 200 C 3 mg/l or less

4. Propagation of Wild Life and fisheries

D

1. pH between 6.5 & 8.5 Fisheries


3. Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less

4. pH between 6.0 or 8.5

5. Irrigation, Industrial Cooling, Controlled waste disposal

E

1.Electrical conductivity at 250 C, Micro mhos/cm Max. 2250

2. Sodium Absorption Ratio, Max. 26

3. Boron, Max. 2 mg/l

Below E Not meeting A,B,C,D &E criteria.

Note: The Water Quality at any location is determined as the one which is satisfied at

least 80% of time by all the criteria parameters. To further elucidate on this if at a

location, 80% of the time Dissolved Oxygen, pH were in the range specified for class A,

BOD for class B and total coli forms for Class C, then the existing status is determined as

C.

Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2014, C.S.O.,Govt.of India, New Delhi.

204

TABLE - 6.13 RIVER WATER QUALITY FOR THE YEAR 2014-15

(Under NWMP Programme)

Sl. No

Station Name

Parameters

DO mg/L

BOD mg/L

Niitrate-N

(mg/L) pH

Electricsal conductivity

(uS/cm)

Ammonia-N

(mg/L)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

KRISHNA

1. River Krishna at Srisailam 6.6 2.5 2.1 7.83 601 BDL

2. River Krishna at Vedadri 6.7 0.7 0.4 7.6 666 BDL

3. River Krishna at Amaravathi

6.6 0.6 0.39 7.7 635 BDL

4. River Krishna at Prakasam barrage, Vijayawada

7.2 0.7 0.36 7.7 634 BDL

5. River Krishna at Hamsaladeevi

4.9 0.6 0.47 7.67 22,267 BDL

THUNGABHADRA

6. River Thungabhadra at Manthralayam

6.7 2.7 2.66 7.9 819 BDL

7. River Thungabhadra at Bhavapuram

6.8 2.4 2.48 8.11 878 BDL

Tributaries to river Krishna

8. Munneru before confluence with river Krishna at Nandigama

7.0 0.6 0.41 7.91 733 BDL

9. River Paleru at Jaggaiahpet 6.9 0.7 0.58 7.77 840 BDL

PENNAR

10. River Pennar at Unganoor 6.6 2.9 3.26 7.76 927 BDL

11. River Pennar at Pushpagiri 6.3 2.6 2.56 7.98 849 BDL

12. River Pennar at Siddavatam

6.3 2.6 2.81 7.97 741 BDL

13. River Pennar at Somasila 5.7 0.7 0.5 8.0 1,158 BDL

GODAVARI

14. Polavaram 6.2 1 0.34 7.8 256 BDL

15. D/s of River Godavari at Rajahmundry

5.3 1 0.36 7.6 336 BDL

16. D/s of River Godavari at Rajahmundry (Dhavaleswaram

5.9 1 0.35 7.13 336 BDL

17. River Godavari at Rajahmundry U/s of Nalla Channel

5.3 1 0.36 7.4 283 BDL

18. River Godavari at Rajahmundry D/s of Nalla Channel

5.4 1 0.35 7.3 301 BDL

NAGAVALI

19. River Nagavalli at Thotapally Regulatory 5.5 1.0 0.34 7.7 457 BDL

D.O: Dissolved Oxygen, BOD: Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand.


205

TABLE - 6.14 RIVER -WISE DISTRIBUTION OF WATER QUALITY

SAMPLING STATIONS, 2014-15

Sl. No.

Name of the River basin

Name of Tributary or Sub-Tributary

Name of the Sampling Station

Main River

Tributary Total

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. Godavari - 2 - 2

2. Krishna - 2 - 2

3. -do- Munneru - 1 1

4. -do- Thungabhadra - 1 1

5. -do- Hundri - 1 1

6. Vamsadhara - 1 - 1

7. Nagavali - 1 - 1

8. Gosthani - - 1 1

9. Tandava - - 1 1

10. Yerrakalva - - 1 1

11. Romperu Parcheru Vagu - 1 1

12. Choppela Drain - 1 - 1

13. Narsipudi Drain - 1 - 1

14. Pennar - 3 - 3

15. -do- Bahuda - 1 1

16. -do- Chitravathi - 1 1

17. Manneru Pellaperu - - -

18. Chinamusi - - 1 1

19. Paleru - - 1 1

20. Swarnamukhi - - 1 1

21. Pillaperu - - 1 1

22. K.C. Canal - - 1 1

Total Stations 11 14 25

Source: Superintendent Engineer, Hydrology Project, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.

TABLE - 6.15

LENGTH OF COASTLINE AND AREA OF COASTAL DISTRICTS

Sl. No.

District Length of Coast Line

(Kms.) District Area

(‘000 Sq. Kms.)

1. 2. 3. 4.

1. Srikakulam 200 5.8

2. Vizianagaram 29 6.5

3. Visakhapatnam 136 11.2

4. East Godavari 161 12.8

5. West Godavari 20 8.5

6. Krishna 111 8.7

7. Guntur 43 11.4

8. Prakasam 105 17.6

9. S.P.S Nellore 169 13.1

Total 974 95.6

Source: Director of Fisheries, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.

206

Andhra Pradesh has a coastal length of 974 kilometers covering in 9 districts

in Coastal Andhra by making the state with the longest maritime boundary in the

country. The sea coast is spotted with some of the most fascinating beaches in the

country and has a potential of the most exciting sea side destinations. A drive on beach

road from Visakhapatnam to Bheemunipatnam is quite fascinating.

TABLE - 6.16

MAIN ACTIVITIES ALONG THE COASTAL ZONE IN ANDHRA PRADESH

Base Activities

1. 2.

Land Based

I. Coast Dependent

Ports & Harbours, Oil terminals, Paper & Pulp Mills, Meta -llurgical Plants, Fish Processing and Power Plants

II. Coast Preferring Urban, Commercial and Residential development, Tourism and Beach recreation and Agriculture

III. Coast independent Defense

Water Based Off-shore oil and gas, Off-shore placer mining, Navigation, Naval defense, Water sports and Fishing

Coastal areas are of enormous socio-economic importance, because of their

traditional resources viz., fishing, tourist-potential, commercial and residential

development as well as the new types of resources using new technologies such as

ocean thermal energy, wave energy, off-shore mineral deposits, Mari culture etc. The

high economic value of these areas and the relative fragility and vulnerability to natural

hazards, sea level rise and anthropogenic activities make the preservation and the

management of coastal zone resources and its environment of enormous importance.

Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2007, C.S.O., Govt. of India, New Delhi.

TABLE - 6.17

POLLUTANTS AND THEIR IMPACTS ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT

Sl. No. Source Impacts

1. 2. 3.

1. Municipal and domestic waste

Reduce dissolved oxygen (DO); increase hydrogen sulphide levels; incidence of faecal coliform and faecal streptococci; high biological oxygen demand (BOD)

2. Industrial waste Affect DO, temperature, turbidity, pH, ammonia values; increases BOD, COD, suspended solids

3. Toxic metals Cause change in chemical and biochemical processes, increase in turbidity, lethal and sub-lethal effects on marine life

4. Oil pollution Causes smothering, clogging and toxicity

5. Fertilizers Affect nutrient levels and may cause eutrophication

6. Dredging and reclamation

Affect habitats of marine organisms; lethal and sub-lethal effects; affects flushing capacity of the water body

7. Siltation Increases in nutrient levels and can cause excessive algal bloom; may also cause damage to coral reefs and coastal nurseries

8. Discharge of coolant waters

Raises the temperature of the water can cause the growth of the blue-green algae

9. Toxic chemicals Cause lethal and sub-lethal effects on marine organisms

10. Offshore mining Increases particulate loading which can lead to loss of light and reduced primary productivity; smothering and clogging of benthic communities

11. Radionuclide Bio-accumulation in fish and other benthic communities


207

TABLE - 6.18 SEDIMENT LOAD IN MAJOR RIVER BASINS

Sl. No.

Name of the Basin/

River for the Year

Flow in Million Metric Tonnes(in MMTs)

Monsoon Flow Non-Monsoon Flow

Highest lowest Highest lowest

Site Name

Value Site

Name Value

Site Name

Value Site

Name Value

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

1. Godavari (2009-10)

Pola- vram

12.067 Sai- Gaon

0.001 Pola- vram

0.027 Paths- gudem

-

2. Krishna (2009-10) Yadgir 13.191 Karad 0.105

Wada- palli

0.620 Takali -

(Contd.)

TABLE - 6.18(Concld.) SEDIMENT LOAD IN MAJOR RIVER BASINS

Sl.

No.

Name

of the

Basin/

River for

the Year

Flow in Million Metric Tonnes(in MMTs)

Annual Flow Basin Range

Highest lowest

Site

Name Value

Site

Name Value Monsoon

Non-

Monsoon Annual

1. 2. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

1. Godavari

(2009-10) Polavram 12.094

Sai- gaon

0.001 0.001

to 12.067

0.000 to

0.027

0.001 to

12.094

2. Krishna

(2009-10) Yadgir 13.195 Karad 0.109

0.105 to

13.191

0.000 to

0.620

0.109 to

13.195

Source:CWC, Integrated Hydrological Data Book (Non-Clasified River Basin), Sept, 2012.

Table -6.19

WATER FLOW IN STREAM FOR MAJOR RIVER BASINS

( in Cusecs)

Sl.

No.

Name

of Basin/

River

for the

Year

No of

CWC

Sites

Name of

Gauge Station

Maximum

Flow

Minimum

Flow

First

Site

Last

Site

First

Site

Last

Site

First

Site

Last

Site

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1. Godavari (2005-06) 56 Ghargaon Polavaram 635.80 43,703.00 - 13.23

2. Godavari (2009-10) 47 Dhalegoan Polavaram 320.40 11,249.00 - 74.69

3. Krishna (2002-03) 57 Karad Vijayawada 1,121.00 158.70 - 2.87

4. Krishna (2009-10) 36 Karad Vijayawada 1,258.00 27,660.00 - 27.61

Source: Water Year Books of different River Basins. (C.W.C)

208

TABLE - 6.20

WATER DISCHARGE AT MONSOON & NON-MONSOON

IN MAJOR RIVER BASINS

Sl.

No.

Name

of the

Basin/

River

for the

Year

Load in Million Metric Tonnes(in MMTs)

Monsoon Load Non-Monsoon Load

Highest lowest Highest Lowest

Site Name

Value Site

Name Value

Site Name

Value Site

Name Value

1. 2. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

1. Godavari (2008-09)

Pola- varam

26,655 Bet-

Mogrra -

Pola- varam

2,368 Bet-

mogrra -

2. Krishna (2008-09)

Wada Pally

21,622 Halia 351 Wada Pally

3,224 Kurun-

wad -

(Contd.)


WATER DISCHARGE AT MONSOON & NON-MONSOON

IN MAJOR RIVER BASINS

Sl. No.

Name of the Basin/ River

For the Year

Load in Million Metric Tonnes(in MMTs)

Annual Load Basin Range

Highest Lowest

Site Name

Value Site

Name Value Monsoon

Non-Monsoon

Annual

1. 2. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

1. Godavari (2008-09)

Pola- varam

29,023 Bet-

mogrra -

0 to 26,655

0 to 2,368

0 to 29,023

2. Krishna (2008-09)

Wada Pally

24,846 Chola

Chagud 352

351 to 21,622

0 to 3,224

352 to 24,846

Source:CWC,Integrated Hydrological Data Book(Non-Clasified River Basin), March, 2012.

Table -6.21 WATER DISCHARGE IN MAJOR RIVER BASINS

Sl. No.

Name of Basin/River Ref. Year

No of CWC Sites

Maximum Discharge Minimum Discharge Basin Range

Site Name/Value Site Name/Value

Highest Lowest Highest Lowest Maximum Minimum

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1. Godavari (1964-2010)

29 Polavaram

(87,250)

Sangam

(1,101)

Pola-

varam

(65.07)

Ambabai

(0.00)

1,101 to

87,250

0.00 to

65.07

2. Krishna (1965-2010)

46 Bavapuram

(36,303.25)

Navalgund

(391.1234)

Daddi

(679.603)

Vijaywada

(18.947)

689.082 to

36,303.25

18.947

to

679.603

Source:CWC,Integrated Hydrological Data Book(Non-Clasified River Basin), March, 2012.

209

TABLE - 6.22

POTENTIAL HOT SPOTS ALONG THE ANDHRA PRADESH COAST

Sl. No. State Coastal City

1. 2. 3.

1. Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam

Pressures on the marine environment arise from both natural as well as

anthropogenic activities. The latter occurs either due to over exploitation of coastal and

marine resources or due to the use of the coastal and marine environment as sinks of

pollutants and other wastes arising as by-products of development activities. There are

various such sources of marine pollution and their impacts varying according to the

nature of the coastal or marine environment impacted upon and on the nature of the

pollutant itself. Marine pollution occurs off most metropolitan cities and densely

populated coastal towns in Andhra Pradesh.


