diferansiyel denklemler - yrd.doç.dr. ahmet altundağ ders notları
TRANSCRIPT
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Nbljreasbyjh Njaihjohjr Njrs Adther
Rrn.Nd.Nr. Egojt Ehtuane
www.jjonjrsadtherb. fdo
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Cho 5
CSAF OJS^JCJNJANLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJS
5.5 Nbljreasbyjh Njaihjohjrba Vaffieanrhoes^eao 5.5 Ceoh cbr njbijab vj cuaua cbr ye ne nege di ceosz njbijaj `rj trjvbab bjrja cbr njaihjoj nbljreasbyjh njaihjo njabr.
^eao 5.3 Ceoh njbija yeahzfe cbr ceosz njbijaj ceh bsj njaihjoj s-renea nbljreasbyjh njaihjo njabr.
^eao 5.6 Ceoh njbijaba cbr ye ne nege di ceosz njbijaj `rj isob trjvhjrbab bjrja nbljreasbyjh njaihjoj isob trjvhb nbljreasbyjh njaihjo njabr.
raji 5.5n3ynx3
+ y ? sba x (5.5)
nynx
+ xnynx
3
+ sba y ? ; (5.3)
n6y
nt6 +
ny
nt + y ? 3 j t (5.6)
3ux3
+ 3uy3
+ 3uz 3
? ; (5.>)
3ux3
? ut
(5.:)
Cu rajitjib bhi njaihjo srenea nbljreasbyjh, sda bibsb nj isob trjvhb nbljrea-sbyjh njaihjonbr. (5.5) vj (5.3) njaihjohjrbanj x ceosz, y nj ceoh njbijanbr.(5.6) tj bsj t ceosz, y bsj ceoh njbijanbr. (5.>) tj x, y, z ceosz, u bsj ceoh vj (5.:) tj x, t ceosz, u ybaj ceoh njbijanbr.
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< CHO 5. CSAF OJS JCJNJA NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJS
^eao 5.> Cbr nbljreasbyjh njaihjonj ja yisji trjvba ojrtjcjsbaj nbljreasbyjh
njaihjoba ojrtjcjsb njabr.raji 5.5 nj (5.5) njaihjob 3. ojrtjcj, ( 5.3) njaihjob 5. ojrtjcj, ( 5.6) njaihjob6. ojrtjcj vj nbjr bib njaihjo nj 3. ojrtjcj nbljreasbyjh njaihjohjrnbr.a. ojrtjcjnja ja `jajh srenea nbljreasbyjh njaihjo
L (x,y, nynx
, . . . , na ynxa
) ? ; (5.
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5.6. CBSBAFB OJS JCJNJA NBLJSEAVBRJH NJAIHJOHJSBO ]O RA^JOHJS0
raji 5.3 l (x) ? j x + 3 j 3x ldaisbydau
n3ynx3 6
nynx
+ 3y ? ;
nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba ei cbr zonr. @jrjitja, l (x) ldaisbydau teaoh vj trjtbhjcbhbr dhnuuanea
l (x) ? j x + >j 3x , l (x) ? j x + 7 j 3x
yezhecbhbr. Nbljreasbyjh njaihjonj, y yjrbaj l (x) vj y , y yjrbaj sresyhe l (x) vj l (x) idauhnuuane
j x + 7 j 3x6jx53j
3x + 3 j x + >j 3x ;znjhbb jhnj jnbhbr.
raji 5.6 x3 + y3> ? ; ceats x+ yy ? ; nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba B ? (3, 3)erehane iepeh cbr zonr. \jrbhja ceat cta rjjh x B bba l 5(x) ? >x3 vj l 3(x) ? >x3 jihbanj bib rjjh ldaisbyda teaoher vj gjr bib ldai-sbyda ne njaihjoba B ereh zjrbanj ei zohjrbnbr.raji 5.>
y +
5
x y ? 3 (5.7)nbljreasbyjh njaihjobab najhbo. y ? l ; (x) ? x ldaisbydau nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba cbr zonr. Eyrfe l 5(x) ? x + 5x , l 3(x) ? x +
3x , l 6(x) ? x +
6x ,... ldaisbydaher
ne cbrjr zonr. @jajh dherei, gjr f seys bba
l f (x) ? x + fx
(5.2)
bhj teaoheaea l f (x) ldaisbydau sdasuz ldaisbyda ebhjsb teaoher vj ebhjaba gjr jhe-oea (5.7) njaihjobaba cbr zonr. (5.2) njaihjobanjib f secbtbaj ijyst secbt vjye pereojtrj vj (5.2) bhj teaoheaea ldaisbyda ebhjsbaj (5.7) njaihjobaba cbr -
zo vjye `jajh batj`rehb njabr.
5.6 Cbrbafb Ojrtjcjnja Nbljreasbyjh Njaihjohjrbozo Ratjohjrb
5.6.5 Njbijahjrbaj Eyrhecbhja Nbljreasbyhj NjaihjohjrCbrbafb ojrtjcjnja cbr nbljreasbyjh njaihjo `jajh dherei y ? l (x, y) trjv cbb-obanj vjye [ (x, y)nx + U(x, y)ny ? ; nbljreasbyjh cbbobanj blenj jnbhjcbhbr. Jjr
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7 CHO 5. CSAF OJS JCJNJA NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJS
y ? l (x, y) nbljreasbyjh njaihjob l (x, y) ldaisbydau yeahzfe x vj y njbijahjrbab
bjrja ldaisbydahera erpo dherei, yeaby ? e(x)c(y), c(y) ? ; (5.5;)
vjye[ (x)nx + U(y)ny ? ; (5.55)
nbljreasbyjh cbbobanj yezhydrse, njaihjoj njbijahjrb eyrhecbhbr njabr. D gehnj(5.5;) njaihjob
nyc(y)
? e(x)nx
dhur vj `jajh zo nj cbr batj`resyda bhj, f batj`reh secbtb dhoei zjrj
nyc(y) ? e(x)nx + fdhur.AD^= Eeneib njbijahjrbaj eyrhecbhbr nbljreasbyjh njaihjohjrba ijyst dhereisjbhja > teajsb njrstj zhjfjitbr. zhojyja sdruhera > teajsb, njrsj ieythrjafbhjrj njv dherei vjrbhjfjitbr. njvhjr cbr sdareib njrsba ceane `jtbrbhojsbzdruahunur.
]HJFJI [SDCHJOHJS 5Eeneib njbijahjrj eyrhecbhbr nbljreasbyjh njaihjohjrba `jajh zohjrbab cuhu-auz.
5. 5 + x3 5 + y3 nxxyny ? ;3. yy + xy3 ? x6. 5 + x3 ny + 5 + y3 nx ? ;>. j 3x+ ynxj
x yny ? ;
: . y ? x5y3
+ xy3
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5.6. CBSBAFB OJS JCJNJA NBLJSEAVBRJH NJAIHJOHJSBO ]O RA^JOHJS2
56. xy3 + 3 y3 nx + xy3x ny ? ;
5>. 5 + x3 y + 3 xy ? x5: . 3yny + >x6 >y>nx ? ;5. xy3ny ? x6 + y6 nx: . (3 xyy) nx + xny ? ; + x>
xy6
55. jxy (yx) ny + y 5 + j
xy nx ? ;
53. x3y3y nx + xny ? ;
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5; CHO 5. CSAF OJS JCJNJA NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJS
5.6.6 Gdodmja Njaihjoj anbr`jajcbhja Nbljreasbyjh Njai-hjohjr
x vj y njbijahjrbaj `rj secbt ietseyh
y ? ex + cy + fe x + c y + f
(5.53)
nbljreasbyjh njaihjob gdodmja dhoen gehnj cesbt cbr njbija nao bhj gd-odmja nbljreasbyjh njaihjo gehbaj banbr`jajcbhbr. Jjr
ex + cy + f ? ; , e x + c y + f ? ; (5.56)hbajjr njaihjohjrb bhj teaoheaea ndruher cbr (g, i ) aditesane ijsbbydrse ?ec
e c
? ; dhoehnr. ? ; dhoes nuruouane bsj ndruher cbr cbrbaj perehjh
dhur. aa cu bib dhes nuruouane lerih naohjr tetcbi jnbhojhbnbr. ? ;nuruouane drbmba aditesax ? W + g, y ? R + i (5.5>)
hbajjr nao iuhheaerei (g, i ) ijsbbo aditesae ieynrecbhbrbz. Cu nao bhj(5.53) nbljreasbyjh njaihjob
nR nW
? eW + cR e W + c R
(5.5:)
gdodmja nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaj nar. (5.5:) gdodmja njaihjobab nj R ? uW nao uy`uhear vj njaihjo zhr. Jhnj jnbhja zoanj (5.5>) teaoheaea(x,y) njjrhjrb yjrhjrbaj yezherei ereaea zo cuhuaur.Jjr (5.56) ndruher perehjh, yeab ? ; bsj, d zeoea yuierne uy`uheaea tjhjojuy`uheaeoez. Cu nuruone z ? e x + c y+ f nao yepherei (5.53) nbljreasbyjhnjaihjob zhr.AD^= Eeneib nbljreasbyjh njaihjohjrba ijyst dherei sjbhja 3 teajsb njrstj -zhjfjitbr. zhojyja sdruhera 3 teajsb, njrsj ieyth rjafbhjrj njv dherei vj-rbhjfjitbr. njvhjr cbr sdareib njrsba ceane `jtbrbhojsb zdruahunur.
]HJFJI [SDCHJOHJS 6
5. (6xy + 5) nx + ( x6y + 3) ny ? ;
3. y ? x + y + >xy. y ? x + y + >x + y Hbajjr Nbljreasbyjh Njaihjohjrl (x)y + ` (x)y ? g(x), l (x) ? ;
cbbobanj y vj y ldaisbydaherae `rj hbajjr dhoeyea cbr njaihjoj hbajjr (ndruseh)nbljreasbyjh njaihjo njabr. Cuaua yjrbaj l (x) ldaisbydau bhj chjrji jhnj jnbhja
y + p(x)y ? q (x) (5.5
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53 CHO 5. CSAF OJS JCJNJA NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJS
(5.5
5. xy 6y ? x>
3. y + y ? 5
5 + j 3x
6. xy y ? x6j x
3
>. xy 3y ? x sba 5x
: . y 3xy5 + x3
? erftea x
. y + y fdt x ? tea x
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5.6. CBSBAFB OJS JCJNJA NBLJSEAVBRJH NJAIHJOHJSBO ]O RA^JOHJS5
5.6.: Cjraduhhb Nbljrjasbyjh Njaihjoby + p(x)y ? q (x)ya (5.57)
cbbobanj hbajjr dhoeyea cbr njaihjo Cjraduhhb njaihjob dherei bsbohjanbrbhbr. Cunjaihjoba a ? ; bba hbajjr vj a ? 5 bba gdodmja njaihjohjrbab bjrbr. Cu sjcjchja ? ; , 5 verseyefez.Cesbt cbr njbija njbbob bhj Cjraduhhb njaihjob hbajjr njaihjoj natrhjcbhbr.Jjr (5.57) njaihjobababa gjr bib yea ya bhj charsj
y a y + p(x)y5 a ? q (x)
cuhuaur. Cu njaihjoj z ? y5 a , a
? ; , 5 nao uy`uhearse
z + (5a ) p(x)z ? (5 a )q (x) (5.52)
hbajjr nbljreasbyjh njaihjob jhnj jnbhbr. (5.52) njaihjob nj cbr afjib chonj hb-ajjr nbljreasbyjh njaihjohjr bba `stjrbhja zo yatjohjrbanja cbrb iuhheahereizo cuhuaur. Cuhuaea zonj, z bhj y eresaneib ceatnea leyneheaerei Cjr-aduhhb nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba `jajh zo jhnj jnbhbr.AD^= Eeneib nbljreasbyjh njaihjohjrba ijyst dherei sjbhja 3 teajsb njrstj -zhjfjitbr. zhojyja sdruhera 3 teajsb, njrsj ieyth rjafbhjrj njv dherei vj-rbhjfjitbr. njvhjr cbr sdareib njrsba ceane `jtbrbhojsb zdruahunur.
]HJFJI [SDCHJOHJS :
5. x3 + 5 y + xy ? x6y6
3. xy + y ? y3 hax6. 3xyy ? x3 + y3
>. xyy + y3 ? x sbagx: . yxy
6 nx + xny ? ;xy ? 3 xj x
3 y
5.6.< Sbffetb Nbljreasbyjh NjaihjobVteanert Sbffetb njaihjob
y ? p(x)y3 + q (x)y + r(x) (5.3;)
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5> CHO 5. CSAF OJS JCJNJA NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJS
cbbobanj hbajjr dhoeyea cbr njaihjonbr. Curene p, znj dherei slr dhoeyea cbr
ldaisbydanur. Cu njaihjoba y ? y5 `bcb zjh cbr zo cbhbabydrse njaihjoba `jajhzo cuhuaecbhbr. Cuaua bba, u yjab cbr ceoh njbija dhoei zjrj
y ? y5 + 5u
nao yepoei yjtjrhbnbr. y5 zjh zo dhnuuanea (5.3;) njaihjobab seher,yeab,
y5 ? p(x)y35 + q (x)y5 + r(x) (5.35)
dhur. D gehnj (5.3;) njaihjob
y ? y5 uu3
? p y35 + 3 y5
u + 5
u3+ q y5 + 5u3
+ r
dherei yezhr vj (5.35) `z aanj cuhuanuruhurse
u + (3 py5 + q )u + p ? ; (5.33)
hbajjr nbljreasbyjh njaihjob jhnj jnbhbr.AD^= Eeneib nbljreasbyjh njaihjohjrba ijyst dherei sjbhja 3 teajsb njrstj -zhjfjitbr. zhojyja sdruhera 3 teajsb, njrsj ieyth rjafbhjrj njv dherei vj-rbhjfjitbr. njvhjr cbr sdareib njrsba ceane `jtbrbhojsb zdruahunur.
]HJFJI [SDCHJOHJS . x3 + e y + 3 y36xye ? ; , y5 ? x: . y + j x y36y + j
x ? ; , y5 ? j x
)
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5.6. CBSBAFB OJS JCJNJA NBLJSEAVBRJH NJAIHJOHJSBO ]O RA^JOHJS5
jihbanjib cbr nzhjo jrb ebhjsbaba zo bsj (5.36) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaj teo
nbljreasbyjh njaihjo njabr. bonb, vjrbhja cbr nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba teo dhup dhoe-n geiiane cbr irbtjr cjhbrhjyjhbo. Cuaua bba afj (5.3>) njaihjoba nbljreasbyjhbeharse
nu ? ux
nx + uy
ny (5.3:)
njaihjob jhnj jnbhbr. Cu nuruone, (5.36) vj (5.3:) njaihjohjrb cbrcbrbaj znjtbr.Cu znjhbitja
[ (x, y) ? ux
vj U(x, y) ? uy
(5.3
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5< CHO 5. CSAF OJS JCJNJA NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJS
cuhuruz. Vdau dherei, cuhnuuouz g(y) ldaisbydauau (5.37) nj yjrbaj yezerseiu(x, y) ldasbydauau jhnj jnjrbz.AD^= Eeneib nbljreasbyjh njaihjohjrba ijyst dherei sjbhja 6 teajsb njrstj -zhjfjitbr. zhojyja sdruhera 6 teajsb, njrsj ieyth rjafbhjrj njv dherei vj-rbhjfjitbr. njvhjr cbr sdareib njrsba ceane `jtbrbhojsb zdruahunur.
