didi adamianebi - gfsis · 2019. 8. 6. · buli memarcxene radikalizmis zrdis se-sacereblad da...
TRANSCRIPT
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II msoflio omis dasasruli da civi omis dasawyisi
didi adamianebi
aSS-is 33-e prezidenti
hari trumeni
22
vasil kaWarava
unda aRiniSnos, rom ase marto trumeni ar fiqrobda. ruzveltis meuRlisTvis samZim-
ris gamocxadebisas, roca trumenma mas hkiTxa, Tu riTi SeeZlo daxmareboda, elionor
ruzveltma upasuxa: ̀ sjobs is mkiTxo, Tu Cven riTi SegviZlia dagexmaroT. dRes Sen xar yve-
laze did SarSi gaxveuli~. da albaT, arc Tavad trumeni da arc yofili pirveli ledi ar
azviadebdnen.
1945 wlis 12 aprils prezident franklin ruzveltis gardacvalebis Semdeg qveynis
prezidenti gaxda amerikis vice-prezidenti hari trumeni. pirvel preskonferenciaze Sek-
rebil Jurnalistebs man ase mimarTa: `biWebo, Tu odesme gilociaT, axla CemTvis iloceT.
ar vici, Tivis zvini Tu dagcemiaT, magram rodesac miTxres guSin, rac moxda, iseTi grZnoba
dameufla, TiTqos mTvare, varskvlavebi da yvela planeta Tavze damemxo~.
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hari trumeni
23
aRsaniSnavia, rom hari trumeni pirve-
li msoflio omis veterani iyo. man, ro-
gorc savele artileriis batareis kapi-
tanma, ramdenime brZolaSi miiRo monawi-
leoba da isic unda iTqvas, rom mis bata-
reas erTi kacic ki ar daukargavs. ociani
wlebis dasawyisSi momavalma prezidentma
biznesmenoba daiwyo, magram 1922 wlis
krizisuli movlenebis gamo maleve gakot-
rda. Semdeg trumeni iyo mosamarTle mi-
suris StatSi, jeqsonis olqSi, sadac ise-
sxvaTa Soris, hari trumeni ukanaskne-
li amerikeli prezidenti iyo, romelsac
koleji ar dausrulebia da, Sesabamisad,
arc bakalavris diplomi miuRia, Tumca
ori weli ki iswavla kanzas-sitis iuridi-
ul skolaSi. miuxedavad amisa, is erT-erT
yvelaze nakiTx prezidentad iTvleba.
trumenis dasaxasiaTeblad, albaT, kargi
iqneba jer kidev kanzas-sitiSi moRvaweo-
bisas naTqvami misi sityvebis gaxseneba,
rom `sami rame afuWebs da angrevs mama-
kacs. es aris Zalaufleba, fuli da qalebi.
me arasdros mindoda Zalaufleba, arasd-
ros mqonia fuli da erTaderTi qali Cems
cxovrebaSi axla swored Cems saxlSia~. am
sityvebis avtori roca prezidenti gaxda,
amerikelebs eWvi ar SehparviaT mis gulw-
rfelobaSi, vinaidan prezidentis postze
trumenis mier gamovlenil mtkice xasi-
aTs, ubraloebas, Tavmdablobasa da ener-
giulobas isini Cveulebriv, rigiTi ameri-
kelisTvis damaxasiaTebel, Tvisebebad
uTvlidnen da amerikis prezidentic xal-
xis wiaRidan gamosul adamianad miiCnies.
trumenis viceprezidentoba demokratiul partiaSi Zalze liberaluri da konservati-
uli kandidatebis dapirispirebis Sedegad miRweulma Sidapartiulma kompromisma gadawy-
vita. es umwvavesi dapirispireba iyo, radgan TiTqmis yvelam icoda, rom avadmyofobis gamo
Ti didi avtoriteti moipova, rom 1934 wels amerikis senatoric ki gaxda. senatorobisas
trumenma daamtkica Tavisi unari da principuloba e.w. trumenis komitetSi, romelic sam-
xedro sferoSi arsebul korufciasa da dausabuTebel xarjebs ebrZoda. amboben, rom am
komitetis muSaobis Sedegad 15 miliardamde dolari daizoga. sagareo politikaSi trume-
nis gamoucdelobaze, albaT, misi cnobili frazac metyvelebs, rodesac 1941 wlis 23 iv-
niss, germaniis sabWoTa kavSirze Tavdasxmis meore dRes, ganacxada: `Tu davinaxavT, rom
germania imarjvebs, rusebs unda davexmaroT. Tu davinaxavT, rom rusebi imarjveben, germa-
nias unda davexmaroT. ase rom, xocon erTmaneTi rac SeiZleba meti. Tumca me araviTar Sem-
TxvevaSi ar msurs hitleris gamarjveba~.