TABLE - 6.23

WATER REQUIREMENT FOR VARIOUS SECTORS OF ANDHRA PRADESH

(in M.C.M)

Sl.

No. Sector Utilisation in 2000 Need by 2025

1. 2. 3. 4.

1. Drinking Water 601 3,468

2. Irrigation 64,252 1,08,050

3. Industries 288 1,445

4. Power Generation 28 56

Total 65,169 1,13,019 Source: EPTRI, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.

TABLE - 6.24

ESTIMATED ANNUAL REQUIREMENT OF WATER FOR DOMESTIC

PURPOSES INCLUDING CATTLE IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2026 Sl. No.

State/India Projected Population

(In 000’) Water Requirement

( in BCM) 1. 2. 3. 4.

1. Andhra Pradesh (United) 94,276 4.91

2. All India 13,98,861 72.81

BCM: Billion Cubic Meters.

Source: 1. Population Projection for India and States 2001-2026, The registrar

General & Census Commissioner, India,GOI, New Delhi, May,2006.

2. Central Water Commission (Which is worked out by the standing

subcommittee for assessment of availability and requirement of water for

diverse uses in the country,2000 and distributed prorata in the states in

proportion to population)

3. Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2015, C.S.O.,Govt. of India,New

Delhi.

210

TABLE-6.25

WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS

No. of Monitoring locations

Year

Observed Range of Water Quality Parameters

Temp (0C)

pH Conductivity (umhos/cm)

DO (mg/l)

BOD (mg/l)

Total Coliform

(MPN/100ml)

Faecal Coliform (MPN/

100 ml)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Krishna 1401 Km.

17 2002 18-33 6.8-9.5 28-11050 2.9-

10.9 0.2-10.0 17-33300 3-1×103

17 2003 18-35 6.7-8.9 36-40000 0.7-

12.6 0.5-17 6-7×104 2-2×104

17 2004 18-38 6.7-9 71-44000 0.4-9.2 0.3-9 15-124×103 3-28×103

21 2005 24-37 6.5-9.9 69-43300 1.4-8.8 0.4-40 17-84×103 1-34×103

19 2006 15-40 6.32-

9.30 76-2580 3.0-8.5 0.4-14.8 4-86×103 1-6×103

19 2007 13-38 6.2-9.1 69-23400 3.0-10 0.1-9.8 0-71×103 0-16003

22 2008 17.3-

39 5.8-8.9 44-14290 1.1-9.8 0.2-17.6 8-16×103 0-3×103

22 2009 18.4-

41 6.7-9.0 75-19960 0-12.6 0.3-9.6 8-170000 0-1400

24 2010 17-39 6.5-9.1 42-16720 1.5-

11.8 0-10 2-4000 0-1600

26 2011 19.2-

38 6.9-8.7 99-8570

1.7-

15.8 0.4-16 4-16000 2-9000

26 2012 17.36 6.15-

8.8 77-14140 0.0-15 0.0-24 50-2700 2-900

Godavari 1465 Km.

11 2002 22-35 7.0-9.0 118-1400 3.1-

10.9

0.5-

78.0 8-5260 2-3640

11 2003 22-37 7.1-8.7 115-1350 3.2-9.3 1.7-53 70-68200 3-1400

11 2004 21-35 6.5-9 86-1290 2.4-9.2 0.2-15 4-22×104 2-5×104

18 2005 23-32 6.7-9.1 121-1300 0.8-8.7 0.5-20 2-33×103 1-10×103

18 2006 19-34 6.65-

9.11 75-691 1.1-9.6 1.2-32 2-31×103 2-6×103

18 2007 20-37 5.9-8.9 126-918 3.2-7.5 0.2-36 0-2200 5-36×10

35 2008 13-35 5.2-9.6 114-3994 1.2-

11.3 0.2-20 3-28×103 0-800

35 2009 15-41 6-9.2 115-3169 3.2-

12.3 0.0-26 5-16000 0-340

35 2010 12-40 5.4-8.9 91-1670 1.8-

14.2 0.3-60 2-2400 1-1600

35 2011 18-40 6.4-9.1 132-1959 1.2-

12.2 0.0-37 7-2400 1-500

35 2012 17-38 6.51-

9.3 113-2985

0.0-

12.6 0.1-40 3-2700 2-1600


211

TABLE-6.26

WATER RESOURCES POTENTIAL IN RIVER BASINS

(Unit: BCM)

Sl.

No. River Basin

Catchment

Area (Sq.Kms

Average

Annual

Potential in the

River

Estimated

Utilisable flow

(excluding

ground water)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. Godavari 3,12,812 110.54 76.3

2. Krishna 2,58,948 78.12 58.0

Total 5,71,760 188.66 134.3

BCM: Billion Cubic Meters.

Source: B.P.Directorate, Central Water Commission

Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2014, C.S.O., Govt. of India, New Delhi.

TABLE-6.27

RIVER-BASIN WISE DISTRIBUTION OF WATER

QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS

Sl.

No.

River

(Mainstream) Tributaries Total Stations

1. 2. 3. 4.

1. Godavari (35)

Tributaries

Manjira (6), Maner (2), Nira (1),

Wainganga(8), Wardha(6), Kolar(1)

Kannhan(3), Purna(3), Indravathi(2),

Sankhani (1), Nakkavagu (1), Vamsadhara(1),

Dama(5), Bindusar (1), Penganga(3),

Wena(2), Kinnerasani (1) Sabari(1)

83

2. Krishna (22)

Bhadra (3), Bhima(12,) Ghataprabha (2),

Malprabha(3), Muneru(1), Musi (3), Nira (5),

Paleru (1), Tunga (1), Tungabhadra(6),

Panchaganga (4), Chandrabhaga(2), Kagin(1),

Koya (1), Mula (2), Mutha (4), Mula-Mutha(2),

Venna (3), Pawana (6), Indrayani(3),

Hundri (1), Kundu(1) ,God (1) ,Sina (1),

Urmodi(1), Vel (1)

93


212

TABLE-6.28

GROUND WATER RESOURCE POTENTIAL AS PER BASIN (PRORATA BASIS)

Sl.

No. Basin

Total

Replenisha-

ble

Ground

water

Resource

(M.C.M/Yr)

Provision of

Domestic

Industrial &

Other Uses

(M.C.M/Yr)

Available

for

Irrigation

(M.C.M/

Yr)

Net Draft

(M.C.M/

Yr)

Balance

for future

(M.C.M/

Yr)

% Level of G.W Develop

ment

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

1. Godavari 40,649.82 9,657.69 30,992.12 6,054.23 24,937.90 19.53

2. Krishna 26,406.97 5,578.34 20,828.63 6,330.45 14,498.19 30.39


TABLE-6.29

NAVIGABLE WATER WAYS IN ANDHRA PRADESH

(In Kms)

Sl.

No. Name of the River Total Length Navigable Length

1. 2. 3. 4.

1. Godavari 1,530 171

2. Krishna 1,400 157

3. Others 649 476

Total 3,579 804


CHAPTER – VII

HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

CHAPTER-VII

CHAPTER-VII Page No.

HUMAN SETTLEMENTS 213-216

TABLES

7.1 Percentage of Urban Population to total population of Andhra

Pradesh from 1971 to 2011 213

7.2 District-wise Population in Andhra Pradesh 1971 to 2011 216

7.3 District wise Rural and Urban population and sex ratio-2011

Census 217-218

7.4 Infant Mortality Rates in Andhra Pradesh During 1984 to 2015 218-219

7.5 Expectation of Life at Birth without Aids by sex in Andhra Pradesh

and All India During 2001-05 to 2021-2025 219

7.6 Birth Rate and Death Rate in United Andhra Pradesh During 1984

to 2015 220

7.7 Estimated Age Specific Fertility Rates by Age Groups in Andhra

Pradesh 2010 to 2015 221

7.8 Estimated Age Specific Death Rates by Sex in Andhra Pradesh,

2014 and 2015 222

7.9 Municipality wise number of Households below Poverty Line in

Andhra Pradesh- 2001 223-225

7.10 Percentage of Population below poverty line in Andhra Pradesh

and All India 1973-74 to 2011-12 226

7.11 Number of People Below Poverty Line in Andhra Pradesh and All

India 1973-74 to 2011-12 226

7.12 No. of Households having Latrine facilities in Andhra Pradesh as per

Census -2011 227

7.13 No. of Households by condition of Census Houses occupied by the

Residents in Andhra Pradesh as per Census -2011 227

7.14 Households by using Source of Cooking in Andhra Pradesh as per

Census -2011 227

7.15(A) No. of Households who lived in houses by type of structure in

United Andhra Pradesh during the year 2008-09 228

7.15(B) Per 1000 distribution ofHouse hold who lived in houses by type of structure for Andhra Pradesh during the year 2012 228

7.16 Households by type Drainage facility in Andhra Pradesh as per Census -2011 228

7.17

Occupied Housing Units by Number of Rooms per Housing Unit,

Number and percentage ,Total Number of Rooms, Average size of

Housing unit and Average no. of Persons in Rural and Urban

Areas

229

7.18 Sources of Drinking Water in Andhra Pradesh as per Census-2011 230

7.19 Number of Households by Major Source of Drinking Water in

Andhra Pradesh as per Census -2011 230

7.20 District wise Houseless Households and Population as per Census

2011 230

7.21 District wise Slum Population of Towns and Cities, 2011Census 231-233

7.22 Projected Population By Sex as on 1st March-2001-2026 in Andhra

Pradesh 234

7.23 Variation in Population of Andhra Pradesh 1901 to 2011 235

7.24 Growth of Population in Andhra Pradesh 1911 -2011 235

7.25 Hazardous Waste Regulatory Quantities 236

7.26(A) Garbage Generated and Lifted in Towns/Cities in Andhra Pradesh –

2012-13 & 2013-14 237-239

7.26(B) Garbage Generated and Lifted in Towns/Cities in Andhra Pradesh –

2014-15 240-242

7.27 Status of Land Fill Sites 243

7.28 Quantities and Waste Generation rate 243

7.29 Waste Characterization 243

7.30 Rural Water Supply Programme District-wise Coverage of Drinking

Water Sources as on1-4-2015 244

7.31 Rural Water Supply Programme District-wise Coverage of Rural

Habitations as on1-4-2015 244

7.32 Percentage Distribution of Ailment By Age-Group in Andhra Pradesh,

June-2004 245

213

CHAPTER - VII

HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

Population:

The root cause of environmental degradation and depletion of natural

resources can be attributed to rapid growth of population. The population of Andhra

Pradesh has increased from 276.85 lakhs in 1971 Census to 495.77 lakhs in 2011

Census accounting for 4.1 percent of country’s population makes it the 10th most

populous state, where as it is accounting for 4.96 percent of the country’s area makes it

the 8th largest state in the country. The growing population worsens the suppressed

immune status of the people, thus making them more vulnerable to various infectious

diseases. The growth of population has nullified the benefits of development process.

Human development is also adversely affected by the environment

degradation. Two of the environmental indicators viz., access to the safe drinking water

and the sanitation are closely linked with two of the very important human development

indicators viz., infant mortality rate and the life expectancy. Polluted air, poor and

unhygienic conditions in settlements contribute to reduction in life expectancy and

increase in infant mortality. Life expectancy (without AIDS) in Combined Andhra Pradesh

during (2016-20) for male and female is 68.4 and 72.1 respectively, where as in all India

68.8 and 71.1 respectively. Whereas life expectancy (without AIDS) in Combined Andhra

Pradesh during (2021-25) for male and female is 69.4 and 73.3 respectively and in all

India it is 69.8 and 72.3 respectively. The infant mortality rate in Andhra Pradesh for

rural and urban is 43 and 28 for the year 2014 and 41 and 26 for the year 2015

respectively. Larger population leads to more poverty and worsens the environment.

Urbanisation:

Urbanisation is measured in terms of urban population to the total population.

The magnitude of urban population and its concentration in big cities has contributed to

the decline in the quality of urban life. The percentage of urban population to the total

population in Andhra Pradesh from 1971 to 2011 is shown below in Table No.7.1.

TABLE – 7.1 PERCENTAGE OF URBAN POPULATION TO TOTAL POPULATION

OF ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 1971 TO 2011 CENSUS Sl.

No. Census

Year Percentage of urban population to total

population in Andhra Pradesh

1. 2. 3.

1. 1971 18.35

2. 1981 22.14

3. 1991 24.77

4. 2001 24.23

5. 2011 29.47

Source: Director of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.

214

Among all the 13 districts in Andhra Pradesh, Visakhapatnam obviously is the

only district with maximum urban population i.e., 20,35,922 (47.5%). The next most

urbanized district is Krishna with urban population of 18,43,660 (40.8%). The least

urbanized district is Srikakulam with only 16.2 percent urban population. The increase in

urbanization leads to increase in poverty and which leads in increase of slum population.

Poverty:

Poverty is a great pollutant; the poor become the agents of environmental

degradation when they are victims of it. Poverty line divides the poor from the non-poor.