]HJFJI [SDCHJOHJS 0
5. erftea y3nx + 3xy5 + y>
ny ? ;
3. (y + yj xy ) nx + ( x + xj xy ) ny ? ;6. j ynx + ( xj y + 3 y) ny ? ;
>. 5
y fds
xy
nx xy3
fds xy
ny ? ;
: . yx
3y
3
x3 + y3 nx
xx3 + y3
ny ? ;
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5.6. CBSBAFB OJS JCJNJA NBLJSEAVBRJH NJAIHJOHJSBO ]O RA^JOHJS5
vjye[ y Ux + [ y Ux ? ; (5.63)
dherei yezhrse, (x, y) batj`resyda erpeaaa cuhuaoes prdchjob yuierneib isobnbljreasbyjh njaihjoba cbr zoaa cuhuaoesae banbr`jaob dhuaur. Cu isobnjaihjob zoji (cbr zjh zoa cuhoei yjrtjrhb dhur) vjrbhja srenea nbljrea-sbyjh njaihjob di nege `tr. Leiet ybaj nj njajoj bhj cu njaihjoba cez zjhzohjrbab cuhecbhbrbz.
atj`resyda erpea senjfj x ba cbr ldaisbydau, yeab ? (x)dhoes nuruou =Cu nuruone (5.63) njaihjobanja
(x) ? f j 5U ( [ y Ux )nx (5.66)
batj`resyda erpo bhj jhnj jnbhbr. Curene f secbtbab zjh dherei sjoji (`jajhhbijf?5) yjtjrhbnbr.ZRESB= ? (x) jihbanj cbr btj`resyda erpeaaa cuhuaecbhojsb bba 5U [ y Uxblenjsbaba senjfj x ceosz njbijabaj ceh dhoes `jrjihbnbr.raji 5.:
(xy5)nx + x3xy ny ? ; (5.6>)
nbljreasbyjh njaihjobab `z aaj eheho. (5.6>) njaihjobanj [ (x, y) ? xy
5vj U(x, y) ? x3 xy nbr.
[ y ? x vj Ux ? 3 x y dhup [ y ? Ux nbr. Reab (5.6>) njaihjob teo nbljreasbyjh njaihjo njbhnbr. bonb, (5.6>) njaihjobab teo
nbljreasbyjh njaihjo yepefei batj`resyda erpeaa cuheho. 5U[ y Ux ? 5x
dhnuuanea (5.66) ceatsa iuhheaecbhbrbz.
(x) ? f j (5x )nx ?
fx
dherei jhnj jnbhbr. f secbtb ijyst dhnuuanea f ? 5 bba (x) ? 5x ehecbhbrbz. zjthj,teo dhoeyea (5.6>) njaihobab 5x ldaisbydau bhj erptozne dhuea njaihjo teo nbljreasbyjh njaihjo dhur.
atj`resyda erpea senjfj y ba cbr ldaisbydau, yeab ? (y)dhoes nuruou =Cu nuruone (5.63) njaihjobanja
(y) ? j 5[ ( [ y Ux )ny (5.6:)
jhnj jnbhbr.ZRESB= ? (y) jihbanj cbr btj`resyda erpeaaa cuhuaecbhojsb bba 5[ [ y Uxblenjsbaba senjfj y ceosz njbijabaj ceh dhoes `jrjihbnbr.
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57 CHO 5. CSAF OJS JCJNJA NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJS
raji 5.;)
cuhuaur. zjthj, teo nbljreasbyjh njaihjo dhoeyea (5.62) njaihjobab j 53 (x+ y)3 ldisb-ydauyhe erptoz teitbrnj jhnj jnjfjbobz njihjo teo nbljreasbyjh njaihjo dhur.
ZRESB= Cu rajitj sdruhefei ebier sdruhernea cbrbsb nj ldaisbydaua ? x + ycbbobanj aesh cjhbrhjanbbnbr. Rephoes `jrjija bhjo, ldaisbydauau (5.60) nb-ljreasbyjh njaihjonja cuhoeitr. Leiet, cu prdchjoba zo vjrbhja (5.62) nblj-reasbyjh njaihjobaba zoanja zdrnur. Ndheysyhe cyhj cbr prdchjo vjrbhnbbteitbrnj ldaisbydau ne prdchjohj cbrhbitj vjrbhbr.
O (x, y) vj A (x, y) ldaisbydaher cbrjr pdhbado dhoei zjrj, yO (x, y)nx+xA (x, y)ny ? ; cbbobanjib teo dhoeyea cbr nbrjleasbyjh njaihjo bbabtj`resyea erpea=
Cu jibhnj ldrohbzj jnbhja cbr nbljreasbyjh njaihjo bba ? xo ya , o, a ] cbb-obanj cbr batj`resyda erpea cuhuaecbhbr. bonb vjrbhja yatjob eenei rajihjbzeg jnjhbo.
raji 5.73xy3 + 6 y nx + x3y + 6x ny ? ; (5.>5)
njaihjob teo dhoeyea cbr nbljreasbyjh njaihjonbr. (5.>5) njaihjobab yO (x, y)nx +xA (x, y)ny ? ; , yhj ib O (x, y) ? 3 xy + 6 vj A (x, y) ? xy + 6, ldrouane yez-hecbhjfjbobznja cegsb `jja yatjob uy`uheyecbhbrbz. (5.>5) njaihjobab ? xo ya ,o, a ] ldaisbydauyhe erptozne
3xo +5 ya +3 + 6 xo ya +5 nx + xo +3 ya +5 + 6 xo +5 ya ny ? ; (5.>3)
jhnj jnjrbz. (5.>3) njaihjobanj
[ (x, y) ? 3 xo +5 ya +3 + 6 xo ya +5 vj U (x, y) ? xo +3 ya +5 + 6( a + 5) xo +5 ya
dhup cu njaihjoj bba teo nbljreasbyjh dhoe iduhu, yeab [ y ? Ux yezhrse
3(a + 3) xo +5 ya +5 + 6( a + 5) xo ya ? ( o + 3) xo +5 ya +5 + 6( o + 5) xo ya
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5.>. ]OHJSBA \ESHBI \J ^JIHBB 35
5. (y + x)nx + ( yx)ny ? ; , ? (x3 + y3)
3. (x3y)nx + yny ? ; , ? (xy)6. ynx(x + x
3 + y3)ny ? ; , ? (x3 + y3)>. (x3y
3 + 5) xnxyny ? ; , ? (x3y
3)
: .5x
+ 3y
nx +5y
3x
ny ? ; , ? (xy)
. (y + xy3)nx + ( xx3y)ny ? ;
5.> zohjrba \erhi vj jihbb5.>.5 [bfern Erni Reiheoher Ratjobbonbyj iener `rnoz steanert yatjohjrhj zhjcbhja(batj`rj jnbhjcbhja) cb-rbafb ojrtjcj njaihjohjrba dhnuie isth dhnuuau `rni. @jajh dherei uy`uhe-oeherne ierhehea njaihjohjrba pji du cu sal nane iehoeitenr. Eafei,
l (x, y) ldaisbydau (x; , y; ) aditesaa cbr idouhuuane teaoh vj srjihb cbr ldai-sbyda dhoei zjrjy ? l (x, y), y(x; ) ? y; (5.>6)
bhj teaoheaea cbrbafb ojrtjcj cbr njaihjo bba cehea` njjr prdchjob, njaihjobzojnja zohjrbaj bhbiba dhnuie ajohb cbh`bhjr ierecbhbrbz. rajba zo-hjrba verh vj tjihbb `bcb. bonb cyhj ievreohere gezrhi dherei [bfern btjresydavjye ernei yeiheoher yatjobab vjrjhbo. Cu yatjoba i adites (5.>6) prdc-hjobab njai cbr
y(x) ? y; + xx ; l (t, y(t))nt (5.>>)
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33 CHO 5. CSAF OJS JCJNJA NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJS
batj`reh njaihjobaj natrojitbr. Jjr y(x), (5.>6) prdchjobaba cbr zo bsj,y(x) srjihb vj l (x, y(x)) ldaisbydau x ba srjihb cbr ldaisbydau dhur. (5.>6) njibnbljreasbyjh njaihjob x,j `rj x; x,j iener batj`rj jnbhbr vj cehea` iduhu iuhhea-hrse (5.>>) batj`reh njaihjobaj verhr. Curene, st batj`resyda sar x njbijab bhjierih ahjoji bba batj`reh njbijab dherei t njbijab iuhheahotr. ^jrsbaj,jjr y(x) batj`reh njaihjoba srjihb cbr zo bsj, y(x; ) ? y; cehea` iduhusehear vj (5.>>) njaihjobaba x , `rj trjtbhjrji ( 5.>6) njib njaihjo jhnj jnbhbr.bonb (5.>>) batj`reh njaihjobab btjresyda bhjob bhj zoji bstbydruz. Cuaua bbaiece yeiheohe zoj ceheyerei, cuau eno eno `jhbtbrojyj eheho. Cehea-` zo dherei y(x) ? y; secbt zo dherei sjbhjcbhbr. Cu yeiheo batj`rehnjaihjoba se yeaae yjrhjtbrjrji yjab vj nege byb cbr y5(x) yeiheo cjihjyjcbhbrbz=
y5(x) ? y; + x
x ;l (t, y ; (t))nt
bibafb btjresydane y5(x) yeiheoa iuhheaerei ybaj nege byb cbr y3 zo rjtj-cbhbrbz=
y3(x) ? y; + xx ; l (t, y5(t))ntvj cu cbbonjib btjresydahe a. eno yeiheo
ya (x) ? y; + xx ; l (t, ya 5(t))nt (5.>:)dhefeitr. a bba hbobtj `jjrji {ya (x)} ldaisbyda nbzbsb `jrji zoj yeia-seyefetr. Cu nbzbyj [bfern yeihetroher nbzbsb, cu btjresydahu yatjoj nj [bfernbtjresyda yatjob njabr.
raji 5.2y ? 5 + y3, y(;) ? ; (5.>
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5.>. ]OHJSBA \ESHBI \J ^JIHBB 36
dherei cuhuaur. af btjresydane y6 yeiheo
y6(x) ? y(;) + x
;5 + y3(t)3 nt ?
x
;5 + ( t +
t6
6 )3 nt ? x +
x6
6 +
3x:
5: +
x0
.3 [bfern jdrjobl (x, y) ldaisbydau xy-nzhjobaba (x; , y; ) aditesa bjrja cbr ch`jnj teaoh cbrldaisbyda ldaisbyda dhoei zjrj
y ? l (x, y), y(x; ) ? y; (5.>7)cehea` njjr tjdrbob bba gea`b iduhher ehtane zoa ver dhnuuau vj jjrcyhj cbr zo verse tjihbbab `ereatb jnja verhi vj tjihbi tjdrbob blenj jnjr.
^jdrjo 5.3 l (x, y) vj l y , ijaerher jisjahjrj perehjh iepeh cbr S nbitrt`jab zj-
rbanj x vj y njbijababa srjihb ldaisbydaher dhsuaher. Jjr (x; , y; ) S ch`jsbaba gjrgea`b cbr b adites bsj, (5.>7) cehea` njjr prdchjobaba |xx; | g ereh zjrbanj yeahzfe cbr y(x) zo dhefei cbbonj cbr g 1 ; seys vernr.Cu tjdrjoba ieat bba Y
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3> CHO 5. CSAF OJS JCJNJA NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJS
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Cho 3
RIVJI NJSJFJNJA
NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJS[ 5, [ 3, . . . , [ a ldisbydaher x vj y aba ldaisbydaher dhsua. Jjr cbr nbljreasbyjh njai-hjo y yj `rj a. njrjfjnja cbr pdhbado bsj njaihjoj a. njrjfjnjanbr njabr. Cyhjcbr nbljreasbyjh njaihjo
nynx
a
+ [ 5nynx
a 5
+ + [ a 5nynx
+ [ a ? ; (3.5)
cbbobanj blenj jnbhjcbhbr. (3.5) njaihjobaba(y U5(x, y))(y U3(x, y)) . . . (y Ua (x, y)) ? ; (3.3)
cbbobanj erpeahere eyrhecbhnbbab iecuh jnjhbo. Jjr,
q r (x,y,f r ) ? ;
y Ur (x, y) ? ; njaihjobaba cbr zo bsj, cu eya zeoeane (3.3) njaihjobabanj cbr zonr. ^jrsbaj,(x,y,f ) ? ;
ldaisbydau (3.5) njaihjobaba cbr zo bsj
y Ur (x, y) ? ; , r ? 5 , 3, . . . , a
njaihjohjrbanja cbrbab nj seher. u gehnj, (3.3) njaihjobaba `jajh zo
q 5(x,y,f )q 3(x,y,f ) . . . q a (x,y,f ) ? ;
jihbanjnbr.
3:
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3< CHO 3. RIVJI NJSJFJNJA NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJS
raji 3.5xy 3 + y(5x
3)y xy3 ? ; (3.6)
nbljreasbyjh njaihjob y yj `rj 3. njrjfjnjanbr vj njaihjo
(y xy)(y + yx
) ? ;
jihbanj bljnj jnbhjcbhbr. Cuaua `jajh zo bsj
y ? xy vj y ? yx
5. njrjfj njaihjohjrba zohjrb dhea
yfjx3 / 3 ? ; vj y
fx
? ;
ceatheraa erpo dhur. Reab,
yfjx3 / 3 y
fx
? ; .
3.5 Fhebreut Nbljreasbyjh Njaihjoby ? xp + l ( p), p ? y (3.>)
tbpbanjib cbr njaihjoj Fhebreut nbljreasbyjh njaihjob njabr. Cbr pereojtrjhb
y ? fx + l (f) (3.:)
ndru ebhjsbab seheyea nbljreasbyjh njaihjob cuhoeye eheho. (3.:) njaihjobabx ,j `rj trjvb y ? p ? f dhur. (3.:) nj yjrbaj idaurse f ydi jnbhob dhur vj (3.>)Fhebreut nbljreasbyjh njaihjob cuhuaur. D gehnj (3.:) ndru ebhjsb (3.>) njaihjobaba`jajh zonr. (3.>) njaihjobaba (3.:) `jajh zoanja jhnj jnbhjojyja vj tjibhzo njabhja cbr ceie zo nege cuhecbhbrbz. Cu eoehe, (3.>) njaihjob x,j `rjtrjtbrsji
p ? p + ( x + l ( p)) npnx (x + l ( p))
npnx
? ; (3.
