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Dipartimento di Scienze Agronomiche Agrochimiche e delle Produzioni Animali

Sezione Scienze Agronomiche

Università degli Studi di Catania - ITALY

Biokenaf - Biomass Production Chainand Growth Simulation Model for Kenaf

Athens 23rd-24th October 2003

Scientific Responsible

Prof. Salvatore Foti

DACPA SEZIONE SCIENZE AGRONOMICHE BIOKENAFUNCT Università degli Studi di Catania ITALY

Athens, 23th-24th October 2003

Research lines

WP2 Adaptability and Productivity FieldTrials

Task 2.2 Effect of different sowing dates and plant population on biomass yield

Task 2.3 Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on biomass yields

WP3 Development of the growth simulation model

WP8 Dissemination



WP2 Adaptability and Productivity Field Trials

- Task 2.2 Effect of different sowing dates and plantpopulation on biomass yield

LocalityEnna (450 m. s. l.) – 37°21’ Lat. N, 14°16’ Long. E

Studied factorsa) two sowing date

12/6/2003; 4/7/2003;

b) two varietesTainung 2Everglades 41

c) two plant densities200.000 plants ha-1

400.000 plants ha-1



Crop management

- Row distance: 50 cm;

- Fertilisation: 100 kg ha-1 of P2O5 and 100 kg ha-1 of N. Nitrogen fertilisation was distributed the first half part at sowing and the second one on the 25th July and on the 3rd September, respectively for the first and the second sowing

- Irrigation: 100% ETm

* Water irrigation volume:

• 416,67 mm for the 1st sowing (till September 1st)

• 277,78 mm for the 2nd sowing (till September 4th)



Methodology

Experimental design randomised block

No. of replicates 3

single plot dimension 6 m x 8 m (48 m2)

irrigation system drip irrigation



Epoche di semina12 file per parcella

1 2 3 4S1D1 S2D2 S1D2 S1D1

TAINUNG EVER. TAINUNG EVER.

8 7 6 5S2D1 S1D2 S2D1 S2D2 8 m

TAINUNG EVER. EVER. TAINUNG

6 m

9 10 11 12Nord S2D1 S1D1 S2D2 S2D1

TAINUNG EVER. EVER. EVER.

16 15 14 13S1D2 S1D1 S1D2 S2D2

EVER. TAINUNG TAINUNG TAINUNG

S1 = 1st sowing date

S2 = 2nd sowing date

D1 = 20 plants m2

D2 = 40 plants m2



WP2 Adaptability and Productivity Field Trials

Task 2.3 Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on biomass yields.

LocalityEnna (450 m. s. l.) – 37°21’ Lat. N, 14°16’ Long. E



Studied factorsa) water supply

I0 = no irrigation (191,26 mm);

I1 = 25% of PET (231,26 mm);

I2 = 50% of PET (271,26 mm);

3

b) nitrogen level

N0 = 0 nitrogen fertilisation;N1 = 100 kg ha-1 of NN2 = 150 kg ha-1 of N

Nitrogen fertilisation was distributed the first half part at the sowing and second one on the 21st

August; at the moment of the sowing was distributed 100 kg ha-1 of P2O5

I = 100% of PET (351,26 mm);



Crop management- Sowing: 24/6/2003;

- Row distance: 50 cm;

- Plant density: 200.000 plant ha-1;

MethodologyExperimental design: split-split-plotNo. of replicates: 3single plot dimension: 6 m x 8 m (48 m2)irrigation system: drip irrigation



Measurements (on both subtask 2.2 and 2.3)

• Meteorological• Soil measurement (before sowing)• Phenology● Growth analysis

fresh and dry weight of each part of plantleaf area of all green leaves

● Agronomicat plant emergence, number of plant m-2



Prova kenaf 2003varietà Tainung 2

Irrigazione e azoto

I blocco II blocco

N1 N2 N0 no irrigazione N0 N2 N1 100% dell'36 35 34 33 32 31

Nord N2 N0 N1 5% dell'Etm N2 N0 N1 no irrigazi25 26 27 28 29 30

N0 N1 N2 00% dell'Etm N1 N2 N0 50% dell'E24 23 22 21 20 19

N1 N2 N0 0% dell'Etm N2 N1 N0 25% dell'E13 14 15 16 17 18

DACPA SEZIONE SCIENZE AGRONOMICHE BIOKENAFUNCT Università degli Studi di Catania


Physiological

Leaf water potential (by means of a gas pressure

chamber, Soil Moisture, USA)