It is the minimum required consumption level of food, clothing, shelter, transport, health

care etc. As the population exploded, the demand for limited national resources

increases by which per capita share of resources will come down. As a result, the

population below poverty line in absolute terms increases regularly and stresses on

infrastructural facilities increases.

Number of people below the poverty line in Andhra Pradesh and All India

level for the years 1973-74, 1977-78, 1983, 1987-88, 1993-94, 1999-2000, 2004-05,

2009-10 and 2011-12 are presented in Table – 7.11. The Planning Commission under

the Chairmanship of the then Hon’ble Prime Minister accepted the expert group of

Tendulkar methodology for estimating poverty with a slight modification i.e., using only

the Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers “for updating the urban poverty line, as

suggested by Planning Commission”. Percentage of People below poverty line as per the

modified expert group in Andhra Pradesh as well as at the National level has declined.

The poverty ratio in the rural areas of Andhra Pradesh continues to be less than that of

All India, which can be attributed mainly to massive subsidization of rice. In case of

urban areas, the poverty ratio of Andhra Pradesh continues to be higher than that of All

India, due to migration.

Housing and Basic Services:

Human life is more precious thing on earth, non-availability of fresh air, good

quality of water, adequate disposal of excreta, sanitation facility will lead to morbidity.

Several studies carried out in the villages confirm that diarrhea and respiratory diseases

are the most common and dangerous diseases among children. Explosion of population

is the main cause of poverty and worsens the environment. Urbanisation led to complete

environment problems. Growing population leads to a more number of slums residing in

kutcha structures live together without private latrine and in-adequate public latrine and

water facilities.

215

Slum Population:

Urbanisation has led to congestion leading to complete environment problems

and poor health due to non-availability of safe drinking water and sanitation. The

growing urban population and urban agglomeration leads to a large number of slums

which is a real unit having 25 or more kutcha structures of temporary nature.

Access to safe drinking water and proper sanitation is both a right and a basic

need. However, despite two decades of concerted efforts by national governments and

international communities, equitable access to safe drinking water supply and improved

sanitation for all remains elusive.

Water is a finite resource. Conserving water is one way of ensuring that more

is available for those who do not have it. People do not need only food; also need

potable drinking water, adequate system for disposal of excreta, good sanitation and

personal hygiene to reduce prevalence of morbidity.

Swajaladhara:

The Govt. of India have launched the programme during 2002 to take up

water supply schemes under reforms initiative with community contribution of 10

percent on estimated cost of the schemes and 90 percent Govt. of India share. The Rajiv

Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission, Department of Drinking Water Supply, Ministry

of Rural Development, Govt. of India have earmarked 20 percent of its annual outlay

under Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme for the states promoting sector

reforms in rural water supply by institutionalizing community participation.

Rural Water Supply and Sanitation:

The Government is determined to solve the drinking water problem in rural

areas with the following objectives.

Delivery of safe, potable drinking water to all rural people

1. Safe water to fluoride, brackish and other polluted habitations

2. Up gradation of all habitations to fully covered status

3. Proper sanitation facilities to all habitations

4. Special focus on sustainability of sources/ schemes

The funds for implementing the schemes/works meant for providing drinking

water facilities and sanitation facilities to the habitations are allocated under various

programmes of state and central Governments such as NRDWP, DDP, TFC Rajiv

Pallebata, Swajaladhara and other sector reforms.

216

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC):

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) emphasizes more on Information, Education

and Communication (IEC), Human Resource Development and Capacity Development

activities to increase awareness and demand generation for sanitary facilities. The State

Government has taken up massive programme by providing matching share for the

amounts released by the Govt. of India.

Collection, treatment and disposal of solid waste are the responsibility of the

Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). These bodies must be made specifically accountable in this

respect.

Environmental Pollution is the contamination of the physical and biological

components of the earth atmosphere system to such an extent that normal

environmental processes are adversely affected.

TABLE – 7.2

DISTRICT-WISE POPULATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH

FROM 1971 TO 2011 CENSUS

Sl. No. District 1971 1981

Male Female Male Female

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. Srikakulam 12,79,085 13,10,906 9,68,585 9,90,767

2. Vizianagaram - - 8,99,548 9,04,648

3. Visakhapatnam 14,04,781 14,00,585 13,00,676 12,75,798

4. East Godavari 15,46,865 15,40,397 18,57,472 18,43,568

5. West Godavari 11,90,938 11,83,368 14,43,651 14,30,307

6. Krishna 12,69,399 12,24,175 15,46,340 15,02,123

7. Guntur 14,41,057 14,03,431 17,41,102 16,93,622

8. Prakasam 9,66,180 9,53,815 11,77,860 11,51,711

9. S.P.S Nellore 8,10,701 7,98,916 10,18,716 9,96,163

10. Y.S.R 8,05,516 7,71,751 9,86,705 9,46,599

11. Kurnool 10,06,521 9,75,569 12,26,943 11,80,356

12. Ananthapuramu 10,86,233 10,29,088 13,09,528 12,38,484

13. Chittoor 11,66,232 11,19,304 13,92,606 13,44,710

ANDHRA PRADESH 1,39,73,508 1,37,11,305 1,68,69,732 1,64,98,856

(Contd.)

217

TABLE – 7.2(Concld..)

DISTRICT-WISE POPULATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH


Sl.

No. District

1991 2001 2011

Male Female Male Female Male Female

1. 2. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

1. Srikakulam 11,53,819 11,67,307 12,60,020 12,77,573 13,41,738 13,61,376

2. Vizianagaram 10,55,335 10,55,608 11,19,541 11,29,713 11,61,477 11,82,997

3. Visakhpatnam 16,63,249 16,21,843 19,30,197 19,02,139 21,38,910 21,51,679

4. East Godavari 22,72,962 22,68,260 24,59,640 24,41,780 26,33,304 26,52,520

5. West Godavari 17,64,091 17,53,477 19,10,038 18,93,479 19,93,747 20,01,995

6. Krishna 18,78,789 18,20,044 21,17,401 20,70,440 22,67,375 22,50,023

7. Guntur 20,84,480 20,22,519 22,50,279 22,14,865 24,40,521 24,47,292

8. Prakasam 14,00,469 13,58,697 15,52,332 15,07,091 17,14,764 16,82,684

9. S.P.S Nellore 12,08,380 11,83,880 13,44,935 13,23,629 14,92,974 14,70,583

10. Y.S.R 11,59,962 11,07,807 13,18,093 12,83,704 14,51,777 14,30,692

11. Kurnool 15,22,618 14,50,406 17,96,214 17,33,280 20,39,227 20,14,236

12. Ananthapuramu 16,35,996 15,47,818 18,59,588 17,80,890 20,64,495 20,16,653

13. Chittoor 16,58,513 16,02,605 18,89,690 18,56,185 20,90,204 20,83,860

ANDHRA PRADESH 2,04,58,663 1,99,60,271 2,28,07,968 2,24,14,768 2,48,30,513 2,47,46,590


TABLE- 7.3

DISTRICT WISE RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION AND SEX RATIO,

2011 CENSUS

(in Number)

Sl.

No. District

Total Population Males

Persons Rural Urban Persons Rural Urban

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

1. Srikakulam 27,03,114 22,66,411 4,36,703 13,41,738 11,26,888 2,14,850

2. Vizianagaram 23,44,474 18,53,563 4,90,911 11,61,477 9,20,428 2,41,049

3. Visakhapatnam 42,90,589 22,54,667 20,35,922 21,38,910 11,13,234 10,25,676

4. East Godavari 52,85,824 39,71,852 13,13,972 26,33,304 19,85,909 6,47,395

5. West Godavari 39,95,742 31,86,965 8,08,777 19,93,747 15,95,842 3,97,905

6. Krishna 45,17,398 26,73,738 18,43,660 22,67,375 13,43,534 9,23,841

7. Guntur 48,87,813 32,35,075 16,52,738 24,40,521 16,21,491 8,19,030

8. Prakasam 33,97,448 27,32,866 6,64,582 17,14,764 13,82,641 3,32,123

9. S.P.S Nellore 29,63,557 21,05,927 8,57,630 14,92,974 10,60,810 4,32,164

10. Y.S.R 28,82,469 19,03,337 9,79,132 14,51,777 9,59,693 4,92,084

11. Kurnool 40,53,463 29,04,177 11,49,286 20,39,227 14,64,569 5,74,658

12. Ananthapuramu 40,81,148 29,35,437 11,45,711 20,64,495 14,89,157 5,75,338

13. Chittoor 41,74,064 29,42,678 12,31,386 20,90,204 14,74,052 6,16,152

ANDHRA PRADESH 4,95,77,103 3,49,66,693 1,46,10,410 2,48,30,513 1,75,38,248 72,92,265

(Contd.)

218

TABLE- 7.3 (Concld.)

DISTRICT WISE RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION AND SEX RATIO, 2011 CENSUS

(in Number)

Sl. No.

District

Females Percent age of Urban

Population to Total

Dist. Population

Sex Ratio (Number of Females

per 1,000 Males)

Persons Rural Urban Total Rural Urban

1. 2. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

1. Srikakulam 13,61,376 11,39,523 2,21,853 16.16 1,015 1,011 1,033

2. Vizianagaram 11,82,997 9,33,135 2,49,862 20.94 1,019 1,014 1,037

3. Visakhapatnam 21,51,679 11,41,433 10,10,246 47.45 1,006 1,025 985

4. East Godavari 26,52,520 19,85,943 6,66,577 24.85 1,007 1,000 1,030

5. West Godavari 20,01,995 15,91,123 4,10,872 20.24 1,004 997 1,033

6. Krishna 22,50,023 13,30,204 9,19,819 40.81 992 990 996

7. Guntur 24,47,292 16,13,584 8,33,708 33.81 1,003 995 1,018

8. Prakasam 16,82,684 13,50,225 3,32,459 19.56 981 977 1,001

9. S.P.S Nellore 14,70,583 10,45,117 4,25,466 28.94 985 985 985

10. Y.S.R 14,30,692 9,43,644 4,87,048 33.97 985 983 990

11. Kurnool 20,14,236 14,39,608 5,74,628 28.35 988 983 1,000

12. Ananthapuramu 20,16,653 14,46,280 5,70,373 28.07 977 971 991

13. Chittoor 20,83,860 14,68,626 6,15,234 29.50 997 996 999

ANDHRA PRADESH 2,47,46,590 1,74,28,445 73,18,145 29.47 997 994 1,004 Source: Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.

TABLE – 7.4

INFANT MORTALITY RATES IN ANDHRA PRADESH

DURING 1984 TO 2015 (Per 1,000 Live Births)

Sl. No. Year Rural Urban Combined

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. 1984 81 66 78

2. 1985 90 57 83

3. 1986 87 59 82

4. 1987 84 58 79

5. 1988 89 63 83

6. 1989 88 53 81

7. 1990 73 56 70

8. 1991 77 56 73

9. 1992 78 42 71

10. 1993 70 46 64

11. 1994 69 52 65

12. 1995 74 43 67

(Contd.)

219

TABLE – 7.4(Cocld.)

INFANT MORTALITY RATES IN ANDHRA PRADESH

DURING 1984 TO 2015

(Per 1,000 Live Births)

Sl. No. Year Rural Urban Combined

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

13. 1996 73 38 65

14. 1997 70 37 63

15. 1998 75 38 66

16. 1999 75 37 66

17. 2000 74 36 65

18. 2001 74 40 66

19. 2002 71 35 62

20. 2003 67 33 59

21. 2004 65 39 59

22. 2005 63 39 57

23. 2006 62 38 56

24. 2007 60 37 54

25. 2008 58 36 52

26. 2009 54 35 49

27. 2010 51 33 46

28. 2011 47 31 43

29. 2012 46 30 41

30. 2013 44 29 39

31. 2014 43 28 39

32. 2015 41 26 37

Note: Data for the years from 1984 to 2013 pertains to Combined Andhra Pradesh. Source: Registrar General of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, New Delhi.

TABLE - 7.5

EXPECTATION OF LIFE AT BIRTH (WITHOUT AIDS) BY SEX IN UNITED ANDHRA

PRADESH AND ALL INDIA DURING 2001-05 TO 2021-25

Sl. No. Period Andhra Pradesh All India

Female Male Female Male

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. 2001-2005 67.9 63.4 66.1 63.8

2. 2006-2010 69.4 65.4 68.1 65.8

3. 2011-2015 70.9 66.9 69.6 67.3

4. 2016-2020 72.1 68.4 71.1 68.8

5. 2021-2025 73.3 69.4 72.3 69.8

Source: Registrar General of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, New Delhi.

220

TABLE - 7.6

BIRTH RATE AND DEATH RATE IN ANDHRA PRADESH DURING 1984 TO 2015

Sl. No.