axalgazrda hari trumeni
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ruzvelti ver daasrulebda sapreziden-
to vadas da vice-prezidenti male prezi-
dentis savarZels daikavebda. amas isic
erTvoda, rom vice-prezidenti, tradici-
ulad, ufro warmomadgenlobiTi figura
iyo da naklebad ereoda qveynis realur
marTvaSi. Tanac trumeni sulac ar mie-
kuTvneboda ruzveltTan daaxloebul
adamianTa ricxvs da viceprezidentobis
ramdenime Tvis manZilze igi mxolod ram-
denjerme Sexvda ruzvelts da atomuri
iaraRis Seqmnis Sesaxebac mxolod gapre-
zidentebis Semdeg gaigo.
axladgamomcxvar prezidents udavod
daawva umZimesi tvirTi. marTalia, omi ev-
ropaSi dasasruls uaxlovdeboda, Seta-
kebebi ukve berlinis quCebSi mimdinare-
obda, xolo amerikeli da sabWoTa jaris-
kacebi mdinare elbis napirebze erTma-
neTs exveodnen, iaponiasTan brZolis das-
rulebas jer kidev bevri aklda. garda am-
isa, trumenis winaSe ara marto omis das-
rulebis, aramed msoflios omis Semdgomi
mowyobis sakiTxic idga, Tavad amerikis
saSinao problemebze rom aRaraferi
vTqvaT.
24
trumenis sasaxelod unda aRiniSnos,
rom prezidentis rangSi pirveli da ur-
Tulesi gamocda man sakmaod warmatebiT
Caabara, rodesac 1945 wlis ivlisSi pots-
damis konferenciaze omis Semdgomi samya-
ros beds wyvetda iseT gamocdil da avto-
ritetul politikosebTan erTad, rogo-
rebic iyvnen ioseb stalini da uinston
CerCili.
hari trumeni meuRlesTan erTad
franklin ruzvelti da hari trumeni
didi adamianebi
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amerikeli da sabWoTa jariskacebis Sexvedra mdinare elbaze
trumenis saxelTan aris dakavSirebu-
li atomuri iaraRis pirveli da, imedia,
ukanaskneli gamoyeneba kacobriobis is-
toriaSi. 1945 wlis 6 da 9 agvistos xirosi-
misa da nagasakis atomur dabombvas aseul
aTasobiT adamianis sicocxle Seewira. es
movlenebi samarTlianad miiCneva barba-
rosul da gaumarTlebel sisastiked.
Tumca amerikeli politikosebis da isto-
rikosebis mniSvnelovan nawils sxva azric
aqvs da fiqroben, rom swored am bobmis ga-
moyenebam aiZula iaponia saswrafo kapi-
1947 wlis 12 marts trumenma kongress
400 milioni dolari sTxova saberZneTisa
da TurqeTis dasaxmareblad, sadac arse-
bul mTavrobebs komunisturi Zalebi em-
uqrebodnen: saberZneTSi namdvili samo-
qalaqo omi mZvinvarebda mTavrobasa da Ce-
tulaciaze wasuliyo, daaCqara omis das-
ruleba da, Sesabamisad, milionobiT ame-
rikeli da iaponeli jariskaci gadaarCina
omSi daRupvas. arsebobs azric, rom iapo-
niaSi atomuri iaraRis gamoyeneba sabWoTa
kavSiris dasaSineblad moxda.
trumeni sabWoeTTan urTierTobaSi
mtkice politikis momxre iyo da araerT-
xel aRuniSnavs, rom erTaderTi ena, rome-
lic rusebs esmiT, aris Zalis ena. 1946
wels saxelmwifo mdivan jeims birnsisaT-
vis gagzavnil werilSi trumeni werda:
`rusebma mxolod erTi ena ician – ramdeni
divizia gyavT? me daviRale maTi ZiZobiT~.
da marTlac, es `ZiZoba~, Tuki odesme ar-
sebobda, 1947 wels sabolood dasrulda.
stalinma da trumenma ver gamonaxes saer-
To ena da urTierToba or zesaxelmwifos
Soris aSkara konfrontaciaSi gadaizar-
da, romelic `civi omis~ saxeliT aris
cnobili.
hari trumeni
25CerCili, trumeni da stalini potsdamis konferenciaze, 1945
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xuri iaraRiT SeiaraRebul komunistur
razmebs Soris. Tanac inglisuri armia,
romelic samTavrobo jarebs exmareboda,
ukve veRar umklavdeboda amocanas da Seq-
mnili viTareba amerikis Carevis aucileb-
lobaze miuTiTebda. TurqeTis winaaRm-
deg ki sabWoTa kavSiri namdvil samxedro
aqcias amzadebda. sabWoTa kavSiri, erTi
mxriv, apirebda daesaja TurqeTi II msof-
lio omis droindeli poziciis gamo, meo-
re mxriv ki, saqarTvelosa da somxeTis is-
toriuli miwebis dabrunebis imedi hqon-
da, romlebic brest-litovskis zavis
„wyalobiT“ dakarga. amerikis finansuri
daxmareba imasac gulisxmobda, rom igi
arc uSualod samxedro moqmedebaze it-
yoda uars.