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3.5. FHEBSEZ^ NBLJSEAVBRJH NJAIHJOB 30
(3.) bhj (3.0) eresaneib x ydi jnbhbrsj
y ? pl ( p) + l ( p) (3.7)jhnj jnbhbr. (3.0) vj (3.7) njaihjohjrb cbrhbitj, p pereojtrj dhoei zjrj, ( 3.>)njaihjobaba pereojtrbi zonr. Cu bib njaihjo eresane p ydi jnbhbrsj,(x, y) ? ; cbbobanj f secbtbab bjrojyja cbr zo cuhuaur. Cu zoj nj(3.>) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba tjibh zo njabr.
raji 3.3
y ? xp + sba pnbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba `jajh vj tjibh zohjrbab cuhuauz.
Njaihjhob x,j `rj trjtbrsji
p (xfds p) ? ;
cuhuruz. p ? ; erpea y ? fx + sba f `jajh zo, (xfds p) ? ; erpea bsj
x ? fds p, y ? p fds p + sba p
vjye p aba ydi jnbhojsbyhj
y ? x erffds x + 5x3tjibh zo cuhuaur.
AD^= Eeneib nbljreasbyjh njaihjohjrba ijyst dherei sjbhja 3 teajsb njrstj -zhjfjitbr. zhojyja sdruhera 3 teajsb, njrsj ieyth rjafbhjrj njv dherei vj-rbhjfjitbr. njvhjr cbr sdareib njrsba ceane `jtbrbhojsb zdruahunur.
]HJFJI [SDCHJOHJS 55
Eeneib Fhebreut tbpbanjib nbljreasbyjh njaihjohjrba `jajh vj tjibh zohjrbabcuhuauz
5. y ? xp + ep( p3 + 5) 5/ 3
3. y ? xp + epe ha p6. y ? xp + pha p>. y ? xp + 5 p3 perffds p: . y ? xp + 5 + p3 pha p
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37 CHO 3. RIVJI NJSJFJNJA NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJS
3.3 He`rea`j ( n Ehjocjrt) Nbljreasbyjh Njaihjoby ? x` ( p) + l ( p), p ? y (3.2)
tbpbanjib cbr njaihjoj He`rea`j nbljreasbyjh njaihjob njabr. Fhebreut nbljreasbyjhnjaihjob He`rea`j njaihjobaba zjh ` ( p) p nuruounur. Cuanea ndhey, curene` ( p) aba p nja lerih dhnuuau verseyydruz. (3.2) njaihjobab x ,j `rj trjtbrsji
p ? ` ( p) + Yx` ( p) + l ( p)_ p (x) (3.5;)
cuhuruz. p ( p) dhnuuanea `jajh batj`reh jrbhjrb erti ndruher dhoez. (3.5;) njai-hjob(` ( p) p)
nxnp + ` ( p)x ? l ( p) (3.55)
cbbobanj x,j `rj hbajjr cbr njaihjo dherei yezhecbhbr. (3.55) hbajjr nbljreasbyjhnjaihjob secbtba njbbob yatjobyhj zhrsj
x ? j ` ( p )` ( p ) p np f l ( p)j
` ( p )` ( p ) p np
` ( p) p np (3.53)
cuhuaur. D gehnj, (3.2) vj (3.53) eresane x ydi jnbhbrsj, y yeahzfe p vj f abacbr ldaisbydau dherei jhnj jnbhbr. Jjr, p cbr pereojtrj dherei nahrsj, (3.2)vj (3.53) njaihjohjrb `jajh zoa pereojtrbi njaihjohjrb dhur. Eafei cez zjhnuruoherne cu p pereojtrjsb ydi jnbhjrji x, y vj f yb bjrja cbr `jajh zo cuhoeiooia dhecbhbr. Nbjr yeanea, jjr ` ( p) p ? ; njaihjobaba ja ez cbr rjjh iiverse, rajba p ? p; bsj, d zeoea (3.5;) njaihjob p (x) ? ; bba sehear. Cunuruone ( 3.2) njaihjobaba
y ? x` ( p; ) + l ( p; )
cbbobanj secbt bjrojyja cbr zoa nege jhnj jnjrbz. Cu bsj tjibh vjye zjhzonr.
raji 3.6y ? xp3 + p6 (3.56)
njaihjobaba `jajh vj tjibh zoahjrbab cuheho. Njaihjob x,j `rj trjtbhbrsj,
p ? p3 + (3 xp + 6 p3) p (x) vjye p p3 ? (3 xp + 6 p3) p (x) (3.5>)
cbbobanj dhur. p p3 ? ; njaihjobaba iihjrb p; ? ; vj p; ? 5 nbr. p; ? ; vjye
p; ? 5 dhnuuane (3.5>) njaihjobanj p (x) ? ; dhur. u gehnj, p(x) ? f ? p;cuhuaur. p; ? ; ierhi `jhja tjibh zo y ? ; vj p; ? 5 iiaj ierhi `jhja
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3.6. @JAJHHJ^BSOJ 32
tjibh zo y ? x + 5 cbbobanj dhur. bonb, p ? ; , 5 bba, (3.56) njaihjobaba `jajh zoa cuheho. (3.5>) njaihjob
nxnp
35 p
x ? 6 p5 p
cbbobanj x,j `rj hbajjrnbr. Cu njaihjoba zo nj
x ? 5
(5 p)3
63 p3 p
6 + f (3.5:)
dhur. Cuauahe, vjrbhja njaihjo eresane x ydi jnbhbrsj
y ? 5(5 p)
363 p6 p
> + fp + p6 (3.5
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6; CHO 3. RIVJI NJSJFJNJA NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJS
njaihjob cuhuaur. Cu njaihjoba cbr secbtb bjrja `jajh zo u cbbonj blenj
jnbhjcbhbr=(x,p,f ) ? ; . (3.57)
Jjr (3.57) njaihjob x njbijabaj `rj x ? ( p, f) cbbobanj zhjcbhbydrse, cuceat (3.50) njaihjob bhj cbrhbitj `jajh zoa pereojtrbi njaihjohjrbab vjrbr. ppereojtrjsbaba ydi jnbhjcbhnbb nuruoherne `jajh zoa x, y vj f tranja, yeabiertjzyja blenjsb jhnj jnbhbr. Jjr, pl x vj l p aba yeahzfe x vj p yj ceh cbr drteierpea verse, cu nuruone njaihjoba cbr tjibh zoa ierecbhbrbz.Jjr L (x,y,p ) ? ; njaihjob x ,j `rj zhjcbhbydrse, yeab
x ? ` (y, p) (3.52)
bsj, cu ijz y njbijabaj `rj trjv eherei p (y) trjvbaj `rj cbrbafb njrjfjnjanxny
? 5 p
? `y
+ `p
npny
njaihjob cuhuaur. Cu njaihjoba zo
(y,p,f ) ? ; vjye y ? ( p, f) (3.3;)cbbobanj yezhecbhjfjbanja, ybaj (3.52) vj (3.3;) njaihjohjrb pereojtrbi dherei`jajh zo vjrbr.raji 3.>
y ? p + j x
p (3.35)
njaihjobaba `jajh vj tjibh zohjrbab cuheho.Njaihjo y yj `rj zho dhnuuanea gjr bib yeaa x, `rj trjtjhbo.
p ? p + j x
p p p3
j x
vjye ( p p) 5
j x
p3 ? ; (3.33)
cuhuruz. (3.33) njaihjob p ? p bba sephear. Curenea,
p ? p p ? fjx
(3.36)cuhuruz. (3.35) vj (3.36) njaihjohjrb eresane p ydi jnbhbrsj
y ? fj x + 5f
`jajh zo cuhuruz. (3.33) njaihjobaba secbt bjrojyja bibab erpea bsj p3 ? j xceatsa vjrbr ib, cuauahe (3.35) njaihjo eresane p ydi jnbhbrsj
y3 ? > j x
tjibh zo jhnj jnjrbz.
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3.:. @JDOJ^SBI ZR@ZHEOEHES 66
3.: @jdojtrbi Zy`uheoeherL (x,y,y ) ? ; (3.66)
nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba batj`reh jrbhjrbaba yeahzfe cbr pereojtrjyj ceh
l (x,y,f ) ? ; (3.6>)
cbbobanj jrb ebhjsb dhnuuau cbhbydruz. ^jrsbaj, (3.6>) njaihjobaba x,j `rj trj-tbhojsbyhj jhnj jnbhja (x,y,y , f ) ? ; bhj (3.6>) eresane f secbtb ydi jnbhbrsj (3.66)njaihjob jhnj jnbhbr. bonb, ybaj cu secbtj ceh bib jrb ebhjsb eheho=
l (x,y,f ) ? ; vj ` (x,y,i ) ? ; . (3.6:)
(3.6:) njaihjohjrbanja cbrbsbab febhjsb, nbjrb nj iebhjsb dherei bsbohjanbrjhbo.Jjr i -ebhjsbaba gjrgea`bcbr jrbsb f-ebhjsbaba gjr jrbsbab cjhbrhb cbr `jdojtrbi zjhhbj`rj ijsjrsj, gjr bib ebhjaba gjrgea`bcbr jrbsbaj nbjr yra`jaba yra`jsb njabr.Cbr jrb, jrb ebhjsbaba cta jrbhjrbab nbi e ehtane ijsjrsj, cu jrbyj d ebhjaba nbiyra`jsb, jjr 2; nja lerih cbr e ehtane ijsjrsj, jbi yra jsb njabr. jibh(5)njib `bcb (3.6:) jrb ebhjhjrb secbt cbr es bhj ijsbsba vj febhjsbaba gjrgea`bcbrjrbsbaba ijyst cbr (x, y) aditesane tjjtb x jisjabyhj es yepsa. bsj, i -ebhjsbabacu aditene x jisjab bhj yept e dhsua. Cu erther ehtane, eeneib ceatyyezecbhbrbz=
y ? tea ? tea( ) ? tea
tea
5 + tea tea .
febhjsbaba nbljreasbyjh njihjob L (x,y,y ) ? ; bsj
L (x,y, tea ) ? L (x,y, tea tea 5 + tea tea
) (3.6
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6> CHO 3. RIVJI NJSJFJNJA NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJS
raji 3.: ehtane ijsja jbi yra`jhjrbab cu-huauz.\jrbhja jocjr ebhjsbaba (3.67) nbljreasbyjh njaihjob
y ? xy
(3.62)
nbr. (3.67) ebhjsbaba nbi yra`jhjrbab cuhoei bba y 5y nao yephrse
y ? yx (3.>;)
jhnj jnbhbr. (3.>;) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba zoanja y ? ix cuhuaur. zjthj,(3.67) jocjr ebhjsbaba nbi yra`jhjrb y ? ix ndru ebhjsbnbr.bonb nj (3.67) jocjr ebhjsbaba ? >: ehtaneib jbi yra`jhjrbab cuheho. Re-phoes `jrjija b, (3.>;) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobanj y y
tea>:
5+ y tea >: nao yep-oeitr. Cu nao yephnane
y 55 + y
? xy
vjye y ? yxy + x
5. njrjfjnja gdodmja nbljreasyjh njaijhjob jhnj jnbhbr. y ? ux naoanja
y ? u x + u ? u5u + 5
vj curenea u + 5u3 + 5
nu + nx
x ? ; u + 5u3 + 5 nu + nxx ? i
curenea ne
ha|u|+ erftea u + ha |x| ? x ha|y|+ erftea yx ? ijhnj jnbhbr.
AD^= Eeneib nbljreasbyjh njaihjohjrba ijyst dherei sjbhja 3 teajsb njrstj -zhjfjitbr. zhojyja sdruhera 3 teajsb, njrsj ieyth rjafbhjrj njv dherei vj-rbhjfjitbr. njvhjr cbr sdareib njrsba ceane `jtbrbhojsb zdruahunur.
]HJFJI [SDCHJOHJS 5:
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3.:. @JDOJ^SBI ZR@ZHEOEHES 6:
Eeneib cbr pereojtrjhb jrb ebhjhjrbaba nbi yra`j njaihjohjrbab cuhuauz.
5. y3 ? fx3. y ? f sbax6. y ? f hax>. y ? f(x + 5) j x
: . (x3e3)3 + ( y3c
3)3 ? f
AD^= Eeneib nbljreasbyjh njaihjohjrba ijyst dherei sjbhja 3 teajsb njrstj -zhjfjitbr. zhojyja sdruhera 5 teajsb, njrsj ieyth rjafbhjrj njv dherei vj-
rbhjfjitbr. njvhjr cbr sdareib njrsba ceane `jtbrbhojsb zdruahunur.]HJFJI [SDCHJOHJS 5: ehtaneib jbi yra`j njaihjo-hjrbab cuhuauz.
5. xy ? f3. x3y
3 ? f6. x3 + y3 ? 3 fx>. y ? x hafx: . yx ? fx
3
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6< CHO 3. RIVJI NJSJFJNJA NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJS
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Cho 6
RIVJI OJS^JCJNJANLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJS
6.5 ibafb Ojrtjcjnja Hbajjr Nbljreasbyjh Njaihjo-hjr
l vjrbhja ijyst ldaisbyda dhoei zrj bibafb ojrtjcjnja cbr nbljreasbyjh njaihjo
n3ynx3
? l x,y, nynx
(6.5)
cbbobanj blenj jnbhjcbhbr. Jjr (6.5) njaihjobanjib l ldaisbydauane y vj nynx hbajjrdhefei jibhnj blenj jnbhjcbhydrse, njaihjoj 3. ojrtjcjnja hbajjr nbljreasbyjh njai-hjo njabr. Jjr (6.5) njaihjob hbajjr bsj, [ (x) ? ; dhoei zjrj njaihjo `jajhdherei,
[ (x)y + U(x)y + S (x)y ? @(x) (6.3)cbbobanj yezhecbhbr. (6.3) njaihjob [ (x) bhj charsj
y + q (x)y + r(x)y ? ` (x) (6.6)
ldrouane blenj jnbhjcbhbr. (6.6) njaihjo bhj cbrhbitj
y(x; ) ? y; =? secbt, y (x; ) ? y; =? secbt, (6.>)
cehea` iduhher ne vjrbhbrsj cu prdchjoj cehea` njjr prdchjob njabr.
