direct perception action coupling
Post on 21-Oct-2014
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DESCRIPTION
A unified framework that brings together Gibsonian Direct Perception and Embodied Cognition to design intuitive Human Machine Interfaces that support mission critical applications. (a presentation for the general audience of engineers and technoogist who may not have a background in psychology)TRANSCRIPT
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Designing Technology that’s Second Nature
The Direct Perception-Action Coupling (DPAC) Approach
Moin Rahman & Ganesh BalakrishnanDesign-Integration | Motorola
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Technology, Second Nature
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When I See Three Oranges, I JuggleWhen I See Two Towers, I Walk
-PHILIPPE PETIT, 1974Man on Wire
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• Gibson’s Direct Perception• Neo-Gibsonian Approach (DPAC)• Human-Machine Interfaces (A Retrospective)• Designing “technology that’s second nature.”
Topics
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Gibson’s Direct Perception
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James Gibson
Sensation vs. Perception
Stimulus: something that incites or excites the senses.
Sensation is passive: occurs when an organism’s senses are stimulated by energy (light, sound energy, etc.). - Detects the presence/absence of stimulus.
Perception is active: it occurs when the organism interrogates an object or stimulus with its senses.- Apprehends the meaning contained within the stimulus.
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Indirect Perception (classical)Matching the event or stimulus with what has been stored in memory (comparison): Meaning is Deduced.
Direct Perception (Gibsonian) The richness of the stimulation – or higher order pattern or property – is sufficient with which meaning is Derived.
Indirect vs. Direct Perception
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Indirect vs. Direct Perception
Indirect Perception
Direct Perception
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Two Key Concepts of DP
1) Invariance
2) Affordance
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Invariance
• An invariant is defined as a constant pattern, usually amid change in other variables.– Transformational Invariance– Structural Invariance
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Transformational Invariance
Transformational invariance are styles of change that remain constant.
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Structural Invariance
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Structural Invariance
Structural invariants are patterns that remained constant when something else changed.
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Structural Invariance (violation)
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Invariance?
• Invariance are higher-order patterns that are recognized as “fixed” or “constants” by the perceptual system.
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Direct Perception Invariance
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Invariance in Artifacts
What is the higher order pattern? - about knee high- deep enough- flat surface- sturdy
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Invariance in Artifacts
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Invariance in Artifacts
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Invariance in Artifacts
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Invariance in Artifacts
essential collateral discretionary
linguistic
graphic
empathic
Courtesy: Del Coates ()
Ergonomically relevant Aesthetically relevant
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Direct Perception
Direct Perception (information pickup):
Meaning inherent in an organism-environment system can be picked up directly without any mental calculations
4
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Direct Perception (examples)
“Each thing says what it is…a fruit says ‘Eat me’; water says ‘Drink me’; thunder says ‘Fear me’; and woman says ‘Love me’- From the Principles of Gestalt Psychology (Kofka, 1935).
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Direct Perception (action possibilities):Potential for action, without significant intermediate stages involving memory or inferences
Direct Perception
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Direct perception reveals Affordance
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An organism directly perceives an object in terms of the action it may afford
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Affordance (examples)
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Door Handles
Pull Affordance Push Affordance
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Affordance (examples)
5
Door Handles
Sequential Affordance
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Coke Bottle & the Bushmen
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More on Affordances
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Types of Affordances
I
IVIII
II
(negative affordance)
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More on Affordances
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Perceptible Affordance: ability to ascend or descend on stairs
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More on Affordances
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Hidden Affordance: Releasing a foot-operated emergency brake
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More on Affordances
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False Affordance: The [pull] handles on the second set of doors – however, the second set of doors don’t swing open but have to be pushed.
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More on Affordances
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Correct Rejection: the affordance of avoidance
When I See Three Oranges, I JuggleWhen I See Two Towers, I Walk
- PHILIPPE PETIT, 1974
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More on Affordances
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[correct rejection]: Negative Affordance
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Affordance: the use value of an object with reference to the intrinsic physical features of an organism
Direct Perception-Action Coupling (DPAC)
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Effectivities: The potential for purposive behaviors.
Direct Perception-Action Coupling (Neo-Gibsonian)
Walking on wire is determined by an animals effectivities.