Tavis gamosvlaSi trumenma ganacxada:
`mwams, rom amerikis politika mimarTuli
unda iyos Tavisufali adamianebis dasax-
mareblad, romlebic Tavs icaven Seiara-
Rebuli umciresobisa da gareSe Zalebis
zewolisgan... msoflios Tavisufali xal-
xebi Cven imedis TvaliT Semogvyureben,
rom davexmarebiT Tavisuflebis SenarCu-
nebaSi. Tu am saqmeSi Cvens liderobas dav-
TmobT, safrTxeSi CavagdebT mSvidobas
msoflioSi da Cveni qveynis keTildReoba-
sac xifaTs SevuqmniT~. sabWoTa kavSiris
agresiuli moqmedebebis Sekavebis ameri-
kis ideologia da politika, dafuZnebuli
SeerTebuli Statebis kongresisadmi am
jeims birnsi da hari trumeni
jeims birnsi (1882-1972) – amerikeli mosamarT-le da politikuri moRvawe, aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivani 1945-1947 ww.-Si, samxreT karolinis 104-e gubernatori (1951-1955).
26
atomuri bombis afeTqeba xirosimaSi nagasaki atomuri afeTebis Semdeg
aSS komunistur safrTxes ekonomiku-
ri meTodebiTac aqtiurad ebrZoda. 1947
wlis 5 ivniss harvardis universitetis
kursdamTavrebulTa gamosaSveb ceremo-
niaze saxelmwifo mdivani jorj marSali
omisgan dazaralebuli qveynebisaTvis ek-
onomikuri daxmarebis gawevis iniciati-
istoriul mimarTvaze, SemdgomSi ̀ trume-
nis doqtrinis~ saxeliT gaxda cnobili.
didi adamianebi
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jeims forestoli da hari trumeni
hari trumeni da jorj marSali
lis gegmis~ Tanaxmad, dasavleT evropis
qveynebma sami wlis manZilze 12 miliard
dolarze meti daxmareba miiRes, ramac
mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli am qveynebis
ekonomikur aRmavlobas. am TanxiT pirvel
periodSi evropaSi amerikaSi Sesyiduli
sakvebi produqtebi Seitanes, Semdeg ki
uSualod mrewvelobis aRorZinebas mixe-
des. es daxmareba aseve mimarTuli iyo ev-
ropaSi ukiduresi gaWirvebiT ganpirobe-
buli memarcxene radikalizmis zrdis Se-
saCereblad da mosaxleobis saSualo fe-
nis gasaZliereblad. unda iTqvas, rom geg-
ma marTlac Zalze Sedegismomcemi aRmoC-
nda da dasavleTi evropa ara marto siRa-
takisa da komunizmisagan daicva, aramed
udidesi biZgi misca 1950-ian wlebSi mis
ekonomikur ayvavebas.
1947 welsve trumenma erovnuli usaf-
rTxoebis kanonis miRebiT Seqmna Tavdac-
vis saministro, romelSic gaerTianda ar-
miis, flotis da aviaciis calkeuli de-
partamentebi. Tavdacvis pirveli minist-
ri gaxda jeims forestoli. Seiqmna erov-
nuli usafrTxoebis sabWoc, romelsac
daeqvemdebara aseve axladSeqmnili cent-
raluri sadazvervo saagento.
trumenis doqtrina rom drouli iyo,
e.w. berlinis blokadamac aCvena, romelic
TiTqmis erTi weli, 1948 wlis 24 ivnisidan
1949 wlis 12 maisamde, gagrZelda. sabWoe-
Ti aprotestebda dasavleTis mier kont-
viT gamovida – `Cveni politika mimarTu-
lia ara romelime qveynis an doqtrinis,
aramed SimSilis, siRatakisa da qaosis wi-
naaRmdeg. misi daniSnulebaa gamoacocx-
los ekonomika msoflioSi~. es winadadeba
gulisxmobda yvela evropuli qveynis dax-
marebas, sabWoTa kavSiris CaTvliT. sta-
linma am proeqtSi monawileobaze uari ga-
nacxada da es, miuxedavad maTi didi sur-
vilisa, Tavis satelitebsac aukrZala. sa-
bolood, rogorc cnobilia, e.w. `marSa-
jeims forestoli (1892-1949) iyo aSS-is sam-xedro-sazRvao Zalebis ukanaskneli ministri da aSS-is pirveli Tavdacvis ministri (1947-1949).
