Differences between different diseases

Clinical pharmacy

Assignment submitted by Ifsha Akhlaq 528

Difference between skin cancer and warts.

SKIN CANCER WARTSSkin cancer also known as melanoma is a cancer that begins in the melanocytes. Because most of these cells still make melanin, melanoma tumors are often brown or black.

Warts are raised bumps on the skin caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV).

EPIDEMIOLOGY- In 2007 in united state 56940 cases of

melanoma reported.- In 1996 2 per 100000 patient.- In 2001 2.7 per 100000 patient reported.

- Worldwide frequency is unknown but estimated approximately 7-12% of the population.

- In school aged children 10-20% reported.SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

- Unusual sores- Lumps- Blemishes - Marking changes in color.

- Rough surface- Round or oval warts- Spot where warts may be lighter or

darker than other skin- Some warts cause pain

PATHOPHYSIOLOGYSun light exposure cause formation of thymine dimers. DNA repair removes most UV induced damage. Cumulative DNA damage leads to mutation. The sunlight depresses the local immune system and decreasing immune surveillance of new tumor cells.

The Human papillomavirus infects the epithelium and systemic dissemination of the virus not occurs. Virus replicate in the epidermis layer.

DIAGNOSTIC TEST- Physical examine- Skin biopsy- Sentinel lymph node biopsy- CT scan- MRI

- Immunohistochemical detection of HPV structural proteins.

- Polymerase chain reaction may be used to amplify viral DNA

TREATMENT- Interferon- Interleukin-2- Other medicines such as ipilimumab- Chemotherapy such as dacarbazine

- Topical agents- Intralesional injections- Photodynamic therapy- Systemic agents

Difference between Asthma and Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

ASTHMA CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

Is a chronic disease characterized by recurrent attacks of breathlessness and wheezing varying in severity an e-frequency from person to person.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lungs airflow that interferes with normal breathing.

EPIDEMIOLOGY- In 2001 7.3% increased.- In 2010 8.4% increased. From 2001 – 2009 asthma per- Worldwide deaths by asthma is 180,000 annually.

- COPD is third leading cause of death in America.- In 2010 - 12.1 million in U.S - 10.1 million Americans - 4 percent in Washington - 9 percent in AlbaniaReported.Worldwide:- - 64 million in 2004 worldwide. - 3 million in 2005. - 90% die in low and middle income countries.

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS- Wheezing- Whistling sound when breathe- Shortness of breath- Chest pain- Chronic coughingAsthma symptoms also known as asthma flare-ups or asthma attacks.

- Ongoing cough- Increased mucus- Shortness of breath- Wheezing- Fatigue- Frequent flare-ups

PATHOPHYSIOLOGYInvolve in three components:-1) Airway inflammation.2) Intermittent airflow obstruction.3) Bronchial hype responsiveness.Airway inflammationMechanism of inflammation may be acute, sub acute or chronic.The airway edema and mucus secretion also involve in this bronchial reactivity.Intermittent airflow obstructionMucus hyper secretion, desquamation of epithelium, hyperplasia of smooth muscles and remodeling of airway

The most common cause of COPD is chronic exposure to cigarette smoke directly or by air pollution occupational exposure. The smoking or other irritants o fairways cause neutrophils, T-lymphocytes and other inflammatory cells which are accumulate in airways.

cause air flow obstruction.The airway obstruction causes increased resistance of airflow and decreased expiratory flow rates. These changes causes decreased ability of expel air and hyperinflation occurs.Bronchial hype responsivenessDue to airflow obstruction the uneven changes of airflow occur which is results in hypoxia, hyper carbia is prevented by the ready diffusion of carbon dioxide across alveolar capillary membranes. The acute episode in early stage has hypoxemia in the absence of carbon dioxide retention.Hyperventilation triggered by the hypoxic drive which causes decrease in carbon dioxide. In early stages the respiratory alkalosis occurs from hyperventilation.After this metabolic acidosis occurs due to increased cardiac output, work of breathing, oxygen consumption. Respiratory failure leads to respiratory acidosis.DIAGNOSTIC TEST- Medical histories.- Breathing tests.- Spirometry test. - Allergy test for those who have allergy with asthma.

- X-rays or CT Scans of the chest.- Pulmonary function testing.- Oximetry or arterial blood gas testing.