6.5.5 Vecbt Ietseyh ibafb Ojrtjcjnja Gdodmja Nbljreasb-yjh Njaihjohjr
Jjr (6.3) njaihjobanj [ (x), U(x) vj S (x) ldaisbydaher secbt vj @(x) ? ; bsjnjaihjoj secbt ietyeh bibafb ojrtjcjnja gdodmja nbljreasbyjh njaihjo njabr. Cyhj
60
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67 CHO 6. RIVJI OJS JCJNJA NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJS
cbr nbljreasbyjh e, c, f rjjh secbthjr dhoei zjrj
ey + cy + fy ? ; (6.:)
cbbobanj blenj jnbhbr.bonb (6.:) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba `jajh zoa cuheho. Jvvjh e ? ; gehbab`zaaj eheho. Cu teitbrnj njaihjo,
cnynx
+ fy ? ;
jihbanj cbrbafb ojrtjcjnja njbijahjrj eyrhecbhja tbptj cbr njaihjo gehbab ehr.Curenea,
nyy
? fcnx ? rnx ha yi ? rx y ? ijrx
jhnj jnbhbr. Cu jibhnj jhnj jnbhja sdau cbzj, bibafb ojrtjcjnja nbljreasbyjh njai-hjoba zoanj y ? ij rx jihbanj dhecbhjfjbab tjhiba jnjr. bonb, y ? ij rx vjtrjvhjrbab (6.:) njaihjobanj yjrbaj idyerei y ? ij rx ba cu njaihjob seheoe ert-hera cuheho.
y ? ij rx , y ? irj rx , y ? ir 3j rx .
Cu blenjhjrb (6.:) njaihjobanj yjrhjrbaj idyersei
eir 3j rx + irj rx + fij rx ? ;
er 3 + cr + f ij rx ? ;
jhnj jnbhbr. i ijyst cbr secbt dhnuuanea neboe slr dheoez vj gjr x njjrb bbaj rx ? ; dhnuuanea cu ceataa seheaecbhojsb bba
er 3 + cr + f ? ; (6.
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6.5. IBAFB OJS JCJNJA HBAJJS NBLJSEAVBRJH NJAIHJOHJS 62
B. Iereitjrbstbi njaihjobaba bib rjjh iiaa dhoes gehb= ? c3>ef 1 ; dhoes nuruouane iereitjrbstbi njaihjoba iihjrb r 5 vj r 3 bsj
y5 ? i 5j r 5 x vj y3 ? i 3j r 3 x
ceather (6.:) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba cbrjr zo dherei njaihjob seherher.Eafei cbrjr teaj ijyst secbt bjrnbihjrbanja `jajh zo dheoezher. y5 vj y3 aba(6.:) njaihjobab seheoe erta yezersei
ey5 + cy5 + fy5 ? ;ey3 + cy3 + fy3 ? ;
vj cu bib ceaty terel terele tdphersei
e(y5 + y3 ) + c(y5 + y3) + f(y5 + y3) ? ;
jhnj jnbhbr. Cu bsj cbzj
y ? y5 + y3 ? i 5j r 5 x + i 3j r 3 x (6.0)
blenjsbaba nj (6.:) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba cbr zo dhnuuau `stjrbr. Nbjrtereltea cu zo, i 5 vj i 3 `bcb bib ijyst secbt bjrnbbanja `jajh zonr.
raji 6.5y 6y + 3 ? ;
nbljreasbyjh njaihjobab zjhbo.Iereitjrbstbi njaihjo,
r 36r + 3 ? ;
dhup iihjrb r 5 ? 5 , r3 ? 3
dherei njaihjoba `jajh zo
y ? i 5jx
+ i 3j3x
nbr.
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>; CHO 6. RIVJI OJS JCJNJA NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJS
BB. Iereitjrbstbi njaihjoba bib ieth cbr ii dhoes gehb=c3>ef ? ; dhoes gehbanj iereitjrbstbi njaihjobaba bib ieth ii r ? c3e dhup(6.:) nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba zo y ? ij rx nbr. Eafei cu ceat cbr tji ijystsecbt bjrnbbanja `jajh zo dheoez. @jajh zo cuhoei bba nege afj cbrbafbojrtjcjnja hbajjr nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba zoanj iuhheanoz secbtba njb-bob iureha cureye uy`uheyeho. Cuaua bba nj y ? ij rx ba nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba`jajh zo dhecbhojsb bba i ? i (x) dhefei jibhnj cbr i (x) ldaisbydau cuheho.
y ? i (x)j rx
y ? i j rx + irj rx ? ( i + ir )j rx
y ? i j rx + 3 i rj rx + ir 3j rx ? ( i + 3 i r + ir 3)j rx
dhup y vj trjvhjrbab (6.:) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobanj yjrbaj idyerei seheoe ertajhnj jtoji bstjrsji
e(i + 3 i r + ir 3)j rx + c(i + ir )j rx + fij rx ? ;
vjyeei + (3 er + c)i + ( er 3 + cr + f)i ? ; (6.7)
jhnj jnbhbr. r, iereitjrsbi njaihjoba bib ieth ii dhnuu `zaaj eharse
er3
+ cr + f ? ; vj 3 er + c ? ;dhnuu eahehr. D gehnj (6.7) njaihjobanja
ei ? ; i ? ; i ? i 5 i ? i 5x + i 3, i 5, i 3 ? secbtcuhuaur. Cuae `rj (6.:) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba iereitjrbstbi njaihjob blt iethii dhoes nuruouane `jajh zo
y ? ij rx ? ( i 5x + i 3)j rx , i 5, i 3 ? secbt (6.2)
dhur.
raji 6.3 y >y + >y ? ; nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba `jajh zoa cuhuauz.Ierjitjrsbtbi njaihjo r3 >r + > dhup iihjrb r5 ? r3 ? 3 bib iethnr. D gehnj njaihjoba `jajh zo y ? ( i 5x + i 3)j 3x
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6.5. IBAFB OJS JCJNJA HBAJJS NBLJSEAVBRJH NJAIHJOHJS >5
BBB. Iereitjrbstbi njaihjoba bib iiaa idophjis dhoes gehb= ? c3>ef 8 ; dhoes nuruouane iereitjrbstbi njaihjoba iihjrb jhjabi idop-hjis cbr ii dhup
r 5 ? c3e
+ 53e ? + b
r3 ? c3e
53e ? b
nbr. Cuae `rj (6.:) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba `jajh zo
y ? i 5jr 5 x
+ i 3jr 3 x
y ? i 5j( + b)x + i 3j (
b)x
y ? jx i 5j bx + i 3j
bx
y ? jx Yi 5(fds x + bsbax ) + i 3(fds x bsbax )_
y ? jx Y(i 5 + i 3)fds x + b(i 5i 3)sbax _ (6.5;)
cuhuaur. Jjr n5 =? i 5 + i 3 vj n3 =? b(i 5i 3) eharse (6.5;) njaihjob
y ? j x Yn5 fds x + n3 sbax _ (6.55)
gehbab ehr. (6.55) njaihjob (6.:) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba iereitjrbstbi njaihjobaidophjis ii dhoes gehbanjib `jajh zonr. Cezja (6.55) njaihjob nege iseldrone ne blenj jnbhbr. Cu ldrou jhnj jtoji bba n5 ? n fds vj n3 ? n sba eharse(6.55) njaihjob
y ? nj x fds(x ) (6.53)
cuhuaur. , Lbzbisjh vjye ogjanbshbitjib prdchjohjrnj lez leri dherei abtjhjanbrb-hbr. rajba sv bjrbanj sehao yepea cbr yeye ceh cbr perefa dhuturnuunbljreasbyjh njaihjoba zo (6.53) njaihjobnbr. Curene n `jahbb vj lez leriatjosbh jnjr.
raji 6.6 y 3y + 3y ? ; nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba `jajh zoa cuheho.\jrbhja nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba iereitjrbstbi njaihjob
r 33r + 3 ? ;
dhup iihjrb r ? 5 b nbr. Nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba `jajh zo
y ? j x (n5 fds x + n3 sbax) vjye y ? nj x fds(x )
cuhuaur.
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6.5. IBAFB OJS JCJNJA HBAJJS NBLJSEAVBRJH NJAIHJOHJS >6
cbbobanj vjrbhbr. Jjr cu Prdasibea B erehaa ja ez cbr njjrbanj slrnea lerih
bsj {y5, y3, . . . , ya } ldaisbydaher iojsb B zjrbanj hbajjr ceosz, eisb gehnj yeab B erehaaa gjr jhjoea bba Prdasibea njjrb slr bsj {y5, y3, . . . , ya } ldaisbydaheriojsb B zjrbanj hbajjr ceoh dhur.raji 6.: y : y + )
cbbobanj blenj jnbhja secbt ietseyh hbajjr vj se yeah vjye gdodmja dhoeyeanbljreasbyjh njahjoba zoa cuhefez.
^jdrjo 6.5 (6.5>) jihbanjib cbr nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba `jajh zo, y5 gdodmja isoa vj y3 gdodmja dhoeyea njaihjoba cbr zjh zo dhoei zjrj
y ? y5 + y3
cbbobanjnbr.
Cuae `rj, gdodmja dhoeyea (6.5>) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba zjh zohjrbaba cu-huaoes bba `jajh cbr iureh, njaihjoba 3. ydh nea zhojsb sresane jhj ehefez.Eafei, l (x) ba cez cjhbrhb jibhhjrb bba, ndrunea ndruye cbr zjh zo cuhoeiooianr. bonb cu jibhhjrba ja ajohbhjrbab `znja `jbrjhbo.
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6.5. IBAFB OJS JCJNJA HBAJJS NBLJSEAVBRJH NJAIHJOHJS >:
jhnj jnbhbr ib curenea ne j 3 ? 5 , j 5 ? 53 vj j ; ? :> cuhuaur. u gehnj zjh zo
y3 ? x3 + 53
x + :>
dhur. \jrbhja nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba `jajh zo bsj
y ? y5 + y3 ? i 5j x + i 3j 3x + x3 + 53
x + :>
cbbobanj cuhuaur.
raji 6.0 y + 3 y ? 3 x + > nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba `jajh zoa cuheho.Njaihjoba gdodmja iso y + 3 y ? ; nbr. Cu njaihjoba iereitjrbstbi njaihjob nj r 3 + 3 r ? ; vj cu njaihjoba iihjrb r 5 ? ; vj r 3 ? 3 nbr. Cu iihjrj ierhi `jhja zohjr i 5 vj i 3j 3x nbr. Gdodmja isoa zo
y5 ? i 5 + i 3j 3x
dhur. Gdodmja isoa zoanj i 5 jihbanj slraf njrjfjnja pdhbado dhnuua-nea zjh zo
y3 ? x(j 5x + j ; ) ? j 5x3 + j ; x
dhefei jibhnj ereaoehnr. ^rjvhjr y3 ? 3 j 5x + j ; vj y3 ? 3 j 5 dhup cu blenjhjrb vjrbhja nbljreasbyjh njaihjonj yjrhjrbaj yeznozne
3j 5 + 3 j 5x + j ; ? 3 x + >
jhnj jnjrbz. [dhbadohera znjhbbanja j 5 ? 5 vj j ; ? 3 cuhuruz. D gehnj zjh zo
y3 ? x3 + 3 x
cuhuauruz. Vdau dherei, vjrbhja nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba `jajh zoa
y ? y5 + y3 ? i 5 + i 3j 3x + x3 + 3 x
jihbanj cuhuruz.
l (x) ldaisbydauaua nj x cbbobanj stjh cbr ldaisbyda dhoes gehb=ey + cy + fy ? nj x (6.5
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>< CHO 6. RIVJI OJS JCJNJA NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJS
3. Jjr iereitjrbstbi njaihjoba gjrgea`b cbr ii ye jbt yeab iereitjrbstbi
njaihjobaba cesbt ii bsj, d zeoea zjh zoy3 ? Ixj x
jihbanj erear.
6. Jjr iereitjrbstbi njaihjoba blt ieth cbr ii bsj, d zeoea zjh zo
y ? Ix 3j x
jihbanj erear.
raji 6.7 y +>y +7 y ? 3 j 3x
nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba `jajh zoa cuheho.Gdodmja iso y + >y + 7y ? ; dhup iereitjrbstbi njaihjob r3 + >r + 7 ? ;cbbobanjnbr. Iereitjrbstbi njaihjoba iihjrb bsj r5 ? 3 + 3b vj r3 ? 33b nbr.Ndheysyhe gdodmja isoa zo
y5 ? j 3x (i 5 fds 3x + i 3 sba 3x)
cbbobanj cuhuaur. bonb vjrbhja njaihjo bba zjh zo cuheho. ? 3 dhupiereitjrbstbi njaihjoba iihjrbaj jbt dhoenanea y3 ? I j 3x cbbobanj zjh -zo ereyeho. y3 ? 3Ij 3x vj y3 ? > Ij 3x dhup cu blenjhjr vjrbhja njaihjonj yjrhjrbaj idaurse
>Ij 3x
7Ij 3x
+ 7 Ij 3x
? 3 j 3x
jhnj jnbhbr. Curenea ne I ? 53 dhup zjh zo y3 ? 53 j
3x jihbanj dhur. \jrbhja nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba `jajh zo nj
y ? j 3x (i 5 fds 3x + i 3 sba 3x) + 53
j 3x
cbbobanj cuhuruz.
raji 6.2 y : y + Ixj 3x dhupcu blenjhjr vjrbhja njaihjonj yjrhjrbaj yezhrse
>Ij 3x + >Ixj 3x: Ij3x5; Ixj
3x +
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6.5. IBAFB OJS JCJNJA HBAJJS NBLJSEAVBRJH NJAIHJOHJS >0
ldrouane dhur vj curenea ne I ? 0 cuhuaur. zjh zo y3 ? 0xj 3x jihbanj jhnj jnbhbr. \jrbhja nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba `jajh zo bsj
y ? i 5j 3x + i 3j 6x0xj3x
ldrouane cuhuaur.
raji 6.5; y +> y +>y ? 3 j 3x nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba `jajh zoa cuheho.Gdodmja isoa iereitjrbstbi njaihjob r 3 +>r +> ? ; nbr vj iihjrb blt ieth dherei r ? 3 cbbobanjnbr. Gdodmja isoa zo
y ? ( i 5x + i 3)j 3x
jihbanjnbr. ? 3 iereitjrbstbi njaihjoba blt ieth ii dhnuuanea zjh zo y3 ? Ix 3j
3x
ldrouane erear. y3 ? 3 Ixj 3x3Ix3j 3x vj y3 ? 3 Ij 3x7Ixj
3x +>Ix 3j 3xdhup vjrbhja nbljreasbyjh njaihjonj yjrhjrbaj idaurse
3Ij 3x7Ixj 3x + >Ix 3j 3x + 7 Ixj 3x7Ix
3j 3x + >Ix 3j 3x ? 3 j 3x
curenea ne I ? 5 cuhuaur. u gehnj zjh zo
y3 ? x3j 3x
cbbobanj jhnj jnbhbr. \jrbhja njaihjoba `jajh zo bsj
y ? ( i 5x + i 3)j 3x + x3j 3x
l (x) ldaisbydauaua O sba px + A fds px jihbanj dhoes gehb=ey + cy + fy ? O sba px + A fds px (6.50)
cbbobanjib cbr nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba zjh zo=
5. Jjr c
? ; dhoes nuruouane (6.50) njaihjobaba zjh zo
y3 ? E sba px + C fds px
ldrouane erear.