27
jorj marSali (1880-1959) – amerikeli samxed-ro da sazogado moRvawe, meore msoflio omis dros ekava amerikis gaerTianebuli Stabebis xelmZRvanelis Tanamdeboba. mogvianebiT, prezi-dent trumenis periodSi, igi iyo saxelmwifo mdivani, Semdeg Tavdacvis uwyebas xelmZRvane-lobda. saxelmwifo mdivnis rangSi jorj marSal-ma wamoiwyo omiT ganadgurebuli evropis ekono-mikuri da politikuri mxardaWeris programa – e.w. `marSalis gegma~, romelsac udidesi mniSvne-loba hqonda omis Semdgomi evropis aRorZinebis saqmeSi. 1953 wels jorj marSali gaxda nobelis premiis laureati mSvidobis dargSi.
hari trumeni
-
28
rolirebadi sami zonis gaerTianebis
mcdelobas da, Sesabamisad, dasavleT ber-
linSi axali germanuli fulis damkvidre-
bas. amitomac sabWoTa armiam gadaketa da-
savleT berlinisken mimavali yvela saxme-
leTo gza. amis pasuxad amerikelebma, bri-
tanelebma da frangebma sahaero xidi mo-
awyves da yoveldRe uamravi sakvebi da saw-
vavi CahqondaT dasavleT berlinSi. blo-
kadis dros dasavleT berlinSi 200 aTasi
frena Sesrulda da 2 milionma berlinel-
ma jamSi daaxloebiT 2,5 milioni tona
produqti miiRo. saqme iqamdec mivida,
rom TviTmfrinavebs ufro meti tvirTi
CahqondaT, vidre manamde matareblebs.
bolos dasavleTis aseT organizebul wi-
naaRmdegobasa da ulev resursebs dapi-
rispirebuli sabWoTa kavSiri iZulebuli
gaxda gaeuqmebina blokada. sabWoTa kav-
Sirma verc germaniis federaciuli res-
publikis Seqmna SeaCera 1949 wels, Tumca
maleve, sapasuxod, germaniis demokratiu-
li respublika Camoayaliba. aseve trume-
nis administraciis wyalobiT Seiqmna 1949
wels Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrule-
bis organizacia (nato) da civi omi, ro-
gorc samxedro-politikur, aseve ekono-
mikur sferoSi, sruli ZaliT warimarTa.
amasobaSi, evropaSi damuxruWebulma
komunizmma aziaSi imarjva. upirveles
yovlisa, es Seexo CineTs, sadac 1949 wels
mao Zedunis komunisturma wiTelma armiam
sabolood daamarcxa da kunZul taivanze
gandevna Can kaiSis gomindanis mTavroba,
miuxedavad imisa, rom am ukanasknels ame-
rikelebi exmarebodnen.
mao Zeduni (1893-1976)
didi adamianebi
`sahaero xidi~
-
aranaklebi problemebi eloda tru-
mens saSinao frontze. imisaTvis, rom aR-
ar ganmeorebuliyo I msoflio omis dasas-
ruls Seqmnili viTareba, rodesac omidan
dabrunebuli milionobiT veterani umu-
Sevari darCa, ruzveltis administraciam
jer kidev 1944 wels miiRo samxedro mo-
samsaxureTa mowyobis kanoni, anu e.w. `ji-
ai-ebis uflebaTa bili~ (G.I. Bill (of Rights)).
kanonis mixedviT, 15 milion omis veterans
federalurma mTavrobam umaRles saswav-
leblebSi swavlis safasuri gadauxada.
veteranTa administraciisaTvis, saxlebi-
sa da fermebis Sesasyidad da mcire bizne-
sis dasawyebad, gamoiyo 16 miliardi do-
lari. amave periodSi mTavrobam uaRresad
dabal fasad gayida omis saWiroebisTvis
Seqmnili mravali sawarmo, gauqmda fase-
bis kontrolis praqtikac.
rac Seexeba Tavad trumens, am kanonis
aqtiur ganxorcielebasTan erTad, misma
administraciam SeimuSava metad mraval-
mxrivi, `axali kursis~ suliskveTebiT
gaJRenTili programa, romelic istoria-
Si ̀ samarTliani kursis~ saxeliTaa cnobi-
li. 1946 wlis TebervalSi miiRes kanoni
dasaqmebis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac,
prezidentsa da mTavrobas daekisra pasu-
xismgebloba qveynis ekonomikaze (manamde
es xdeboda mxolod sagangebo viTarebis
dros). prezidenti valdebuli iyo mieRo
zomebi dasaqmebis stimulirebisTvis da
xeli Seewyo adamianuri da materialuri
resursebis maqsimaluri gamoyenebisTvis.
