diagraph of metaphysic or ontology - the institute for logic
TRANSCRIPT
Diagraph of Metaphysic or Ontology
Jacob Lorhard, trans. by Sara L. Uckelman∗
∗Institute for Logic, Language, and Computation, [email protected]
1 Introduction
This is translation of Book 8 of Jacob Lorhard’s Ogdoas scholastica, publishedin Sangalli in 1606. The Ogdoas is a grammar school textbook, written in Latin,whose interest stems from Lorhard’s use of diagrammatic trees throughout theentire book.
Lorhard used Greek text primarily in two different ways. In one way, theGreek text is given as a gloss of the Latin text; here, the Greek says nearlyexactly what the Latin says. In the other way, Greek words are used as if theywere Latin (with all of the required inflection for case, number, and gender).This usage is a bit puzzling: Sometimes he does so when there is a Greek wordfor which there is no natural Latin synonym, but sometimes he uses a somewhatarcane Greek word instead of the expected, usual Latin term.
Because of the first way, as a gloss upon the Latin, one cannot just trans-late the Greek and Latin directly without giving any information about whichlanguage the English translation is being created from, because it would givenonsensical sentences. I have adopted the convention of putting translationsfrom Greek in bold, with one exception. The exception is the word logoc‘word’, which Lorhard uses in the general sense of ‘note’. To keep the broadermeaning of the Greek word, I have opted to simply transliterate it.
A final version will have the 1606 Latin text with the translation on facingpages.
A number of acknowledgments need to be made: Brian M. Scott, AmySelman, and Ursula Whitcher for discussions on some of the tricky Latin, StefanBold for his help with the German, Ulrik Petersen for his help with the Greek,and Tikitu de Jager and Joel Uckelman for creating the LATEXpackage withwhich this text is produced.
Further information on Lorhard’s conception of ontology and how this isrepresented in his diagrammatic trees can be found in the following sources:
• Øhrstrøm, P., Andersen, J., & H. Scharfe. 2005. “What has happenedto ontology” in F. Dau, M.-L. Mugnier, & G. Stumme, eds., Conceptualstructures: common semantics for sharing knowledge LNAI 3596, pp. 425–438.
• Øhrstrøm, P., Uckelman, S.L., & H. Scharfe. 2007. “Historical and con-
ceptual foundations of diagrammatical ontology”, in S. Polovina, R. Hill,& U. Priss, Conceptual structures: knowledge architectures for smart ap-plications LNAI 4604, pp. 374–386.
• Øhrstrøm, P., Scharfe, H., & S.L. Uckelman. in preparation. “JacobLorhard’s ontology: a 17th century hypertext on the reality and tempo-rality of the world of intelligibles”.
The parts of meta-physic (which isknowledge of anintelligible bywhich it is intel-ligiblea, becauseit is intelligibleby man throughthe natural lightof reason withoutany conception ofmatter.) are two;Either
aLorhard’s originaltext misspells the firstword as epishmh.
Universal, whichconsists of intelligi-bles and beings.
By most generaldistributions. How-ever it shouldbe noted of anIntelligible.
logos: An Intelligible is said to be anything, which isperceived and comprehended by the intellect.
Distribution: AnIntelligible is either
Nothing : This is simply not something.
Something : What-ever is simply notnothing. It is either
Positive, becauseit fixes or affirmssomething. It iseither
{Essence. See A.Being. See B.
Negative. See RRR.a
aThis cross-reference is a printer’s error; the final section isNNN, not RRR. The errata for the chapter say that NNN onp. 58 should be changed to RRR, but it is rather the other wayaround, since the immediately preceding section is MMM, notQQQ.
By most common attributes. See C.
Particular. See EE.
1
A. Of thisit should beobserved
logos: Essence is something productive, by which a Being is what it is. This foreign [word] is called by the Scholasticsby the word Entity or quidditas.
Distribution.For exampleessence is either
Real ; whichis an actu-ality of areal being,because itis of such akind.
Imaginary ;which is anactuality ofan rationalbeing, be-cause it is ofsuch a kind.
Both are
1{
Simple, which belongs to a simple being.Composite, which belongs to a composite being.
2{
Absolute, which is of an absolute being.Respective, which is of a respective being.
3
Universal, which is of a universalbeing. It is either
Generic, in so far as a being, byits own genus, has [things] com-mon with other species.
Specific, through which a beingis placed in a certain species.
Singular, which belongs to anysingular and individual being.
2
B. Being Ofthis it shouldbe noted
logos: Being is something productive, essence [something] endowed.
Distributionin Being
Real of thisit should beobserved
logos: A Real Being is a being, which [is] in factthrough its own essence, and further is suited to existapart from cogitation of the mind.
Distributionin being iseither
First, or be-cause the sameis uncreated.On the onehand, a firstBeing exists,because it existsfrom itself.
Second, orsprung from thefirst [being], orcreated. On theother hand, asecond beingexists becauseit exists fromanother.
Of these twovaried arethe species,which in fiveclasses aredistributed
1. Being iseither
Uncomplex, which is able to becomprehend through itself byone simple conception.
Complex, which is not able to becomprehended through itself byone simple conception.
2. Being iseither
Absolute, which has no respect tosomething.
Respective, which exists in re-spect to something.
3. Being iseither
Universal, which is suited to ex-ist in many things through essen-tial communion.
Singular, which has an individualessence, in other words accord-ing to nature not in fellowshipwith anything.
4. Being iseither
Without matter Immaterial,which is free from all compact-ing of matter either sensibile orintelligible
In matter Material, which iscomposed of some compacting ofmatter.
5. Being iseither
Permanent, which possesses itswhole essence simultaneously,without change and addition ofessential parts.
Successive, whose essence con-sists in continual change and ad-dition of essential parts.
Rational or of reason. It is a Being of reason, which istouched by the cogitation of a single mind according to themode of a real Being, and apart from this it is nothing. Itis called a Being fictitious, & Imaginary.
3
C. Most commonattributes of intel-ligibles and Beingsare either
Simple [attributes],which combineabsolutes of everyBeing withoutdisjunction of op-posites, are either
Existence. Of thisit should be noted
logos. For example Existence is an actuality, whereby a Being exists, pendingfrom its own essence.
There are as many species asthere are the species of generalBeings and Essences.
1. One is{
RealImaginary
2. Another{
UncreatedCreated
3. Another{
AbsoluteRespective
4. Another{
UniversalSingular
5. Another{
SubstantialAccidental
Duration. See D.
Conjunctive. See E.
4
D. Duration.Of this itshould benoted
logos: For example duration is the abiding of a being in actual existence.
Distribution,It is forexampleeither
Eternity, which is a dura-tion by which a being isnamed eternal. It is either
Absolute, which is duration infinite simpliciter and of an immutable,uncreated Being.
Limited, which is duration infinite secundum quid of a created being,which has for instance an origin and a succession, but without depriva-tion, either in themselves, or in our regard.
Time which isduration finitesimpliciter and ofa mutable, createdbeing, by which itis named temporal.It is either
Momentary, whichseparates a succes-sion of parts ac-cording to prior andposterior.
Successive, whichadmits a successionof parts accord-ing to prior andposterior. Of thisthe differences andvirtual parts arepresent, past, andfuture.
Both areeither
Real, whichin fact isfound out-side of theintellect. Itis either
Intrinsic, whichis duration, bywhich a createdBeing in truthendures in itsown existence.It is either
Substantial,which is insubstantialcreatures.And either
Hyperphysical,which isproperly ofa substancespiritual andincorporeal.
