direct use of geothermal energy in chile: a review and...
TRANSCRIPT
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Direct use of Geothermal Energy
in Chile: a review and update
Dr. Diego Morata
Dpto Geología & CEGA
Fac. Cs Físicas y Matemáticas
Universidad de Chile
Tercera Jornada Técnica 2018
ALHSUD Santiago, 30 Mayo 2018
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Classification of Geothermal systems
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Instalado Construcción
SIC (MW)
Mini-hidro 576 70
Solar PV 1566 106
Eólica 1330 615
Biomasa 482
SING (MW)
Mini-hidro 16
Solar PV 680 108
Eólica 202
Geotermia 48
CSP 110
TOTAL CHILE
5013 1020
Fuente: Newsletter ACERA Marzo 2018
ERNC Instaladas en Chile
(Marzo 2018)
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South America @ 2015: the only continent in the world
without any geothermal power plant….
Installed geothermal capacity in 2015 worldwide (Bertani, 2015)
Different countries, different
societies, different comunnities!!!
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Cerro Pabellón (N. Chile):
First power plant in South America (48 MW, in operation in
2017; two binary power plants). 4500 m.a.s.l., in the Atacama
Desert, 100 km far away Calama city
Geotérmica del Norte S.A.
(2006)
51.4% 48.6%
81.7% 18.3%
En 2006
Hoy…
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“Prehistory” of the geothermal
development in Chile:
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Chile: high geothermal anomaly!!
Heat flow in South America
(from Hamza et al, 2005)
Tolhuaca Geothermal Field (S Chile, MRP) El Tatio Geothermal Field (N Chile)
• Close relation between recent volcanism and high-T geothermal systems
• High geothermal potential (unexploited!)
• No real estimation about geothermal potential
• Abundant medium and low-enthalpy systems
• Different exploration programs in most of the Andean countries (private companies in Chile)
• Andean countries: mostly used for bathing and spa (≈ 340 MWt; Lund et al., 2011)
• Incipient low-T direct use in Chile (≈ 9 MWt)
• Geological, economical and social barriers
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Usos directos de la geotermia:
la gran desconocida
(y quizá…el futuro)
• Uso residencial y comercial: – Calefacción, bombas de calor – Balnearios y calentamiento de agua – Refrigeración – Deshielo
• Usos de agricultura y relacionados: – Ganadería – Acuicultura – Invernaderos – Procesos de productos agrícolas;
secado, etc. • Uso industrial:
– Procesamiento de pulpa de madera y papel
– Tratamiento de aguas
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Capacidad total instalada (2015): 70.885 MWt (en 82 países en el mundo)
País Principal contribución del uso directo de la geotermia
Islandia 90% de las casas calefaccionadas mediante calefacción distrital.
Japón 5000 baños públicos, 1500 hoteles con spa termales que han sido visitados
por 15 millones de huéspedes/año.
Suecia 20% de construcciones calefaccionadas mediante bombas de calor
geotermales.
Suiza 90.000 bombas de calor geotermales instaladas (~3 unidades/km2)
Túnez 244 hectáreas de invernaderos calefaccionados
Turquía 90.000 apartamentos calefaccionados en residencias de 16 ciudades
(~30% del total)
EEUU 1.4 millones de bombas geotermales instaladas (con un 7% anual de
crecimiento).
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Some data…
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CEGA synergy projects
• High- & medium-enthalpy
geothermal systems – The LOFS geothermal
domain
– Geothermal systems in
Northern Chile
• Low-enthalpy systems
and direct use – Identification of favorability
areas
– Implementation of
successful experiences
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Direct uses in Chile:
• Mostly for recreational and touristic purposes • Only four spas with shallow wells (spas mostly using
directly hot water) • Total “calculated” capacity installed of 11.31 MWt
(but precise quantitative information is not available!!)
