Digestive SystemsMiss Tonnessen

Monogastric

• Having a stomach with one compartment• Swine

• Can store only small amounts of food at any one time• Most digestion takes place in the small intestine• Unable to break down large amounts of roughage

Polygastric

• Animals have a stomach with four compartments• Rumen• Reticulum• Abomasum• Omasum

• Sheep & Cattle• Ability to break down plant fibers• Store more efficiently• Regurgitate food • “chews cud”

Rumen

• Fermentation site• Largest compartment• Lined with finger-like structures• Papilla

• Along with reticulum, known as the fore-stomach• Adult dairy cow’s rumen can hold approx. 49 gal of water• Adult sheep’s rumen can hold approx. 5-10 gal

Reticulum

• Honeycomb or “Hardware Compartment”• 4.25 gal capacity• First chamber of the stomach• Magnets can be used • Aids in regurgitation

Abomasum

• “True Stomach”• Most similar to the simple stomach

Omasum

• Folds along lining• Water absorption• Squeezes out the water from the feed • Reduces particle size• Cattle—up to 2 gallons• Sheep—1 quart

Group Activity

• In groups, you will use your smart phone or iPad and research on of the following stomachs/compartments:• Simple Stomach (monogastric)• Rumen (polygastric)• Reticulum (polygastric)• Omasum (polygastric)• Abomasum (polygastric)

• You will research approximate size in different animals, the function/purpose, facts, appearance, etc.

• You will present your findings to your peers before class is over

Nutrient Classes

• Water• Largest component of nearly all living things• Muscles and internal organs of animals contain 75% or more

water• Least expensive• Can only live a matter of days without• Nutrients are dissolved or suspended for transport

throughout the body• Regulates body temperature

Nutrient Classes

• Protein• Major component of muscles and tissues• Made from nitrogen compounds (amino acids)• Monogastric animals need specific amino acids• Polygastric—quantity is more important than quality• Necessary for healthy reproduction• Young animals need it for body growth

Nutrient Classes

• Carbohydrate (CHO)• Composed of sugars and starches• Provide energy and heat to animals• Simple sugars used in animal feeds:• Glucose, fructose, and galactose

• Compound sugars• Sucrose, maltose, lactose

• Complex forms of CHO• Starch and cellulose

• Make up 75% of animal rations

Nutrient Classes

• Minerals• Skeleton is composed mostly of minerals• Endocrine, circulatory, urinary, and nervous systems is

heavily dependent on various minerals• 15 essential minerals• Mineral supplements are important

Nutrient Classes

• Vitamins• Acquired by animals in several ways• Roughages and concentrates• Made by the body itself

• Minute quantities• Act mostly as catalysts for other body processes• Used in the body for:• Clotting of blood• Forming bones• Reproducing• Keeping membranes healthy• Producing milk• Preventing certain nervous system disorders

Nutrient Classes

• Fat• Small amounts required in most animal diets• Improves palatability, flavor, texture, and and energy levels• Can increase milk production and aids in fattening of meat

animals• As carriers of fat-soluble vitamins

Nutrient Demands

• Roughages• Dry• Timothy hay, bromegrass, alfalfa, soybean hay

• Green • High moisture content• Sugar beets

• Silage• Storage and fermentation of green crops

• Ration• Very specific proportion of feed to meet specific need

Nutrient Demands

• Concentrates• Corn, wheat, oats, barley, rye, milo• Grain by-products• Wheat bran, wheat middlings, brewer’s grain, and distiller’s

grain• Soybean meal

• Polygastrics can handle more roughages because of rumen

• Monogastrics need more concentrates