Physical,which isproperly ofa corporealsubstance.
Accidental, which is in ac-cidents.
Extrinsic, which is duration certainand determinate, fixed by will andcouncil, partly of God, partly ofwise men, for measuring and makingknown intrinsic time. The species ofthis are
Hour.Day.Month.Year.5 Years.Age.
likewise:Spring.Summer.Autumn.Fall. &c.Imaginary, which is formed by the cogitation
of a single mind, and without it it is nothing.
5
E. Conjunctive [at-tributes] are what, ofall Beings, are not ex-isting simply but whichcombine opposites withdisjunction. Of thesesome are:
Absolute, which in itself is able to beconsidered to be without respect toanything. The species of this can bedistributed in classes. I coin these:
1. Classes are{
Perfection. See F.Imperfection. See f.
2. Classes are{
Simplicity. See G.Composition. See g.
3. Classes are{
Unity. See H.Multiplicity. See h.
4. Classes are{
Infinity. See I.Finity. See i.
5. Classes are{
Illocality. See K.Locality. See k.
6. Classes are{
Necessity. See L.Contingency. See l.
7. Classes are{
Possibility. See M.Impossibility. See m.
8. Classes are{
Truth. See N.Falsity. See n.
9. Classes are{
Goodness. See O.Badness. See o.
Respective. See V.
6
F.Perfectionis an ac-tuality ofperfection,because it isperfect. It iseither
Uncreated which is in the sole first Being, excluding every imperfection and limitation. Whence it is also called, independentperfection, whole and unlimited.
Created, which isin a Being sprungfrom the first being,always includingsome imperfectionand limitation.Whence it is alsocalled, dependentperfection par-ticipated in andlimited. It is either
Simple;throughwhich somecreated Be-ing in itsown genusor species isperfect.
Comparative;throughwhich a cre-ated Being,either byitself or withsome otherconnection,is calledgreater orsmallerperfection.
In each thisis either
Substantiality, which is dis-cerned clearly or which is consti-tuted by an essential Being, or isattended necessarily and insepa-rably by a constituted essence ofa being. It is
Generic, which a being has in commonwith another being of the same genus.
Specific, which whatever of a Being’sspecies is properly.
Accidentality,which is in a beingcontingently andseparably. It iseither
Innate,which is in aBeing from afirst origina-tion of itself.It is calledby othersNaturalperfection.
Acquired,which be-gins to bein a Beingafter itsorigination.
Each is either
Extensive, through whicha Being according toquantity is perfect.
Intensive, through which aBeing according to qualityis perfect.
f. Imperfection is [that] by which aBeing is denominated imperfect. Itis either
Privative, which is a defect of perfection, of some being by nature possible to be in or withheld.
Negative, which is a defect of perfection, of some being not adequate by Nature.
7
G. Simplicity is an actuality of simplicity, be-cause it is simple. It is either
Absolute, which is the immunity of a Being uncre-ated by any thoroughly real [thing] from diversitiesin composition.
Comparative, which is the immunity of a Being cre-ated by a certain composition of a real species.
g. Composite isan actuality ofcomposition be-cause it is com-posite. It is ei-ther
Real, whichis in fact insome being,apart fromthe cogita-tion of amind. It iseither
General,which comestogether inevery cre-ated being inreality. Thespecies ofthis are
1. One out of
Being&
Essence
2. Another out of
Genus univocal&
Difference specified
3. The third is out of
Subject&
Adjunct inhering
4. The fourth is out of
Actuality&
Potentiality common to many
Special, which coincides in not everycreated being, but only in that, whichsustains the whole of reason. Thespecies of this are foremost
1. One out of subjective parts, of what this kind are thespecies of a genus of a subject.2. Another is out of essential parts, as are Matter and Form.3. The Third is out of integral parts.
Rational, which is assigned to some being according to our mode of comprehension, as and since it maynot be in reality.
8
H. Unity is actual-ity of a single thing,because it is one. Itis either
Real, throughwhich a Beingreally is one. It iseither
Essentiality,through whicha Being in itself isone, without re-spect to anything.It is either
First, through which a Being uncreated by a modemost simple and most perfect is one. This unity prin-ciple is not only of every inferior unity; but indeed ofevery multitude, which is discerned in created things.
Sprung from the first or second,through which every being created initself is one. This is attributed of Be-ings either
by a Universal.
by a Singular, and called numer-ically one or individual.
Accidentality,through which abeing with a certainmanner and respectis one. Many arethe species of this,which are reducedto three orders.
1 is Unity
Generic, through which a being with some genus or univo-cal or analogy, either proximate or remote, is one.
Specific, through which a Being with some species is one:as in a single man with a man is a species.
2 is Unity
Causal, through which a Being with some cause or otheris one, whether this is efficient, or material, or formal, orlimiting.
Effectival, through which a Being with some effect or an-other is one.
3 is Unity
Subjective, through which a Being with some subject is one,whether that may be receiving or occupying.
Adjunctive, through which a Being with some adjunct isone, whether that may be being received, or being occupied.
Rational, through which a being by reason is one.
h. Multiplicity is an actuality of a multiplex, becauseit is multiplex. It is either
Real, through which a real Being is manifold,whether
in Essence.in Cause.in Effect.in Subject.in Adjunct.in Parts.in some other manner.
Rational, through which a rational Being is manifold.
9
I. Infinity is an actuality of infinitenessbecause it is infinite. It is either
Absolute, through which a Being simply is infinite. 1 It separates from a being, cui inest, as muchby passive potentiality as by every actuality of limitation, termination, and dimension. 2 And itdoes not consist in some unbounded extension of a Being according to quantity, or in negation ofa consumation of perfection: but capable in excellence of highest perfection.
Restricted, through which a Being secundum quid is infinite. It is a single actuality of limitation,termination, and dimension, ab Ente, cui inest excludit, not in fact in itself, but in respect of ourobservation, or perception, or other circumstances.
i. Finity is an actuality of finiteness, because it is finite. It limits simply as much by passive potentiality as by an actuality of limitation, termination, anddimension.
K. Illocality, is the immunity of the Being first and uncreated by anything of a place absolutely really and properly called, in which it must exist, by need andnecessity. It is also called by the name Ubiquity & Omnipresence, because through this the first Being is ubiquitous and omnipresent.
10
k. Locality is through which acreated Being is not only suitedto be placed: but further inactuality always and necessarilyexists in one spot somewhere.However the spot is located in areceptacle of a genus. It is either
Real which apart from cogitationof the mind is discerned in fact inNature. It is either
Substantial, which is a receptacleof a substance. It is either
Spiritual in which a finite incor-poreal substance exists.
Corporeal in which a corporalsubstance exists.
Accidental, which is a receptacle of an accident.
Imaginary, which is touched by our mind, and is attributed to some being.
11
L. Necessity is an actuality ofnecessariness, because it is nec-essary: or, as I may say moreclearly, it is a quality, throughwhich a Being is not able to beconstituted in another fashion.It is either
Absolute, through which a Beingsimpliciter according to its na-ture is immutable, that is, follow-ing every differentiation of timeit is not able to be constituted inanother fashion; excluding everycontingency. This depends on ei-ther
1 the essence itself of a Being.
2 some intrinsic cause of a being{
Matter.Form.
3 some essential property4 some certain common and in-separable accident
Hypothetical or conditional,through which a Being on thesupposition of a certain condi-tion is not able to be consitutedin another fashion, always in-cluding something contingent.This depends on either
1 some extrinsic cause{
EfficientBounded
2 a manifest absurdity and im-plication of contradiction, whichfollows from a contrary affirma-tion or negation.