Leaf transpiration, Stomatal conductance,

Photosyntesis by means of gas analyzer (by

means of LCA4 from ADC, UK)

Measurements on subtask 2.3

DACPA SEZIONE CIENZE AGRONOMICHE BIOKENAFUNCT Università degli Studi di Catania


Other measurements

•ammonia volatilisation from soil

(trapping the gas soil by means of hermetic cylinders inserted in the soil and provided of a polyfoam sorption pad saturedwith H3PO4 and glycerine)

mag giu lug ago set ott 5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

MAXIMUM TEMPERATUREMINIMUM TEMPERATURE

X Data


20

40

60

80

100

120MAXIMUM AIR HUMIDITYMINIMUM AIR HUMIDITY

(°C) (%)

X Data


10

20

30

40

50

60

RAINFALL

X Data


5

10

15

20

25

30

35

GLOBAL RADIATION(mm) (Mj /m2)

June 30th - 1st sowing date

Emergence of II sowing period plants - July 11th

July 29th -Tainung 2 S1 D2

July 29th - Everglades 41 S1 D1

29th July - Everglades 41 S1 D2

July 29th – 1st and 2nd sowing date trial

July 29th - Everglades S2 D2

Plant density (n m2)Pl

ant n

umbe

r m-2

10

15

20

25

30

35

40Tainung D1Tainung D2Everglades D1Everglades D2

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60Tainung D2Tainung D1Everglades D1Everglades D2

lug ago sett ott lug ago sett o

I epoca

Plan

t num

ber m

-2

II epoca

tt

Hei

ght (

cm)

306090

120150180210240270300330360390

Tainung D1 Tainung D2 Everglades D1 Everglades D2

20

40

60

80

100

Num

ber

of n

odes

per

pla

nt

july agust sept oct

20

40

60

80

100

Hei

ght (

cm)

306090

120150180210240270300330360390

2nd sowing date july agust sept oct

july agust sept oct july agust sept oct

1st sowing date

Num

ber

of n

odes

per

pla

nt




Plant height (cm) Number of nodes per plant

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

7,0 Tainung D1 Tainung D2 Everglades D1 Everglades D2

july august sept oct

I sowing date

LA

I

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

7,0

II sowing date



Leaf area index (LAI)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000Tainung D1 Tainung D2 Everglades D1 Everglades D2

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500


Fres

h bi

omas

s (g

m-2

)

1st sowing date

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

Fres

h bi

omas

s (g

m-2

)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Dry

bio

mas

s (g

m-2

)D

ry b

iom

ass (

g m

-2)


july august sept oct july august sept oct

2nd sowing date




Fresh biomass (g m-2) Dry biomass (g m-2)

Lea

f fre

sh w

eigh

t (g

m-2

)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000 Tainung D1 Tainung D2 Everglades D1 Everglades D2

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000


1st sowing date

2nd sowing date

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Stem

fre

sh w

eigh

t (g

m-2

)



Lea

f fre

sh w

eigh

t (g

m-2

)

Stem

fre

sh w

eigh

t (g

m-2

)




Leaf fresh weight (g m-2) Stem fresh weight (g m-2)

Lea

f dry

wei

ght (

g m

-2)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600 Tainung D1 Tainung D2 Everglades D1 Everglades D2

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600


Stem

dry

wei

ght (

g m

-2)

1st sowing date

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

16002nd sowing date

Lea

f dry

wei

ght (

g m

-2)

Stem

dry

wei

ght (

g m

-2)






Leaf dry weight (g m-2) Stem dry weight (g m-2)

July 29th - Irrigation and nitrogen trial

50% ETM - N0

Hei

ght (

cm)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200 N2 N1 N0

July August September 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

I0 I25 50 I100

Plant height (cm)

July August September

LAI

0

1

2

3

4

N2 N1 N0

july august september 0

1

2

3

4

I0 I25 I50 I100

july august september

Leaf area index (LAI)

TOTA

L D

RY

BIO

MA

SS (g

/m2 )

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 N2 N1 N0

jul aug sept 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200I0 I25 I50 I100

jul aug sept

Total above ground dry biomass (g m-2)