3. Jjr c ? ; vj iereitjrbstbi njaihjoba iihjrb pb jihbanj bsj d zeoea (6.50)njaihjobaba zjh zoy3 ? Ex sba px + Cx fds px
ldrouane erear.
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>7 CHO 6. RIVJI OJS JCJNJA NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJS
raji 6.55 y + y3y ? > sba 3x nbljreasbyjh njaihjobab zjhbo.
Iereitjrbstbi njaihjo r 3 + r3 ? ; vj iihjrb r5 ? 3, r3 ? 5 dhup gdojmja isoa zo
y5 ? i 5j 3x + i 3j x
jihbanj cuhuaur. \jrbhja njaihjonj c ? 5 ? ; dhnuuanea zjh zo y3 ? E sba3x + C fds 3x
ldrouane erear. ^rjvhjr bsj y3 ? 3 E fds3x 3C sba 3x, y3 ? >E sba3x >C fds 3x dhur. Cu blenjhjr vjrbhja nbljreasbyjh njaihjonj yjrbaj idaurse
>E sba3x
>C fds 3x + 3E fds3x
3C sba 3x
3E sba3x
3C fds 3x ? > sba 3x
vj znj dherei
(
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6.5. IBAFB OJS JCJNJA HBAJJS NBLJSEAVBRJH NJAIHJOHJS >2
curenea ne E ? 5 / 3 vj C ? 5 cuhuaur. Cuahernea ne zjh zo y3 ?
53
x sbaxx fds x
jhnj jnbhbr. \jrbhja njaihjoba `jajh zo bsj
y ? i 5 sbax + i 3 fds x + 53
x sbaxx fds x
cbbobanj cuhuruz.
l (x) ldaisbydauaua ` (x)j x dhoes gehb=ey + cy + fy ? ` (x)j x (6.57)
nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba y3 zjh zo
y3(x) ? z (x)j x
njbija nao yepherei cuhuaur.
raji 6.56y + y3y ? j
3x fds3x (6.52)nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba `jajh zoa cuheho.(6.52) njaihjobaba gdodmja isoaa iereitjrbstbi njaihjob r3 + r3 ? ; nbr. Cu njaihjoba iihjrb bsj r5 ? 3 vj r3 ? 5 dhur. u gehnj gdodmja isoa zo
y5 ? i 5j 3x + i 3j x
cbbobanj jhnj jnjrbz.(6.52) njaihbobaba se yea l (x) ? ` (x)j x cbbobanj dhnuuanea zjh zo bba
y3(x) ? z (x)j 3x
njbija njbbobab uy`uheyecbhbrbz. y3 ? z j 3x + 3 zj 3x vj y3 ? z j 3x + >z j 3x + >zj 3x
cuhuruz. Cu blenjhjr vjrbhja njaihjonj yjrhjrbaj idyersei z j 3x + >z j 3x + >zj 3x + z j 3x + 3 zj 3x3zj
3x ? j 3x fds3x
cuhuruz. Cu blenjyb nzjahjrsji vj jbthbba gjr bib yea j 3x bhj chjrsji
z + : z + >z ? fds3 x (6.3;)
njaihjob jhnj jnjrbz. Cu njaihjoba cbr zjh zoa
z ? E sba3x + C fds 3x
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:; CHO 6. RIVJI OJS JCJNJA NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJS
ldrouane cuhecbhbrbz. z ? 3 E fds3x 3C sba 3x vj z ? >E sba3x >C fds 3xcbbobanj yezerz. Cu blenjhjr (6.3;) njaihjobanj yjrbaj yezersei,
>E sba3x>C fds 3x + 5; E fds3x5; C sba 3x + >E sba3x + >C fds 3x ? fds3 x
jhnj jnjrbz vj cu njaihjo nzjahjrsji
5; C sba 3x + 5; E fds3x ? fds 3 x
curenea ne E ? 55; vj C ? ; jhnj jnjrbz. (6.3;) njaihjobaba zjh cbr zo z ? 55; sba 3x cuhuaur. D gehnj (6.52) njaihjoba zjh zo
y3(x) ? 5
5;j 3x sba3x
cuhuruz. (6.52) njaihjobaba `jajh zo bsj
y ? i 5j 3x + i 3j x +
55;
j 3x sba3x
cbbobanj jhnj jnjrbz.
l (x) ldaisbydauaua cbr ie ldaisbydaua tdpheo jihbanj dhoesgehb=Cu teitbrnj zjh zo, l (x) b dhuturea ldaisbydahera gjrcbrbaj ierhi `jhja zjhzohjrba tdpheoae jbttbr. rajba,
ey + cy + fy ? l 5(x) + l 3(x) + l 6(x) (6.35)
jihbanjib cbr nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba zjh zo l 5(x), l 3(x), l 6(x) ldaisbydaher-aa gjrcbrbaj ierhi `jhja y35, y33, y36 zjh zohjrbaba tdpheoae, yeab
y3 ? y35 + y33 + y36
j jbttbr.
raji 6.5>y 6y + 3 y ? > x + 7 + 3 j
x (6.33)njaihjobaba `jajh zoa cuheho.(6.33) njaihjobanjib gdodmja isoa iereitjrbstbi njaihjob r3 6r + 3 ? ; . u gehnj gdodmja isoa zo
y5 ? i 5j x + i 3j 3x
cbbobanj cuhuruz. Jvvjh >x + 7 j ierhi `jhja zjh zo cuheho.
y35 ? Ex + C
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6.5. IBAFB OJS JCJNJA HBAJJS NBLJSEAVBRJH NJAIHJOHJS :5
ldrouane cbr zjh zo cuheho. y35 ? E vj y35 ? ; cuhuaur.
6E + 3Ex + 3C ? > x + 7
jhnj jnjrbz. Curenea ne E ? 3 vj C ? 5 dhup y35 zjh zo
y35 ? 3 x + 5
cuhuruz. bonb nj 3j x ierhi `jhja y33 zjh zo cuheho.
y33 ? I j x
y33 ? Ij x
vj y33 ? I j x
. Cu blenjhjr njaihjonj yjrbaj idyerse Ij x + 6 Ij x + 3 Ij x ? 3 j x (6.36)
jhnj jnjrbz. Curenea ne I ? 56 dhur ib y33 ? 5
6 j x cbbobanj cuhuruz. u gehnj
(6.33) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba `jajh zo
y ? y5 + y35 + y33 ? i 5j x + i 3j 3x + 3 x + 5 + 56
j x
cbbobanj cuhuruz.
3. RDH Vecbtba njbbob iureh (He`rea`j iureh)=
Jjr l (x) yuierne cegsb `jja cbbohjrnja gjrgea`b cbrbsbaj uyouydrse d teitbrnjbonj jhj ehfeoz He`rea`j iureha uy`uheoehyz. Eshane cu iureh l (x) ldai-sbydauaua cta gehhjrb bba uy`uheaecbhbr. Eafei bhjohjrba iseh esanea jjrl (x) yuierne cjhbrtbhja cbbohjrj uyoes nuruouane cu cbbohjrj uy`ua ojtdn-herhe zo yephecbhbr.He`rea`j ieatheotr ib, gdodmja njaihjoba `jajh zo cbhbabydr bsj, zjh zobatj`reh bhjohjrb bhj jhnj jnbhbr.
ey + cy + fy ? l (x) (6.3>)
njahjobaba zoa cuheho. (6.3>) njaihjobaba gdodmja iso dhea
ey + cy + fy ? ;
njaihjobaba `jajh zoy ? i 5y5 + i 3y3
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:3 CHO 6. RIVJI OJS JCJNJA NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJS
dhsua. He`rea`j, i 5 vj i 3 secbthjrbab x ceosz njbijabaj ceoh njbijahjr yeabi 5 ? i 5(x) vj i 3 ? i 3(x) dhnuuau verseyotr. Cu verseyonea gerjijthj (6.3>)njaihjobaba `jajh zo
y ? i 5(x)y5 + i 3(x)y3 (6.3:)
cbbonja dhnuuau ieatheotr. (6.3:) njaihjobab x `rj trjtbrsji
y ? i 5(x)y5 + i 3(x)y3 + i 5(x)y5 + i 3(x)y3 (6.3
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6.3. A. OJS JCJNJA HBAJJS \J VECB^ IE^VERBHB NBLJSEAVBRJH NJAIHJOHJS :6
cbbobanj cuhuruz. He`rea`j ojtdnuau uy`uhersei
i 5(x)sbax + i 3(x)fds x ? ;i 5(x)fds xi 3(x)sbax ? tea x
njaihjo sbstjobab jhnj jnjrbz. Freojr yatjobanja
i 5(x) ?
; fds xtea x sbaxsbax fds xfds x sbax
vj i 3(x) ?
sbax ;fds x tea x
sbax fds xfds x sbax
cuhuruz vj curenea ne i 5(x) ? sba x vj i 3(x) ? sbax tea x jhnj jnjrbz. Cu njai-hjohjr zhrsj i 5(x) ? sbaxnx ? fds x + f5i 3(x) ? sba3 xfds x nx ? fds xnx 5fds x nx ? sba xha| tea x + sjf x|+ f3cuhuruz. \jrbhja nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba `jajh zo nj
y ? i 5(x)sbax + i 3(x)fds x? (
fds x + f5)sbax + (sba x
ha
|tea x + sjf x
|+ f3)fds x
? f5 sbax + f3 fds xfds x ha| tea x + sjf x|cbbobanj cuhuruz.
6.3 a. Ojrtjcjnja Hbajjr vj Vecbt Ietseyh Nblj-reasbyjh Njaihjohjr
a. ojrtjcjnja hbajjr vj secbt ietseyh nbljreasbyjh njaihjo
eana ynxa + ea
5na 5ynxa 5 + ... + e5
nynx + e; y ? l (x) (6.6;)
cbbobanjnbr. l ? ; bsj (6.6;) njaihjobaj gdodmja dhoeyea, l (x) ? ; bsj njaihjojgdodmja nbljreasbyjh njaihjo njabr.
6.3.5 a. ojrtjcjnja hbajjr vj secbt ietseyh gdodmja nblj-reasbyjh njaihjohjrba zo
eana ynxa
+ ea 5na 5ynxa 5
+ ... + e5nynx
+ e; y ? ; (6.65)
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:> CHO 6. RIVJI OJS JCJNJA NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJS
njaihjobaba zohjrb nj, bibafb ojrtjcjnj dhnuu `bcb, f cbr secbt dhoei zjrj
y ? fj rx
jihbanjnbr. bonb cu ceataa njaihjob seheoes bba r aba aj dhoes `jrjitbbabbafjhbyjhbo.
y ? fj rx y ? frj rx , ..., y(a 5) ? fr a 5j rx , y(a ) ? fr a j rx
ceathera (6.65) njaihjobanj yjrbanj idyersei
(ea r a + ea 5r a 5 + ... + e5r + e; )fj rx ;
jhnj jnbhbr. Cu znjhbba seheaoes bba
ea r a + ea 5r a 5 + ... + e5r + e; ? ; (6.63)
dhoes `jrjibr. D gehnj r cu njaihjoba cbr ii dhoehnr. ibafb ojrtjcjnj dhnuu`bcb, (6.63) njaihjobaj ( 6.65) gdodmja njaihjobaba iereitjrbstbinjaihjob njabr.Cyhj cbr fjcbrsjh njaihjoba, a teaj ii dhefeae `rj, njaihjoba nj a teajzo yezhecbhbr. Hbajjr dherei ceosz a zo y5, y3,...,ya bsj (6.65) gdodmjanjaihjobaba `jajh zo
y ? f5y5 + f3y3 + ... + fa ya
cbbobanj dhur. Curene f5, f3,...,fa ijyst secbthjrnbr.
raji 6.5< y y >y + >y ? ; nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba `jajh zoa cu-heho.Njaihjoba iereitjrbstbi njaihjob
r 6r3>r + > ? ( r5)(r3)(r + 3) ? ;
vj iihjrb r5 ? 5 , r3 ? 3 vj r6 ? 3 dhup njaihjoba `jajh zo y ? f5j x + f3j 3x + f6j
3x
cuhuruz.
raji 6.50 y 3y >y + 7 y ? ; nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba `jajh zoa cuheho.Njaihjoba iereitjrbstbi njaihjob
r 63r3>r + 7 ? ( r3)
3(r + 3) ? ;
vj iihjrb r5 ? 3 , r3 ? 3 (bib ieth) vj r6 ? 3 dhup `jajh zo y ? ( f5 + f3x)j 3x + f6j
3x
cuhuruz.
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:< CHO 6. RIVJI OJS JCJNJA NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJS
3. l (x) ? nj x jihbanj dhoes gehb=
Cu nuruone y3 zjh zoy3 ? fj x
jihbanjnbr. Eafei, (r )o iereitjrbstbi njaihjoba cbr erpea yeab r ?
iereitjrbstbi njaihjoba o ieth cbr ii bsj, zjh zo
y ? fx o j x
jihbanjnbr. f cjhbrhjaojsb `jrjija secbttbr.
6. l (x) ? O sba px + A fds px jihbanj dhoes gehb=Cu nuruone y3 zjh zo
y3 ? f5 sba px + f3 fds px
jihbanjnbr. Eafei, (r 3 + p3)o iereitjrbstbi njaihjoba cbr erpea bsj zjhzo
y3 ? xo (f5 sba px + f3 fds px)
jihbanjnbr. f5 vj f3 cjhbrhjaojsb `jrjija secbthjrnbr.
>. l (x) ? ` (x)j x jihbanj dhoes gehb=
Cu nuruone y3 ? zj x natrojsb yephr vj njaihjoba gjr bib terel j xchajrji, z b cbhbaojyja iecuh jnja cbr secbt ietseyh hbajjr nbljreasbyjhjverhr.