12
l. Contingency is an actuality of contingentness, be-cause it is contingent, or as I may say more clearly,it is a quality through which a Being is able to beconstituted in another fashion. This depends on ei-ther
1. the essence itself of a Being.
2. some intrinsic cause of a Being{
MatterForm
3. some essential property.
4. an indifference and indetermination of an extrinsicprinciple according to being a cause.
M. Possibility is an actuality of possibleness, because it is possible: or it is that through which something is possible, that is, such a thing as is able to be in anact, without contradiction and implication in a contradictory fashion.
m. Impossibility is an actuality of impossibleness, be-cause it is impossible, or it is that through whichsomething is impossible; that is, such a thing as isnot able to be an act, without contradiction and im-plication in a contradictory fashion. It is either
Absolute, through which something is simply impos-sible, that is, such a thing as may be able to be pos-sible in no mode and respect.
Limited, through which something, which is posssibleper se, nevertheless is said to be impossible secundumquid.
13
N. Truth is the conformity of a beingwith its Archetype. It is either
Of a thing, which iscongruence of thatwith its Nature. Itis either
Incomplex, throughwhich an incomplexBeing is called true. Itis either
First which existsfrom eternity in theCreator.
Sprung from thefirst, which ex-ists in creaturesthemselves.
Complex through which a Complex Being iscalled true.
Each is either nec-essary or contin-gent.
Of a Sign, which isCongruence of thatwith a thing signi-fied. The species ofthis are truth either
Of conception, which is conformity of that with a thing, inso far as it represents.
Of speech, which is congru-ence of that with a thing in sofar as it signfies: it is either
Of a sermon, throughwhich a sermon is calledtrue.
Of scripture, throughwhich scripture is calledtrue.
n. Falsity is incongruity of a Beingwith its Archetype. It is either
1
Of a thing
Of a sign
2
Incomplex
Complex
3
Necessary
Contingent
14
O. Goodnessis an actual-ity of good,because it isgood; or itis a quality,throughwhich aBeing isdenominatedgood. It iseither
Apparent, which is an imaginary quality, through which a Being is seen to be good, but in truth is not good.
True, whichis a real qual-ity, throughwhich a Be-ing is good inreality, whenit is seen [tobe good]. Itis either
Absolute,throughwhich a Be-ing in truthis good in it-self withoutrespect toanything. Itis either
Infinite, or primary which is in the sole uncreated Being. It is the source of every finite good.
Finite orsecondary,which is in acreated Be-ing, [whichis good] asmuch asthe samethings areimpressedin the im-age of thefirst goodthrough par-ticipation. Itis either
Natural, which isthe agreement in abeing with the ruleof creation, or of agenerating Nature.It is either
Essential, which is in a Being cre-ated necessarily and immutably.It is either
Universal, which is in a createdBeing in [its] genus, because it isa Being.
Particular, which is in a createdBeing in [its] species because it issome such Being.
Accidental, which is in a created being contingently and accidentally.
Moral whichis an agree-ment of aBeing withmoral law:either
In nature
By arbi-trary ar-greement
It is either
General, whichindeed is foundin pagans, & iscalled probity
Special, which isfound in Chris-tians, & and iscalled piety &sanctity.
Eachiseither
Habitual, or perma-nent, which is in theperceiving creatureitself, and which ex-ecutes and disposesitself according towhat must be donewell.
Actual, or tran-sient, which is inthe moral actions ofa perceiving crea-ture, and rendersthem laudible.
Artificial which is an agreement of a Be-ing with the rule of art. It is either
Habitual, which is in a perceiving creature.Actual, which is in the actions or works of aperceiving creature.
Respective. See P.
15
P. Respective goodness is that through which some Being or other is truly good. It is either
Honor, through which some Being is honorable.
Utility through which some Being is useful and suitable.
Jocundity through which some being is jocund & delightful.
o. Malice is a defect of goodnessthrough which a Being is called bad. Itis either
Apparent, through which a Beingis seen to be bad, but in truth isnot bad.
True through which a Beingtruly is bad in itself and withoutrespect to anything. It is either
Absolute, through which a Beingtruly is bad in itself without re-spect to anything. It is either
Natural. See Q.
Moral. See R.
Artificial. See S.Respective. See T.
Q. Natural, which is a discrepancy of a Being from the rules of Creation, or of natural generation.
R. Moral, which isa discrepancy of aBeing from the lawof Morality either
by Nature
by ar-bitaryagree-ment
It is either
General : thatis, improbity
Not general :that is, impiety
Each is either
Habitual : that is, a fault of Morality.
Actual : that is, that which consists in action.
16
S. Artificial, which is a discrepancy of a Being from the rules of art.
T. Respective, throughwhich some Being is trulyBad. It is either
Turpitude, through which some Being is base, or indecorous.
Inutility, through which some Being is useless, or injurious.
Unpleasantness, through which some Being is unpleasant, or grievous.
V. Conjunctive attributes are respective,which consist in relation it has & in habit con-cerning something. The classes of this genusof species are:
1. Every being is either
Principle. See VV.
Principiate. See vv.
2. Every being is either
Cause. See X.
Of causes. See x.
3. Every Being is either
Subject. See Y.
Adjunct. See y.
4. Every Being is either
Signifier. See Z.
Signified. See z.
5. Every Being is either
Whole. See AA.
Part. See aa.
6. Every Being is either
The same. See BB.
Diverse. See bb.
7. Every Being is either
Ordered. See CC.
Disordered. See cc.
8. Every Being is either
Prior. See DD.
Posterior. See dd.
17
VV. Principle isthat, from whicha principiate de-pends. It is either
Imaginary, which doesn’t belong to something except accordingto our conception.
Real, which belongsto something in re-ality, apart fromthe conception ofour mind. It is ei-ther
Through itself, whichby its own characteris-tic virtue & nature isassigned to a principi-ate. It is either
Of being ; fromwhich a principiatehas an origin. It iseither
First whencesomething arisesfrom the first.It is either
First simpliciter,which has in itselfno other priorprinciple.
First secundumquid, which has initself another priorprinciple.
Depending from a first, is that whichsubordinated by the first.
Eachiseither
1
Intrinsic.
Extrinsic.
2
Transient.
Permanent.
A principle of examining. See ξξ.
Through an accident, which is assigned to a principiate through a certain extrinsic and accidental respect.
18
ξξ. Principle of examin-ing, is that from which aprincipiate is learned. Itis either
Incomplex, evidently a simple term not discharging a whole sentence.
Complex, without a doubta sound proposition, fromwhich a conclusion is de-duced and proved. It is ei-ther
Immediate, which does not have something inthe middle or first, through which a priori it isable to be demonstrated perspicuously. Ofsuch a kind is this single thing: It is impossiblethat something both be and not be simultane-ously, by all preserved principles contradic-torially.
Mediate, which has something in the middleor first, through which a priori it is able to bedemonstrated perspicuously.
Each is either
Common, of which greatuse the sciences claim forthemselves.
Proper, the use of whichpertains to one thing,namely art.
vv. A principiate is that which depends on a principle. It is either
1
Imaginary.
Real.
2
Uncomplex.
Complex.
19
X. A cause is a principlefrom which an effect de-pends. Of this it shouldbe considered
General distinc-tions. These areobtained out ofeither
1. By mode of cau-sation. And in thisway some are
1
Per se, which is caused by its own power.
Per accidens, which is caused by an extraneous power.