TREATMENTIt requires continuous medical care. Moderate to Severe asthma require long term medications daily like anti inflammatory drug. Such as corticosteroids, budesonide, mometasone, flunisolide. If symptoms occur short term medications (Inhaled short acting beta) agonists anticholinergics.

There are several paths for treatment of COPD.- Avoiding infections- Medications -Bronchodilators -Anti inflammatory -Antibiotics- Oxygen therapy- Pulmonary rehabilitation- Lung volume Reduction surgery.

Difference between Jaundice and Hepatitis B.

JAUNDICE HEPATITIS BYellowing of the skin and eyes condition occurs when too much bilirubin is present in body.

Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease.

EPIDEMIOLOGY- In United states

6.1% infants in 19864.3 % in 20032.9% in 1994 reported.

- In Turkey 10.5% reported.

- 780,000 people die in a year due to hepatitis B.

- In Middle East and Indian subcontinent 2-5 % chronically infected.

- Less than 1 % of the population of western Europe and North American is chronically infected.

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS- Yellow tinted skin and eye- Whites of eye turn brown but in severe

condition- Dark urine- Pale stool- Excessive fatigue- Vomiting

- Dark urine- Joint pain- Loss of appetite- Fever- Abdominal discomfort- Weakness- Yellow skin and eyes

PATHOPHYSIOLOGYBilirubin is produced by breakdown of hemoglobin into unconjugated bilirubin. Un conjugated bilirubin binds to albumin in the blood and transport to liver. In liver the enzyme uridine diphosphogluconurate glucuronasyltransferase (UGT) conjugated this bilirubin with glucronic acid which is taken up by hepatocytes. This conjugated bilirubin excreted in bile. In patients or neonates the conjugated bilirubin is deconjugates and recycled into the circulation and not excreted from body.

Blood become exposed to HBV the body cell mediated immune response sending cytotoxic T cells and naturally killer cells against the virus and release inflammatory cytokines. As the hepatocytes are attacked and infiltrated by the HBV. Because hepatocytes are continually proliferating the virus is constantly being shed into the blood which leads to the chronic illness.

DIAGNOSTIC TEST- CBCs - Liver function test- Imaging testAbdominal ultrasounds

Computed tomography scans Magnetic resonance imaging

- Liver biopsies

- Hepatitis B surface antigen test- Hepatitis B core antigen test- Antibody Hepatitis B surface antigen test- Liver function tests

TREATMENT- Supportive care- Jaundice caused by medication/drugs the

- Hepatitis B immune globulinWithin 24hours in contact with HBV

antidote is required.- Steroids in which have autoimmune

diseases with jaundice.- Diuretics and lactulose is used in jaundice

with cirrhosis.- Antibiotics for infectious causes of jaundice.- Blood transfusions may be required in

individuals who have anemia from hemolysis.

- Surgery is requiring for jaundice with gallstones.

- Jaundice with liver failure need liver transplant.

- Antiviral medication- Liver transplant

Difference between Hepatitis A and Hepatitis C.

HEPATITIS A HEPATITIS CHepatitis A is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus. The virus is spread when an uninfected person ingest food or water that is contaminated with the faeces of an infected person.

A liver disease caused by hepatitis C virus. Virus can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis infection.

EPIDEMIOLOGY- 1.4 million cases of hepatitis A every year.- In Shanghai in 1988 about 300,000 people reported with hepatitis A.- In developing countries about 90% children are affected.

- 130-150 million people have chronic hepatitis C.- 350000 to 500000 people die in a year.Most affected regions are Central and East Asia and North Africa.

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS- Flu like symptoms (fever, fatigue body aches)-Abdominal pain-Light colored stool-Dark urine-Loss of appetite-Unexplained weight loss-Jaundice-Malaise -Diarrhea

80% patient have no symptoms but some complain of mild to severe systems such as-Fever-Dark urine-Loss of appetite-Abdominal pain-Joint pain-Jaundice

PATHOPHYSIOLOGYHAV virus acquired by mouth and replicate in liver. After 10-12 days virus present in blood and excreted in the biliary system into are feces.Virus is present in serum and virus excretion begins to decline in at the

The natural targets of HCV are hepatocytes and B-lymphocytes. Viral clearance is associated with the development and persistence of strong virus-specific responses by T lymphocytes and helper T cells.

onset of clinical illness. DIAGNOSTIC TEST-Detection of HAV-specific IgM and IgG antibodies-Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction

-CBC test-Serological test-Nucleic acid test-Genotyping test-Liver function test-Liver biopsy

TREATMENTNo specific treatments for hepatitis A but symptoms are treated.Therapy used to maintain comfort such as replacement of fluids which are lost from vomiting and diarrhea.