samwuxarod, mTlianobaSi, trumenis
politikam ver miiRo Sesabamisi mxardaWe-
ra. qveyanaSi mzardi konservatiuli su-
liskveTeba 1946 wlis kongresis arCevneb-
Sic gamoixata. respublikelebma umrav-
lesoba miiRes rogorc warmomadgenelTa
palataSi, ise senatSi.
amave tendenciis wyalobiT, 1947 wels,
trumenis vetos miuxedavad, konservati-
ulma kongresma miiRo taft-hartlis ka-
noni, romelic mewarmeebsa da daqirave-
29
hari trumeni
-
tad moqnili da aqtiuri saarCevno kampa-
nia daupirispira, romelSic ZiriTadi yu-
radReba respublikelTa mier kontroli-
rebad kongresze gaamaxvila da igi socia-
lur demagogiaSi amxila. trumenma moiw-
via kongresis specialuri sesia da kong-
resis respublikur umravlesobas maTive
partiis mier moTxovnili zogierTi kano-
nis miReba SesTavaza, magram kongresis mu-
Saoba uSedegod dasrulda, riTac res-
bulTa Soris urTierTobis daregulire-
bis sababiT sakmaod zRudavda profkavSi-
rebis uflebebs. gaficva, romelic iwvev-
da erovnuli masStabis sagangebo viTare-
bas, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT SeiZ-
leboda 80 dRiT gadadebuliyo. profkav-
Sirebs ekrZalebodaT Tanxis Setana im
pirTa fondebSi, romlebic federalur
Tanamdebobebze iyridnen kenWs. am kano-
niT Statebis kanonmdeblebs SeeZloT See-
CerebinaT profkavSirebis nebismieri ga-
rantiebi, maT Soris, federaluri kanoniT
daSvebulic ki. saxelmwifo moxeleebs ki
saerTod ar hqondaT gaficvis ufleba.
magram mTavari dapirispireba jer ki-
dev win iyo! kongresis arCevnebSi gamoxa-
tuli konservatiuli tendenciebi gansa-
kuTrebuli ZaliT 1948 wlis sapreziden-
to arCevnebSi gamovlinda. Sesabamisad,
respublikelebs gamarjveba ganaRdebu-
li egonaT da maTi kandidati, niu-iorkis
gubernatori Tomas diui Tavs ukve prezi-
dentis savarZelSi grZnobda. magram aq Ta-
vad trumenma ivaJkaca da unikaluri per-
sonaluri saprezidento kampania gaaCaRa.
respublikelTa Tavdajerebulobas me-
hari trumeni da Tomas diui
didi adamianebi
30
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31
publikelebma marTlac amxiles sakuTari Tavi da trumens xelSi metad saSiSi iaraRi Caug-
des. trumensac swored es undoda. man piradad imogzaura TiTqmis yvela StatSi, gaiara
31 700 mili da 356-jer gamovida sityviT. misi gamosvlebi ZirTadad improvizebuli iyo da
rogorc imuqreboda, marTlac ̀ Savi dRe ayara~ respublikelebs. sxvaTa Soris, igi iyo pir-
veli amerikeli prezidenti, romelic niu-iorkis cnobil SavkanianTa raionSi, harlemSic,
gamovida sityviT da Tavis auditorias adamianis uflebebis dacva aRuTqva. SavkanianebTan
erTad man profkavSirebisa da fermerTa gulebic moigo – muSebs taft-hartlis kanonis
gauqmebas, xolo fermerebs maT produqciaze fasebis zrdas dahpirda.
unda iTqvas, rom respub-
likeli kandidatis Tomas di-
uis gamarjvebaSi eWvi arc op-
onentebs da arc trumenis mom-
xreTa nawils epareboda. saqme
iseT kuriozamdec ki mivida,
rom respublikelTa mTavari
rupori, gazeTi `Cikago tri-
biuni~, ar daeloda xmebis sa-
boloo daTvlas da gazeTis
pirvel furcelze Tomas diui sa-
prezidento maraTonSi gamarjve-
bulad gamoacxada. amerikis isto-
riis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili fo-
tosuraTi swored im epizods asaxavs, ro-
desac gabrwyinebul trumens xelT upyria es ga-
zeTi da gamarjvebas zeimobs. man sami milioni xmiT ajoba
diuis da Tan demokratebma umravlesobac daibrunes kongresis
orive palataSi.