2
Ordinary, which is caused according to the common and usual order of nature.And it is called natural.
Extraordinary, which is caused contrary to or byoned the common and usualorder of nature. And it is called preternatural or supernatural.
3
Necessary, which is caused necessarily or simpliciter.
Contingent, which is caused contingently.
4
Natural, which is caused out of the power of nature alone and by instanct.
Proairetic, which is caused with planning, or out of free and vol-untary constition and arrangement. It is either
Moral
Artificial
5
Common, which is responsible for the influence of general causation. It is calledgeneral or universal.
Proper, which is responsible for the influence of special causation. It is calledspecial or particular.
2. By the order of causation. pp.3. By the nature & condition of its causes. See rr.
Species. See ww.
20
pp. Of the order ofcausing. And thus acause is
1. either
First, which obtains in the first causa-tion and highest place. The first is ei-ther
Simpliciter, which entirely has no other cause priorand superior to itself: or, which is completely inde-pendent in having to be caused by something.
Secundum quid, which is really independent of causefrom genus and order merely in consideration or infact.
Second, which depends from a first in causation.
2. or
Immediate or proximate
Mediate the same either
Remote, which causes by intervention of many things.
Near, which causes without many things, or of one cause alone.
3. or
Solitary, which is caused without some cause of the same genus or order.
Sharing, which is caused with some cause ofthe same genus or order. It is either
Coordinated
Subordinated
either
1
Through itself
Through accidence
2
Necessarily
Contingently
4. or
Total, which is sufficient for causing without the help of another.
Partial, which is insufficient for causing without the help of another.
21
rr. By nature& conditionof the causeitself. In thisway a causeis
1. either
Principal, which holds in the first cause.
Not principal, which holds in a second cause.
2. either
Univocal, which is of the same species as the cause.
Equivocal, which is not of the same species as the cause.
3. either
Substantial, which according to its absolute essence is a substance.
Accidental, which is an accident.
ww. Species. In-deed it is somecause
Extrinsic, whichexists beyond theessence of its owncausing. It is either
A limit is an extrin-sic cause, of which,for example, some-thing is finite. It iseither
Ultimate, to which the restof the limits are referred.It is ultimate either
Simpliciter, which has no other limit to which it isreferred.
Secundum quid, which is such only in a certain re-spect.
Subordinated by an ultimate, whereby an intermediate is referred to an ultimate.
An efficient causeis an extrinsiccause, from whichan effect is. It iseither
Principal
Not principal, itbeing either
Impulsive, which over-comes an efficient prin-ciple [and] results in aneffect. It is either
External, fully sufficient in advancewhich exists apart from the principal ef-fect.
Internal, inducing which exists withina principal effect.
Instrumental, which isattached to principalcauses, [and] is takenup from the same tothe effect. It is either
Active, which moves by itself in causa-tion, and it is called in assistance work-ing together.
Passive, which in causation it is movedor considered by itself only: a cause ex-emplar pertains to this.
Intrinsic, which constitute a causalessence. See dd.
22
dd. Moreover it iseither
Matter, which is an intrinsiccause from which a material em-bodiment exists. It is either
Sensitive & corpo-real is composedfrom a corporealmaterial embodi-ment. It is either
Transient, which does not re-main in a material embodimentexcept by force.
Permanent, which actuallyabides in a material embodi-ment.
Intelligible & incorporeal is composed from an incorpo-real material embodiment.
Form is an intrinsic cause,through which a formation is. Itis either.
Generic, which a formation has from its own genus.
Specific, through which a formation is established in acertain species, & is distinguished essentially from an-other.
x. Effect is aprincipiate derivingfrom a cause.
And it is called byreason
Of efficiency, Effect.
Of matter, Materialembodiment.
Of form, Formation.
Of finality, finite.
It is either
1{
Through itself.Through an accident.
2{
Ordinary.Extraordinary.
3{
Necessary.Contingent.
4{
Natural.By choice.
5{
Moral.Artificial.
23
Y. Subject is whatis attached to some-thing other than anessence: or what issubjected to an ad-junct. It is either
Receiving, which re-ceives an adjunct.It is either
Of inherence, which re-ceives an adjunct in it-self, or in what an adjunctproves to be. It is either
Universal, which is equalto its adjunct and recipro-cates with the same.
Particular which is con-fined to its adjunct or isbeyond what the adjunctextends.
Each is either
Absolute, by which anadjunct belongs with-out any limitation.
Limited, by which anadjunct belongs notsimply but secundumquid.
Of adherence, which re-ceives an adjunct to itselfor near itself. It is either
Of a connection, which receives an extrinsic adjunct to itself.
Of a circumstance, which receives an adjunct near itself.
Occupying. See yy.
24
yy. Occupying, which isoccupied near an adjunct.It is called object. It is ei-ther
Per se, whichdwells near theadjunct throughitself. It is either
Common, whichdwells simultane-ously near manyadjuncts.
Proper, whichdwells near nomore than oneadjunct.
Each is
1. either
First, which is primarilyopposed to its adjunct.
Second, which is secondar-ily opposed to its adjunct.
2. or
Immediate, which is op-posed to its adjunct with-out a medium.
Mediate, which is opposedto its adjunct by means ofsomething.
Through an accident, which dwells near an adjunt through an accident.
25
y. An adjunct is somethingsubjected to something, orwhat is adjoined to a sub-ject beyond the essence. Itis either
Being received,which is receivedby a subject. andeither
Inherent, which isreceived by a sub-ject in itself, orwhat exists in asubject. It is either
Necessary, which isin a subject by ne-cessity. And eithernecessary
Simpliciter, which essentially & unend-ingly in obligation connects with its sub-ject. It is called adjunct substantial orindivisible.
Secundum quid, which is in its subject im-mutably in a certain respect.
Contingent, which is in its own subject contingently or mutably,or which is able to be in and to not be in. It is called separableaccident, divisible.
See ΦΦ.
Adherent which isreceived by a sub-ject or near it oraround it. It is ei-ther
A connection, which is conjoined externally with the receiving.
Circumstance, which externally surrounds the receiving subject.
Being occupied, which is occupied or dwells all around an object.
26
FF. Each is
1. either
Proper, which is in only one sub-ject & beyond that is not suffi-cient for any other. It is calledan idiom or property. A prop-erty is either
Simpliciter, which through nature is thus in one thing, that is able to be com-mon in many subjects in no mode or respect.
Secundum quid, which in truth it belongs, in a respect, to only one subject andnot to many.
Common, which by nature is able to be in many subjects.
2. either
Native, which is in the subject itself from the first origination.
Adventive, which begins to be in the subject itself only after origination.
27
Z. A sign is a sensitivebeing, signifying a signthrough acquaintaince. Itis either.
Natural, which by reason of theorder of nature has the ability ofsignifying something. This signi-fies the same thing in the pres-ence of all people. It is either
Internal, which designates some-thing internal through acquain-tance, & is called a concept. It iseither
A phantasm, which is a likeness of a perceptible thing,through itself an object of fantasy.
Nohma is a likeness of an intelli-gible thing, through itself an ob-ject for the intellect. It is calledin Latin knowledge. It is either
First, which is outside ofthe soul [and] represents athing to the understand-ing immediately and fore-most.
Second, which is outsidethe soul [and] represents athing to the understand-ing secondarily & of amediating first intelli-gible.
External, which signifies something external to the awareness. Seebb.
Arbitrary. See gg.
