Max Planck Institutefor the History of Science

Rudolf Clausius (1822-1888):from Köslin to Berlin & Bonn,from Kinetic Theory toModern Thermodynamics

Dieter HoffmannMax Planck Institute for the History of Science

dh@mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de

January 2nd, 1822 born in Köslin/Pomerania (now Koszalin)

1828-34 Primary School Köslin

1838-40Friedrich-Wilhelm-Gymnasium Stettin

1840 Abitur

Köslin (today Koszalin) Market Place

Stettin (today Szczecin)

Oct. 1840Attending Univ.Berlin1844Exam for Teacher;Teacher at Friedrich-Werdersches Gymn.;Fellow Magnus‘ Circel1848PhD University Halle18502. PhD (Habilitation) University Berlin1850Artillery- & Engineering College

„Literary Berlin“ around 1830

1. W.v. Humboldt2. Chr. W. Hufeland3. A.v. Humboldt4. C. Ritter5. J.A. Neander6. F. Schleiermacher7. G.W.F. Hegel

Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Berlin, Unter den Linden

J. Steiner (1796-1863)

G.L.Dirichlet (1805-1859)

A.W.H. Dove (1803-1879)

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Gustav Magnus (1802-1870)

Magnus Effect in Aerodynamics„Über die Abweichung der Geschosse“ 1852(On the deviation of bullets)

Friedrich-Werdersches Gymnasium, Berlin

(High School)

List of the Teacher

On the Nature of those Parts of the Atmosphereof Earth which produce Reflection of LightAnnalen der Physik 76(1849)

Clausius‘ PhD Diploma, University Halle 1848

Artillerie- und Ingenieurschule, Berlin (Royal Artillery and Engineering College)

House of Gustav Magnus, around 1840 Berlin, Am Kupfergraben

Family Tree of the School of Gustav Magnus

Education in Laboratory SkillsResearch in Physiology Magnus SchoolRegular Colloquia (1843)

Physical Society (1845)

Foundation of the

Berlin/German Physical

Society in 1845Foundation of the Berlin/German Physical Society,in 1845

Hermann Helmholtz

(1821-1894)

„During the 60 years which spanned the call of Hermann Helmholtz to become professor of physics in Berlin University in 1871,and Erwin Schrödinger‘s call, to the chair of theoretical physics (1927), the general history of physics was closely connected with the history of physics in Berlin.“

H.-J. Treder

Sadi Carnot1796-1832

Benoit Clapeyron1799-1864

Hermann Helmholtz1821-1894

Something is wrong with

the First Law

Founder of modern Thermodynamics

Entropy Concept &

Second Law of Thermodynamics

&Kinetic Gas Theory

On the motive power of heat, and on the laws which can be derived from it for the theory of heat

Annalen der Physik 155(1850) 368-397; 500-524

„Heat cannot pass by itself from a colder to a warmer body.“

On various forms of the prinicipal equations of the mechanical theory of heat that are most satisfactory for applications Annalen der Physik

125(1865) 353-400

dS = dQ / T- The energy of the universe is constant.- The entropy of the universe tends to a maximum.

1855-67 Professor for mathematical PhysicsPolytechnicum Zurich (ETH)

Founder of Kinetic Gas Theory and Statistical Physics

On the kind of motion that we call heatAnnalen der Physik 100(1857)497-507

On the Scattering of Light in the AtmosphereAnnalen der Physik

75(1848)122-135

Concept of the mean free path L of an atom/molecule

On the mean free path traveled in molecular motion in gaseous particles; in addition some other remarks on the mechanical theory of heat Annalen der Physik 105(1858)239-258

University of Bonn, Institute of Physics

The mechanical theory of heat,Brunswick 1879

1855-67Professor mathematical physics Polytechnicum Zurich

1867-69Professor for PhysicsUniversity Würzburg

1869-88Professor for PhysicsUniversity Bonn

-1879 Copley Medal-1884 Rector-1888 Pour le Mérite

Rudolf Clausius

+ August 24th, 1888 in Bonn

Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität, gegr. 1810- Einheit von Forschung und Lehre

Foundation of the German Physical Society, Berlin 1845

On the motive power of heat and the laws that maybe derived from it for the theory of heat Annalen der Physik 79(1850)368-397; 500-524