digital image procesing. 1960 nasa lunar and planetary exploration
TRANSCRIPT
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DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESING
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1960
NASA LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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ANALOG DIGITAL
ADC
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APPLICATION OF DIGITAL IMAGING
• ULTRASOUND
• DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY
• NUCLEAR MEDICINE
• CT
• MRI
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RADIOGRAPHY - PAST
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TODAY
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FLUOROSCOPY IN THE PAST
CONVENTIONAL
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DIGITAL FLUOROSCOPY
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CASTELMAN (1996)
CLASSIFICATION OF THE IMAGES BASED ON THEIR
FORM OR METHOD OF FORMATION
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IMAGES
• VISIBLE
• OPTICAL
• NONVISIBLE IMAGES
• MATHEMATICAL
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ANALOG IMAGE
CONTINUOUS IMAGES.
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ANALOG IMAGERADIOGRAPH- CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTION OF LIGHT
INTENSITY AS A FUNCTION OF POSITION ON THE RADIOGRAPH
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DIGITAL IMAGE
NUMERIC REPRESENTATION OR IMAGES OF OBJECTS
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ANALOG TO DIGITAL
ADC
PROCESSING
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ANALOG vs DIGITAL
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DIGITAL TO ANALOG
DAC
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ANALOG PROCESSING
INPUT AND OUTPUT IMAGES ARE BOTH ANALOG
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DIGITAL PROCESSING
INPUT AND OUTPUT IMAGES ARE BOTH DISCRETE
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IMAGE DIGITIZATION - ADC
• SCANNING
• SAMPLING
• QUANTIZATION
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SAMPLING FREQUENCY
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LOW SAMPLING ALIASING ARTIFACT
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CT- SIGNAL FROM DETECTORS: ANALOG
ANALOG
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MRI- SIGNAL FROM DETECTORS: ANALOG
ANALOG
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PET- SIGNAL FROM DETECTORS: ANALOG
ANALOG
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BASIC DATA AQUSITION SCHEME IN CT
ADC
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DETECTORS
P.M. TUBE SOLID STATE
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DETECTORS
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MATRIX - EYE OF THE BEE?!
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DIGITAL RADIOGRAPH
Y
MATRIX
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MATRIXIMAGE RECEPTOR
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PIXEL RESOLUTION IN MATRIX
4 x 4---16 PIXELS4 x 4 MATRIX
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MATRIX
PIXEL
WHAT MATRIX?5 X 4 20 PIXELS
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HIGH vs LOW RESOLUTION
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SPATIAL RESOLUTION
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SPATIAL RESOLUTION
SPATIAL RESOLUTION= FOV/ MATRIXSPATIAL RESOLUTION= FOV/ MATRIX
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IMAGE MATRIX SIZES FOR DIFFERENT MODALITIES
• NUCLEAR MEDICINE
• CT
• MRI
• DR
• CR
• 64 X 64
• 256 X 256
• 512 X 512
• 1024 X 1024
• 2048 X 2048
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DYNAMIC RANGE:
• THE RANGE OF VALUES OVER WHICH THE SYSTEM CAN RESPOND
HOW MANY DIFFERENT SHADES CAN BE DISPLAYED IN THE PIXEL?
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DYNAMIC RANGE
• 1 BIT• 2 BIT• 3 BIT• 4 BIT• 5 BIT
• 2 COLORS• 4 COLORS• 8 COLORS• 16 COLORS• 32 COLORS
2 X BIT
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1 BIT
2 BIT
5 BIT
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IMAGE MANIPULATION
• WINDOWING
• INVERSION
• IMAGE SHARPENING
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WINDOW CENTER (LEVEL) CONTROLS:
IMAGE DENSITY
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WINDOW WIDTH CONTROLS:
IMAGE CONTRAST
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WINDOWING
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WINDOWING
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IMAGE INVERSION
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IMAGE SHARPENING
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RECENT ADVANCEMENTS
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VIRTUAL REALITY
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CINE
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CT ANGIOGRAPHY