:. l (x) cbr ie ldaisbydaua tdpheo jihbanj bsj zjh zo, cu ldaisbydaheragjrcbrbaj ierhi `jhja zjh zohjrba tdpheoae jbttbr.
raji 6.3;
y(>)
+ 3 y + y ? 3 x3
+ + 3 r 3 + 5 ? ( r 3 + 5) 3 ? ;
vj iihjrb rb (bib ieth) dhup gdodmja isoa zo
y5 ? ( f5 + f3x)sbax + ( f6 + f>x)fds x
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6.3. A. OJS JCJNJA HBAJJS \J VECB^ IE^VERBHB NBLJSEAVBRJH NJAIHJOHJS :0
jhnj jnbhbr. Gdodmja dhoeyea iso bba zjh zo
y3 ? ex3 + cx + f
jihbanj dhup e, c, f yb cjhbrhjoji zjrj, y3 aba x j `rj trjvhjrb
y3 ? 3 ex, y3 ? 3 e, y3 ? ; , y(>)3 ? ;
cuhuruz. y3 aba njaihjob seheoe erta yezersei
ex 3 + cx + >e + f 3x3 + x)fds x + 3x33
jihbanj jhnj jnjrbz.
raji 6.35 y 3y : y +
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:7 CHO 6. RIVJI OJS JCJNJA NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJS
6.3.6 Dpjretr OjtdnuRisji ojrtjcjnja secbt ietseyh vj gdodmja dhoeyea nbljreasbyjh njaihjohjrbazjh zohjrbab yeab gdodmja dhoeyea isoa zoa dpjretr ojtdnuyhe -zoa cuheho. N =? nnx jihbanj cbr N trjv dpjretdr teaoheyeho. ^eao`jrjbafj N trjv dpjretr bsj cu dpjretra tjrsb N 5 batj`reh dpjretrnr. `rjjh vjye idophjis njjrhb vj ja ez cbr ijz srjihb trjvj segbp cbr ldaisbyda dhoeizjrj NN 5` (x) ? ` (x) dhoesae iera N 5N` (x) ? ` (x) + f nbr. Cu ojtgdnbhj yisji ojrtjcjnja gdodmja dhoeyea nbljreasbyjh njaihjohjrba zjh zohjrbaberenoznea N 5N` (x) ? ` (x) + f blenjsbanj jhnj jnbhja batj`resyda secbtb f ybslr iecuh jnbydruz. Cbr ceie njbhj N vj N 5 dpjretrhjrbaba idobtetbl (njboj)zjhhbbaj segbp dhnuuau verseyydruz. (6.66) njaihjobab
ea N a + ea 5N a 5 + ... + e5N + e; y ? l (x) (6.6>)cbbobanj blenj jnjcbhbrbz. L (N) =? ea N a + ea 5N a 5 + ... + e5N + e ; cbbobanj cbrL (N) dpjretr teaoheyeho. u gehnj (6.6>) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba cbr y3 zjhzoa
y3 ? 5
ea N a + ea 5N a 5 + ... + e5N + e;l (x)
? 5L (N)
l (x) (6.6:)
cbbobanj dhur. l (x) ldaisbydauaua cez nuruoher bba (6.6:) njaihjobabnja cuhe-cbhbrbz.
l (x) ldaisbydauaua pdhbado dhoes nuruouraji 6.33 raji (6.. . .
dhnuu `zaaj eharse vj W ? N 3 6N3 sjjrsji
y3 ? 5
35
N 36N3
+N 36N
3
3
N 36N
3
6
+ . . . (3x3: x + 6)
? x3 + 53
x + :>
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6.3. A. OJS JCJNJA HBAJJS \J VECB^ IE^VERBHB NBLJSEAVBRJH NJAIHJOHJS :2
cbbobanj cuhuruz. u gehnj jhj ehnoz nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba `jajh zoa
y ? y5 + y3 ? i 5j x + i 3j 3x + x3 + 53x + :
>cbbobanj jhnj jnjrbz.
l(x) ldaisbydauaua nj x dhoes nuruou5. Jjr iereitjrbstbi njaihjoba cbr ii njbhsj y3 zoa
y3 ? 5L (N)
j x ? j x 5L ( )
3. Jjr iereitjrbstbi njaihjoba cbr ii bsj
y3 ? 5L (N)j x ? j x 5
L (N + )5
cbbobanj erear.
raji 6.36 y + y3y ? j3x nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba `jajh zoa cuheho.
Jhj ehnoz njaihjoba iereitjrbstbi njaihjob r3 + r3 ? ; dhup iihjr r5 ? 5 vj r3 ? 3 cuhuruz. Gdodmja isoa zo y5 ? f5j x + f3j
3x
? 3 vj iereitjrbstbi njaihjoba iihjrbaj jbt dhoenanea 5. ceaty iuhheae-cbhbrbz. Jhj ehaea njaihjonja L (N) ? N3 + N 3 dhnuu `zaaj ehanane
y3 ? 5L (N)
j 3x ? j 3x 5L (3)
? j 3x 5
33 + 33 ?
5>
j 3x
cuhuruz. Njaihjoba `jajh zo bsj
y ? y5 + y3 ? f5j x + f3j 3x +
5>
j 3x
cbbobanj cuhuruz.raji 6.3> y + y3y ? j
x nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba `jajh zoa cuheho.
\jrbhja njaihjoba iereitjrbstbi njaihjobaba iihjrb r5 ? 5 , r3 ? 3 vj gdodmja isoaa zo y5 ? f5j x + f3j 3x cbbobanjnbr. ? 5 vj cu njjr iereitjrbstbi iihjrnja cbrbaj jbt dhnuu `zaaj eharse
y3 ? 5L (N)
j x ? 5
(N5)(N + 3)j x ?
5N5
j x
6 ?
j x
65N
5 ? x6
j x
cbbobanj cuhuruz. u gehnj njaihjoba `jajh zoa
y ? y5 + y3 ? f5j x + f3j 3x +
x6
j x
cbbobanj cuhuruz.
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; sba3x ?
53;
(fds3x + 6 sba 3x)
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6.3. A. OJS JCJNJA HBAJJS \J VECB^ IE^VERBHB NBLJSEAVBRJH NJAIHJOHJS
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6.>. NJBIJA IE VERBHB HBAJJS NBLJSEAVBRJH NJAIHJOHJS Njbija Ietseyh Hbajjr Nbljreasbyjh Njai-hjohjr
ea (x)na ynxa + ea 5(x)
na 5ynxa 5 + ... + e5(x)
nynx + e; (x)y ? l (x)
njaihjobaj a. ojrtjcjnja njbija ietseyh hbajjr nbljreasbyjh njaihjo njabr. Jjrl (x) ? ; bsj njaihjoj gdodmja, l (x) ? ; bsj njaihjoj gdodmja dhoeyea njbbijaietseyh hbajjr nbljreasbyjh njaihjo njabr. y5, y3,...,ya gdodmja isoa a teaj hbajjrceosz zohjrb bsj
y ? f5y5 + f3y3 + ... + fa ya
njaihjob gdodmja njaihjoba `jajh zoa `jajh zonr. Cu zo jhnjjtoji bba `jajh cbr iureh yditur. Eafei, cez zjh gehhjrj uyecbhjfji zjh iurehhervernr.
6.>.5 Juhjr-Feufgy nbljreasbyjh njaihjobe ; , e5,...,e a secbthjr dhoei zjrj
ea xana ynxa
+ ea 5xa 5 na
5ynxa 5
+ ... + e5xnynx
+ e; y ? l (x)
cbbobanjib cbr hbajjr njaihjoj Juhjr-Feufgy nbljreasbyjh njaihjob njabr. Cu njai-hjonj x ? j t nao yephrse, njaihjo secbt ietseyh hbajjr njaihjoj nar.Cu naoa aesh yephefea cbr raji bhj bzeg jnjhbo.
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CHO 6. RIVJI OJS JCJNJA NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJS
raji 6.32x
3y xy + y ? x haxJuhjr-Feufgy nbljreasbyjh njaihjobab zjhbo.
x ? j t vjye hax ? t nao ehtaneib nynx vj n3 ynx 3 blenjhjrbab ehefe ldrou cuheho.
nynx
? ny
ntntnx
? 5x
nynt
n3ynx3
? nnx
nynx
? nnx
5x
nynt
? 5x3
nynt
+ 5x
nnx
nynt
?
5
x3
ny
nt +
5
x
nt
nx
n
nt
ny
nt ?
5
x3
ny
nt +
5
x3
ny
nt3
cu blenjhjr vjrbhja nbljreasbyjh njaihjonj yjrhjrbaj idyersei,
n3ynt3 3
nynt
+ y ? tj t
jihbanj secbt ietyeh hbajjr gdodmja dhoeyea cbr nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaj banbr`ja-ob nbljreasbyjh njaihjo cuhuruz. anbr`jaob njaihjoba gdodmja isoaa ierei-tjrbstbi njaihjob r33r + 5 ? ( r5)
3 dhup cu njaihjob blt ieth cbr r ? 5 ii vernr. u gehnj gdodmja isoa `jajh zo
y5 ? f5j t + f3tj t
cbbobanj cuhuruz. ? 5 dhnuuau `zaanj tutuhnuuane gdodmja dhoeyea iso bba zjh zo
y3 ? t3(Et + C)j t ? ( Et 6 + Ct 3)j t
ldrouane E vj C secbthjrbab cjhbrhjyjhbo. y3 ? (6 Et 3 + 3Ct )j t + ( Et 6 + Ct3)j ty3 ? (< Et + 3C)j t + 3(6 Et 3 + 3Ct )j t + ( Et 6 + Ct3)j t dhup y3 aba banbr`jaob njaihjob seheoe iduhu uy`uhersei
(
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6.>. NJBIJA IE VERBHB HBAJJS NBLJSEAVBRJH NJAIHJOHJS
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Cho >
NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJSAVJSHJSHJ ]OHJS
>.5 Enb, jibh, Nz`a jibh vj Nz`a Dhoeyea^jibh Adite ^eaoher
[ (x)y + U(x)y + S (x)y ? ; (>.5)vjye
y + U(x)
[ (x)y +
S (x)
[ (x)y ? ; (>.3)
cbbobanjib cbr nbljreasbyjh njaihjo bba enb adite (drnbaery pdbat), tjibh adite(sba`uher pdbat), vj nz`a tjibh adite (rj`uher sba`uher pdbat) ievreoher vjrbhjfji-tbr. (>.5) njaihjobanjib [ (x), U(x) vj S (x) ldaisbydaheraa pdhbado vjye eaehbtbildaisbyda dhoeherae ceh dherei enb adite, tjibh adite vj nz`a tjibh adite te-aoher njbojitjnbr. Cu ajnjahj (>.5) cbbobanj vjrbhja cbr nbljreasbyjh njaihjonjafjhbihj [ (x), U(x) vj S (x) ldaisbydaheraa pdhbado ou ydise eaehbtbi ldaisbydaou dhnuiher tjspbt jnbhojhbnbr.
^eao >.5 (>.5) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobanj [ (x), U(x) vj S (x) ldaisbydaher pdhb-
ado vj drtei chjahjrb dhoesa. Jjr cbr x ; adits [ (x; ) ? ; bsj x ; aditesae (>.5)nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba cbr enb aditesnr njabr.^eao >.3 (>.5) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobanj [ (x), U(x) vj S (x) ldaisbydaher pdhb-ado vj drtei chjahjrb dhoesa. Jjr cbr x ; adits [ (x; ) ? ; bsj x ; aditesae (>.5)nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba cbr tjibh aditesnr njabr.
^eao >.6 (>.5) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobanj [ (x), U(x) vj S (x) ldaisbydaher pd-hbado vj x x; cbbobanj cbr drtei chjab verse x; aditesae (>.5) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba cbr tjibh aditesnr njabr.
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. NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJSA VJSHJSHJ ]OHJS
raji >.5 x3y + xy + ( x3e3)y ? ; , e ? ; nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba tjibh vj
enb aditehera cjhbrhjyjhbo.[ (x) ? x3 ? ; x ? ; adites vjrbhja nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba cbr tjibh aditesnr.x ? ; adites naneib ctua aditeher vjrbhja nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba enb aditehe-rnr.
raji >.3 (x35)y + xy + y ? ; nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba enb vj tjibh aditehera cjhbrhjyjhbo.
[ (x) ? x35 ? ; x ? 5 jhj ehaea nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba tjibh aditehernr.x ?
5 naneib aditeher vjrbhja nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba enb aditehernr.
^eao >.> [ (x), U(x) vj S (x) ldaisbydaher cbrjr pdhbado dhsuaher vj x; adites (>.5) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba cbr tjibh adites dhsua. Jjr x; tjibh adites bba
hbox x ;
(xx; )U(x)[ (x)
vj hbox x ;
(xx; )3 U(x)
[ (x) (>.6)
hbobthjrb ojvfut bsj, x; aditesae (>.5) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba cbr nz`a tjibh aditesnr njabr. Jjr cbr x; tjibh adites (>.5) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba nz`a tjibh adites njbhsj, x; aditesae (>.5) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba nz`a dhoeyea tjibh adites (brrj`uher sba`uher pdbat) njabr.
raji >.6 (>x3)y +3 xy6y ? ; nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba tjibh aditehera cu-heho. Cuhnuuouz tjibh aditehera nz`a tjibh aditeher dhup dhoena bafjhbyjhbo.
[ (x) ? > x3 ? ; x; 3 aditeher jhj ehaea nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba tjibh aditehernr. x; ? 3 aditesaa bba hbox 3
(x3) 3x
>x3 ? 5 vj hbox 3(x3)3
6>x
3 ? ;
hbobthjrb ojvfut dhnuuanea x; ? 3 tjibh adites jhj ehaea nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba cbr nz`a tjibh aditesnr. x; ? 3 aditesaa bba
hbox 3
(x + 3) 3x
>x3 ? 5 vj hbox 3(x + 3) 3
6>x
3 ? ;
hbobthjrb ojvfut dhnuuanea x; ? 3 tjibh adites jhj ehaea nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba cbr nz`a tjibh aditesnr.raji >.> x3(x5)y + (6 x6)y + (3 x3)y ? ; nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba tjibh aditehera cuheho. Cuhnuuouz tjibh aditeher nz`a tjibh adite vjye nz`a dh-oeyea tjibh adite cbbobanj saffieanreho.
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>.5. ENB, ^JIBH, N]@A ^JIBH \J N]@A DHOEREA ^JIBH ADI E ^EABOHESB.> rajbanj enoz nbljresbyjh njaihjonj x5 drtei erpeanr. Jjrcu njaihjob x5 bhj chsjynbi
x3y + 6 y + 3 y ? ;
cbbobanj cbr njaihjo jnjrnbi. Eafei, cu gehnj x; ? 5 tjibh aditesa `zern jtobdhurnui.
bonb, [ (x), U(x) vj S (x) ldaisbydaher cbrjr eaehbtbi ldaisbyda dhoe nuruoheraneyuierne vjrnbbobz teao vj ievreoher `jabhjtoji zdruaneyz.
^eao >.: Jjr p(x) =?
U(x)[ (x)
vj q (x) =? S (x)[ (x)
ldaisbydaher cbr x ; aditesane eaehbtbi bsj, yeab p(x) vj q (x) ldaisbydaher x ; adi-tesane
p(x) ?
a ?;
ea (xx; ) vj q (x) ?
a ?;
ca (xx; ) ea , ca ? secbt
cbbobanj ^eyhdr sjrbsbaj ehecbhbr vj cu ldaisbydahere ierhi `jhja sjrbhjr x; a ei cbr idouhuuane cu ldaisbydahere yeiasydrse, x; aditesae (>.5) nbljreasb-yjh njaihjobaba cbr enb aditesnr njabr. Eisb gehnj, cu aditeye (>.5) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba cbr tjibh aditesnr njabr.
