Ch. ALTAF HUSAIN Jhang, Pakistan

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BIRDS & MAMMALS

OSTEOLOGY

BIRDS

SKULL: -

MAMMALS

1. Skull: Skull is kinetic that is due to moveable maxilla birds have not interparietal bone

Skull is not kinetic. Mammals have interpariental bone.

2. The bones of skull so tightly packed that they seem one.

Their bones of skull have clear demarcations.

3. Bones of skull are spongy it keeps brain cool during flight and are connected to auditory tube.

Bones of skull are hard and have no spongy space.

4. Birds have one occipital condyle. Mammals have two occipital condyle. FACIAL BONES: - 5. Birds have three turbinate bones

but have and extra bone, quadrate bone.

Mammals have three turbinate bones but have not extra bone.

VERTIBRAE: - 6. General vertebral formula is General vertebral formula is C7T18 L6 S5 Cy15-

C14 t,L-S14 Cy 3-5 chicken have B coxygeal vertebral.

7. Maximum movement if found in birds.

Mammals have very little little movement.

8. Lumber and sacral fused to for synsacrum.

Sacral vertebrae are fused.

9. In birds first one, two, three cocygeal vertebrae are fused to form pygostyle which used to change direction of flight.

In mammals first one to three are fused and last are free.

RIBS: - 10. In birds each rib is comprised of

two units which are having little movement, named as vertebral and sternal portion.

In mammals each rib consists of single piece.

11.. First rib is floating in some birds 2nd is also single. They are single.

In mammals last one or two are floating.

STERNUM: - 12. In birds the sternum is highly

modified, it is huge and very extensive known as keel or rostral bone.

In mammals sternum is simple and consist of pieces called sternebrae.

APPENDICULAR SKELETION

13. Shoulder girdle comprised of

coracoids, scapula and clavicle. Clavicle is absent in domestic animals and is found in those who use arm for catching.

14. Clavicle of both side join to form, necklace, also called wish bone, technically called furcula.

Mammals have very short almost rudimentary clavicle. Only found in animals which use fore limbs for catching.

ARM: - 15. It is formed by humerus, most

tough, strong bone in animal kingdom; don’t contain bone marrow in birds.

Bone marrow is found in humerus in animals.

16. It is connected to air sacs of body. Called pneumatic bone.

It is not connected to air sacs and has not air spaces.

FORE ARM:- 17. Ulna is stronger than radius in In mammals radius is very well developed.

birds. It is very well developed. MANUS 18. Carpal bones are only two in birds

Digits are three phalanges are five. In mammals carpal bones are 6-8 in number.

HINDE LIMB:- 19. Tibia is longest bone of birds.

Small fetlock Small fibula No tarsal bone.

Mammals have a prominent fetlock and fibula.

20. Meta carpal bone is one by the fusion of four bone digits are four phalanges are eleven.

Meta carpal bones are generally five in number.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM BIRDS

MAMMALS

21. Birds have no lips cheeks and

teeth but have beak. Mammals have lips cheeks and teeth.

TONGUE: - 22. Triangular in almost all birds and

horny in structure.

23. Muscles tissues are very less then mammals.

Mammal's tongue has more muscle tissues.

24. The movement of tongue is due to the muscular movement of hyoid

The movement of tongue is due to tongue muscles.

bone. ESOPHAGOUS: - 25. In birds esophagus has a

diverticulum, called crop. Mammal's esophagus has no diverticulum.

26. Birds have two compartments of stomach called proventriculus (glandular) and gizzard (muscular).

Mammals have multiple stomach but it varies in group e.g. ruminants, carnivores.

SMALL INTENSTINE: - 27. They have two bile ducts and two

pancreatic ducts open independently open at the end of duodenum.

They have one bile duct and one pancreatic duct which open independently in duodenum at anterior end.

LARGE INTESTINE: - 28. Birds have two cecum all the three

systems of life have same opening called cloacae.

