Diffraction methods and electron microscopy

FYS 4340 and FYS 9340

University of Oslo

FYS4340 and FYS9340

FYS4340– Theory based on ”Transmission electron microscopy” by D. B.

Williams and C.B. Carter– Part 1, 2 and standard imaging techniques (part 3)– Practical training on the TEM

FYS9340– Theory same as FYS4340 + additional papers related to TEM and

diffraction.– Teaching training.– Perform practical demonstrations on the TEM for the master

students.

Additional web resources

http://nanohub.org/resources/3777– Eric Stach (2008), ”MSE 528 Lecture 4: The

instrument, Part 1, http://nanohub.org/resources/3907

Permanent academicClas Person, ProfessorArne Olsen, Professor

Anette E. Gunnæs, Ass. Prof.Øystein Prytz, Ass. Prof.

PhD studentsGirma Gardew

Song XinMartin Fleissner Sunding

Fredrik Sydow Hage Per Harald Ninive, HiG

Jørn Erik Olsen, IFE

Adjunct academic staffSabrina Sartori, IFEBjørn Hauback, IFEVidar Hansen, UiS

Ole Martin Løvvik, SINTEFAnnett Thøgersen, SINTEF

ResearchersKjetil Valset

Espen Flage-Larsen, SINTEFPhuong Dan Nguyen

Master students Helle Berg BjørsomAndrey Kosinskiy

Kenneth Kjeverud StrandMartin Normann

Raluca TofanHan Xi

Roger Wold

Professor emeritusJohan TaftøJon Gjønnes

Tore Amundsen

TechnicalOle Bjørn Karlsen, senior

Stefano Rubino, head David Wormald, senior

Members of the Structure Physics Group

August, 2013

Permanent and adjunct scientific staff 2013

Synthesis

Theory

Experimental

Vidar UiS

Ole MartinSINTEF

Bjørn IFE

Arne

Anette

Clas

Ole Bjørn

Stefano

David

Øystein

Sabrina IFE

Annett SINTEF

Struktur

FASEHalvleder

fysikk

SINTEFIFE

UiS KTH

2013

NTNU

Katalyse

Internationale samarbeidspartnere

Industri

Funksjonelleenergi-relatertematerialer iOslo.

Forskningsparken

VISION OF NORTEMA world-class TEM centre providing access to expertise and state-of-the-art infrastructure for fundamental and applied research within the physical sciences in Norway.

LOOKED

LOOKX X

X X X X

NORTEMThe Norwegian Centre for Transmission Electron

Microscopy

Department of Physics

Oslo

Trondheim

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

SINTEF Synthesis and Properties

NTNU

UiOSINTEF

TEM Gemini Centre

SMN

Physics Department

Department of Physics

Oslo

Trondheim

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

SINTEF Synthesis and Properties

NTNU

UiOSINTEF

TEM Gemini Centre

SMN

Physics Department

The NorTEM consortium

NORTEMFinancial investment

Oslo

Trondheim

Granted 58 MNOK from the NRC October 2011, the partners contribute with 25 MNOK own share.

BudgetEquipment incl. rebuilding: 71 MNOKRunning costs (next 5 years): 12 MNOKTotal 83 MNOKWith in-kind contributions the project is 116 MNOK

Level 1: State-of-the-art instrumentProjects owned or planned by NORTEM research groups, include competence and technique development. External users will not generally operate these instruments.

Level 2: Advanced instrument Operators with agreed needs get access after sufficient training and skills. Formalized training maintains quality and ensures effective use.

Level 3: Standardized and routine TEMMany users require hands-on access to perform simple tasks, where analysis is routine or TEM is a minor activity in a project. Once a specific task is approved, users can be trained.

NORTEMInstrumentation

NORTEMInstrumentation- level 1 and 2

TITAN G2 60-300 kVWith probe corrector and monochromator

JEM ARM200FCold FEG and double corrected

UHR pole pieceNew, latest generation GIFNORAN detectorHolography

HR pole pieceMoving GIF, US CCD, ASTAR, tomography and Oxford EDS from 2010F

JEM 2100F(trade in JEM 2010F) JEM 2100F

(trade in JEM 2010F)

Oslo-node Trondheim-node

The importance of imaging:

1)Information transfer

2)Spatial relations

3)Relates to mental images

Imaging

A picture is worth a thousand words…What is this?

xxxx are spring-blooming perennials that grow from bulbs. Depending on the species, xxxx plants can grow as short as 4 inches (10 cm) or as high as 28 inches (71 cm). The xxxx's large flowers usually bloom on scapes or

subscapose stems that lack bracts. Most xxxx produce only one flower per stem, but a few species bear multiple flowers on their scapes (e.g. xxxx turkestanica). The showy, generally cup- or star-shaped xxxx flower has three

petals and three sepals, which are often termed tepals because they are nearly identical. These six tepals are often marked near the bases with darker colorings. xxxx flowers come in a wide variety of colors, except pure blue

(several xxxx with "blue" in the name have a faint violet hue).

The flowers have six distinct, basifixed stamens with filaments shorter than the tepals. Each stigma of the flower has

three distinct lobes, and the ovaries are superior, with three chambers. The xxxx fruit is a capsule with a leathery covering and an ellipsoid to subglobose shape. Each capsule contains numerous flat, disc-shaped seeds in two rows per chamber. These light to dark brown seeds have very thin seed coats and endosperm that does not normally fill

the entire seed.

xxxx stems have few leaves, with larger species tending to have multiple leaves. Plants typically have 2 to 6 leaves, with some species having up to 12. The xxxx leaf is strap-shaped, with a waxy coating, and leaves are alternately

arranged on the stem. These fleshy blades are often bluish green in color.

Retrieved from wikipedia on 12.03.12

Imaging

Imaging is very important in research and in everyday’s life:

How many households do not have a TV?Can you imagine an ID without a picture?

How many papers are published without a figure?How many fields were born when new instruments could

”look” into new things?

Microscopes, telescopes, CAT, NMR, infrared cameras, etc.

Imaging

Resolution: the size of the smallest object we can detect

Resolution

Resolution: the smallest distance between two objects so that we can detect them as separate

Resolution of the human eye: ~2 mm at a distance of 6 mLimits: wavelenght, aberrations of lenses, S/N, stability

lvisible: 400-700 nm l200keV: 2.5 pm Bohr radius: 53 pm

The problem with this definition:Atoms are too small to be detected by the naked eye.

Matter is made of atoms.We cannot see matter.

Light Optical Microscope

19

e-

detector

In a Scanning Electron Microscope a very small electron beam is used to probe the sample and create an image

pixel by pixel

Some regions interact more than others with the electron beam and produce a stronger signal

(brighter)

Yeast

Bone

Scanning Electron Microscope

What determines the resolution?

20

Aunanoparticle

TiN coatingGun

EM lens

Transmission Electron Microscope

Transmission Electron Microscope

E0=100~400 keV

Electron-matter interactions

E

1s

2s

2p {

3s

Continuum (vacuum)

K

n, l, (j=l+s)

L1

L2,3

3p {3d {

EF

0

{K shell (2)

L shell (8)

M shell (18) {Valence/conduction band

Empty states

Density of States (DoS)

KAB Ka2 Ka1

0

Energy levels

Stability

Air pressure variations (from air conditioning, acoustics): < 5 PaRoom temperature fluctuations: <0.1°C/30min and <0.05 °C/min

The Titan room today

The NorTEM Blog

http://www.mn.uio.no/fysikk/english/research/groups/structure/blog-and-news/