DIGITIZATION AND DIGITAL PRESERVATION: AN E-LIBRARY SOLUTION

PRESENTED BY:

OWUAMALAM, CLEMENT C. (20111796213)

SUPERVISED BY: PROF. M. C. NDINECHI

ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING (ECE)JULY, 2016.

INTRODUCTION

Digitization is rapidly becoming one of thestandard forms of preservation of analogmaterials for libraries, archives andinformation centres.

Digitization refers to all of the steps involvedin the process of making collections ofhistorical and other materials available indigital form.

Digital books can be easily distributed,reproduced, and read on-screen. Common fileformats are DjVu, Portable Document Format(PDF), and Tagged Image File Format (TIFF).

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PROCEDURE FOR DIGITIZATION AND DIGITAL PRESERVATION

Determination of library materials to be digitized

Collection of resources

Organizing of collected materials

Describing the resources

Transcriptions and translations of resources from foreign languages

Meeting with subject librarians for metadata and cataloguing

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PREPARING THE RESOURCES FOR SCANNING

Book scanning is the process of converting physical books and magazines into digital media such as images, or electronic books by using an image digitizer (scanner).

There are two basic methods of scanning:

–Non-destructive scanning methods

–Destructive scanning methods

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PREPARATIONS FOR DESTRUCTIVE SCANNING

UNBINDING

– Removal of staple pins that hold the book together.

– Unbending and removing nails that hold the books together.

– Grinding down layers of glue on the spine of a book and removing the string used to hold the book together.

EDGE PREPARATION

CUTTING

– Hinged Paper Cutter

– Guillotine Paper Cutter

– Table Saw

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SCANNING

Flatbed Scanners

Automatic Document Feed (ADF) Scanners

Document Camera Scanners

Fig. 2Fig. 1 Fig. 3

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IMAGE PROCESSING OPERATIONS

De-skew

De-speckle

Binarization

Line removal

Zoning

Line and word detection

Script recognition

Segmentation

Normalize aspect ratio and scale

FIG. 4

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DIGITIZING OF SCANNED PAGES

Turning book pages into a digital text format such as ASCII or other similar format.

This is done either manually, or using Character Recognition.

It reduces the file size

It allows the text to be reformatted, searched, or processed by other applications.

TYPES OF CHARACTER RECOGNITION

– Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

– Optical Word Recognition

– Intelligent Character Recognition (ICR)

– Intelligent Word Recognition (IWR)

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PROOFREADING

Editing for typographic errors.

Verifying special characters, such as the left and right quotation marks, and accent marks such as umlauts (two dot above a vowel, e.g.: ä)

Checking to locate all footnotes, diagrams and drawings in order to place them correctly in the digital version.

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DIGITAL PRESERVATION

Metadata attachment

Refreshing

Migration

Replication

Emulation

Encapsulation

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QUALITY CONTROL

Contents are reviewed occasionally.

Review activities are done to ensure that the files open properly and that all materials are working as they should.

The metadata is also reviewed for accuracy and to ensure that the records are clear and concise.

Quality assurance ultimately ensures that the collection continues to work properly and efficient, over a long period of time.

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ADVANTAGES OF DIGITIZATION AND DIGITAL PRESERVATION

Electronic availability

Elimination of theft

Enhancement of image quality

Easy formatting of text

Possibility of in-depth analysis

Extension of shelf life original resources

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CHALLENGES AND MITIGATIONS

Changing formats and obsolescence of technology

Untrained staff and human error

Authenticity and reliability of material

Standardization of metadata

Copyright issues

Infrastructure and cost

Electricity

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CONCLUSION

The benefits accruable from digitization oflibrary collections cannot be quantified.

For libraries in developing countries to berelevant in the digital age, there is an urgentneed for collaboration between national andinternational donor agencies as exemplified byObafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeriaand the Carnegie Corporation of New York.

Library management also needs to accord highpriority to computerization and digitization. It iswhen this is done that libraries in developingcountries of the world can upload their peculiarlocal content to the world information database.

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THANK YOU15