Animals have one cecum. Mammals have two independent opening called vaginal opening and anal opening.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

BIRDS

MAMMALS

29. The birds have two sound box

called larynx and syrnx. Sound is produced in syirnx and modified in larynx.

The mammals have only one sound box called larynx.

30. In birds tracheal rings are complete rings.

In mammal's tracheal ring are ‘C’ shaped.

31. In birds body cavity is continuous as it does not have diaphragm.

The mammals have two cavities abdominal and thoracic cavity separated diaphragm.

32. The birds have both lungs static In mammals right lung is floating and left one is static.

33. No epiglottis. This makes aspiration of found more likely and produces the great expulsion of air that accompanies a bird scream.

Mammals have epiglottis.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

BIRDS

MAMMALS

34. In birds heart is between the lobes

of liver. In birds heart is present between the lungs.

35.

Birds have sinus Venous.

Mammals do not have sinus Venous.

36.

In bird's one poster vena cava are present.

In mammals two posterior vena cava are present.

37. In birds pulmonary vein is one. In mammals 4-8 pulmonary veins are present. 38.

In birds aorta take right turn.

In mammals aorta take left turn.

39. A renal shunt where venous blood circulating in the lower gastrointestinal treat and the caudal extremities may pass directly through the kidneys prior is being filtered by the liver.

In mammals blood first pass through liver.

URINARY SYSTEM

BIRDS

MAMMALS

40. Birds have not urinary bladder Mammals have urinary bladder. 41.

Birds have no pelvis in kidney.

Mammals have pelvis in Kidneys

INTEGUMENT

42. Birds have no hair but have feathers

Mammals have hairs.

REPRODUCT SYSTEM

MALE

BIRDS MAMMALS 43. The testes in birds are intra The testes in mammals are extrabdominal.

abdominal, extraperitonial and are Beam shaped.

44.

The testes are located in posterior part of body.

The tests are located in prepubic Region except in dog and boar.

45. Birds have no secondly sex gland except ostrich.

All mammals have secondary sex bland.

46. Birds have no independent urinary and reproductive system.

Mammals have independent urinary and reproductive system.

FEMALE REPRODUTIVE SYSTEM

47.

The left side is well developed than right side.

In mammals both sides are well developed.

48. Fertilization takes place in infundibulum

Fertilization takes place in general in uterus.

BIRDS

MAMMALS

EAR

BIRDS

MAMMALS

49.

Birds have no external pina. Mammals have external pina.

50.

The birds have a single bone in middle ear called collumala.

Mammals have a three bone in middle ear called stapes, incus and malleus.

51.

Birds develop a canal by the direction of feathers.

Mammals have external pina to catch the sound.

EYE

BIRDS

MAMMALS

52. Birds have disc like eye ball. Mammals have oval shaped eye ball.

53. Eye lashes absent in birds Eye lashes present in mammals.

54. Birds have three eye lids, Third one is nictitating membrane.

Mammals have two eyelids.

55. Birds have a bone in sclera called ossa scleroidae.

Mammals have not bone in sclera.

56. Birds have more than one pectin but nocturnal birds have no pectin.

Mammals have one pectin.

57. Sellary muscles are striated in bids.

Cillary muscles are nonstriated in mammals.

58. Birds have only true sinus, called infraorbital sinus.

Mammals have frontal sinus, Nasal sinus and sphenoidal sinus.

59. A choanal slit. This is the natural opening between the nares / sinus, and the roof of the mouth.

True lymph nodes are present in mammals.

60. Birds have ability to store extra calcium in bones to lay eggs.

Mammals can not do so.

61. Birds have ability to lay eggs whether infertile or fertile.

62. The ability of bones to heal rapidly,

especially in young birds.

The bones in mammals heal slowly.

63. Thymus gland is found in neck region in birds.

Thymus gland is found in thoracic region in mammals