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Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac Medal Ceremony

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Page 1: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems

ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016

Gregory Moore

Dirac Medal Ceremony

Page 2: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Soviet‐American Workshop On String Theory, Princeton, October 1989

Page 3: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac
Page 4: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac
Page 5: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac
Page 6: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac
Page 7: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

A Comment On Berry Connections

Part II

Page 8: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

PhilosophyIf a physical result is not mathematically natural, there might well be an underlying important physical issue. 

We will illustrate this with  continuous families of quantum systems  

i.e. quantum systems parametrized by a space X of control parameters.  

In this context one naturally encounters Berry connections – an enormously successful idea.  

Page 9: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Example: For band insulators there is a family of natural Berry connections, whose gauge equivalence classes are parametrized by a real‐space torus. 

This has consequences for topological contributions to electric polarization and magneto‐electric polarizability: a 3D Chern ``insulator’’ has a bulk QHE. 

Given a continuous family of Hamiltonians with a gap in the spectrum there is, in general, not one Berry connection, but rather a family of Berry connections. 

A Little Subtlety

Page 10: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

THE ORIGIN OF THE PROBLEM IS THE PROBLEM OF THE ORIGIN.

Page 11: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Affine SpaceLike a vector space – but no natural choice of origin. 

Definition: There is a transitive and free action of a vector space.  

Page 12: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Non‐symmorphic crystals

E(n): The Euclidean group of length‐preserving transformations of affine n‐dimensional space. 

There is a natural subgroup  n of translations

But there is no natural subgroup isomorphic to O(n):  

That’s why there are non‐symmorphic crystal structures. 

One must CHOOSE an origin to define such a group. 

Page 13: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Hilbert Bundles

Hilbert bundle over a space X of control parameters

Page 14: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Sections Of A Hilbert BundleSpace of sections: 

Page 15: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Projected Bundles

Given a continuous family of projection operators: 

Projected bundle : Subbundle with sections: 

Definition: A vector bundleis a projected bundle. 

Page 16: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Projected Connection 

Connection: 

and we  choose a connection on  :  

If the vector bundle is defined using a family of projection operators P(x)

we get a connection on the bundle : 

Remark: The space of connections on a vector bundle is an affine space modeled on the vector space: 

Page 17: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Berry Connection Given a continuous family of Hamiltonians Hxon   x , if there is a gap: 

we have a continuous family of projection operators: 

[M. Berry (1983);  B. Simon 1983) ] 

Note that it requires a CHOICE of 

Page 18: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

But in general there is no natural trivialization of 

Commonly assumed:  has been trivialized: 

Natural choice of  : The trivial connection.

Page 19: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Hilbert Bundle Over Brillouin TorusCrystal in n‐dimensional affine space: 

Reciprocal lattice:  

Brillouin torus: = {unitary irreps of L}. 

Bloch states define a Hilbert bundle over the Brillouin torus: 

Invariant under a lattice of translations: 

Page 20: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Trivializations Of 

smooth  

A basis for Hilbert space 

can be trivialized by choosing Bloch functions

But in general there is no natural trivialization of 

Page 21: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

But, there is a natural family of connections on  :

They depend on a choice of origin x0 modulo L: 

So: There is no such thing as ``THE’’ Berry connection in the context of band structure.  

A Family Of Connections on 

[Freed & Moore, 2012]

Page 22: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Berry Connections For Insulators

So what? 

All Chern numbers unchanged….

Insulator: Projected bundle  of filled bands:  

Page 23: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Electric polarization: 

[ King‐Smith & Vanderbilt (1993); Resta (1994) ] 

[ Qi, Hughes, Zhang; Essin, Joel Moore, Vanderbilt ] 

Magnetoelectric Polarizability

``Axion angle’’

Page 24: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Dependence Of Axion Angle On x0

QHE in the bulk of the ``insulator’’ in the plane orthogonal to  

Page 25: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Part III 

Born Rule For Families Of Quantum Systems Parametrized By A Noncommutative Manifold 

Page 26: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Quantum Systems

Born Rule: 

Set of physical ``states’’

Set of physical ``observables’’

Probability measures on  . 

is the probability that a measurement of the observable Oin the state s has value between r1 and r2 . 