28
bb It is either
Necessary which signifies somethingcertain: as in, smoke fire, a sole foot,an image in a mirror a face, it is calledpositive proof in Greek.
Contingent, which signifies somethinguncertain: as in milk in breasts birth:redness of the evening heavens, the fairweather following day: laughter happi-ness.
Each is
1. It signifies a thing either
Present.
Past.
Future.
2. It signifies a thing as either
It precedes, & it is called an antecedent.
It is followed, & it is called a consequent.
It is united with it, & it is called a conjunction.
29
gg. Arbitrary, is what,by reason of volun-tary institution, hasthe ability to signifysomething. And forthis reason it does notsignfiy the same thingin the presence of allpeople. It is either
Real, whichis found inthings. Andit is diverse,either
1. By reasonof effect, and ei-ther
Sacred or mystical, which signi-fies something from divine insti-tution, which types are
{Typilegales.1
The sacred testaments{
Old.New.
Profane or political, which sig-nifies something from human ordiabolic institution. It is either
Artificial, which is devised from art or is known wellto be signifying something: as in stature, a picture,stylus insciaterioa, &c.
aI also cannot identify insciaterio.Inartificial, which has the power of signifying with-out art and from only habit and common usage: suchas, ivy in a respect [signifies] marketable wine, fascesin some respect [signifies] command etc.
2. By reason ofgoal, it is either
1. Making known, which leads us in notice of a thing, things made known, Judgment,sennzeichen, merckzeichen, merckinal.2. Remembering, which renews in us the memory of some thing: it is called somethingremembered, memorial, advice, denckzeichen, denckmal.3. Sealing which certifies and confirms to us concerning something. seal or seals, seal,Waarzeichen.
Verbal. See ll.
30
ll. Verbal is whatis founded in words.It is either
Spoken, which sig-nifies a thing by an-nouncing a conceptin the intellect. Itis called producedword : by Aristotlea symbol of anaffectation of thesoul.
Written, whichsignifies a thingthrough writinga concept in theintellect. It calledwritten word : byAristotle a symbolof an affectationin speech.
The distribu-tions of eitherare selectedeither out of
1. a thing signified, & it is either
A categoreme, which is a vocal-ization of some thing correctlywithout signifying another thing.It is either
Of the first intention.
Of the second intention.
A syncategoreme, which is a vo-calization of some thing cor-rectly while signifying some-thing: which are
Adverbs.Prepositions.Conjunctions.Interjections.
2. In mode of signification & are
1. either
Abstract, signifying a single thing separately as in,candor, whiteness, humanity.
Concrete, signifying a thing with some conjunction:as in candid, human.
2. either
Proper, signifying a thing without a trope.
Improper, signifying a thing with a trope.
3. either
Certain, signifying a single thing fixedly and dis-tinctly.
Ambiguous, signifying many and diverse things in-distinctly and confusedly. It is called equivocal. Seemm.
31
mm. Ambiguity is either of
By chance, whereby a thing by Nature in all things signifies diverse things by chance & without a certainrationale, of which kind is the speech of the French, the law, the evil people, &c.
Counsel, which a thing signifies diverse things by Na-ture because of a certain reason, without doubt be-cause of either
Indigence of designations for earlier things.
Things lent mutually between analogy, association or affection.
z. Signified, is that which is signified in understanding by a signifier. It is either
1
Incomplex
Complex
2
Corporeal
Incorporeal
3
Natural
Supernatural
4
Terrestrial
Celestial
5
Substance
Accident
6
PresentPastFuture
32
AA. A wholeis what hasparts. Awhole is ei-ther
Throughitself,which hasparts prop-erly called.It is either
Universal, whichhas parts adjacentto themselves, inall of which itsessence is shared.universally awhole. It is either.
Genus, is a uni-versal whole, whichsustains species un-der it. It is either
Perfect, which byreason of its likespecies is common,& it is called genussynonymous, uni-vocal, accordingto one. It is either
Chief, has has nothing superior to it.Subaltern, which isable to be a speciesof superiority and agenus of inferiority.It is either
Remote, by which species aresubjects mediately.Proximal, by which speciesare subjects immediately.
Imperfect, which unequally, that is according to prior and posterior, impartsitself to its species. It is called a genus in relation to one or of one, oranalogous.
Species, is a univer-sal whole, contain-ing beneath it indi-viduals. It is either
Perfect, which re-ceives itself out ofits like individuals.It is either
Subaltern, which is therefore a species, in order thata genus is a able to be in some respect, or whichshares itself with individuals immediately.Infime, which has an individual beneath it immedi-ately.
Imperfect, which imparts itself to its individuals unequally.
Essential, which is constituted out of essential parts.
Integral, which is constituted out of integral parts. It iseither
Homogeneous & similar, which is constituted out of homo-geneous parts.Heterogeneous & dissimilar, which is constituted out of het-erogeneous parts.
Through an accident, which is constituted out of parts improperly called. They are of such kinds
1. Effects, by reason of causes.2. Causes, by reason of effects.3. Subjects, by reason of adjuncts.4. Adjuncts, by reason of subjects.
33
aa. A part is whatis limited under awhole. It is either
Through itself,which is ascribedto a whole throughitself. It is either
Of a subject, which is subordinated by a Universal whole. It is either
Species, which part subjected by genus.
Individual, which is a part subjected by species.
Essential, which constitutes an essential whole. It is either
1
Matter
Form
2
Genus.
Difference
because they are affects concerning the whole.
Integral, which con-stitutes an integralwhole. It is either
Homogeneous &similar to it with aWhole of name &ousia.
Heterogeneus &dissimilar, of di-verse name andousia from aWhole.
It is either
Principal which for the saving of a whole issimply necessary.
Less principal, which is able to be removedfrom a whole without regard to its destruction.
Through an accident, which is ascribed to awhole through an accident, of which kind are
1. Of a cause by reason of being caused.2. Caused by reason of causes.3. Adjunct by reason of subjects.4. Subject by reason of adjuncts.
34
BB. Identity is agreement ofone being with another, aris-ing from unity of some third,which brings together each.It is either
Rational, through which One Being with another is by reason, that is according to a conception of our mind, the same.
Real, through which one Beingwith another by reason of somethird [thing] is in reality thesame. Three are the classes ofspecies of this.
1. Identity is either
Numeric, which exists between them which, by num-ber, that is, share One & the same singular essence.Specific, which is between them which share betweenthemselves the lowest species.Generic, which is between them which sharebetween themselves a genus.
2. Identity is either
Causal, which is the agreement of Beings byreason of some cause, either
Of effect.Of matter.Of form.Of limit.
Effective, which is agreement of Beings by rea-son of some effect.
3. Identity by subject & by adjunct. See pt.
35
pt. Identity
By subject, which is agree-ment of Beings by reasonof a subject or that [which]may be receiving or occu-pying.
By adjunct, which isagreement of Beings withrespect to an adjunct, orbeing occupied.
This concerns
Equality, which is identity of Beings, arising from unity of quantity, or that[which] may be
Extensive.
Intensive.
Similitude which isidentity of Beings,by which they arecalled similar. It iseither
Primary, which isagreement of Beingsaccording to a quality.
Secondary, which isagreement of Beingsaccording to motion &relation.
each is either
Simple, established be-tween two only two terms.
Composite, dwelling be-tween four terms: calledanalogy, or proportion.
36
bb. Diversity isdisagreement ofone Being fromanother, arisingfrom three, inwhich [they] arecompared bypluralities. It iseither
Distinction; whichis diversity withoutconflict. It is either
Rational, which comes about according to our mode of conception.