^eao >.< x; adites (>.5) njaihjobaba cbr tjibh adites dhsua. [ (x), U(x) vj S (x) ldaisbydaher x; aditesane eaehbtbi dhoei zjrj, jjr
(xx; )U(x)[ (x)
vj (xx; )3 S (x)[ (x)
(>.>)
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0; CHO >. NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJSA VJSHJSHJ ]OHJS
gjr bib ldaisbyda ne x ; aditesane eaehbtbi bsj x; aditesae (>.5) njaihjobaba nz-
`a tjibh aditesnr njabr. Jjr (>.5) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba cbr tjibh adites nz-`a tjibh adite njbhsj , d zeoea cu aditeye nz`a dhoeyea tjibh adite njabr.
raji >.:(x
3
)3y + fds xy + sba xy ? ;
nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba tjibh aditehera cuheho vj cuhnuuouz tjibh aditehera nz`a tjibh adite dhup dhoena bafjhbyjhbo.
Jhj ehnoz nblereasbyjh njaihjonj [ (x) ? ( x3 )
3, U(x) ? fds x vj S (x) ? sba xnbr vj cu ldaisbydaher eaehbtbi ldaisbydahernr. [ (x) ? ( x
3 )
3 ? ; ceatsanea tjibh adite vjye aditeher cuhuaur. u jhj ehaea nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba tjibh adites x; ? 3 nbr. bonb cu aditeaa nz`a tjibh adite dhup dhoena bafjhbyjhbo. fds x ldaisbydauaua x; ? 3 ^eyhdr eho `zaaj eharse
(xx; )U(x)[ (x)
? ( x 3
) fds x(x
3 )3
? fds xx
3
? 5 + (x
3 )
3
6! (x
3 )
>
:! + ...
cbbobanj dhup (xx; )U(x)[ (x) ldaisbydau x; adistesane eaehbtbitbr.
(x
x; )3S (x)
[ (x) ? ( x
3)3
sbax
(x
3 )
3 ? sba x
dhnuuanea (xx; )3 S (x)
[ (x) ldaisbydau x; ? 3 aditsane eaehbtbitbr. u gehnj x; ?
3
adites jhj ehnoz nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba nz`a tjibh aditesnr.
>.3 Enb Adite Fbverane Vjrb zohjrb^jdrjo >.5 Jjr x ? x; adites
[ (x)y + U(x)y + S (x)y ? ; ,
nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba cbr enb adites bsj cu njaihjoba x ? x; adites fbverane
y ?
a ?;
ea (xx; )a
dhefei jibhnj cbr iuvvjt sjrbsb vjye ^eyhdr sjrbsb zo vernr.
raji >..3. ENB ADI^E FB\ESBANE VJSB ]OHJSB 05
nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba x; ? ; aditesaneib iuvvjt sjrbsb zoa cuheho.
\jrbhja nbljreasbyjh njaihjonj [ (x; ) ? [ (;) ? 5 ? ; dhup x; ? ; adites vjrbhja nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba cbr enb aditesnr. D gehnj, vjrbhja nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba x; ? ; aditesane
y ?
a ?;
ea xa (>.:)
cbbobanj cbr iuvvjt sjrbsb zo vernr. y aba cbrbafb vj bibafb trjvhjrb
y ?
a ?5
ae a xa 5, y ?
a ?3
a (a
5)ea xa 3
jihbanj jhnj jnjrbz. Cu blenjhjrb jhj ehnoz njaihjonj yjrhjrbaj idyersei
a ?3
a (a5)ea xa 3 +
a ?5
ae a xa + 3
a ?;
ea xa ? ; (>...0)
cuhuruz. (>.0) njaihjob
3e3 + 3 e ; +
a ?5
(a + 3)( a + 5) ea +3 xa +
a ?5
ae a xa +
a ?5
3ea xa ? ; (>.7)
cbbobanj yezecbhbrbz. (>.7) njaihjobab nj
3e3 + 3e ; +
a ?5Y(a + 3)( a + 5) ea +3 + ae a + 3ea _xa ? ; (>.2)
cbbobanj yezecbhbrbz. [dhbadohera znjhbb `zaaj ehrsei
3e3 + 3e ; ? ; vj ( a + 3)( a + 5) ea +3 + ae a + 3ea ? ; , a 5vjye
e3 ? e ; vj ea +3 ? 5
a + 5ea , a 5 (>.5;)
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03 CHO >. NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJSA VJSHJSHJ ]OHJS
jihbanj rjireas ldroha cuhuruz. ea njjrhjrbab cu ldroh vestesyhe cuhuruz.
blt banbshb tjrbohjr,e3 ? e ;e> ?
e36
? 56
e ;
e< ? e>:
? 56.:
e ;
e7 ? e
? 53.>
e5
e0 ? e :...:)njaihbonj yjrbaj idaurse
y ? e; 5x3 +
x>
6 x x0
3.>.< + ...
vjye
y ? e ; 5 +
a ?5
(5)a 5
5.6.: ...(3a5)x3a + e5 x +
a ?5
(5)a 5
3.>..
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0> CHO >. NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJSA VJSHJSHJ ]OHJS
vj ea aba tjihb tjrbohjrb
e : ? ;3.:
e6 ? ;
e0 ? 33.0
e : ? ;
e : ? e0 ? e2 ? ... ? e3a +5 ? ... ? ;
jhnj jnjrbz. u gehnj jhj enoz nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba `jajh zo
y ?
a ?;
ea xa
? e; 5x3 57x
> + 52.3 Jjr x ? x; adites
[ (x)y + U(x)y + S (x)y ? ; (>.5>)nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba cbr nz`a tjibh adites bsj, cu aditeaa uy`ua cbr fbve-rane nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba
y ?
a ?;
ea (xx; )a + r
jihbanj cbr iuvvjt sjrbsb zo vernr.
x; ? ; dhoes nuruouane x ? x; adites, nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba nz`a tjibhadites bsj x
x; ? t nao yepherei, nz`a tjibh adite drmbaj teaecbhbr. Cuajnjahj, nbljreasbyjh njaihjoba x; ? ; nz`a tjibh adites fbverane sjrb zocuhoei yjtjrhbnbr. (>.5>) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobab slrnea lerih [ (x) bhj chp negesdare x3 bhj erphr vj nzjahjahjrsji
x3y + x xU(x)[ (x)
y + x3S (x)[ (x)
y ? ; (>.5:)
p(x) =? U(x)[ (x) vj q (x) =? S (x)[ (x) jihbanj teaohersei (>.5:) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobab
x3y + x (xp(x)) y + x3q (x) y ? ; (>.5
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>.6. N]@A ^JIBH ADI^E FB\ESBANE VJSB ]OHJSB (LSDCJABZV OJ^DNZ0:
cbbobanj yezecbhbrbz. x; ? ; adites, (>.5.3tjdrjojanj blenj jnbhja zo
y ?
a ?;ea x
a + r
(>.5.50)cuhuruz. Cu njaihjonj o ? ; vj a ? ; bba xr hb tjrbohjrba ietseys drtei pereatjzjeharse vj pdhbadoher znjhbb `zaaj eharse xr hb tjrboba ietseys slre jbtdhur. Curenea,
e ; (r (r5) + p; r + q ; ) ? ;
vj e ; ? ; dhnuuaneaL (r ) ? r (r5) + p; r + q ; ? ; (>.57)
njaihjob jhnj jnjrbz. (>.57) njaihjobaj ( >.5.5.57) banbs njaihjobanjib p; vj q ; secbthjrb
p; ? hbox ;
xp(x) vj q ; ? hbox ;
x3q (x)
hbobthjrbanja cuhuruz. (>.50) njaihjob a 5 vj o 5 bbanj ehp x ba xr +5 ,xr +3 ,...,xr + a ,... tjrbohjrbaba tdpheo jihbanj yezhrse,
L (r + a) ? ( r + a)(r + a5) + p; (r + a) + q ; ? ;
dhoei zjrj, ( >.50) njaihjobab
e ; L (r )xr +
a ?5
L (r + a)ea +a 5
i ?;
e i ((r + i ) pa i + q a i ) xr + a ? ; (>.52)
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>.6. N]@A ^JIBH ADI^E FB\ESBANE VJSB ]OHJSB (LSDCJABZV OJ^DNZ00
6. r5r3 ? A A yeab r5r 3 leri pdzbtbl teo sey dhoes nuruou9
y3(x) ? iy 5(x) ha|x|+ xr 3
a ?5
nnr
Y(rr 3)ea (r )_ r ? r 3xa
i ? hbor r 3 (rr 3)eA (r ) cbbobanj bibafb hbajjr ceosz zo cuhuaur.
raji >.73x3y + xy + ( x35)y ? ; (>.3;)
nbljreasbyjh njaihjobab x; ? ; adites fbveraneib zoa cuheho.
(>.3;) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobanj [ (x) ? 3 x3, U(x) ? x vj S (x) ? x3 5 nbr.[ (x) ? 3 x3 ? ; njaihjobaba ii x; ? ; dhnuuanea x; ? ; adites (>.3;)njaihjobaba cbr tjibh aditesnr.
hbox ;
xU(x)[ (x)
? hbox ;
x x3x3
? 53
hbox ;
x3S (x)[ (x)
? hbox ;
x3x35
x3 ? 5
dhnuuanea x; ? ; adites (>.3;) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba nz`a tjibh aditesnr.
D gehnj (>.3;) njaihjobaba x; ? ; aditesane
y ?
a ?;
ea xa + r (>.35)
cbbobanj Lrdcjabus zo vernr. (>.35) blenjsbab x j `rj cbrbafb vj bibafb trjv-hjrb
y ?
a ?;
ea (a + r)xa + r 5, y ?
a ?;
(a + r)(a + r5)ea xa + r 3
cbbobanj cuhuruz. Cu blenjhjr (>.3;) njaihjobanj yjrbaj idyersei,
a ?;
3(a + r )(a + r5)ea xa + r +
a ?;
ea (a + r )xa + r 5 +
a ?;
ea xa + r +3
a ?;
ea xa + r ? ;
(>.33)jhnj jnjrbz. (>.33) njaihjobanjib 6. sjrbyj a a3 nao yephrse
a ?;
3(a + r )(a + r5)ea xa + r +
a ?;
ea (a + r )xa + r 5 +
a ?3
ea 3xa + r
a ?;
ea xa + r ? ;
(>.36)
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07 CHO >. NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJSA VJSHJSHJ ]OHJS
jhnj jnjrbz. (>.36) njaihjobab
(3r +5)( r5)e ; xr + r (3r +6) e5xr +5 +
a ?3
Y(3a + 3r + 5)( a + r5)ea + ea 3_xa + r ? ;
cbbobanj yezecbhbrbz. Curenea ne
(3r + 5)( r5)e ; ? ; , e; ? ; r(3r + 6) e5 ? ; (3a + 3r + 5)( a + r5)ea + ea 3 ? ; , a 3
cuhuruz. Cbrbafb njaihjonja ( banbs njaihjob ) r5 ? 5 vj r3 ? 53 jhnj jnjrbz.ibafb njaihjonj e5 ? ; cuhuruz. af njaihjonja rjireas ldronr. bonb r5 ? 5 ierhi `jhja zo cuheho. r5 ? 5 bba rjireas ldroh
ea ? ea 3
a (3a + 6), a 3
jhnj jnjrbz. Curenea ne
e3 ? 55>
e ;
e6 ? 530
e5 ? ; e5 ? e6 ? ... ? e3a +5 ? ... ? ;e> ?
5>>
e3 ? ( 5>>
)( 55>
e ; ) ? 5
x3 + 5 + ...
cbbobanj jhnj jnjrbz. e; ? 5 bba y5 zo
y5 ? x 5 55>
x3 + 5 + ...
jhnj jnjrbz. bonb y3 zoa jhnj jnjhbo. afjhbihj r5r 3 ? 63 /
A dhnuuanea r3 ? 53 iiaj ierhi `jhja vj y5 zoaj hbajjr ceosz cbr y3 zo vernr.r3 ? 53 bba rjireas ceats
ea ? 5
a (3a6)ea 3, a 3
cbbobanj dhur.
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>.6. N]@A ^JIBH ADI^E FB\ESBANE VJSB ]OHJSB (LSDCJABZV OJ^DNZ02
e3 ?
5
3e ;
e6 ? 52
e5 ? ; , e5 ? e6 ? ... ? e3a +5 ? ... ? ;
e> ? 53;
e3 ? ( 53;
)(53
e ; ) ? 5>;
e ;...
jhnj jnjrbz. u gehnj y3 zo
y3 ?
a ?;
ea xa + r 3 ?
a ?;
ea xa 5/ 3
? x 5/ 3 e ; + e5x + e3x3 + e6x6 + ...
? e; x 5/ 3 5
53
x3 + 53;
x> + ...
cbbobanj jhnj jnjrbz. e ; ? 5 bba y3 zo
y3 ? x 5/ 3 5
53
x3 + 53;
x> + ...
jhnj jnjrbz. (>.3;) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba `jajh zo nj
y ? f5y5 + f3y3
? f5x 5 55>
x3 + 5 + ... + f3x 5/ 3 5
53
x3 + 53;
x> + ...
cbbobanj jhnj jnjrbz.
raji >.2x3y + 6 xy + (53x)y ? ; (>.3>)
nbljreasbyjh njaihjobab x; ? ; adites fbveraneib `jajh zoa cuheho.(>.3>) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobanj [ (x) ? x3, U(x) ? 6 x vj S (x) ? 53x nbr. [ (x) ?x3 ? ; njaihjobaba ii x; ? ; dhnuuanea x; ? ; adites (>.3>) njaihjobaba cbr tjibh aditesnr.
hbox ;
xU(x)[ (x)
? hbox ;
x6xx3
? 6
hbox ;
x3S (x)[ (x)
? hbox ;
x353x
x3 ? 5
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7; CHO >. NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJSA VJSHJSHJ ]OHJS
dhnuuanea x; ? ; adites (>.3>) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba nz`a tjibh aditesnr.