hari trumeni kongresis specialur sesiaze
hari trumeni
-
amjerad ukve rogorc sakuTari damsa-
xurebiT arCeulma prezidentma, trumenma
kidev ufro aqtiuri socialuri progra-
mebi wamoiwyo. kongresma aqac bevri kanon-
proeqti CaSala da Seaferxa, magram tru-
menis iniciativebis nawili mainc ganxor-
cielda. kidev ufro gafarTovda deseg-
regacia armiaSi. kongresma miiRo binaTm-
Seneblobis kanoni, romlis mixedviTac,
dabali Semosavlebis mqone ojaxebisTvis
momavali 6 wlis manZilze 810 aTasi saxli
Tu bina unda aSenebuliyo. minimaluri
Sromis anazRaureba saaTSi 40-dan 75 cen-
tamde gaizarda. gaizarda socialuri
dazRvevis masStabebic, kidev 10 milion
adamianze gavrcelda federaluri socia-
luri programebi.
amerikis mTavari saerTaSoriso prob-
lema 1950 wels dawyebuli koreis omi iyo.
mas Semdeg, rac amerikulma jarma datova
samxreTi korea, 1950 wlis 25 ivniss sabWo-
duglas makarturi (1880-1964) – aSS armiis xuTvarskvlaviani genera-li da filipinebis armiis feldmar-Sali. aSS armiis Stabis ufrosi 1930-ian wlebSi. II msoflio omis dros didi roli iTamaSa wynari okeanis brZolebSi. filipinebis operaciaSi warmatebisTvis da-jildovda Rirsebis medliT. duglasi erT-erTia im xuTi ge-nerlidan, visac aSS armiis ge-nerlis wodeba mieniWa da erTa-derTia, vinc filipinebis armiis feldmarSali gaxda.
1950 wlis 15 seqtembers amerikis erT-
erTma saukeTeso sardalma, generalma
duglas makarturma grandiozuli da
brwyinvale sadesanto operaciis Sedegad,
inConis portTan uzarmazari armia gad-
mosxa koreaSi, mTeli naxevarkunZuli faq-
tobrivad Suaze gadaWra da CrdiloeT ko-
reis armias zurgidan Seutia. es imdenad
warmatebuli samxedro operacia iyo, rom
agresorma ara marto mTeli samxreTi ko-
rea, aramed sakuTari dedaqalaqi fxenia-
nic dakarga. male makarturis Zlevamosi-
li armiis zogierTi nawili mdinare ia-
luze CineTis sazRvarsac ki miadga. mao
Ta kavSiris mier kargad gawvrTnili da
mZime saomari teqnikiT aRWurvili Crdi-
loeT koreis armia moulodnelad SeiWra
iq da advilad daamarcxa amerikelTa gawv-
rTnili, magram sustad SeiaraRebuli sam-
xreT koreis armia. CrdiloeT koreis jar-
ma sul ramdenime dReSi TiTqmis mTeli ko-
reis naxevarkunZuli daikava. amerikam,
romelsac jer CineTisa da CrdiloeT ko-
reis gawiTleba ver moenelebina, didi gan-
gaSi atexa da gaeros uSiSroebis sabWoSi
CrdiloeT koreis agresiis ara marto ga-
kicxva, aramed koreaSi gaeros egidiT 15
sxvadasxva qveynis da, upirveles yovlisa,
amerikuli jarebis gagzavna moaxerxa.
32
didi adamianebi
-
Zedunis mTavrobam araerTxel gaafrTxila amerikelebi, rom maTi da samxreT koreelTa armia
38-e paralels ar gascdenoda. marTlac, CineTma sazRvars saukeTeso me-4 savele armia miaye-
na. male amerikelebma CinelTa grandiozuli kontrSeteva iwvnies da frontis yvela monak-
veTze ukan daixies. dekembrisTvis gaeros jarebma fxeniani datoves. Cinelma generlebma aSka-
rad ajobes amerikel `keisars~. makarturi ki ar cxreboda da prezidentisgan ukve atomuri
iaraRis gamoyenebas moiTxovda, raTa didi omi gaeCaRebina uSualod CineTis teritoriaze. es
ki vaSingtonisTvis sruliad miuRebeli iyo da miuxedavad generlis udidesi popularobisa,
dRis wesrigSi misi gadadgomis sakiTxi dadga. makarturis frTosani fraza, rom `araferia
gamarjvebis Semcvleli~ (There is no substitute for victory), seriozul problemad iqca. 1951 wlis
martSi generlis TviTnebobiT uaRresad gaRizianebulma trumenma igi Tanamdebobidan gada-
ayena. misi adgili metad Rirseulma da niWierma generalma meTiu rijueim daikava, romelmac,
ase Tu ise, gamoaswora mdgomareoba da 38-e paralelze mainc SeinarCuna poziciebi, anu mxare-
ebi sawyis wertils daubrundnen. Tumca omi jer kidev Sors iyo ara Tu gamarjvebiT, aramed
saerTod met-naklebad Rirseuli dasrulebisgan.