Year

Birth Rate (Per 1,000 Population)

Death Rate (Per 1,000 Population)

Rural Urban Combined Rural Urban Combined

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 1. 1984 31.4 30.6 31.2 11.7 8.6 11.0

2. 1985 29.8 30.2 29.9 11.1 7.3 10.3

3. 1986 32.4 28.7 31.6 10.7 7.1 9.9

4. 1987 30.9 28.2 30.3 10.7 7.3 9.9

5. 1988 27.6 26.3 27.4 10.9 7.4 10.2

6. 1989 26.3 24.4 25.9 10.2 6.7 9.5

7. 1990 26.6 25.1 26.3 9.7 6.8 9.1

8. 1991 26.5 24.4 26.0 10.5 6.7 9.7

9. 1992 25.1 22.3 24.5 10.1 6.0 9.2

10. 1993 24.6 23.5 24.3 9.7 5.6 8.6

11. 1994 24.1 22.9 23.8 9.0 6.5 8.3

12. 1995 24.8 22.5 24.2 9.2 5.9 8.4

13. 1996 23.5 20.6 22.8

5.9 8.4

14. 1997 23.1 20.5 22.5 9.1 5.9 8.3

15. 1998 22.8 21.1 22.4 9.7 6.1 8.8

16. 1999 22.0 20.6 21.7 9.0 5.7 8.2

17. 2000 21.7 20.1 21.3 9.0 5.8 8.2

18. 2001 21.4 19.7 21.0 9.0 5.6 8.2

19. 2002 21.1 19.3 20.7 8.9 5.5 8.1

20. 2003 20.9 19.1 20.4 8.8 5.4 8.0

21. 2004 20.2 16.1 19.0 7.9 5.0 7.0

22. 2005 20.1 16.7 19.1 7.9 5.9 7.3

23. 2006 19.8 16.5 18.9 7.9 5.8 7.3

24. 2007 19.5 16.7 18.7 8.0 5.7 7.4

25. 2008 19.1 16.8 18.4 8.3 5.7 7.5

26. 2009 18.8 17.0 18.3 8.5 5.5 7.6

27. 2010 18.3 16.7 17.9 8.6 5.4 7.6

28. 2011 17.8 16.6 17.5 8.5 5.2 7.5

29. 2012 17.9 16.6 17.5 8.4 5.1 7.4

30. 2013 17.7 16.7 17.4 8.3 5.0 7.3

31. 2014 17.3 16.3 17.0 8.1 5.0 7.3

32 2015 17.1 16.1 16.8 7.9 5.0 7.1

Note: Data for the years from 1984 to 2013 pertains to Combined Andhra Pradesh.

Source; Registrar General of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, G.O.I, New Delhi.

221

TABLE - 7.7

ESTIMATED AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATES BY AGE GROUPS IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 2010 TO 2015

(Per 1000 Females of the Age Group)

Sl.

No.

Age

Group

2010 2011 2012

Rural Urban Combined Rural Urban Combined Rural Urban Combined

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

1. 15-19 54.2 26.6 45.9 35.3 16.5 30.7 36.3 16.7 31.5

2. 20-24 216. 158.4 197.8 216.8 143.8 196.7 210.6 140.4 191.9

3. 25-29 84.4 102.2 90.3 163.7 129.6 153.4 164.8 131.4 154.6

4. 30-34 20.3 26.9 22.3 74.6 58.8 69.8 68.3 55.6 64.5

5. 35-39 4.4 4.7 4.5 30.2 16.8 26.4 27.5 15.4 23.9

6. 40-44 2.0 1.3 1.8 10.9 3.6 8.7 10.1 3.7 8.2

7. 45-49 0.2 0.4 0.2 3.6 1.0 2.8 2.8 0.8 2.2

(Contd.)


ESTIMATED AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATES BY AGE GROUPS

IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 2010 TO 2015

(Per 1000 Females of the Age Group)

Sl.

No.

Age

Group

2013 2014 2015

Rural Urban Combined Rural Urban Combined Rural Urban Combined

1. 2. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

1. 15-19 31.1 16.9 27.0 21.6 15.1 19.7 11.6 8.9 10.8

2. 20-24 219.9 173.1 205.4 196.2 159.1 185.3 180.8 144.6 170.0

3. 25-29 100.4 106.4 102.4 100.6 93.5 98.4 104.9 98.0 102.8

4. 30-34 20.3 35.2 25.0 30.7 40.6 33.7 37.0 46.1 39.8

5. 35-39 4.9 4.1 4.6 11.4 10.2 11.1 10.9 10.9 10.9

6. 40-44 1.4 0.6 1.1 5.4 5.9 5.5 6.9 5.5 6.5

7. 45-49 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8 1.2 2.3

Note: Data for the years from 2010 to 2013 pertains to Combined Andhra Pradesh.

Source: Sample Registration System Statistical Reports, 2010 to 2015 of the Registrar

General of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, G.O.I, New Delhi.

222

TABLE - 7.8 ESTIMATED AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATES BY SEX IN ANDHRA PRADESH

FOR 2014 AND 2015 (Per 1,000 Population)

Age Group

Male Female 2014 2015 2014 2015

Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

0-4 11.3 7.1 11.2 6.1 11.4 8.3 11.9 7.0

5-9 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.8

10-14 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.7

15-19 0.9 0.4 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.9 1.0

20-24 1.0 0.8 1.3 1.3 0.7 1.1 1.1 1.1

25-29 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.4 1.1 1.6 1.3 0.9

30-34 3.3 1.9 2.3 2.0 2.2 1.2 1.6 1.0

35-39 4.3 2.9 3.5 2.7 3.1 2.0 2.3 1.2

40-44 6.9 4.4 4.2 2.8 5.5 3.0 3.2 1.9

45-49 8.0 6.1 6.8 5.3 7.1 3.7 4.4 2.2

50-54 11.6 6.5 11.2 7.6 7.9 3.9 11.1 5.4

55-59 14.1 6.6 18.8 11.2 10.5 8.7 12.9 8.1

60-64 19.5 14.5 25.5 15.3 14.6 9.8 21.8 11.6

65-69 26.4 18.4 34.0 24.9 21.3 17.4 28.1 21.7

70-74 37.0 31.6 47.8 37.9 36.2 36.3 39.1 34.2

75-79 89.5 51.2 71.1 66.9 80.2 70.7 60.0 62.8

80-84 171.6 122.9 128.0 114.1 129.0 115.6 111.8 104.6

85+ 277.3 216.5 224.4 275.7 233.0 230.4 185.5 189.8

All Ages 9.0 5.3 7.4 5.8 7.2 4.7 6.7 5.0 (Contd.)

TABLE - 7.8 (Concld.) ESTIMATED AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATES BY SEX IN ANDHRA PRADESH

FOR 2014 AND 2015

Age Group

Total 2014 2015

Rural Urban Rural Urban 1. 10. 11. 12. 13.

0-4 11.3 7.7 11.5 6.6

5-9 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.8

10-14 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.7

15-19 0.8 0.4 0.9 0.9

20-24 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.2

25-29 1.3 1.7 1.5 1.1

30-34 2.8 1.5 2.0 1.5

35-39 3.7 2.5 2.9 2.0

40-44 6.2 3.7 3.7 2.4

45-49 7.6 5.0 5.7 3.8

50-54 9.7 5.2 11.1 6.6

55-59 12.3 7.5 15.7 9.7

60-64 17.1 12.2 23.7 13.6

65-69 24.1 18.0 31.1 23.4

70-74 36.6 33.8 43.4 36.1

75-79 85.2 59.7 65.3 64.8

80-84 149.6 119.0 119.7 109.1

85+ 256.1 223.0 203.6 222.9

All Ages 8.1 5.0 7.1 5.4 Source: Sample Registration System Statistical Reports, 2014 and 2015 of the Registrar General, Ministry of Home Affairs, G.O.I, New Delhi.

223

TABLE - 7.9

MUNCIPALITY-WISE NUMBER OF HOUSE HOLDS BELOW POVERTY

LINE IN ANDHRA PRADESH DURING 2001

Sl. No.

Name of the Municipality/


Below Poverty Line

No of House

Holds BPL Population

1. 2. 3. 4.

I SRIKAKULAM

1. Srikakulam 8,447 33,788

2. Amadalavalasa 2,731 10,924

3. Ichapuram 2,352 9,407

4. Palasa-Kasibugga 3,593 14,371

5. Rajam 2,615 10,461

Total 19,738 78,951

II VIZIANAGARAM

6. Vizianagaram 12,674 50,694

7. Bobbili 3,607 14,428

8. Parvathipuram 3,579 14,318

9. Saluru 3,481 13,926

Total 23,341 93,366

III VISHAKHAPATNAM

10. Visakhapatnam 96,908 3,87,630

11. Anakapalle 6,155 24,620

12. Bheemunipatnam 3,263 13,053

Total 1,06,326 4,25,303

IV EAST GODAVARI

13. Kakinada 27,135 1,08,536

14. Rajahmundry 29,766 1,19,064

15. Amalapuram 3,704 14,816

16. Tuni 3,626 14,506

17. Pithapuram 3,607 14,430

18. Samalkot 3,859 15,437

19. Mandapeta 3,430 13,720

20. Ramchandrapuram 2,979 11,914

21. Peddapuram 3,277 13,110

Total 81,383 3,25,533

V WEST GODAVARI

22. Eluru 15,538 62,152

23. Bhimavaram 10,229 40,914

24. Tadepalligudem 7,389 29,555

25. Palacole 5,494 21,977

26. Narsapur 4,219 16,878

27. Tanuku 5,254 21,015

28. Nidadavole 3,106 12,425

29. Kovvur 2,835 11,339

Total 54,064 2,16,255

(Contd..)

224

TABLE - 7.9(Contd.)



Sl. No. Name of the Municipality/


No of House


1. 2. 3. 4.

VI KRISHNA

30. Vijayawada 74,845 2,99,381

31. Machilipatnam 12,913 51,654

32. Gudivada 8,141 32,560

33. Nuzvid 3,625 14,502

34. Jaggaiahpet 2,907 11,627

35. Pedana 2,132 8,528

TOTAL 1,04,563 4,18,252

VII GUNTUR

36. Guntur 37,041 1,48,165

37. Repalle 3,063 12,251

38. Ponnur 4,151 16,600

39. Narsaraopet 6,865 27,460

40. Mangalagiri 4,561 18,245

41. Macherla 3,544 14,176

42. Chilakaluripet 6,599 26,397

43. Bapatla 4,925 19,698

44. Sattenapalle 3,701 14,804

45. Tenali 11,070 44,282

46. Vinukonda 3,781 15,125

47. Piduguralla 3,609 14,437

Total 92,910 3,71,640

VIII PRAKASAM

48. Ongole 11,077 44,303

49. Kandukur 3,623 14,494

50. Markapur 4,209 16,837

51. Chirala 11,973 47,892

Total 30,882 1,23,526

IX S.P.S NELLORE

52. Nellore Corporation 29,144 1,16,575

53. Gudur 5,331 21,325

54. Kavali 6,164 24,658

55. Venkatagiri 3,481 13,922

Total 44,120 1,76,480

225




Sl. No. Name of the Municipality/


No of House


1. 2. 3. 4.

X ANANTHAPURAMU

56. Ananthapuramu 15,754 63,017

57. Hindupur 9,005 36,021

58. Tadipatri 6,253 25,011

59. Dharmavaram 7,442 29,767

60. Kadiri 5,490 21,960

61. Rayadurg 3,897 15,588

62. Guntakal 8,431 33,726

Total 56,272 2,25,090

XI KURNOOL

63. Kurnool 24,694 98,776

64. Yemmiganur 5,501 22,006

65. Adoni 11,697 46,788

66. Nandyal 11,313 45,251

67. Dhone 3,355 13,419

Total 56,560 2,26,240

XII Y.S.R

68. Kadapa 18,789 75,157

69. Proddatur 10,822 43,289

70. Pulivendula 3,636 14,545

71. Jammalamadugu 2,917 11,668

72. Rajampet 2,742 10,969

73. Rayachoti 5,205 20,822

74. Badvel 3,621 14,478

Total 47,732 1,90,928

XIII CHITTOOR

75. Chittoor 10,991 43,964

76. Tirupathi 21,854 87,414

77. Madanapalle 7,736 30,945

78. Srikalahasti 5,101 20,406

79. Punganur 3,191 12,762

80. Palamaneru 3,131 12,527

81. Nagari 1,756 7,019

82. Puttur 2,119 8,478

Total 55,879 2,23,515

Source: Commissioner and Director of Municipal Administration,

Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

226

TABLE - 7.10

PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION BELOW POVERTY LINE

IN COMBINED ANDHRA PRADESH AND ALL INDIA

(In Percentage)

Year Combined Andhra Pradesh All India


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

1973-74 48.41 50.61 48.86 56.44 49.01 54.88

1977-78 38.11 43.55 39.31 53.07 45.24 51.32

1983 26.53 36.3 28.91 45.65 40.79 44.48

1987-88 20.92 40.11 25.86 39.09 38.20 38.86

1993-94 48.10 35.20 44.60 50.10 31.80 45.30

1999-2000 11.05 26.63 15.77 27.09 23.62 26.10

2004-2005 7.50 20.70 11.10 21.80 21.70 21.80

2009-2010 22.8 17.70 21.10 33.80 20.90 29.80

2011-2012 11.0 5.80 9.20 25.70 13.70 21.90 Source: Planning Commission, Govt. of India, New Delhi & NSSO.