D gehnj (>.3>) njaihjobaba x; ? ; aditesane
y ?
a ?;
ea xa + r (>.3:)
cbbobanj Lrdcjabus zo vernr. (>.3:) blenjsbab x j `rj cbrbafb vj bibafb trjv-hjrb
y ?
a ?;
ea (a + r)xa + r 5, y ?
a ?;
(a + r)(a + r5)ea xa + r 3
cbbobanj cuhuruz. Cu blenjhjr (>.3>) njaihjobanj yjrbaj idyersei,
a ?;
(a + r )(a + r5)ea xa + r +
a ?;
6ea (a + r )xa + r +
a ?;
ea xa + r
a ?;
3ea xa + r +5 ? ;
(>.3.3. sjrbyj a a5 nao yephrse
a ?;
(a + r )(a + r
5)ea xa + r +
a ?;
6ea (a + r )xa + r +
a ?;
ea xa + r
a ?5
3ea 5xa + r ? ;
(>.30)jhnj jnjrbz. (>.30) njaihjobab
(r + 5) 3e ; xr +
a ?5
((a + r)3 + 3( a + r) + 5) ea3ea 5 xa + r ? ;
cbbobanj yezecbhbrbz. Curenea ne
(r + 5)3e ; ? ; , e; ? ;
((a + r)3 + 3( a + r) + 5) ea 3ea 5 ? ; , a 5
jhnj jnjrbz. Cbrbafb njaihjonja ( banbs njaihjob ) r 5 ? r3 ? 5 jhnj jnjrbz. bonb r5 ? 5 iiaj ierhi `jhja zo cuheho. r5 ? 5 bba rjireas ceats
ea ? 3ea 5
a 3 , a 5
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73 CHO >. NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJSA VJSHJSHJ ]OHJS
raji >.5;x
3y + x(x3)y + 3 y ? ; (>.32)nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba x; ? ; adites fbverane `jajh zoa cuheho.
[ (x) ? x3 ? ; njaihjobaba ii x ; ? ; adites dhnuuanea (>.32) njaihjobaba cbr tjibh aditesnr.
hbox ;
xx(x3)
x3 ? 3 vj hbox ; x3
3x3
? 3
dhnuuanea x; ? ; adites (>.32) njaihjobaba nz`a tjibh aditesnr. u gehnj (>.32) nbljreasbyjh njaihjobaba x; ? ; adites fbverane
y ?
a ?;ea xa + r (>.6;)
cbbobanj Lrdcjabus zo vernr. (>.6;) blenjsbab x j `rj cbrbafb vj bibafb trjv-hjrb
y ?
a ?;
ea (a + r)xa + r 5, y ?
a ?;
(a + r)(a + r5)ea xa + r 3
cbbobanj cuhuruz. Cu blenjhjr (>.32) njaihjobanj yjrbaj idyersei,
a ?;
(a + r )(a + r5)ea xa + r +
a ?;
ea (a + r )xa + r +53
a ?;
ea (a + r )xa + r +
a ?;
3ea xa + r ? ;
(>.65)jhnj jnjrbz. (>.65) njaihjobanjib 3. sjrbyj a a5 nao yephrse
a ?;
(a + r )(a + r5)ea xa + r +
a ?5
ea 5(a + r5)xa + r3
a ?;
ea (a + r )xa + r +
a ?;
3ea xa + r ? ;
(>.63)jhnj jnjrbz. (>.63) njaihjobab
(r5)(r3)e ; xr +
a ?5
Y(a + r3)(a + r5)ea + ( a + r5)ea 5_xa + r ? ;
cbbobanj yezecbhbrbz. Curenea ne
(r3)(r5)e ; ? ; , e; ? ; (a + r3)(a + r5)ea + ( a + r5)ea 5 ? ; , a 3
jhnj jnjrbz.Cbrbafb njaihjonja ( banbs njaihjob ) r5 ? 3 vj r3 ? 5 jhnj jnjrbz.bonb r5 ? 3 iiaj ierhi `jhja zo cuheho. r5 ? 3 bba rjireas ceats
ea ? ea 5
a , a 5
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>.6. N]@A ^JIBH ADI^E FB\ESBANE VJSB ]OHJSB (LSDCJABZV OJ^DNZ76
jhnj jnjrbz. Curenea ne
e5 ? e ;e3 ?
53
e5 ? (53
)(e ; ) ? 53!
e ;
e6 ? 56
e3 ? (56
) 53!
e ; ? 56!
e ;...
ea ? (5)a 5
a !e ;
jhnj jnjrbz. u gehnj Lrdcjabus sjrb zo
y5 ?
a ?;
ea xa + r 5 ?
a ?;
ea xa +3 ? x3
a ?;
ea xa
? e; x3
a ?;
(5)a
a ! xa ? x3j x , e; ? 5
cuhuruz. bonj nj r3 ? 5 j ierhi `jhja zo cuheho. A ? r5 r 3 ? 5 Adhnuuanea r3 ? 5 njjrbab rjireas ceatsae idynuuouzne y5 ldaisbydauanea hbajjr ceosz bibafb zo jhnj jnjojybz!
y3(x) ? iy 5(x) ha|x|+ xr 3
a ?5nnr Y(rr 3)ea (r )_ r ? r 3
xa
? iy 5(x) ha|x|+ xr 3
a ?5
ca (r 3)xa
i ? hbor r 3 (rr 3)eA (r ) cbbobanj bibafb hbajjr ceosz zo cuheho.
i ? hbor r 3
(rr 3)eA (r ) ? hbor 5(r5)e5(r ) ? hbor 5(r5) e ;r5
? e ;jhnj jnjrbz. bonb c
a ietseyhera cuheho.
c5 ? nnr
Y(rr 3)e5(r )_ r ? r 3?
nnr
Y(r5) e ;r5
_r ?5
? ;
c3 ? nnr
Y(rr 3)e3(r )_ r ? r 3?
nnr
Y(r5) e;
(r5)r_
r ?5?
e;r 3 r ?5
? e ;c6 ?
nnr
Y(rr 3)e6(r )_ r ? r 3?
nnr
Y(r5) e ;
(r5)r (r + 5)_
r ?5?
e; (3r + 5)r 3(r + 5) 3 r ?5
? 6>
e ;
...
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7> CHO >. NLJSEAVRJH NJAIHJOHJSA VJSHJSHJ ]OHJS
cbbobanj cuhuruz. u gehnj e; ? 5 bba y3 zo
y3 ? y5(x) ha|x|+ x x3 + 6>
x6 + . . .
jhnj jnjrbz. (>.32) njaihjobaba `jajh zo
y ? f5y5 + f3y3
cbbobanj jhnj jnjrbz.
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Cho :
HE[HEFJ NAO
:.5 Nbrjit (Ldrwern) Hephefj Nao^eao :.5 l (t), `jrjh cbr t njbijababa ldaisbydau dhsua vj t 1 ; bba teaohea-sa. @jrjh cbr s njbijababa ldaisbydau dhea cbr L (s) ldaisbydauau najhbo vj cu ldaisbyda
L (s) =? H{l (t)} ? ; j st l (t)nt (:.5)njaihob bhj teaoheasa vj s aba cta njjrhjrb bba (:.5) njaihjobanjib batj`reh ojvfut dhsua. H{l (t)} vjye L (s) naoaj l (t) ldaisbydauaua Hephefj na-o njabr.
raji :.5 l (t) ? e, e =? secbt ldisbydauaua Hephefj naoa cuheho.
L (s) ? H{l (t)} ? e ; j st nt? e hbo
S S
;j st nt ? e hbo
S 5s
j stS
;? e
s, s 1 ; .
raji :.3l (t) ? ta , a A , t ;
ldaisbydauaua Hephefj naoa cuheho.
7:
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:.5. NBSJI^ (LDSPESN) HE[HEFJ NAO 70
^echd :.5= Cez Ldaisbydahera Hephefj Naohjrbl (t) =? H5{L (s)} L (s) =? H{l (t)}
e , e =? secbt es , s 1 ;ta , a A a!s a +5 , s 1 ;j et , e =? secbt 5se
, s 1 ;sbaet , e =? secbt es3 + e3 , s 1 |e|fds et , e =? secbt s
s3
+ e3 , s 1
|e
|sbaget , e =? secbt es3e3 , s 1 |e|fdsg et , e =? secbt ss3e3 , s 1 |e|
:.5.5 Nbrjit Hephefj Naoaa jojh zjhhbihjrb
Hbajjrhbi zjhhbb
l 5(t) vj l 3(t) ldaisbydaheraa Hephefj nao sresyhe L 5(s) vj L 3(s) dh-sua. f5 vj f3 secbthjr dhoei zjrj
H{f5l 5(t) + f3l 3(t)} ? f5L 5(s) + f3L 3(s)zjhhbbaj segbptbr.
raji :.> l (t) ? 6 fds 3 6t ldaisbydauaua Hephefj naoa cuheho.
L (s) ? H{6fds3 6t} ? H{63
(5 + 3fds
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77 CHO :. HE[HEFJ NAO
raji :.: l (t) ? j 3t fds6t ldaisbydauaua Hephefj naoa cuheho.
L (s) ? H{j 3t fds6t} ? s3
(s3)3 + 2
cbbobanj jhnj jnjrbz.
ibafb tjhjoj zjhhbb
t ? e aditesane sreoe srjisbzhbb dhea cbrbo ceseoei ldaisbydau
ue(t) ? u(t
e) ? 5, t
e
; , t 8 e
bhj teoohear. Jjr L (s) ? H{l (t)} bsj
H{l (te)u(te)} ? j es L (s), e ;
cbbobanj dhur.
ta l (t) jihbanjib ldaisbydahera Hephefj nao
L (s) ?
H{l (t)
} bsj ta l (t), a
A cbbobanjib cbr ldaisbydaua Hephefj na-
o
H{ta l (t)} ? (5)ana L (s)
nsa
ldrohanja cuhuaur.
raji :.< t sbaet ldaisbydauaua Hephefj naoa cuheho.
H{t sbaet} ? nns
es3 + e3
? 3ess3 + e3
cbbobanj cuhuruz.
l ( t )t jihbanjib ldaisbydauaua Hephefj nao
L (s) ? H{l (t)} bsj l (t )t , cbbobanjib cbr ldaisbydaua Hephefj nao
H{l (t)
t } ? s L (u)nuldrohanja cuhuaur.
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:.5. NBSJI^ (LDSPESN) HE[HEFJ NAO 72
raji :.0
H{sbaett } ?
s
eu3 + e3
nu ? erftea ue
s?
3 erftea se
cbbobanj jhnj jnjrbz.
^rjvhjrba Naohjrb
Jjr L (s) ? H{l (t)} bsj l (t) cbbobanjib cbr ldaisbydaua Hephefj nao
H{l (t)} ? sL (s)l (;)ldrohanja cuhuaur. Ja `jajh gehnj cbr l (t) ldaisbydauaua a. ojrtjcjnjaHephefj nao
H l (a )(t) ? na l (t)
nta ? sa L (s)s
a 5l (;) sa 3l (;) ...l
(a 5) (;)
ldrouane dhur.
:.5.3 Bopuhs vjye Nbref Njhte Ldaisbydaubonb yehazfe stzbisjh prdchjohjrnj eaheoh dhecbhjfji cbr ldaisbyda rjtoji bstb-ydruz. Cu eoehe,
(tt ; ) ? 53 , |tt ; |; , |tt ; | 1
bhj teaohea cbr ldaisbyda dhsua. Cu ldaisbydaua cta rjjh jisja zjrbanjib batj`-rehb
(tt ; )nt ? 53 nt ? 5cbbobanjnbr. Cbrbo bopuhs (Nbref Njhte) ldaisbydau aba ; bba hbobtb
(t
t ; ) ? hbo ;
(t
t ; ) ? , t ? t ;; , t ? t ;dherei teaohear. Eyrfe, Nbref njhte ldaiydauaua cta rjjh jisja zjrbanjib
batj`rehb
(tt ; )nt ? 5cbbobanjnbr. Nbref njhte ldaisbydauaua jhjoj zjhhbb nbyj cbhbaja cbr zjhhbj se-gbptbr. Cu zjhhbi yhj blenj jnbhbr=
(tt ; )l (t)nt ? l (t ; ).
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2; CHO :. HE[HEFJ NAO
(tt ; ) ldaisbydauaua Hephefj nao
H{ (tt ; )} ? j t ; s
cbbobanj dhur.
:.3 jrs (Bavjrsj) Hephefj NaoJjr L (s) ? H{l (t)} bsj l (t) ldaisbydauae L (s) `rat ldaisbydauaua tjrs Hep-hefj nao en vjrbhbr vj
l (t) ?
H 5
{L (s)
}cbbobanj blenj jnbhbr. ^jrs Hephefj nao nj hbajjr cbr bhjonbr, yeab l (t) ?H 5{L (s)} vj ` (t) ? H 5{@(s)} bsj
H 5{L (s) + @(s)} ? H
5{L (s)}+ H 5{@(s)} ? l (t) + ` (t)
cbbobanjnbr. Hephefj dpjretdr
HH 5 ? H
5H Bcbbobanj cbr znjhbj segbptbr. Curene B cbrbo dpjretrnr.
:.3.5 jrs Hephefj Naoaa zjhhbihjrb
hji Njbbo zjhhbb
H 5{L (s)} ? l (t) bsj H
5{L (es )} ? 5e
l (te
) nbr.
Cbrbafb tjhjoj zjhhbb
H 5{L (se)} ? j et H
5{L (s)} ? j et l (t).
raji :.7
H 5 5
s6 ? j 6tH
5 5s
? j 6t
raji :.2
H 5 5
s3 + 3 s + 3 ? H
5 5(s + 5) 3 + 5
? j tH 5 5
s3 + 5 ? j t sbat
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:.3. ^JSV (BA\JSVJ) HE[HEFJ NAO 25
ibafb tjhjoj zjhhbb
H 5{j
es L (s)} ? l (te)u(te) ? l (te), t e; , t 8 e
raji :.5;
H 5{j
s ss3 + 5 } ? fds( t)u(t) ?
fds t, t ; , t 8
^rjvba ^jrs Hephefj Nao
H 5{L (a )(s)} ? (5)a ta H
5{L (s)} ? (5)a ta l (t).
raji :.55 H 5 {ha(s3)} ?4L (s) ? ha( s3) L (s) ?
5s3
tH 5 {ha(s3)} ? H
5 5s
3
H 5 {ha(s3)} ? 5t j
3t
Isob Ijsbrhjr Ratjob
raji :.53
H 5
s63s3s + 3
?4
s6
3s3
s + 3 ?
(s + 5)( s5)(s3)
E
s + 5 +
C
s5 +
F
s3znjhbbanja E ? :6 , C ? : vj F ? 376 cuhuruz.
s63s3s + 3
? :
65
s + 5 : 5
s5 +
376
5s3
H 5
s63s3s + 3
? :
6H 5 5
s + 5 : H
5 5s5
+ 376 H
5 5s3
? :
6j t: j
t + 376
j 3t
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23 CHO :. HE[HEFJ NAO
raji :.56
H 5 s
3+ >
(s + 3) 3(s3 + 5) ?4
s3 + >(s + 3) 3(s3 + 5)
Es + 3
+ C
(s + 3) 3 +
Fs +