Page 27: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Standard Dirac‐von Neumann Axioms

Self‐adjoint operators T on Hilbert space 

Density matrices  :  Positive trace class operators on Hilbert space of trace =1 

Spectral Theorem: There is a one‐one correspondence of self‐adjoint operators T  and projection valued measures: 

Example:  

Page 28: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems

Hilbert bundle over space X of control parameters. 

For each x get a probability measure   : 

Page 29: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Noncommutative Families ? 

How does the Born rule change? 

Why ask this question? 

What happens when the space X of control parameters is replaced by a 

noncommutative space ? 

Page 30: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Curiosity. 

With irrational magnetic flux the Brillouin torus is replaced by a noncommutative manifold.  (Bellisard, Connes, Gruber,…)

Boundaries of Narain moduli spaces of toroidal heterotic string compactifications are NC

NC tt* geometry (S. Cecotti, D. Gaiotto, C. Vafa)

The ``early universe’’ might be NC

(And the answer is interesting.) 

Page 31: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

C* AlgebrasA C*  algebra is a (normed) algebra over the complex numbers with an involution:  

such that ….

Example 1: 

Example 2: 

Self‐adjoint:     Positive:    

Page 32: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Gelfand’s TheoremThe topology of a (Hausdorff) space X is completelycaptured by the C*‐algebra of continuous functions on X:

``Points’’ become 1D representations: 

Commutative C* algebra: 

A topological space

Page 33: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Noncommutative Geometry

Replace C(X) by a noncommutative C* algebra 

``pointless geometry’’ 

Example: Noncommutative  torus: 

Statements about the topology/geometry of X are equivalent to algebraic statements about C(X)

Interpret  as the ``algebra of functions on a noncommutative space’’  …

… even though there are no points. 

Page 34: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Noncommutative Control Parameters

We would like to define a family of quantum systems parametrized by a NC manifold whose ``algebra of functions’’ is a general C* algebra 

What are observables? 

What are states? 

What is the Born rule? 

What replaces the Hilbert bundle? 

Page 35: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Noncommutative Hilbert BundlesDefinition: Hilbert C* module  over C*‐algebra  . 

Complex vector space  with a right‐action of and an  ``inner product’’ valued in 

(Positive element of the C* algebra.) 

Like a Hilbert space, but ``overlaps’’ are valuedin a (possibly) noncommutative algebra. 

such that ….. 

Page 36: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Quantum Mechanics With Noncommutative Amplitudes 

Basic idea: Replace the Hilbert space by a Hilbert C* module 

Overlaps are valued in a possibly noncommutative algebra. 

QM: 

QMNA: 

Page 37: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Example 1: Hilbert Bundle Over A Commutative Manifold

Page 38: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Example 2: Hilbert Bundle Over A Fuzzy Point

Def:  ``fuzzy point’’ has  

Page 39: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Observables In QMNA

Consider ``adjointable operators’’ 

Definition: QMNA observablesare self‐adjoint elements of 

(Technical problem: There is no spectral theorem for self‐adjoint elements of an abstract C* algebra. )

The adjointable operators are another C* algebra. 

Page 40: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

C* Algebra StatesDefinition: A C*‐algebra state

is a positive linear functional   

d = a positive measure on X: 

= a density matrix

Page 41: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

QMNA StatesDefinition: A QMNA state is a completely positive unital map 

Positive:  

Unital:

Completely positive

``Completely positive’’ comes up naturally both in math and in quantum information theory. 

Page 42: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

QMNA Born Rule 

Main insight is that we should regard the Born Rule as a map 

For general  the datum  together with complete positivity of  give just the right information to state a Born rule in general:  

Page 43: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Family Of Quantum SystemsOver A Fuzzy Point

QMNA state: 

``A NC measure  ∈ ’’  is equivalent to a density matrix  on  A

Page 44: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Quantum Information Theory& Noncommutative Geometry

Last expression is the measurement by Bob of T in the state  prepared by Alice and sent to Bob through quantum channel  . 

Page 45: Dirac Medal Ceremony - Rutgers Physics & Astronomygmoore/DiracMedalTalk-F.pdf · Comments On Continuous Families Of Quantum Systems ICTP, Trieste, August 8, 2016 Gregory Moore Dirac

Three Conclusions

Don’t be discouraged by negative response. 

(Within reason)

Please say, ``a Berry connection,’’ not  ``the Berry connection.’’ 

QM can be generalized to QMNA.

(Is it useful?) 

(Unless you have specified  )

(Is it really a generalization?)