manjuria (CineTi)
Crd. korea
1950 w. 25 ivnisi
038
038
ssrk
manjuria (CineTi)
Crd. korea
1950 w. 14 seqtemberi
038
038
ssrk
manjuria (CineTi)
Crd.
kore
a
1950 w. 25 noemberi
038
038
ssrk
samx.korea
samx.korea
samx.korea
manjuria (CineTi)
1953 w. 27 ivnisi
038
038
ssrk
samx.korea
Crd. korea
Crd. koreis Setevebi makarturis Setevebi Cinelebis Setevebi sazavo sazRvari
33
hari trumeni
-
34
meTiu rijuei (1895-1993) – aSS-is armiis gene-rali, evropaSi natos gaerTianebuli SeiaraRe-buli Zalebis umaRlesi mTavarsardali (1952-1953), aSS-is armiis Stabis me-19 ufrosi (1953-1955). II msoflio omSi iyo 82-e sahaero-sadesanto diviziis generali.
civi omisa da koreis omis ̀ cxeli gamo-
xatulebis~ mniSvneloba imdenad didi
iyo, rom TiTqmis yvela saSinao sakiTxs
prezidenti erovnul usafrTxoebas ukav-
Sirebda, miT umetes, rom es yvelaferi
samxedro xarjebis gazrdas moiTxovda.
trumenma inflaciasTan brZolac Tavdac-
vas daukavSira da xazi gausva mTavrobis
aqtiurobas da simtkices inflaciis kon-
trolis saqmeSi. arsebul sagangebo viTa-
rebaSi, misi azriT, kvlav unda gagrZele-
buliyo fasebisa da anazRaurebis kont-
rolis politika (rac, bunebrivia, mSvi-
dobiani periodis amerikisaTvis sakmaod
uCveulo iyo da ramac garkveulwilad ga-
napiroba kidec demokratTa damarcxeba).
trumeni aseve asabuTebda maRali gadasa-
xadebis aucileblobas momavali ramdeni-
me wlis manZilze, magram yvela fenas hpir-
deboda gadasaxadebis samarTlianad ga-
danawilebas.
1952 wlis arCevnebisTvis viTareba
mniSvnelovnad Seicvala respublikelTa
sasargeblod, demokratebs ki mravali se-
riozuli problema daugrovdaT. upirve-
les yovlisa, es iyo omi koreaSi, romel-
sac bolo ar uCanda, profkavSirTa ukma-
yofileba taft-hartlis kanoniT, gada-
uwyveteli rasobrivi sakiTxi, korufciu-
li skandalebi trumenis administraciaSi.
saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis priori-
tetuloba kargad Canda prezidentis mier
warmodgenil biujetSic. 1953 wlis fiska-
lur biujetSi, romlis proeqtic man kon-
gress 1952 wlis 21 ianvars gaugzavna, tru-
meni siamayiT aRniSnavda, rom am wlis xar-
jebi iqneboda 85, 4 miliardi, anu 14, 5 mi-
liardiT meti, wina welTan SedarebiT.
rogorc prezidenti ambobda, saxelmwifo
xarjebis sami meoTxedi usafrTxoebisT-
vis iyo gawerili maSin, rodesac xarjebi
sxva saxelmwifo programebze, 1950 wel-
Tan SedarebiT, 9 procentiT Semcirda. am-
ave dReebSi biujetisaTvis miZRvnil
preskonferenciaze man ganacxda, rom es
`niSnavs mTeli msoflios dacvas komuniz-
misagan~.