Real, which in reality aredistinguish without regardto cogitation of the mindby belonging to what haslocation. The classes ofthese species are three.
1. Distinction is either
Numerical, between them which differ mutu-ally in number, that is by a unique essence.Specific, between them which differ in thelowest species.Generic, between them which differ in genus.
2. Distinction is either
Causal, of them which differ in cause.
Effective, of them which differ in effect.
3. Distinction is either
Subjective, of them which differ in subject.
Adjunctive, of them which differ in adjunct.
See '.
Opposition. See ''.
'. Here these pertain to
Inequality, which is a diversity of Be-ings, according to quantity.
Dissimiltude, which is a diversity of Be-ings from which it is called dissimilar.It is either
Primary, evidently of Beings according to quality.
Secundary, evidently a diversity of Beings accordingto movement and relation.
37
''. Opposition isdifference, includ-ing a dispute. Ofthis it must benoted
1. It is required : to be able to agree assuredly of oppositions neither one to the other nor the other to one, and the same to a thirdfollowing the same, by the same, and in the same time.
2. Distribution. In-deed opposition iseither
Division, namely between them, of which one is equally opposed to many.
Contrariety betweenthem, of which one isopposed to only one. It iseither
Positive of them which are affir-matively opposed to themselvesin turns. It is either
Adversative of them, of which one thing doesnot depend on another, but which will perpet-ually be separated.
Respective of them, of which one thing de-pends on another on a account of mutual re-spect between them.
Negative of them which are neg-atively opposed one to another.It is either.
Contradiction of them, of which one thing sim-ply and immediately negates and excludes theother: such are Being & non-Being.
Privation of them, of which one thing negatesand excludes another only secundum quid, in-deed in the same subject, which brought forthfor the reception of either, with a determina-tion of a certain time. Of this type are: habit& privation.
38
CC. Order Order is thedisposition of diverse be-ings accoring to prior andposterior. It is either
Real, which without regard to an opera-tion of the mind exists between diversebeings. It is either
Primary is either
Of origin, of them, of which one is prior inorigin to the other. It is called order of nature,or order of being.Of time, of them, of which one is prior to theother in time.
Secondary is either
Of position, which is of them of which onethrough itself maintains superior position overthe over.Of dignity, which is of them of which onethrough itself is more deserving and more ex-cellent than the other.Of natural enumeration, which is of them ofwhich one through itself is in enumerationprior to the other.
Rational, which depends on the correctjudgment and institution of the mind.It is either
Artificial, which art in our cognizing and acting directs. See X.
Arbitrary, which something without regard to the prescription ofart establishes out of consideration of reason and circumstances.Indeed it is called order of prudence.
39
X. It is either
Theoretical, which has for a boundaryonly cognition of things. It is either
Of invention, which directs our mind in studying and investigating unknownthings, by leading us from secundum quid basics to simpliciter basics.
Of instruction, which directs our mind in learning and receiving the samethings, which are made known to us, to be perceived easier and better bythe same thing than by another, by leading us from basic simpliciter to basicssecundum quid.
Practical, which has for a boundary ac-tion, or achievement. It is either
Of intention, which is observed in con-sultation.
Of execution, which is observed in la-boring and executing after consulta-tion.
Concerning both is Axiom; What isfirst in intention is last in execution, &on the contrary; what is last in inten-tion is first in execution.
cc. Disorder disorder, is lack of order between diverse beings.
40
DD. dd. The modes of prior & posterior are
1. according to nature, according to nature or origin.2. according to time, according to time.3. according to location, according to location.4. according to worth, according to dignity.5. according to arithmetic, according to number.6. according to knowledge, according to knowledge.
EE. A Particular part of metaphysics, governsconcerning a Being incomplex in species. Theparts of this are two.
One is concerning substance. Moreover, a substanceis an incomplex Being subsisting through itself. It iseither
Uncreated. See FF.
Created. See GG.
The other is concerning accident. See AAA.
41
FF. Uncreated, which exists fromitself and through itself: as in thesole God, who is a Being first,most simple and most perfect,the foundation of all good in Na-ture. Of him we come examiningaccording to our mode of concep-tion either
Essence, which is a pure act,through which God is that whichhe is, and is distinguished fromevery other Being. The conditionof this is
It is to be not universal, either by genus or one species,
But singular, that is by one number.
Divine attributes, which are either
Properties of God which are
Supreme simplicity. See ggg.
Supreme perfection. See ddd.
Actions of God. See ZZZ.
42
ggg. Supreme simplicity is a property of God, according to which he is most simple, having no part in any real composition.
ddd. Supreme per-fection, is a prop-erty of God accord-ing to which he ismost perfect havingno part in any de-fect. The classes ofspecies of this arefive.
1. Supreme
Infinity, which is a perfection of God, according to which he is absolutely infinite, having no part in anydetermination, limitation, and random measurement.
Ubiquity, which is a perfection of God, according towhich he is omnipresent, having no part in any loca-tion of existence.
2. Supreme
Immutability, which is a perfection of God, accordingto which he absolutely is immutable, having no part inany passive potential for receiving change in himself.The species as it were of this are
Absolute necessity, according to which God simpliciterin his essence is not able to have it in another way.
Absolute immortality, is according to which God at notimes is dead, and also is not subject to death.
Eternity, which is a perfection of God, according to which he is free from beginning, succession, and ending.
3. Supreme
Goodness, which is a per-fection of God, accordingto which he is best havingno part in anything bad.This is either
Absolute, according to which God in himself is good, without respect to creatures.This is called natural good.
Respective, according to whichGod is good towards his crea-tures. This is called moral good.It is either
General, which God administers to all hiscreatures; which kinds are: love and generalbenignity.
Special which God administersto creatures endowed withreason, particularly to the hu-man genus. Which kinds are:
Veracity.Fidelity.Mercy.Justice.Mercy.
& c.
Blessedness, which is a perfection of God, through which hehimself is bound together in himself, needing no other good.
4. Supreme
Wisdom or omniscience, which is a perfection of God, according to which he is perfectly wise, subject to noerror of ignorance.
Power or omnipotence, which is a perfection of God, according to which he is able to will and do all things,which are not opposed to his nature & do not involve a contradiction.
5. See pl.
43
pl. 5. Supreme
Dominion, which is an absolute property of God, which he has in creatures in his own universe.
Liberty, is an absolute want of distinction of God with respect to doing & not doing such as this rather than that, divided from everynecessity of external violence.
ZZZ. Actions ofGod are either
Internal or immanent, which are limited by God, & not produced in some object other than God; of such a kind are these, in whichGod himself cognizes, wills, loves.
External ortranseuntwhich areproduced insome objectoutside ofGod. Theseare either
General,theseeither
Eternal, & either
Preordination, which is an external action, by which he from eternity has deter-mined, for his liberty and good will, what, in his time, might be future, andindeed he has ordained a fixed means because of it.
Precognition, is an external act of God, by which he foreknows from eternity allfuture things which may exist.
Temporal ; as in
Creation, which is an external act of God, by which in the beginning of time he hadproduced the world and all species of things sustained in him by a hyperphysicalmode, & to this point in his time he does not produce an indivisible out of nothings.
Management of things, is anexternal action of God bywhich the world is made in it-self, [and by which] he admin-isters and conserves wiselyand competently all thingswhich are in it. It is either
Ordinary, by which God according to usual andcommon arrangement and course of nature byhis own sanctification, administers and conservesworldly things.
Extraordinary, is that by which God contrary tothe common and usual order of nature and byhis own sanctification administers and conservescertain things in the world.