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Semantic vs. Direct Approach
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S D
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Function Affordance
Non-Objects Objects
S D
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Affordances (action & function)
Action Affordance
Hand Operated Emergency Brake
Function Affordance
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Aircraft Yoke’s A-F Affordances
Roll plane CW or CCW
Turn: CW or CCW
Nose up/downPull/Push
FunctionAction (on Yoke)
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Scissors’ A-F Affordances
Action affords and nudges user towards functional affordance
Perceptual Information:1) visual (jaw
movement)2) auditory (sound of
cutting) and 3) haptic (experience of
cutting movement and force)
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Faucets: A-F affordances
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SW Radio’s A-F affordances
a b
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Neo-Gibsonian ApproachDirect Perception Action Coupling (DPAC)
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Sensorimotor pattern
DirectPerception
Environment
Object/Affordance/GoalSituated
Cognition
Perception-Action Coupling (Neo-Gibsonian)
Affordances write perception in the language of action.
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“I kick the ball”
Perception-Action Coupling (Neo-Gibsonian)
Perception & motor centers are directly coupled (evidence from brain-imaging)
Just perceiving an affordance was sufficient to trigger an activation in the motor regions in the brain.
And simplify verbalizing an action phrase (“I kick the ball”) excited the motor regions responsible for leg movements.
Sensorimotor pattern
DirectPerception
Environment
Object/Affordance/Goal
Situated
Cognition
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Perception-Action Coupling (Neo-Gibsonian)
Effort-driven pleasure
Sensorimotor pattern
DirectPerceptio
n
Environment
Object/Affordance/Goal
Situated
Cognition
“I kick the ball”
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Direct Perception-Action Coupling (DPAC)
Effort-driven Rewards
Positive emotionsIncreased perception of controlVariety of physical movements coupled with
thought processes are rewarding
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• Embodied CognitionThe body instructs the mind
It is with our bodies that we prehend the world- Merleau-Ponty
Direct Perception-Action Coupling (DPAC)
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Sensorimotor pattern
DirectPerception
Environment
Object/Affordance/GoalSituated
Cognition
Direct Perception-Action Coupling (DPAC)
Cognition emerges in the interaction of an agent with an environment as a result of senosrimotor activity.
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Direct Perception-Action Coupling (DPAC)
A-not-B Error
A B
Development of Embodied Cognition
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Direct Perception-Action Coupling (DPAC)
Embodied Cognition Shapes thought and LanguageVerticality Schema: More = Up
“prices keep going up”“number of books published are rising”“the DOW JONES index fell 1000 points”“turn up the heat”
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Direct Perception-Action Coupling (DPAC)
Embodied Cognition Shapes thought and Language
Embodiment and physical experience is pervasive and shapes language and thought:
“…face of the mountain”“…mouth of the river”
“…his argument was airtight”“…his spirits soared”
ventral
dorsal
cranial
caudal
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Direct Perception-Action Coupling (DPAC)
Our embodiment drives our logic and thought
ventral
dorsal
cranial
caudal
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Child: “Pour the salt into the shaker”(flowing of material)
Adult: “Fill the shaker with salt”(rise in level)
Direct Perception-Action Coupling (DPAC)
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Semantic vs. Direct Approach
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Choose the direct approach!
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Semantic vs. Direct Approach: Challenges
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Semantic approach challenges the user (consider language):1. Symbolic code (a,b,c,d,..)2. Phonetic code (pu, ba, ga…)3. Semantic code (“push,” “pull”)
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Challenge of the Metaphor: Using of patterns of experience from one domain to structure the other. (Model, Control, View)
Semantic vs. Direct Approach: Challenges
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Semantic vs. Direct Approach: Challenges
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Direct approach challenges the designer
(examples)
1) Affordance2) Feedforward (how do we make the form
“broadcast” its function to its users?)
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Semantic vs. Direct Approach (example)
5
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Human-Machine Interfacesa retrospective
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1. Machine-Cowboy Interface2. Analog-Professional Interface3. Digital-Hacker Interface
Three Generations of Interfaces
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Model T
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Machine-Cowboy Interface
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1. Turn on the fuel line, a petcock on the right floor of the front compartment, allowing gasoline to gravity-flow from the ten-gallon tank mounted under the front seat to the carburetor.
2. Engage the hand brake by pulling the lever floor-mounted on the left side of the driver's seat to the rear, an arc of about 45 degrees, which also puts the planetary gears in neutral.