TABLE - 7.11

NUMBER OF PEOPLE BELOW POVERTY LINE

(In Lakhs)

Year Combined Andhra Pradesh All India


1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1973-74 178.21 47.48 225.69 2,612.90 600.46 3,213.36

1977-78 149.13 48.41 197.54 2,642.47 646.48 3,288.95

1983 114.34 50.24 164.58 2,519.57 709.40 3,228.97

1987-88 96.38 64.05 160.43 2,318.80 751.69 3,070.49

1993-94 79.49 74.47 153.96 2,440.31 763.37 3,203.68

1999-2000 58.13 60.88 119.01 1,932.43 670.07 2,602.50

2004-2005 43.21 45.50 88.71 1,702.99 682.00 2,384.99

2009-10 127.90 48.70 176.60 2,782.10 764.70 3,546.80

2011-12 61.80 16.98 78.78 2,166.58 531.25 2,697.83

Note: Population as on 1st March 2010, has been used for estimating number of

persons below poverty line. (Interpolated between 2001 & 2011,Census)

Source: Planning Commission, G.O.I, New Delhi & NSSO

227

TABLE - 7.12

HOUSEHOLDS BY SOURCE OF LATRINE FACILITIES

IN ANDHRA PRADESH AS PER 2011 CENSUS Sl. No.

Item Rural Urban Total

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. Within the Premises 30,38,072 29,70,379 60,08,451

Flush/ pour flush latrine connected

26,08,258 27,37,058 53,45,316

Piped sewer system 1,92,809 6,51,969 8,44,778

Septic Tank 23,56,201 20,48,405 44,04,606

Other system 59,248 36,684 95,932

2. Pit latrine 3,97,295 1,70,769 5,68,064

With slab/ventilated improved pit 3,77,756 1,66,447 5,44,203

Without slab/ open pit 19,539 4,322 23,861

3. Other Latrines 32,519 62,552 95,071

Night soil disposed into open drain

15,294 47,442 62,736

Night soil removed by human 2,299 3,109 5,408

Night soil serviced by animal 14,926 12,001 26,927

4. No Latrines 59,58,951 6,36,470 65,95,421

Public latrine (Alternate source) 3,09,244 1,04,103 4,13,347

open 56,49,707 5,32,367 61,82,074

Total No. of House Holds 89,97,023 36,06,849 1,26,03,872


TABLE - 7.13

HOUSEHOLDS BY CONDITION OF CENSUS HOUSES OCCUPIED BY THE

RESIDENTS IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2011 CENSUS

Sl. No. Item Rural Urban Total

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1.

Good 61,07,090 28,49,224 89,56,314

2. Livable 25,48,392 7,01,171 32,49,563

3. Dilapidated 3,41,541 56,454 3,97,995


Data excludes merged villages of Khammam. Source: Director of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.

TABLE - 7.14

HOUSEHOLDS BY USING SOURCE OF COOKING

IN ANDHRA PRADESH AS PER CENSUS, 2011 CENSUS

Sl. No. Item Rural Urban Total

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. Fire wood 65,44,678 8,27,380 73,72,058

2. Crop residue 1,43,314 32,816 1,76,130

3. Cowdung cake 89,047 9,728 98,775

4. Coal, Lignite, Charcoal

21,240 31,071 52,311

5. Kerosene 71,720 2,30,653 3,02,373

6. LPG/PNG 20,37,231 24,21,304 44,58,535

7. Electricity 3,033 1,742 4,775

8. Bio-gas 48,652 32,198 80,850

9. Any other 8,258 5,185 13,443

10. No Cooking 29,850 14,772 44,622



228

TABLE - 7.15(A)

NUMBER OF HOUSE HOLDS WHO LIVED IN HOUSES BY TYPE

OF STRUCTURE IN COMBINED ANDHRA PRADESH DURING THE YEAR 2008-09

Area

Type of House Structure

Pucca Semi pucca

Servicable Katcha

Un Servicable

Katcha Total

Estimated Number of Households

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Rural 1,01,22,770 23,36,024 13,26,631 6,34,475 1,44,19,900 1,44,19,900

Urban 59,50,228 2,18,239 1,92,564 57,769 64,18,800 64,18,800

Rural+ Urban 1,60,72,998 25,54,263 15,19,195 6,92,244 2,08,38,700 2,08,38,700

Source: Housing conditions & Amenities in India, 2008-09; NSSO Report No.535

TABLE - 7.15(B)

PER 1000 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSE HOLDS WHO LIVED IN HOUSES BY TYPE

OF STRUCTURE FOR COMBINED ANDHRA PRADESH DURING THE YEAR 2012

Area

Type of House Structure

Pucca Semi Pucca

Servicable Katcha

Un Servicable

Katcha All Katcha

All (Co. 2 to 6)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Rural 796 136 41 27 68 1000

Urban 953 29 11 7 17 1000

Rural+ Urban 849 100 31 20 51 1000

Source: Drinking Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Housing Condition in India, NSSO Report No.556

TABLE - 7.16

HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE OF DRAINAGE FACILITY IN

ANDHRA PRADESH AS PER 2011 CENSUS

Sl.

No. Item Rural Urban Total

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1.

Closed Drainage 7,65,047 12,64,748 20,29,795

2. Open Drainage 29,76,789 18,14,674 47,91,463

3. No Drainage 52,55,187 5,27,427 57,82,614



229

TABLE - 7.17

OCCUPIED HOUSING UNITS BY NUMBER OF ROOMS PER HOUSING UNIT,

NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE, TOTAL NUMBER OF ROOMS AVERAGE SIZE OF

HOUSING UNIT AND AVERAGE NUMBER OF PERSONS IN RURAL AND URBAN

AREAS FROM 1981 TO 2011 CENSUS

Census Year

Total Population

Total No of House Holds

Occupied Housing Units By No of Rooms One

Room Units

Two Room Units

Three Room Units

Four Room Units

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

1981

Urban 1,24,87,576 24,58,000 12,39,860 6,41,075 2,75,515 1,31,945

Rural 4,10,62,097 84,27,000 51,68,705 20,72,325 5,89,200 2,67,230

Total 5,35,49,673 1,08,85,000 64,08,565 27,13,400 8,64,715 3,99,175

1991

Urban 1,78,87,126 36,10,000 14,42,556 11,09,714 5,63,160 2,78,692

Rural 4,86,20,882 1,03,27,000 54,85,702 32,05,501 8,63,337 3,98,622

Total 6,65,08,008 1,39,37,000 69,28,258 43,15,215 14,26,497 6,77,314

2001

Urban 2,08,08,940 41,73,639 14,72,400 12,35,178 7,92,632 3,79,169

Rural 5,54,01,067 1,26,76,218 66,24,552 37,79,523 10,87,165 5,06,204

Total 7,62,10,007 1,39,37,000 69,28,258 43,15,215 14,26,497 6,77,314

2011

Urban 1,46,10,410 36,06,849 13,11,454 12,06,640 6,89,657 2,29,246

Rural 3,49,66,693 89,97,023 45,11,152 30,06,153 8,04,438 2,70,159

Total 4,95,77,103 1,26,03,872 58,22,606 42,12,793 14,94,095 4,99,405

(Contd.)

Census Year

Total Population

Total No. of House Holds

Occupied Housing Units By No of Rooms Averge

Size (Room

Per Unit)

Averge No of

Persons Per

Room

Five

Room

Units

Six

Room

Units

No. of

Exclusive

Room

Total No.

of

Units for

all

1 2 3 8 9 10 11 12 13

1981

Urban 1,24,87,57

6 24,58,000 46,820 62,450 95 2,39,7760 1.03 5.21

Rural 4,10,62,09

7 84,27,000 77,290 1,07,920 165 82,82,835 1.02 4.96

Total 5,35,49,67

3 1,08,85,000 1,24,110 1,70,370 260 1,06,80,59

5 1.02 5.01

1991

Urban 1,78,87,12

6 36,10,000 94,943 1,00,719 20,216 36,10,000 0.48 2.36

Rural 4,86,20,88

2 10,3,27,000 1,10,499 1,58,003 10,5335 1,03,26,99

9 0.58 2.75

Total 6,65,08,00

8 1,39,37,000 2,05,442 2,58,722 1,25,551 1,39,36,99

9 0.55 2.63

2001

Urban 2,08,08,94

0 41,73,639 1,12,732 1,13,702 67,826 41,73,639 0.48 2.27

Rural 5,54,01,06

7 1,26,76,218 1,16,475 1,46,706 4,15,593 1,26,76,21

8 0.59 2.60

Total 7,62,10,00

7 1,39,37,000 2,05,442 2,58,722 1,25,551 1,39,36,99

9 0.56 2.50

2011

Urban 1,46,10,4

10 36,06,849 49,041 34,392 86,419 36,06,849 0.25 1.48

Rural 3,49,66,6

93 89,97,023 44,239 36,097 3,24,785 89,97,023 0.25 1.54

Total 4,95,77,1

03 1,26,03,872 93,280 70,489 4,11,204 1,26,03,87

2 0.25 1.53


230

TABLE - 7.18

SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2011 CENSUS

Type Total No. of House Holds

Within Premises Outside premises

1. 2. 3. 4.

Urban 36,06,849 21,38,498 14,68,351

Rural 89,97,023 23,91,087 66,05,936

Total 1,26,03,872 45,29,585 80,74,287


TABLE - 7.19

NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS BY MAJOR SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER IN ANDHRA PRADESH AS PER 2011 CENSUS

Sl.

No. Source Rural Urban Total

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. Tap Water 55,91,822 28,95,505 84,87,327

Tap water from treated source 35,62,146 25,79,625 61,41,771

Tap water un treated source 20,29,676 3,15,880 23,45,556

2. Well 8,02,946 88,204 8,91,150

Covered well 41,514 22,070 63,584

Un covered well 7,61,432 66,134 8,27,566

3. Hand pump 17,99,760 2,37,890 20,37,650

4. Tube well/Bore well 5,34,803 2,65,421 8,00,224

5. Spring 88,621 2,396 91,017

6. River/Canal 49,686 2,044 51,730

7. Tank/Pond/Lake 44,426 1,456 45,882

8. Other sources 84,959 1,13,933 1,98,892

Total Households 89,97,023 36,06,849 1,26,03,872


. TABLE - 7.20

DISTRICT-WISE HOUSELESS HOUSEHOLDS AND POPULATION, 2011 CENSUS

Sl. No.

District

Rural Urban Total No. of House- holds

Population No. of House- Holds

Population No. of House- holds

Population

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

1. Srikakulam 464 1,443 108 324 572 1,767

2. Vizianagaram 268 905 228 511 496 1,416

3. Visakhapatnam 430 1,232 1,376 4,508 1,806 5,740

4. East Godavari 753 2,338 966 1,876 1,719 4,214

5. West Godavari 886 2,898 626 1,598 1,512 4,496

6. Krishna 829 2,333 2,031 4,250 2,860 6,583

7. Guntur 1,265 4,341 1,084 2,591 2,349 6,932

8. Prakasam 737 2,587 349 895 1,086 3,482

9. S.P.S Nellore 733 2,062 743 1,606 1,476 3,668

10. Y.S.R 925 3,313 526 2,013 1,451 5,326

11. Kurnool 1,172 3,968 703 2,854 1,875 6,822

12. Ananthapuramu 1,048 3,737 666 1,939 1,714 5,676

13. Chittoor 892 2,954 909 2,166 1,801 5,120

ANDHRA PRADESH 10,402 34,111 10,315 27,131 20,717 61,242

Note: Data excludes merged villages of Khammam. Source: Director of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.

231

TABLE - 7.21 DISTRICT WISE SLUM POPULATION OF TOWNS AND CITIES, 2011 CENSUS

Sl.

No.