Special, which belongsto understandingcreatures, particularlythe genus ‘man’: Themodes of these are
RedemptionRegenerationJustificationSalvation &others,
of which kind the doctrine of sacred theology is.44
GG. Created substance,is that which has itsorigin from God intime. In it generallyare selected considera-tions
1.
Essence, which is the first act of a created substance, through which itis what it is. It is distinct from a created substance
In reason.
In reality.
Accidents of a createdsubstance are either
Properties idioms, which are
Composition, which is a property according to which a createdsubstance is composite.
Created perfection, wich is a property, according to which a cre-ated substance is in its own genus and order perfect. The speciesof this are see ♂.
Motions, which are actions, according to which acreated substance is said to move or experience.These are either
Actions
Passions
Indeed every created substance ei-ther moves something or is moved.2. Distribution. In-
deed every createdsubstance is either
Spirit. See HH.
Body. See LL.
♂ The species of cre-ated perfection are
1.
Finitude
Locality
Indeed every created substance is finite and local.
2.
Mutability
Time
Indeed every created substance is mutable & in time.
3.
Naturalgoodness
Power ofmovement
Indeed every created substance is good naturally and suited for moving.
45
HH. Spirits maybe considered
1. logos. Indeed a spirit is a created substance, having no part in corporeal form.
2. Affections,which are
1. To be produced immediately out of nothing.2. To be without matter and form, having no part in matter or form.3. To be without magnitude and parts, having no part in magnitude or pieces.4. To be imperceptible through itself.5. To be in a place without occupying or filling up a spatial location.
3. Species. In-deed a Spirit iseither
An Angel, which isa perceiving spirit,immortal, throughitself free fromunion with anybody, establishedin service of Godand man. Con-siderations of this[are]
1. Quality : which is ei-ther
Innate, which is a faculty
Of perceiving.Of willing.Of moving location.
Adventitious, it [is] either
Intellectual, which isthe knowledge of anAngel which it has con-cerning things. It is ei-ther
Natural, de-pending on anatural rele-vation.
Supernatural,dependingon a su-pernaturalrelevation ofGod.
Moral, which is a habit, through whichan Angel is disposed to moral actions.
2. Movement, which iseither
Action,either
Internal.
External.
Each is either
Natural.Moral.Artificial.
Passion.
3. An Ethical Distinc-tion in
{GoodBad
}angels, concerning which [see] the holy Theology.
Substantial Form, see KK. 46
KK. Substantial form,which is spirit created byGod in this land, that anatural body united withmatter is formed. It iseither
Nature, which is an incorporeal substance determined by the fashion of an inanimate body.
Spirit, which is an incorporealsubstance determined by theinformation of a natural ani-mate body. It is either
Irrational which is a blessedspirit, which without an organicbody cannot subsist separately.The foresmost species of this are
Vegetative, which is determined by theinformation of a living body, because itis living.Sentient, which is determined by the in-formation of an animal, because it isanimal.
Rational, which is an understanding spirit able to subsist without a humanbody, [but which] naturally survives with one.
47
LL Body, is a cre-ated substance, fit-ted through itselfby dimension. Ofthis it should be ob-served
1. Affections which are
1. To be of some size through itself, & extended in
LengthWidthDepth
2. to be mensurable.3. to be terminated in surface.4. To have a figure through itself.5. To have position, order & remote parts.6. to occupy & fill a certain spatial location.7. to be divisible through itself into corporeal parts.8. to support a reason of bounding of place, from beginning, to end.9. to be perceptible through itself.10. [sic] to be continuous or continguous with another body.
2. Distribution, In-deed every body iseither
Immaterial, whichis produced out ofno matter. Thespecies of this are
The Supreme heavens, which is the bodycreated by God immediately out of noth-ing, that it may be the home of spirits,men, and created things. The proper ad-junct of this is to be
Most ample.Most capacious.Most brilliantIn the highest location of the worldabove the remaining visible heavens as-sembled & established
First matter which is the body created by God immediately out of nothing, that itmay be the primary material principle of natural bodies.
Material, which isproduced out ofsomething mate-rial. It is either
Natural, is treated in natural philosophy.
Artificial, which is treated in the arts present in mechanics.
48
AAA. An accident is anuncomplex being, existingin some subject of inher-ence. Of this these shouldbe observed
1. Affections, which are
1. To inhere in something or to be in a subject of inherence.2. To be a more imperfect body.3. To be a nature following from its subject.4. And consequently not to constitute an absolute essence of its subject, but to comprehendit constituted either necessarily or contingently.5. To be predicated of its subject derivatively, that is, not in abstract, but in concrete.6. To characterise its subject.7. To not be able to be transformed from one subject into another.8. To produce either through motion or without motion through simple emanation or reverberation.
2. Distribution. It is either
Absolute, which has an absolute essence. The species of this are
Quantity. See BBB.Quality. See EEE.Movement. See GGG.
Respective. See MMM.
49
BBB. Ofthese ac-cidents itshould beconsidered
Abstract,such assize, is anaccident,from whichsomething isdesignated ofsuch a size.It is either
Absolute,by whichsomethingis called ofsuch a sizein itself,withoutcomparisonto anything.It is either
Magnitude, which isan absolute quan-tity, by which some-thing is called largein itself. It is either
Extensive, accord-ing to which some-thing is extendedand measurable. Itis called quantity ofMass. It is either
Simple, which con-sists in one dimen-sion and is either
Longitude, which is a simple magnitudeaccording to which something is long.Latitude which is a simple magnitudeaccording to which something is wide.Profundity, which is a simple magni-tude according to which something isdeep.
Composite, whichconsists in many di-mensions. It is ei-ther
Surface, which is a magnitude com-posed out of longitude and latitude.Corpus of Mathematics, which is mag-nitude composed out of longitude, lati-tude, and profundity. It is called Massor triple dimension, Greek three di-mensions.
Intensive, according to which something accepts in itself grades of perfection. It iscalled of amount of perfection, of virtue, of degree.
Number is an ab-solute quantity, ac-cording to whichsomething is callednumerable. It is ei-ther
Active, by which something [is]numbered. It is either
First which is of its origin, as a unity [is] while [itis] numbered by itself.
Proceeding from the first, which derives its originfrom a first [thing].
Passive, [which] is the numeration of a multitude of diverse things.
Comparative. See CCC.
Concrete, as in size. See DDD.
50
CCC. Comparative, from which some-thing is said to be great not simpliciter,but in comparison to something. Thespecies of these are
1
Magnitude.
Smallness.
2
Length.
Shortness.
3
Width.
Narrownes.
4
Height.
Lowness.
5
Gravity.
Levity.
DDD. Concrete or of sucha size, which is a disposi-tion in quantity. It is ei-ther
1
Through itself, by which a quantity inheres per se.
Through an accident, which, because of something by which it is adjoined, it is called so great.
2
Absolutely such a size, be-cause the disposition isabsolute quantity, & ei-ther
Extensive, which is mensurable and a real thing divisible in parts of which it consists.
Intensive, which is large in position, & is able to be divided in the cogitation of themind.
Comparatively such a size,because the dispositionis comparative quantity.The property of this is
Equality or parity, through which the compared things have between themselves oneand the same quantity.
Inequality, imparity, through which the compared things do not have between them-selves one and the same quantity.
51
EEE. Of this acci-dent it should beconsidered.