-Antiviral treatmentBed rest is recommended-Antiviral combination therapy with interferon and ribavirin.

Difference between Infection and Disease.

INFECTION DISEASEThe invasion and multiplication of microorganism such as bacteria, virus and parasites that are not normally present within the body.

Illness or sickness characterized by specific signs and symptoms

EPIDEMIOLOGY- In united state 2 millions nosocomial

infection in hospitalized patient.- 3-21 % in 2002 survey- Annually 1 billion pounds cost in United

kingdom 10% patient

- The 95% of the world wide population measured in disease.

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS- Fever - Warm - Painful swollen wound- Blood or pus coming from the wound- Dizziness - Fast heart beat

- Disease may be acute, chronic, malignant or benign.

- Acute disease symptoms are nausea, vomiting and pain.

- Chronic disease have severe pains, diarrhea, swelling, breathing troubles etc.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGYthe normal host cell response to infection is a complex process that localizes and controls bacterial invasions, and initiating the repair of any injured tissues.Involves

- Activation of circulating and fixed phagocyte cells,

- The generation of pro inflammatory and inflammatory

Functional changes in the body that occurs in the body.A disease would change the conformation of an enzyme; something would not be spilt or altered in some way then leads to symptoms.

mediators.- Sepsis results when the

response to infection becomes generalized and involves normal tissues from the site of injury or an infection.

DIAGNOSTIC TEST- Blood tests- X-rays - C T scan- MRI scan- Wound culture

- Different type of diagnostic tests are- Blood tests- Computed tomography scan- X-rays

- TREATMENT -- Wound cleaning- Antibiotics- NSAIDS

- Life style changes- Follow a healthy diet- Exercise regularly- Manage stress- Medicines- Surgeries

References

1) Skin cancer melanoma by Michael R Holtel,MD

http://www.emedicine.medscape.com/article/846566-overveiw#a11

Access date 9th October 2014

2) Wound infections

www.drugs.com/cg/wound-infection.html.

Access date 9th October 2014

www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=12923

access date 9th October 2014

3) Pathophysiology of sepsis by Remi Neviere,MD

http://www.uptodate.com/contents /pathophysiology-of-sepsis? Source=outline-link and view=text and anchor=H544041.

Date of access 13th October 2014

4) Human diseases written by Jonathan H. Robbins M.D

www.bratanmica.com/EBchecked/topic/275628/human-disease.

Date of access 9th October 2014

5) Hepatitis written by Vinod K Dhavan,MD, FACP,FRCP( C) ,FIDA

www.emedia.medscape.com/article/177792-overview#aw2aab6b2b3aa

Date of access 8th October 2014

6) Hepatitis C witten by april Kalm

www.healthline.com/health/hepatits-c

Date of access 8th October 2014

7) Hepatitis AEpidemiology and prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases.The pink book course text book 12th edition second printing May 2012www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/hepa.htmDate of access 9th 0ctober

8) Hepatitis A written by Richard K Gilroy,MBBS, FRACP

www.emedicine.medsacpe.com/article/177484-overview#ao104

Date of access 9th 0ctober 2014

9) Definitionswww.who.int/mediacenter/factsheets/fs 164/en/www.who.int/mediacenter/factsheets/fs 328/en/www.who.int/mediacenter/factsheets/fs 204/en/www.who.int/mediacenter/factsheets/fs 315/en/www.who.int/mediacenter/factsheets/fs 307/en/Date of access 7th October 2014

10) American Academy of allergy, Asthma and Immunologyhttp://www.aaaai.org/conditions -and-treatments/asthma.aspxDate of access 5th October 2014

11) Pathophysiology of asthma written by Micheal J Morris,MD,FACP,FCCPwww.emedicine.medscape.com/article/296301-overview#aw2aab6b2b4Date of access 7th October 2014

12) American lungs association fighting for airwww.lung.org/lung-disease/copd/resources/facts-figures/copd-fact-sheet.htmlDate of access 8th October 2014

13) COPD written by Robin Madele Medically Reviewed by George Kruik,MD.MBA/published on 27 th February2013www.healthlin.com/health-slideshow/copd-symptomsDate of access 8th October 2014