Name of the

District

Name of the Town/

Out Growth

Total

Population

Slum

Population

% of Slum

Population

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

I SRIKAKULAM

1. Srikakulam Palasa Kasibugga(M) 57,507 28,137 48.93

2. Srikakulam Ichapuram (M) 36,493 29,135 79.84

3. Srikakulam Rajam (NP) 42,197 24,515 58.10

4. Srikakulam Amadalavalasa )M) 39,799 25,862 64.98

5. Srikakulam Srikakulam (M+OG) Part 1,37,944 32,937 23.88

Total 3,13,940 1,40,586 44.78

II VIZIANAGARAM

6. Vizianagaram Parvathipuram (M) 53,844 37,954 70.49

7. Vizianagaram Bobbili (M) 56,819 46,774 82.32

8. Vizianagaram Salur (M) 49,500 34,928 70.56

9. Vizianagaram Vizianagaram (M+OG) 2,28,720 98,217 42.94

Total 3,88,883 2,17,873 56.03

III VISAKHAPATNAM

10. Visakhapatna

m GVMC (Part) 17,28,128 7,70,971 44.61

11. Visakhapatna

m Bheemunipatnam (M+OG) 55,082 36,454 66.18

12. Visakhapatna

m Anakapalle (M) 86,519 29,277 33.84

Total 18,69,729 8,36,702 44.75

IV EAST GODAVARI

13. East Godavari Tuni (M) 53,425 31,461 58.89

14. East Godavari Peddapuram (M) 49,477 33,582 67.87

15. East Godavari Rajahmundry(M.Corp.+OG)part 3,76,333 1,43,098 38.02

16. East Godavari Samalkot (M) 56,864 32,869 57.80

17. East Godavari Pithapuram (M) 54,859 29,486 53.75

18. East Godavari Kakinada (M.Corp.+ OG) part 3,84,182 1,12,038 29.16

19. East Godavari Mandapeta (M) 56,063 24,019 42.84

20. East Godavari Ramachandrapuram (M) 43,657 25,170 57.65

21. East Godavari Amalapuram (M) 53,231 16,512 31.02

Total 11,28,091 4,48,235 39.73

V WEST GODAVARI

22. West Godavari Kovvuru (M) 39,667 26,158 65.94

23. West Godavari Nidadavole (M) 43,809 20,929 47.77

24. West Godavari Tadepalligudem (M+OG) 1,04,032 30,039 28.87

25. West Godavari Eluru (M.Corp.+ OG) 2,18,020 1,20,227 55.14

26. West Godavari Tanuku (M+OG) 77,962 28,654 36.75

27. West Godavari Bhimavaram (M+OG) 1,46,961 51,083 34.76

28. West Godavari Narsapur (M) 58,770 41,649 70.87

29. West Godavari Palacole (M+OG) 81,199 24,323 29.95

Total 7,70,420 3,43,062 44.53

(Contd..)

232


DISTRICT WISE SLUM POPULATION OF TOWNS AND CITIES, 2011CENSUS

Sl.

No

Name of the

District

Name of the Town/

Out Growth

Total

Population

Slum

Population

% of Slum

Population

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

VI KRISHNA

30. Krishna Jaggaiahpet (M) 53,530 26,796 50.06

31. Krishna Nuzvid (M) 58,590 44,311 75.63

32. Krishna Vijayawada (M.Corp.) 11,43,232 4,51,231 39.47

33. Krishna Gudiwada (M) 1,18,167 46,587 39.42

34. Krishna Pedana (M) 30,721 28,868 93.97

35. Krishna Machilipatnam (M) 1,69,892 91,283 53.73

Total 15,74,132 6,89,076 43.77

VII GUNTUR

36. Guntur Macherla (M) 57,290 26,469 46.20

37. Guntur Piduguralla (NP) 63,103 22,922 36.32

38. Guntur Tadepalli (M+OG) 64,149 29,478 45.95

39. Guntur Mangalagiri (M+OG) 1,07,197 47,366 44.19

40. Guntur Sattenapalli (M) 56,721 23,364 41.19

41. Guntur Vinukonda (M+OG) 62,550 28,598 45.72

42. Guntur Narasaraopet (M+OG) 1,17,489 88,459 75.29

43. Guntur Chilakalurupet (M) 1,01,398 39,107 38.57

44. Guntur Guntur (M.Corp.+OG) 6,70,073 2,66,500 39.77

45. Guntur Tenali (M) 1,64,937 85,269 51.70

46. Guntur Ponnuru (M) 59,913 22,421 37.42

47. Guntur Baptla (M) 70,777 10,301 14.55

48. Guntur Repalle (M) 50,866 39,805 78.25

Total 16,46,463 7,30,059 44.34

VIII PRAKASAM

49. Prakasam Markapur (M) 71,092 51,050 71.81

50. Prakasam Chirala (M+OG) (part) 92,942 48,981 52.70

51. Prakasam Ongole (M+OG) (part) 2,08,344 1,08,577 52.11

52. Prakasam Kandukuru (M) 57,246 21,305 37.22

Total 4,29,624 2,29,913 53.51

IX SPS NELLORE

53. Nellore Kavali (M+OG) 90,099 37,003 41.07

54. Nellore Nellore (M.Corp.+OG)

5,47,621 2,04,387 37.32

55. Nellore Gudur (M+OG) part 74,037 16,584 22.40

56. Nellore Venkatagiri (M+OG) 52,688 25,700 48.78

Total 7,64,445 2,83,674 37.11

(Contd..)

233


DISTRICT WISE SLUM POPULATION OF TOWNS AND CITIES, 2011 CENSUS

Sl.

No

Name of the

District

Name of the Town/

Out Growth

Total

Population

Slum

Population

% of Slum

Population

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

X Y S R District

57. YSR Badvel (M) part 70,626 44,584 63.13

58. YSR Proddatur (M+OG) 1,63,970 52,180 31.82

59. YSR Jammalamadugu (NP) 46,069 20,117 43.67

60. YSR Pulivendula (M) 65,706 51,570 78.49

61. YSR Kadapa (M.Corp.+OG) part 3,44,893 1,30,096 37.72

62. YSR Rayachoti (M) 91,234 40,850 44.77

63. YSR Rajampet (NP+OG) 54,050 15,512 28.70

Total 8,36,548 3,54,909 42.43

XI KURNOOL DISTRICT

64. Kurnool Yemmiganur (M) 95,149 73,965 77.74

65. Kurnool Kurnool (M.Corp.+OG) part

4,57,633 1,52,395 33.30

66. Kurnool Adoni (M + OG) 1,84,625 1,05,128 56.94

67. Kurnool Nandyal (M + OG) 2,11,424 1,45,721 68.92

68. Kurnool Dhone (NP) 59,272 45,486 76.74

Total 1,01,08,103 5,22,695 51.85

XII. ANANTHAPUR

69. Ananthapuram

u Rayadurg (M) 61,749 60,313 97.67

70. Ananthapuram

u Gunthkal (M) 1,26,270 90,884 71.98

71. Ananthapuram

u Tadpatri (M) 1,08,171 30,221 27.94

72. Ananthapuram

u

Ananthapuramu (M.Corp+OG)

(part) 2,67,161 85,406 31.97

73. Ananthapuram

u Dharmavaram (M) 1,21,874 82,785 67.93

74. Ananthapuram

u Kadiri (M) 89,429 50,823 56.83

75. Ananthapuram

u Hindupur (M) 1,51,677 75,796 49.97

Total 9,26,331 4,76,228 51.41

XIII. CHITTOOR

76. Chittoor Srikalahasthi (M) 80,056 31,320 39.12

77. Chittoor Tirupati (M.Corp.+OG) part 2,95,323 1,25,425 42.47

78. Chittoor Madanapalle (M+OG) 1,80,180 29866 16.58

79. Chittoor Nagari (M) 62,253 14,974 24.05

80. Chittoor Puttur (M) 54,092 26,099 48.25

81. Chittoor Punganur (M) 54,746 21,356 39.01

82. Chittoor Chittoor (M+OG) 1,60,722 48,166 29.97

83. Chittoor Palamaner

(M+OG) part 54,035 27,848 51.54

Total 9,41,407 3,25,054 34.53

Note: The Directorate of Census Operations,A.P. enumerated the slum population in the

slum areas of cities & towns which had a population of 50,000 and above in Census-1991.

U.A.: Urban Agglomeration, M.C.: Municipal Corporation

M: Municipality, C.B.: Cantonment Board, C.T.: Census Town NP: Nagar Panchayat.

Source: Primary Census Abstract, Census, 2011, Directorate of Census Operations, A.P.

Hyderabad.

234

TABLE - 7.22

PROJECTED POPULATION BY SEX (AS ON 1St MARCH)

IN UNITED ANDHRA PRADESH (In ‘000)

Sl. No. Year Persons Males Females

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. 2001 76,210 38,527 37,683

2. 2002 77,154 38,976 38,179

3. 2003 78,074 39,414 38,660

4. 2004 78,973 39,844 39,129

5. 2005 79,852 40,264 39,587

6. 2006 80,712 40,677 40,036

7. 2007 81,554 41,080 40,474

8. 2008 82,375 41,475 40,900

9. 2009 83,178 41,862 41,316

10. 2010 83,964 42,240 41,724

11. 2011 84,735 42,611 42,124

12. 2012 85,491 42,974 42,517

13. 2013 86,229 43,329 42,901

14. 2014 86,952 43,676 43,277

15. 2015 87,662 44,015 43,647

16. 2016 88,361 44,348 44,013

17. 2017 89,035 44,671 44,363

18. 2018 89,691 44,986 44,705

19. 2019 90,330 45,293 45,037

20. 2020 90,949 45,591 45,359

21. 2021 91,549 45,880 45,669

22. 2022 92,111 46,147 45,964

23. 2023 92,649 46,401 46,248

24. 2024 93,160 46,641 46,518

25. 2025 93,636 46,862 46,774

26. 2026 94,073 47,061 47,012

Note: Projections are made on 2001 Census figures

Source: Census of India, 2001 – Population projections of India and States 2001-2026.

O/o Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, New Delhi.

235

TABLE - 7.23

VARIATION IN POPULATION OF ANDHRA PRADESH


Sl. No. Year

Population (Persons)

Variation (+) increase

or(-) Decrease Sex Ratio

(Number of Females per 1,000 Males)

No. of Persons Percentage

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. 1901 1,30,71,874 - - 1,004

2. 1911 1,41,10,152 +10,38,278 +7.94 1,010

3. 1921 1,44,45,471 +3,35,319 +2.38 1,008

4. 1931 1,60,87,691 +16,42,220 +11.37 1,002

5. 1941 1,79,43,071 +18,55,380 +11.53 991

6. 1951 2,02,16,637 +22,73,566 +12.67 988

7. 1961 2,32,88,866 +30,72,229 +15.20 984

8. 1971 2,76,84,813 +43,95,947 +18.88 981

9. 1981 3,33,68,588 +56,83,775 +20.53 978

10. 1991 4,04,18,934 +70,50,346 +21.13 976

11. 2001 4,53,97,069 +48,03,802 +11.89 983

12. 2011 4,95,77,103 +41,64,063 +9.21 997 76

Note: Data from 1901 to 1991 Census excludes merged villages of Khammam.

Source: Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.

TABLE - 7.24

GROWTH OF POPULATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 1911 TO 2011

CENSUS

Sl. No. Census Year Male Female Persons

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1.

1911 7.65 8.23 7.94

. 1921 2.49 2.26 2.38

3. 1931 11.69 11.05 11.37

4. 1941 12.15 10.92 11.53

5. 1951 12.81 12.53 12.67

6. 1961 15.43 14.96 15.20

7. 1971 19.06 18.68 18.88

8. 1981 20.73 20.33 20.53

9. 1991 21.27 20.98 21.13

10. 2001 11.48 12.30 11.89

11. 2011 8.46 9.97 9.21

Note : Data excludes merged villages of Khammam. Source: Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.

236

TABLE - 7.25 HAZARDOUS WASTE REGULATORY QUANTITIES

Waste

Category

(No.)

Types of Wastes Regulatory Quantities

1. 2. 3.

1. Cyanide wastes 1 kilogram per year calculated as cyanide

2. Metal finishing wastes 10 kilograms per year the sum of the specified substance calculated as pure metal

3. Waste containing water soluble chemical zinc, compounds of lead, copper, chromium, nickel, selenium, barium and antimony

10 kilogrms per year the sum of the specified substance calculated as pure metal

4. Mercury, arsenic, thallium and cadmium bearing wastes

5 kilograms per year the sum of the specified substance calculated as pure metal

5. Non - halogenated hydrocarbons including solvents

200 kilograms per year calculated as non-halogenated hydrocarbons

6. Halogenated hydrocarbons including solvents

50 kilograms per year calculated as halogenated hydrocarbons

7. Wastes from paints, pigments, glue, varnish and printing ink

250 kilograms per year calculated as oil or oil emulsions

8. Wastes from dyes and dye intermediates containing inorganic chemical compounds

200 kilograms per year calculated as in organic chemicals

9. Wastes from dyes and dye intermediates containing organic chemical compounds

50 kilograms per year calculated as organic chemicals

10. Waste oils and oil emulsions 1000 kilograms per year calculated as oil and oil emulsions

11. Tarry wastes from refining and tar residues from distillation or pyrolytic treatment

200 kilograms per year calculated as tar

12. Sludge arising from treatment of waste water containing heavy metals, toxic organics, oils, emulsions & spend chemicals& incineration ash

Irrespective of any quantity

13. Phenols 5 kilograms per year calculated as phenols

14. Asbestos 200 kilograms per year calculated as asbestos

15. Wastes from manufacture of pesticides, herbicides and residues from pesticides from herbicide formulation unit

5 kilograms per year calculated as pesticides and their intermediate products

16. Acidic/alkaline/slurry wastes 200 kilograms per year calculated as acids/alkalis

17. Off-specification and discarded products


18. Discarded containers and container liners of hazardous and toxic wastes


Source:Compendium of Environment of Statistics, 2015, C.S.O., Govt. of India,

New Delhi.