Abo

ve g

roun

d fr

esh

biom

ass

(g m

-2)

0500

10001500200025003000350040004500500055006000

N2 N1 N0

july august september 0

50010001500200025003000350040004500500055006000

july august september

I0I25I 50I100

Above ground fresh biomass (g m-2)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

N2 N1 N0

jul aug sept 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

I0 I25 I50 I100

jul aug sept

Number of nodes per plant

0102030405060708090

100110120130

% leaves % stem

I0 I25 I50 I100 N0 N1 N2

Bio

mas

s dis

trib

utio

n (%

)Biomass distribution (%)

Irrigation Treatments

NH

4+ soi

l em

issi

on (k

g ha

-1)

0,0

2,0

4,0

6,0

8,0

10,0

12,0

14,0

16,0

18,0

20,0

22,0

24,0

4/7/0311/7/03

N1

N2

N0N1

N2

N2

N0N1

N2

N1

N0

Unirrigated control

I 25% of ETm I 50% ETm I 100% ETm

Ammonia soil emission (Kg ha-1)

I100% I25% I0 I 50%

I0 I50%

I 100% I 25%

I 25% I 50% I 0 I100%

I 0 I 100%

Midday leaf water potential (bars)

August-24

-22

-20

-18

-16

-14

Sept.

I 100%

I 50%

I 25%

I 0%

Predawn leaf water potential (bars)6 September 2003

Irrigation treatments

(bar

s)

-10

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0 I 0 I 25% I 50% I 100%

Available soil water content (%)0 20 40 60 80 100

(bar

s)

-11

-10

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

Predawn leaf water potential vs. available soil water content

y = -16,09 + 11,53 (1 - e -0,06x)

Leaf transpiration (m

ols

H2O

cm

-2 s

-1)

2

4

6

8

10

12

I 100%

I 50%

I 25%

I 0

August September

Effect of Temperature onDark Respiration

Rt = R20 2(t - 20)/10

Respiration doubles each 10oC. It has a Q10 = 2

Risposta alla luce tesi I100

time0 5 10 15 20 25 30

μmol

i CO

2 m-2

s-1

0

10

20

30

40

Risposta alla luce tesi I0

time

μmol

i CO

2 m-2

s-1

-10

0

10

20

30

40

0

1000

1200 1300

1600

1680

1900

2000

0 900

2000

1600

1200

Attività fotosintetica risposta alla luce

Net

Pho

tosy

nthe

sis

(mol

s C

O2

m-2

s-1

)

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Unirrigated controlI 25% ETmI 50% ETmI 100% ETm

August Sept.

Net Photosynthesis (mols CO2 m-2 s-1)

Net

Pho

tosy

nthe

sis

51015202530354045

°C

28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 4405

1015202530354045

30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44

I100Pn = 55.2-0.76°C r²=0.1621

I50Pn=95.49-2.00°C r =0.72992

I0Pn = 86.77 -1.82°C r²=0.582

I25Pn = 69.13 - 1.35°C r²=0.33

Irradiance (I) (µmol m-2 s-1)

Net Phs(µmol m-2 s-1)

R0

Pmax

Pn = [Pmax+R][1 - exp(-εI/(Pmax + R))] - R

ε

Leaf Photosynthesis Response to Irradiance

0 2000

50

ε is apparent quantumEfficiency (mol mol-1)

Net

Pho

tosy

nthe

sis

-505

1015202530354045

-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500-10-505

1015202530354045

PAR0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

μmol m-2 s-1

I50Pmax=31.8852 ε=0.0446

I100Pmax=37.7497 ε=0.0583I25Pmax=29.955 ε=0.0457

I0Pmax=33.8221 ε=0.0418

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

PAR0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

μmol m-2 s-1

Net

Pho

tosy

nthe

sis

I 0 Pmax=33.8221 ε=0.0418

I 100 Pmax=37.7497 ε=0.0583

I 25 Pmax=29.9558 ε=0.0457

I 50 Pmax=30.7731 ε=0.0454

Qua

ntum

Eff

icie

ncy

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

°C

24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 440.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44

I100Qeff= 0.074-0.0017°C r²=0.64

I50Qeff = 0.065 -0.0014°C r²=0.79

I25Qeff

=0.064-0.00144°C r²=0.61 I0Qeff=0.06-0.0013°C r²=0.35

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