3. Turn on the ignition key on the dashboard. 4. Prime the carburetor to a rich startup mixture by pulling out the choke, a knob on the dashboard. 5. Move the throttle lever on the right side of the steering column down about four or five notches. 6. Raise the spark lever on the left of the column to the top to retard the spark. 7. With your right heel, press the electric starter button in the center of the floorboard close to the seat
base. 8. With the engine running smoothly, advance the spark by pulling it down two or three notches. 9. Push the brake lever halfway forward to prepare to go either forward or reverse. 10. To go forward, push the brake lever all the way toward the front of the car while pressing the left
pedal all the way in, engaging low, and advance the throttle another few notches. 11. With the car moving forward at least 10 mph in low, release the left pedal to shift into high. Adjust
throttle as required for desired road speed. 12. To back up, instead of the left pedal, push the center pedal in, engaging reverse. 13. For highway travel, which for a T means 35-40 mph - definitely not expressway traffic - advance
(pull down) both spark and throttle.
Steps Required to Drive Model T
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Analog Professional Interface
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Evolution of the Interfaces
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Evolution of the Interfaces
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Tyranny of the Push Buttons
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Tyranny of the Push Buttons
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Overthrowing the Tyranny
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Overthrowing the Tyranny
Embodied Interactions
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Tyranny of the Levers
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Old Design: Steering Wheel + 15 Levers
New Design: Two Joysticks
Tyranny of the Levers
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Joysticks Simplify Grader Operation
Left Joystick:Side-to-side = steering Twist = articulation Right yellow button = auto articulation return to center Top black buttons = wheel lean Trigger switch = transmission direction Top yellow buttons = gear selection Fore/Aft = left blade lift Detent = left blade float
Right Joystick:Fore/aft = right blade lift Detent = right blade float Side-to-side = blade shift Twist = circle turn Hat switch fore/aft = blade tip Hat switch left/right = drawbar shift Differential Lock/Unlock Electronic Throttle Resume/Decrement
Overthrowing the Tyranny of the Levers
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Overthrowing the Tyranny of the Levers
Embodied Interactions
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When an interface has a bank of similar controls, whether they be push buttons, levers, or knobs, the user is forced to use his semantic routes rather than the direct perception route.
Tyranny of Similarity
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Designing Technology that’s Second Nature
“t2n”
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Semantic vs. Direct Approach
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Choose the direct approach!
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Semantic vs. Direct Approach (example)
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Affordances (action vs. function)
Action Affordance
Hand Operated Emergency Brake
Function Affordance
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Perception-Action Coupling (Neo-Gibsonian)
Perception & motor centers are directly coupled (evidence from brain-imaging)
Sensorimotor pattern
DirectPerceptio
n
Environment
Object/Affordance/Goal
Situated
Cognition
“I kick the ball”
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Overthrowing the Tyranny
Embodied Interactions
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Direct Perception (examples)
“Each thing says what it is…a fruit says ‘Eat me’; water says ‘Drink me’; thunder says ‘Fear me’; and woman says ‘Love me’- From the Principles of Gestalt Psychology (Kofka, 1935).
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Designing Technology that’s Second Nature
1. Direct Perception NOT SemanticInvarianceAffordance
2. Meaningfully couple Perception with Action
Action AffordanceFunctional Affordance
3. Embodied Action NOT Abstract Cognition
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Design any one or more of the following critical controls for a 2-way radio’s interface on a suitable form factor*.
1) Volume control (increase/decrease loudness)
2) Channel Control (connect me with a person or group of people)
3) Talk Control (open mic/channel for transmission)
DPAC Ideation Exercise (sketching)
*The form factor – on which these controls may be placed – could be shaped to provide supporting or secondary affordances.
V
ChT
Schematic diagram of “VChT”with arbitrary shapes
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Points to consider from the DPAC approach:• Invariance (identifiable & operable in almost all orientations)• Action Affordance (desired action is unambiguously revealed)• Utilize functional affordance & feedforward (make the control
communicate its stated function w/o labels or icons)• Avoid monotony among controls (same shapes or movements)• Utilize sensorimotor patterns (motions) & haptics that may
meaningfully map with control attributes such as (increase/decrease loudness, talk/open mic, connect me to xyz)
• Think about how our bodily experience shapes thought and apply it in your design (“embodied control”)
DPAC Ideation Exercise
t2n: e.interaction shapes industrial design