237

TABLE - 7.26(A)

GARBAGE GENERATED AND LIFTED IN TOWNS/CITIES


Sl. No. District/ Name

of the Municipality

Population

as per 2011

Census

(MSW)Daily

Garbage

Generated (MTs.)

(MSW)Daily

Garbage Lifted

(MTs.)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

I. SRIKAKULAM

1. Srikakulam 1,25,150 107.00 107.00

2. Amadalavalasa 39,806 19.00 18.50

3. Ichapuram 36,493 17.00 17.00

4. Palasa-Kasibugga 57,707 18.00 18.00

5. Rajam 42,123 20.00 16.00

II. VIZIANAGARAM

6. Vizianagaram 2,44,598 110.00 105.00

7. Bobbili 56,876 16.00 15.50

8. Parvatipuram 54,070 25.00 25.00

9. Salur 49,500 12.00 12.00

III. VISAKHAPATNAM

12. Narsipatnam 61,540 23.50 21.50

13. Yelamanchili 46,712 12.00 12.00

IV. EAST GODAVARI

14. Rajahmundry 3,43,903 148.38 148.38

15. Kakinada 3,25,985 224.00 224.00

16. Amalapuram 53,231 35.00 35.00

17. Tuni 53,425 30.00 30.00

18. Pithapuram 52,304 26.00 26.00

19. Samalkot 56,864 31.00 31.00

20. Mandapeta 53,588 31.00 31.00

21. Ramachandrapuram 43,657 30.00 30.00

22. Peddapuram 49,579 2.00 23.00

23. Gollaprolu 23,882 7.50 7.50

24. Mummidivaram 25,355 4.00 4.00

25. Yeleswaram 32,084 7.50 7.50

V. WEST GODAVARI

26. Eluru 2,17,876 69.00 69.00

27. Bhimavaram 1,42,317 80.00 80.00

28. Tadepalligudem 1,03,906 65.00 65.00

29. Palakol 71,646 32.00 30.00

30. Narsapur 58,901 32.00 32.00

31. Tanuku 90,430 50.00 50.00

32. Nidadavole 43,809 22.00 22.00

33. Kovvur 39,706 25.00 25.00

34. Jangareddigudem 48,994 8 .00 8.00

(Contd.)

238

TABLE - 7.26(A)(Contd.)




of the Municipality

Population as per 2011

Census

(MSW)Daily Garbage

Generated (MTs.)

(MSW)Daily Garbage Lifted

(MTs.)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

VI. KRISHNA

35. Machilipatnam 1,70,008 92.00 89.00.

36. Gudivada 1,18,289 50.00 50.00

37. Nuzivid 58,590 28.00 28.00

38. Jaggaiahpet 13,629 32.00 31.00

39. Pedana 30,835 15.50 14.0 0

40. Nandigama 44,359 24.00 24.00

41. Tiruvuru 34,235 16.50 16.50

42. Vuyyuru 37,777 12.00 12.00

VII. GUNTUR

43. Tenali 1,64,937 92.00 92.00

44. Narsaraopet 1,17,568 65.00 65.00

45. Chilakaluripet 1,01,550 60.00 60.00

46. Bapatla 70,777 42.87 42.87

47. Ponnur 59,859 35.00 35.00

48. Repalle 50,866 25.00 25.00

49. Macherla 57,296 19.00 19.00

50. Mangalagiri 73,735 36.00 36.00

51. Sattenapalle 56,663 28.00 28.00

52. Vinukonda 59,725 338.00 338.00

53. Piduguralla 63,015 35.00 35.00

54. Tadepalli 54,362 30.00 30.00

55. Guntur Municipal Corp. 7,44,916 310.00 310.00

VIII. PRAKASAM

56. Ongole Municipal Corp. 2,51,175 105.00 105.00

57. Chirala 87,200 53.00 53.00

58. Markapur 71,092 34.00 34.00

59. Kandukur 57,246 39.00 39.00

60. Addanki(NP) 40,353 11.50 11.50

61. Chimakurthy(NP) 30,332 15.00 15.00

62. Kanigiri (NP) 44,755 33.00 33.00

63. Giddalur 38,708 15.00 15.00

IX. S.P.S NELLORE

64. Kavali 82,142 53.00 53.00

65. Gudur 73,618 38.00 38.00

66. Atmakur 30,556 16.00 16.00

67. SullurPet 45,782 13.00 13.00

68. Naidupet 45,055 10.00 10.00

69. Venkatagiri 51,498 15.00 15.00

70. Nellore Municipal Corp. 123500 250.00 250.00

239

TABLE - 7.26(A)(Concld.)




of the Municipality


Census

(MSW)Daily Garbage

Generated (MTs.)


(MTs.)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

X. Y.S.R

71. Kadapa 3,44,893 206.00 189.00

72. Proddatur 1,62,717 75.00 75.00

73. Pulivendula 65,706 28.00 27.00

74. Jammalamadugu 46,069 24.00 22.00

75. Rajampet 47,581 30.00 28.00

76. Rayachoti 72,163 38.00 37.00

77. Badvel 70,949 34.00 32.00

78. Mydukur 45,790 6.00 5.00

79. Yerraguntla 32,572 4.00 1.50

XI. KURNOOL

80. Kurnool 4,60,184 205.00 200.00

81. Adoni 1,66,537 58.00 58.00

82. Nandyal 2,00,516 60.00 60.00

83. Yemmiganur 94,956 52.00 52.00

84. Dhone 59,272 48.00 40.00

85. Nandikotkur 46,953 14.00 13.00

86. Gudur 22,288 1.50 1.50

87. Allagadda 41,697 10.00 9.00

88. Atmakur 45,703 20.00 20.00

XII. ANANTHAPURAMU

89. Ananthapuramu 2,68,503 125.00 120.00

90. Hindupur 1,51,834 69.00 67.00

91. Guntakal 1,26,470 60.00 59.00

92. Tadipatri 1,08,249 70.00 70.00

93. Dharmavaram 1,26,958 62.00 62.00

94. Kadiri 89,240 30.00 30.00

95. Rayadurg 62,017 30.00 29.50

96. Gooty 48,583 14.00 12.50

97. Kalyanadurgam 42,961 14.00 12.00

98. Paamidi 26,881 15.00 14.50

99. Puttaparthgi 31,610 35.00 34.00

100. Madakasira 21,695 6.52 4.68

XIII. CHITTOOR

101. Chittoor 1,89,332 65.00 60.00

102. Tirupati 3,74,260 190.00 160.00

103. Srikalahasti 80,056 58.00 56.00

104. Madanapalle 1,35,669 65.00 62.00

105. Punganur 54,746 30.00 30.00

106. Palamaneru 51,163 21.00 21.00

107. Putthoor 54,092 28.00 28.00

108. Nagari Report not furnished

Source: Director of Municipal Administration, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

240

TABLE - 7.26(B)




of the Municipality


Census

(MSW)Daily Garbage

Generated (MTs.)


(MTs.)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

I. SRIKAKULAM

1. Srikakulam 1,25,939 71.80 71.80

2. Amadalavalasa 39,806 11.24 11.24

3. Ichapuram 36,493 17.00 17.00

4. Palasa-Kasibugga 57,507 18.00 18.00

5. Rajam (NP) 42,197 16.00 14.00

6. Palakonda NP 31,572 15.00 13.00

II. VIZIANAGARAM

7. Vizianagaram 2,44,598 75.00 70.00

8. Bobbili 56,819 17.20 16.80

9. Parvatipuram 53,844 25.00 24.00

10. Salur 49,500 12.50 12.50

11. Nellimarla 26,259 12.00 12.00

III. VISAKHAPATNAM

12. Narsipatnam 61,540 19.50 16.00

13. Yelamanchili 46,159 12.00 9.00

IV. EAST GODAVARI

14. Rajahmundry 341,831 149.00 149.00

15. Kakinada 3,50,986 224.00 224.00

16. Amalapuram 53,231 35.00 32.70

17. Tuni 53,425 29.82 26.50

18. Pithapuram 52,304 26.00 24.50

19. Samalkot 56,864 23.00 23 .00

20. Mandapeta 53,588 22.00 22 .00

21. Ramachandrapuram 43,657 25.00 24.00

22. Peddapuram 49,579 23.00 22.50

23. Gollaprolu (NP) 23,882 8.00 8.00

24. Mummidivaram (NP) 25,355 9.00 9.00

25. Yeleswaram 32,084 8.00 8.00

V. WEST GODAVARI

26. Eluru 217,876 82.00 82.00

27. Bhimavaram 1,42,184 56.31 56.31

28. Tadepalligudem 1,03,906 78.75 78.75

29. Palacole 71,646 37.00 36.15

30. Narsapur 58,901 32.00 32.00

31. Tanuku 90,430 37.00 37.00

32. Nidadavole 43,809 20.00 20.00

33. Kovvur 39,706 20.00 20.00

34. Jangareddigudem (NP) 48,994 8 .00 7.50

(Contd.)

241

TABLE - 7.26 (B)(Contd.)




of the Municipality


Census

(MSW)Daily Garbage

Generated (MTs.)


(MTs.)

1 2 3 4 5

VI. KRISHNA

35. Vijayawada 10,34,358 - -

36. Machilipatnam 1,69,892 92.00 89.00

37. Gudivada 1,18,167 55.00 54.00

38. Nuzivid 58,590 28.00 26.00

39. Jaggaiahpet 53,469 34.50 33.50

40. Pedana 30,835 15.50 14.5 0

41. Nandigama 44,359 23.50 21.50

42. Tiruvuru 34,623 17.00 16.00

43. Vuyyuru 37,777 18.00 18.00

VII. GUNTUR

44. Guntur 7,43,880 324.00 307.00

45. Tenali 1,64,937 68.00 68.00

46. Narsaraopet 1,16,250 65.00 65.00

47. Chilakaluripet 1,01,398 62.00 62.00

48. Bapatla 70,777 40.00 40.00

49. Ponnur 59,859 35.00 35.00

50. Repalle 50,866 25.00 25.00

51. Macherla 57,296 26.00 24.00

52. Mangalagiri 50,866 40.00 40.00

53. Sattenapalle 56,721 46.00 46.00

54. Vinukonda 59,725 30.50 30.50

55. Piduguralla 63,103 35.00 35.00

56. Tadepalli 54,406 31.00 29.00

VIII. PRAKASAM

57. Ongole Municipal Corp. 2,51,175 65.00 65.00

58. Chirala 87,200 53.00 53.00

59. Markapur 71,092 34.00 33.00

60. Kandukur 57,246 27.00 25.00

61. Addanki 40,353 11.50 11.50

62. Chimakurthy 30,279 16.00 16.00

63. Kanigiri 44,755 33.00 31.00

64. Giddalur 35,150 20.00 18.00

IX. S.P.S NELLORE

65. Nellore Municipal Corp. 6,00,869 200.00 200.00

66. Kavali 97,053 43.00 43.00

67. Gudur 73,617 20.00 17.00

68. Atmakur 30,556 18.00 18.00

69. SullurPet 45,782 16.00 16.00

70. Naidupet 47,200 21.00 20.00

71. Venkatagiri 51,708 13.00 12.00

242

TABLE -7.26 (B) (Concld.)




of the Municipality


Census

(MSW)Daily Garbage

Generated (MTs.)


(MTs.)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

X. Y.S.R

65. Kadapa 3,44,893 206.00 189.00

66. Proddatur 1,62,717 75.00 75.00

67. Pulivendula 65,706 28.00 27.00

68. Jammalamadugu 46,069 24.00 22.00

69. Rajampet 47,581 30.00 28.00

70. Rayachoti 72,163 38.00 37.00

71. Badvel 70,949 34.00 32.00

72. Mydukur 45,790 6.00 5.00

73. Yerraguntla 32,572 4.00 1.50

XI. KURNOOL

74. Kurnool 4,60,184 205.00 200.00

75. Adoni 1,66,537 58.00 58.00

76. Nandyal 2,00,516 60.00 60.00

77. Yemmiganur 94,956 52.00 52.00

78. Dhone 59,272 48.00 40.00

79. Nandikotkur 46,953 14.00 13.00

80. Gundur 22,288 1.50 1.50

81. Allagadda 41,697 10.00 9.00

82. Atmakur NP 45,703 20.00 20.00

XII. ANANTHAPURAMU

83. Ananthapuramuamu 2,68,503 125.00 120.00

84. Hindupur 1,51,834 69.00 67.00

85. Guntakal 1,26,470 60.00 59.00

86. Tadipatri 1,08,249 70.00 70.00

87. Dharmavaram 1,26,958 62.00 62.00

88. Kadiri 89,240 30.00 30.00

89. Rayadurg 62,017 30.00 29.50

90. Gooty 48,583 14.00 12.50

91. Kalyanadurgam 42,961 14.00 12.00

92. Paamidi 26,881 15.00 14.50

93. Puttaparthgi 31,610 35.00 34.00

94. Madakasira 21,695 6.52 4.68

XIII. CHITTOOR

95. Chittoor 1,89,332 65.00 60.00

96. Tirupati 3,74,260 190.00 160.00

97. Srikalahasti 80,056 58.00 56.00

98. Madanapalle 1,35,669 65.00 62.00

99. Punganur 54,746 30.00 30.00

100. Palamaneru 51,163 21.00 21.00

101. Putthoor 54,092 28.00 28.00

102. Nagari 43,021 22.00 22.00

NP: Nagar Panchayat

Source: Director of Municipal Administration, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.