hari trumeni preskonferenciaze
didi adamianebi
-
hari trumeni kongresis liderebTan Sexvedrisas
hari trumeni da nasas direqtori jeims vebinasas ofisSi
komunizmisgan dacvis mizans emsaxure-
boda trumenis iniciativiT miRebuli
1952 wlis urTierTdaxmarebisa da usafr-
Txoebis kanonic (Mutual Security Act), rome-
lic, wina wlis analogiuri kanonis msgav-
sad, gulisxmobda amerikis daxmarebas mo-
kavSire da komunizmis safrTxis winaSe
myofi qveynebisTvis. imave 1952 wlis 28
aprils prezidentma trumenma xeli moawe-
ra samSvidobo xelSekrulebas iaponias-
Tan, riTac sabolood dasrulda omis
mdgomareoba am qveyanasTan da iq yovel-
gvari saokupacio mmarTveloba Sewyvita,
rasac manamde sakmaod warmatebiT axor-
cielebda duglas makarturi. iaponiis
samxedro damnaSaveTa sasamarTlo proce-
hari trumeni meuRlesTan da SvilTan erTad aidahoSi
hari trumeni da franklin ruzvelti
35
hari trumeni
-
sis parlelurad, makarturis xelmZRvane-
lobiT iaponiis demokratizaciis proce-
si, 1946 wels miRebuli axali konstituci-
is wyalobiT, metad swrafad da warmate-
biT ganviTarda. aseve swrafad da Sedegia-
nad moxda iaponiis ekonomikuri aRorZi-
neba da misi ekonomikis Tanamedrove rel-
sebze gadasvla.
sakuTari partiisa da saqmianobis sa-
boloo Sefaseba trumenma ukve Tavis uka-
nasknel wliur mimarTvaSi warmoadgina
1953 wlis 7 ianvars. pirvel rigSi, man xazi
gausva faqts, rom I msoflio omis Semdgo-
mi periodisagan gansxvavebiT, II msoflio
omis Semdeg amerikas, krizisis nacvlad,
ekonomikuri aRmavloba hqonda. aRniSna,
rom II msoflio omis bolos arsebuli 279
miliardi dolaris saxelmwifo vali 1949
wlisaTvis 251 miliardamde Semcirda,
Tumca prezidentma isic aRiara, rom ar-
miis swrafma gadaiaraRebam vali kvlav ga-
zarda. ukve gadarCeulma prezidentma si-
amayiT aRniSna, rom socialur sferoSi
`axali kursis~ gza ganagrZo – gaormagda
xandazmulTa socialuri uzrunvelyofa
da 10 milioniT gaizarda am programebSi
monawileTa ricxvi, gaizarda minimaluri
xelfasi, aSenda 3 milioni saxli, saxelm-
wifo daxmarebis meSveobiT Seiqmna daba-
lqiriani 155 dasaxleba, hospitlebs 46
aTasi logini daemata, mTavroba 8 milion
omis veterans daexmara ganaTlebis miRe-
baSi, 196 aTass – axali biznesis dawyebaSi
da 65 aTass ki – fermis yidvaSi. trumenma
isic aRniSna, rom I msoflio omis dasasru-
lisgan gansxvavebiT, rodesac yvelafers
biznesi marTavda, saxelmwifom aqtiuri
konservaciis politika gaatara da marto
mdinareTa da maTi mimdebare miwebis mo-
wesrigebisTvis 5 miliardi daxarja. de-
didi adamianebi
36
-
mokratiuli partiis miRwevad miiCnevda
igi progress rasobriv sakiTxSic, gans-
xvavebiT I msoflio omis Semdgomi perio-
disagan, rodesac amerika masobrivma ra-
sobrivma darbevebma moicva. trumenisT-
vis didi warmateba iyo aRmasrulebeli xe-
lisuflebis reorganizaciac.
zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, trumeni
albaT XX saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze
Rirseuli prezidenti iyo. man Caibara qve-
yana, romelic didwilad muSebisa da fer-
merebisagan Sedgeboda da Zalian bevri
magram Tavisi administraciis mTavar
miRwevad hari trumeni usafrTxoebis ga-
rantiebis gaZlierebasa da msoflio omis
Tavidan acilebas miiCnevda. `maSin, rode-
sac sabWoTa kavSiri omis Semdeg dapyro-
biT politikas axorcielebs, Cven Tavis-
uflebas vicavT am tiraniisagan~.
ram gaakeTa, rom Camoyalibebuliyo axali,
ganaTlebuli da warmatebuli saSualo
klasi, romelmac amerika mTeli msofli-
osTvis misabaZ saxelmwifod aqcia . da mar-
Tlac, amerikas, uZlieres, umdidres, mo-
mavlis imediT damuxtul qveyanas, Tavisi
potencialis maqsimaluri gamovlenis
Sansi mieca.
trumenma sakuTari nebiT Tqva uari
1952 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi mona-
wileobaze da amis Semdeg patara, uaRre-
sad mokrZalebul orsarTulian saxlSi
cxovrobda kanzas-sitiSi, misuris Stat-
Si. me Tavad vnaxe es saxli 1988 wels da ga-
mikvirda kidec, rom amerikis, Tundac yo-
fili, prezidenti aseT patara saxlSi kad-
rulobda cxovrebas! hari trumeni 1972
wels gardaicvala. sikvdilamde man dawe-
ra da gamosca memuarebis ori tomi, ro-
melmac didi popularoba moipova.
37
hari trumeni