Abstract, which isa Quality, whichis an absolute ac-cident, from whicha Being is denom-inated of a certainsort. It is either
Perceptible throughitself, which isable to be appre-hended throughobservation. It iseither
Of a single senseproper, which ispossible to bepresent before onlyone sense. It [is]either
Visible.Audible.Smellable.Tastable.Feelable.
Of many features, whichis able to be presented bymany senses.
Imperceptible through itself, which is not able to beapprehended through the sense itself.
Each is. See FFF
Concrete, which is a quale. This iscalled it, which is an affect in quality.Since by this it is compared with some-thing, it turns out to be
Similar. Moreover, these are properly similar which are affected by one and the same quality.
Dissimilar. Moreover, these are properly dissimilar which are not affected by one and the samequality.
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FFF. Each is either
Innate, which is in aBeing from the firstbeginning of its or-der. It is either
Active, through whicha Being is suited fornatural agency. It is ei-ther
Absolute, through which a Being is disposed to agency simply, without deter-mination.
Determined, through which a Being is disposed to either good or bad agency.
Passive, through which a Being is suited for patiency.
Foreign, whichcomes to a beingfrom outside. It iseither
Infused, which from God is communicated immediately to some being out of a singular grace.
Acquired, which is ac-quired by virute of thecreation of a being. Itis either
Natural, which is established in virtue of a single nature.
Habitual, which is acquired bythe zeal and industry of intelli-gent creatures. It is either
Intellectual, which regulates and informsthe intellect.
Moral, which regulates and informs the will.
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GGG. Motion is anaccident accordingto which a Being issaid to act or en-dure. it is either
Simplewhich is notcomposedout of othermotions. Itis either
1
Action, which is an act of anagent because it is efficient. Itis either
Immanent, which some agent provides for and brings about an object, notsomething outside the agent.Transient, which is brought from some object, outside the agent.
Passion, is an act of a patient because it is suffering.
2. or
1. From a modeof moment onething is
Absolute, which is indifferent in its nature, for diverse or opposed objects.
Determinate, which is alimitation for one certainobject. It is either
Natural, which in virtue of nature is determined for naturalgoodness or badness.Voluntary, whichconsists in a certainpurpose. It iseither
Moral, which is a determination formoral goodness or badness.Artificial, which is a determination forartificial goodness or badness.
2. From a modeof duration anotherthing is
Momentaneus, whichhappens in a moment.
Successive which may be in succession.3. From a limit to which. See HHH.
3 or{
Necessary, which happens necessarily.Contingent, which happens contingently.
4 or{
Spontaneous which is of its own free will.Violent, which happens by virtue of a certain something.
5 or{
Physical, which happens in a natural mode.Hypherphysical, which happens in a supernatural mode.
Composite. See LLL.
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HHH. From alimit to whichanother
Substantial,which is ter-minated by asubstance. It iseither
Productive, bywhich a substanceof something newbegins to be. It isiether
Creation which is the hyperphysical production of asubstance by virtue of an infinite act of God alone,without coorpea by reason of a second cause. It iseither
aThis appears to be a typographical error in the original.I cannot determine what this word was supposed to be.
Immediate, which is the hyperphysicalproduction of a substance of out noth-ing.Mediate which is the hyperphysical pro-duction of a substance out of some-thing.
Generation is the production of a sub-stance by virtue of an act of a secondcause. It is either
{Natural, which produces a natural body.Artificial, by which an artificial body is produced.
Destruction. See III.
Accidental. See KKK.
III Destruction is a mode in which asubstance ceases to be. It is either
Annihilation, which is the hyperphysi-cal destruction of a substance by virtueof an infinite act of God alone. It iseither
Immediate, which is the hyperphysical destruction of a substanceinto nothingness.Mediate, which is the hyperphysical destruction of a substanceinto something.
Corruption, which is the destruction ofa substance by virtue of an act of a sec-ond cause. It is either
{Natural, where a natural body is corrupted.Artificial, where an artificial body is corrupted.
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KKK. Accidental motion is whatis bounded by an accident. Thespecies of this are
Augmentation, where a larger quantity is acquired.Diminution, where a smaller quantity is acquired.
Alteration, where some quantity is acquired either{
Simpliciter.Secundum quid.
Local motion, where some location is acquired either{
Simpliciter.Secundum quid.
LLL. Composite motionis what is composed outof simple movements.It is called compositechange, mutation ortransmutation. It iseither
Substantial which is the con-version of one substance intoanother. It is called in for-eign speech Transsubstantia-tion, change of substance.Of this it should be noted
1. Conditions
1. In order that both the starting point as well as the lim-iting point may be a substance.2. In order for the starting point to cease to be, neverthelessstill in its remaining material.3. In order for the limiting point of something new to beginto be.4. In order to be near the efficient, and indeed substantial,principle, from which the conversion is created.
2. Distribution in
Hyperphysics, which exists by virtue ofGod alone, & is composed out of medi-ate
Annihilation.
Creation.
Physics, which happens in virtue of na-ture and is composed out of natural
Corruption.
Generation.Accidental, which is the conversion of one ac-cident into another.
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MMM. Respective,which is a Relation,which is an acci-dent, according towhich one being isrelated to another.Of this considera-tions come
1. Conditions sub-stantialities whichaccording to thenature and con-struction of therelation are neces-sary. Which bynumber are five
1. Subject of a relation, which is an absolute Being, [which] formally adheres to the denominate by therelation to itself, whether it may be substance or accident.
2. Foundation of a relation, which is an absolute Being, the relation of which [is] by right
Quantity.Quality.Movement.
3. Terminus of a relation, which is an absoluteBeing, by which the subject (of the relation)is regulated whether by
Nature
Will
Of God
Of man
whether it be
Substance.
Accident.4. The thing related, which hasa consideration according to thething correlated.
5. The thing correlated, whichhas a consideration according tothe thing related.
The properties of these are
1 To be moved back and forth between them.2 To exist by nature simultaneously, andtherefore to put down and to raise up in theirmutual selves.3 One to be specified and recognized by theother.
2. Species. In an-other relation is ei-ther
Of reason, which whole consists only in conception of the mind and in fiction, & apart from that is nothing.
Real which is really in an abso-lute Being without regard to cog-itation of the mind. It is either
Perfect or per se,which has nothingof absolute essencemixed with it.
Imperfect, whichhas something ofabsolute essencemixed with it.
Each is either
Natural, which is in an absoluteBeing through nature.
Voluntary, which is inan absolute Being fromagreement or voluntary in-stitution either
Of God.
Of man.
3. Concrete, such asthe thing Related,which is consideredfrom the nature ofthe relation.
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NNN. Somethingnegative is nothingother than a pri-vation which is anegative habit ina being, of whichthen it is eitherable or required tobe in. It is either
True, which intruth is a habit ina capable being.It is called realprivation. It iseither
Perfect, which ex-cludes simpliciter ahabit from that be-ing in which it is.It is called total, orabsolute privation.
Imperfect, whichexcludes a habitmerely secundumquid. It is calledparticular priva-tion, or secundumquid.
Each is either
Substantial, which is negation of a substantial habit in a Being,which through nature is able or bound to be.
Accidental, which isnegation of an ac-cidental habit in aBeing which is ableor bound to be. Ofan adjunct it is ei-ther
Of inherence, throughwhich an inhering ad-junct is removed froma Being. It is either
Quantity.Quality.Movement ofrelation.
Of adherence, through which an adherentadjunct is removed from a Being.
Fictional, which in truth is not in any Being, but is attributed solely through a fashioning on the mind. It is called rational orimaginary.
END OF THE ONTOLOGY. With God.
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