243

TABLE - 7.27

STATUS OF LAND FILL SITES

Sl.

No.

Name of the

City

No of land

fill sites

Area of Land fill

(In Ha.)

Life of Land

Fill Years

New Site

Proposed

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. Visakhapatnam 1 40.5 25 No

2. Vijayawada - - - No

Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2015, CSO, G.O.I, New Delhi.

(CPCB with the assistance of NEERI conducted survey of solid waste

management in 59 cities (35 metro cities and 24 state capital–2004-05)

TABLE - 7.28

QUANTITIES AND WASTE GENERATION RATE

Sl.

No.

Name of the

City

Population

as per

2011

census

Area in Sq.kms

Waste

quantity

(Tonnes per

day)

Waste generation

rate (Kcal/day)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. Visakhapatnam 18,69,729 110 584 0.59

2. Vijayawada 15,74,132 58 374 0.44



management in 59 cities (35 metro cities and 24 state capital– 2004-05)

TABLE - 7.29

WASTE CHARACTERIZATION

Sl.

No.

Name of the

City

Compo-

stables

(%)

Recyclables

(%)

C/N Ratio

(%)

HCV

Kcal/kg

(%)

Moisture

in

(%)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

1. Visakhapatnam 45.96 24.20 41.70 1,602 53

2. Vijayawada 59.43 17.40 33.90 1,910 46



management in 59 cities (35 metro cities and 24 state capital– 2004-05)

244

TABLE - 7.30

RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROGRAMME

DISTRICT-WISE COVERAGE OF DRINKING WATER SOURCES

(As on 01.04.2015)

Sl.

No. District CPWS Schemes PWS Schemes Hand Pumps

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. Srikakulam 27 825 14,546

2. Vizianagaram 23 1,217 16,143

3. Visakapatnam 40 2,669 18,652

4. East Godavari 41 1,938 9,182

5. West Godavari 20 2,098 2,994

6. Krishna 37 1,504 10,989

7. Guntur 69 1,313 13,965

8. Prakasam 45 1,486 24,288

9. S.P.S Nellore 32 2,185 17,146

10. Y.S.R 23 2,112 14,089

11. Kurnool 56 2,414 12,570

12. Ananthapuramu 65 4,199 13,691

13. Chittoor 5 6,268 18,701

ANDHRA PRADESH 483 30,228 1,86,956

CPWSS: Comprehensively Protected water Supply Scheme (for multi villages) PWSS: Protected water Supply Scheme (for single village) HPs: Hand Pumps Source: Chief Engineer, Admn. RWS&S, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.

TABLE - 7.31

RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROGRAMME

DISTRICT-WISE COVERAGE OF RURAL HABITATIONS (As on 01.04.2015)

Sl. No.

District Total No. of

Habitaions

Habitation Status

* No of FC Habs

* No of NC/PC Habs

* No of QA Habs

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. Srikakulam 3,987 733 3,216 38

2. Vizianagaram 2,945 1,310 1,573 62

3. Visakapatnam 5,602 1,773 3,817 12

4. East Godavari 3,240 1,090 2,101 49

5. West Godavari 2,401 1,095 1,303 3

6. Krishna 2,484 1,407 1,044 33

7. Guntur 1,702 519 1,146 37

8. Prakasam 2,331 860 1,417 54

9. S.P.S Nellore 3,074 1,300 1,681 93

10. Y.S.R 4,416 1,028 3,388 0

11. Kurnool 1,498 409 1,024 65

12. Ananthapuramu 3,319 2,117 1,060 142

13. Chittoor 11,207 4,495 6,706 6

ANDHRA PRADESH 48,206 18,136 29,476 594

* FC: Fully Covered, PC: Partly Covered QA: Quality affected, NC: Not covered. Source: Chief Engineer, Admn. RWS&S, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.

245

TABLE - 7.32

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF AILMENT

BY AGE–GROUP IN ANDHRA PRADESH AS ON JUNE, 2004

Sl.

No.

Type of

Ailment

Age Group Age Group

Rural Urban

0-4 5-14 15-

39

40-

59 60+ All 0-4 5-14

15-

39

40-

59 60+ All

Hospitalised Cases

1. Water Borne Diseases 54.0 20.4 15.6 14.9 13.4 18.4 56.3 34.4 20.4 11.3 13.2 21.3

2. Communicable through heredity

4.8 6.7 9.3 9.7 18.4 10.4 9.3 3.2 2.7 12.2 18.1 8.3

3. Other Communicable - 0.2 6.4 13.6 14.2 8.6 - 0.4 6.4 3.1 0.6 3.4

4. Cardiac 7.6 0.8 7.8 9.5 11.6 8.1 - 12.7 5.2 14.5 19.1 10.2

5. Malnutritional 4.5 12.6 4.5 5.1 10.8 6.9 3.2 0.4 5.8 6.4 7.3 5.5

6. Accident - 5.1 6.5 6.4 5.5 5.6 5.2 4.7 12.0 13.5 4.3 9.7

7. Meternity - - 11.3 0.8 - 3.9 - - 10.0 2.6

- 4.6

8. Astma - 1.8 1.1 2.5 4.7 2.1 3.8 - 3.2 1.1 6.7 3.0

9. Insect Bite - - - - - - - 5.0 7.2 4.9 7.0 5.8

10. Others (Diagnosed) 12.9 24.9 16.6 18.8 9.8 16.8 10.7 17.4 12.7 21.2 14.9 15.5

11. Others (Un Diagnosed) 16.2 27.5 20.9 18.7 11.6 19.2 20.8 25.0 17.1 21.4 27.9 21.0

Totals 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Non-Hospitalised Cases

1.

Water Borne Diseases 36.0 20.5 18.2 16.0 14.0 20.7 35.2 21.6 17.8 9.5 11.6 19.1

2. Communicable Through heredity

15.1 21.0 14.2 15.0 13.6 16.9 14.3 15.7 14.5 12.3 14.8 15.3

3. Other Communicable

4.1 1.0 11.9 15.0 21.0 12.7 1.0 1.5 19.6 18.4 29.7 13.9

4. Cardiac

- 1.0 3.0 12.0 5.6 4.4 - 0.7 4.2 12.3 12.9 5.5

5. Malnutritional 7.6 8.3 8.6 9.0 3.5 6.6 4.8 2.2 5.6 5.6 2.6 4.3

6. Accident 1.7 6.3 3.6 6.0 2.1 3.0 1.9 8.2 4.7 1.7 3.9 3.9

7. Astma 6.4 6.3 3.6 3.3 5.6 4.0 13.3 8.2 1.4 3.4 3.2 7.0

8. Insect Bite 0.6 1.5 0.7 7.0 11.2 5.0 1.0 3.0 3.3 5.0 7.7 3.6

9. Others (Diagnosed) 11.6 14.1 14.9 12.0 10.5 12.6 16.2 16.4 14.5 12.8 7.7 13.3

10. Others (Un Diagnosed)

16.9 20.0 21.3 17.4 12.9 17.7 12.3 22.5 14.4 19.0 5.9 14.8

Totals 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, Govt. of India, New Delhi.

169

205

228

248

165

200

224

247

200

250

300

PO

PU

LA

TIO

N I

N L

AK

HS

CHART - 7.2

DECADAL POPULATION IN ANDARA PRADESH FROM 1971 TO 2011

MALE

FEMALE

140 137

165

0

50

100

150

1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

PO

PU

LA

TIO

N I

N L

AK

HS

YEARS

4.95

3.49

4

5

6

PO

PU

LA

TIO

N

(in

Cro

res)

Table No. 7.3

ANDHRA PRADESH POPULATION AS PER

2011 CENSUS

2.48

1.75

0.73

2.47

1.74

0.73

1.46

0

1

2

3

Persons Rural Urban Persons Rural Urban Persons Rural Urban

Males Females Total

PO

PU

LA

TIO

N

(in

Cro

res)

81

90

87

84

89 88

73

77 78

70 69

74 73

70

75 75 74 74

71

6765

63 6260

58

66

5759 58

63

60

70

80

90

100

Infa

nt

Mort

ali

ty R

ate

(P

er t

ho

usa

nd

Liv

e b

irth

s)

CHART - 7.4

INFANT MORTALITY RATES IN ANDHRA PRADESH-1984 TO 2013 Rural

Urban

58

54

51

47 4644

5759 58

53

56 56

42

46

52

43

38 37 38 37 36

39

3533

39 39 38 37 36 3533

31 30 29

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Infa

nt

Morta

lity

Ra

te (

Per

th

ou

san

d L

ive

bir

ths)

Year

67.9

69.4

70.9

72.1

73.3

66.9

68.4

69.4

68

70

72

74

76

EX

PE

CT

AT

IO

N O

F L

IF

E A

T B

IR

TH

CHART - 7.5

EXPECTATION OF LIFE AT BIRTH IN ANDHRA PRADESH

DURING 2001-05 TO 2021-25

Female Male

63.4

65.4

66.9

58

60

62

64

66

20

01

-05

20

06

-10

20

11

-15

20

16

-20

20

21

-25

EX

PE

CT

AT

IO

N O

F L

IF

E A

T B

IR

TH

Year

ABBREVATIONS

APPCB Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board APCPC Andhra Pradesh Cleaner Production Cell

ASI Annual Survey of Industries BMD Bio Medical Waste

Cu.m Cubic Metre CPCB Central Pollution Control Board

CFC Chloro-Floro-Carbons CO Carbon Monoxide CH4 Methane

Cl Chlorine

CSO Central Statistical Organization

GHS Green House Gases GOI Government of India H2S Hydrozen Sulphide

HC Hydro Carbons IGZP Indira Gandhi Zoological Park

MCM Million Cubic Meter Mg Magnesium MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests

MW Mega Watts MLD Million Litres per Day

MTs. Metric Tonnes NA Not Available Neg. Negligible

NH3 Ammonia NOX Oxides of Nitrogen

OR Offence Reports ODP Ozone Depletion Potential PM Particulate Matter

Ppm Parts per Million Ppmv Parts per Million by volume per year

SEP Social Forestry Project SO2 Sulphor Dioxide SO4 Sulphate

SPM Solid Particulate Matter STP Sewage Treatment Plants

SVZP Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park Sq. Kms Square Kilometres WS Sub Water Shed

RSPM Residual suspended Particulate Matter TDS Total Dissolved Solids

ug Microgram TSP Total Suspended Particulate

UDOR Undetected Offence Reports

DIRECTORATE OF ECONOMICS & STATISTICSGOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

GOLLAPUDI, VIJAYAWADAAMRAVATI

EE--mail :mail : [email protected][email protected] : http://www.des.ap.gov.in

P R E F A C E

Natural resources like land, air, water bodies, forest, flora and faunawhich are very precious and are gifted to the human beings for his nourishment.The impact of depletion of these natural resources due to its location andgeographical features and vulnerability of natural hazards like cyclones, droughts,floods, fire, earthquakes and landslides will adversely affect not only on thepresent generation but also on future generations. The major pollutants likevehicular emissions, industrial effluents, sewage and municipal solid waste arealso causes man made hazards.

In view of the importance of Environment Statistics in present scenario,preserving clean environment is one of the important factors for the sound healthof the state. In this regard, the Directorate of Economics & Statistics,Government of Andhra Pradesh state has been bringing out the publication“Compendium of Environment Statistics, Andhra Pradesh” since 2006 as per theguidelines of the Central Statistical Organization, New Delhi.

The present Publication “Compendium of Environment Statistics,Andhra Pradesh 2015” is the eighth issue in its series and it provides the datafor the years 2015 Andhra Pradesh on core parameters such as Biodiversity,Atmosphere, Lithosphere, Hydrosphere and Human Settlements. This publicationis useful to the users in understanding various aspects of environment and itsimpact on sustainable development.

The Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of AndhraPradesh has been endeavoring to strengthen the environmental database of thestate on present scenario to improve the quality and coverage, content andpresentation of the publication in each issue. Graphs and environment relatedpictures have also been included in this publication to make it more usersfriendly.

I express my deep gratitude to all departments/agencies for theircontribution in providing valuable data/information and efforts made by theOfficers and staff members of Social Statistics Division in bringing out thepublication are very much appreciable. I hope to get the continued support fromall the data source agencies in future also.

Comments and suggestions from the users for further improvement of thispublication are most welcome.

Vijayawada, Dr.D.Dakshinamurty,13.03.2017. DIRECTOR.

directorate of economics & statistics government of … · is eighth edition in this series....

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