• 51 informed Geothermal Heat Pumps installed from 1996 up today: ≈70% closed-loop (ground-coupled), rest open-loop (water source)
• Installed heat pump capacity of 8.6 MWt (only 17% installed in houses and apartments, rest instaled in commercial, industrial and institutional buildings)
• TOTAL GEOTHERMAL DIRECT-USE IN CHILE (@ 2015): 19.91 MWt & 186.12TJ/year
Data from Lahsen et al (2015), WGC Melbourne 2015 and Lund & Lloyd (2016), Geothermics
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Usos directos
Blue Lagoon (geothermal spa)
Planta geotérmica Svartsengi, Islandia •Generación eléctrica •Calefacción distrital •Balneología y recreación
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El ESTADO y el desarrollo histórico
de la GEOTERMIA en Chile
• Mayo 2014: “Agenda de Energía” Ministerio de
Energía. ENERGIA: Confiable + Sustentable +
Inclusiva + Precios Razonables. 20%ERNC al
2015. Se propone una Modificación a la Ley de
Geotermia (Ley de Impulso a la Geotermia, Cuarto
Trimestre 2015 (??)) y una Propuesta de
programa para el uso térmico directo de la
geotermia (??).
• Agenda de Energía EJE 3: “Promoveremos el
desarrollo de la Geotermia para Desarrollo Local”
• Año 2016-2017: colapso compañías explorando
geotermia en Chile
• Año 2017: Mesa de Geotermia: Ministerio
Energia + Privados + Academia
• Mayo 2018: Ruta Energética: Ministerio de
Energía (se abre la puerta a la geotermia tanto
para electricidad como uso térmico)
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District heating and individual space heating…
Arcilla impermeable Caliza Arenisca Granito Terreno superficial
Lo que nos convoca….
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District heating in Europe…
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v
Geotermia: una alternativa
energética para Aysén
Dr. Diego Morata
Centro de Excelencia en Geotermia de Los Andes
Departamento de Geología
Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas,
Universidad de Chile
www.cega.ing.uchile.cl
Plaza Ercilla 803, Santiago, Chile
Teléfono: (56 2) 29784885
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Uso de los recursos
geotermales de la Región
de Aysén (S. Chile)
Apoyo de
Gobiernos
Regionales al uso
directo….
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Usos directos: bombas de
calor geotermales
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Calefacción distrital con
geotermia….(no es un sueño)
Un día de inverno cualquiera
en Coyhaique….
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Calefacción con geotermia….
(no es un sueño)
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Some other Chilean examples…..
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Colegio Voipir de Ñancul (Villarrica)
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Ejemplos de gran escala:
10 intercambiadores verticales
cerrados de 70-80 m.
Sistema de climatización, para 1.675m2. Potencia frigorífica de 101,6 kW. Potencia Calorífica de 135,8 kW.
Bomba de Calor y sistema de distribución Colector Geotérmico
Parque Científico Tecnológico de la Universidad Católica del Maule
Parque Científico Tecnológico de la Universidad Católica del Maule
contacto: David Zamora B. <[email protected]>
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Indicadores económicos
Ejemplos de gran escala
Hotel y Cabañas del Lago (Puerto Varas): 10.000 m2 Potencia Térmica 460 KW Calefacción (agua sobre 60ºC) y Agua Caliente Sanitaria Sistema geotérmico con pozo profundo Inversión: MM$90,7.- Costo Operación: MM$ 1,4.-/mes Ahorro: MM$ 5,5.-. /mes TRI: 16 meses
www.geotermika.cl
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Indicadores económicos
Ejemplos de gran escala
Colegio San Javier Puerto Montt 22.000 m2 Calefacción y Agua Caliente Sanitaria Sistema geotérmico con pozo de agua Inversión: MM$320.- Costo Operación: MM$1,6.-/mes Ahorro: MM$7,2.-/mes TRI: 38 meses (alternativa caldera petróleo MM$45)
www.geotermika.cl
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But…many more applications:
Greenhouse heating
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Usos directos: invernaderos C.E.T. Valle Verde, Puerto Aysén (Chile)
Proyecto FAE
(Fondo de Acceso a la
Energía)
Proyecto PNUMA
Programa Naciones Unidas
Medio Ambiente)
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Fish farming
“Granja” de cocodrilos en Colorado
(agua calentada con geotermia).
New Mexico geothermal energy
(piscifactoría de Tilapia)
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…and why not in S. Chile?
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A multidisciplinary “integrated”
low-enthalpy CEGA project
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Outreach: communication, education
and difussion
http://www.cega.ing.uchile.cl/
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Comunicación y
Difusión!!
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• Chile:
• geothermal country
• need to updated direct use installed experiences in the
country
• need of an specific regulation
• need to enhance the international cooperation in R & D
• good opportunities for reducing air pollution in some
cities
• In agreement with COP21
• Possibility for using in many other applications
• Education, social impact & future
• A Chilean Low-T geothermal network?
Conclusions
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www.cega.ing.uchile.cl