diagnostic ultrasonography chapter 23. principles of ultrasound the use of sound waves beyond the...
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DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 23
PRINCIPLES OF ULTRASOUND
The use of sound waves beyond the audible frequency ( > 20,000 Hz) for diagnostic purposes.
Can be used for therapeutic purposes by using larger and continuous dosages – as in:
1) Generation of heat- treatment of low back pain, muscle strains, promote tissue regereration, kill malignant cells.
2) To pulverize kidney stones, gallstones.
PRINCIPLES OF ULTRASOUND
Sound waves are generated by the TRANSDUCER- the gizmo holding a piezoelectric crystal that changes electrical current into sound waves and vice versa.
Sound waves are generated, reflected off of tissues and “echo” back, and are picked up by the transducer (piezoelectric crystal) and converted to electrical activity.
PRINCIPLES OF ULTRASOUND
The image that is generated is dependent upon the time it takes the sound waves to return to the transducer.
The return time is a reflection of the distance the tissue is from the transducer and the degree to which the sound waves are reflected by that tissue (organ vs. bone vs. fat vs. fluid).
HAZARDS OF DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND
In short, for diagnostic ultrasound, there are none.
Ultrasound for longer periods of time than are used in diagnostic ultrasound can generate sufficient heat as to be harmful.
And in higher frequencies (>100,000 Hz) can cause cavitation.
METHODS OF UULTRASOUND
1) PULSE-ECHO
2) DOPPLER
PULSE-ECHO METHOD
2 TYPES:
1) A MODE - amplitude modulation – echoes are displayed in graphic form, such as in an echocardiogram.
2) B MODE - brightness modulation – echoes are displayed as different intensities of brightness, giving a 2-dimensional cross-sectional image (“picture”, if you will). Can be static or dynamic (“real-time”).
DOPPLER METHOD
Sound waves bounced off of different objects have different frequencies.
With doppler ultrasound, these different frequencies are transformed into audible sounds, of different frequency.
The different frequencies can also be mapped to give a visual representation as well as an audible one.
DOPPLER METHOD
USES Flow through arteries and veins- to assess
patency of arterial grafts, obstruction to flow by thrombi, atherosclerosis, etc.- arterial flow can often be heard in cases where it can not be palpated.
Opening and closing of cardiac valves and flow through them- valvular stenosis, regurg.
DOPPLER METHOD
OBSTETRICAL USES Doppler stethoscope- to detect a fetal
heart beat episodically, or continuously as in labor.
Assessment of placental function / fetal growth – evaluates flow through the umbilical artery and vein, looks for differentials in flow
DOPPLER METHOD
COLOR FLOW IMAGING A type of doppler study. Asseses whether blood flow is laminar (the
usual way) or turbulent (the abnormal way). Useful in: cardiac valvular regurgitation;
identification of a false lumen in aortic dissection; congenital heart defects such as patent ductus arteriosus, atrial and venticular septal defects, which would appear as turbulent flow.
DOPPLER METHOD
DUPLEX SCANNING Uses both real-time imaging and doppler
flow together. Useful in evaluating a variety of vascular
problems: aneurysms, atheroscerotic plaques.
APPLICATIONS OF ULTRASOUND
CEREBRAL CIRCULATION CAROTID ARTERY GYNECOLOGIC / OBSTETRIC TRANSVAGINAL / TRANSABDOMINAL TRANSRECTAL / TRANSTHORACIC /
TRANSESOPHAGEAL STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAM ECHOENCEPHALOGRAM BREAST BLADDER
CEREBRAL CIRCULATION
Measures blood flow in the cerebral circulation, particularly in the:
1) Middle, anterior, and posterior cerebral arteries.
2) Distal internal carotid.3) Basilar artery. Often combined with doppler duplex
ultrasound and arteriography.
CAROTID ARTERY SCANS
Atherosclerosis is associated with thickening of the intima of the artery.
Risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke is proportional to the thickness of the intima, which is a reflection of the degree of atherosclerosis.
Useful for screening both symptomatic patients who may need surgical intervention and asymptomatic patients who may need prevntive measures.
GYNECOLOGIC ULTRASOUND
Uterus- size, shape (bicornuate), presence of masses within (fibroids, neoplasms).
Ovary- presence of masses, cysts, neoplasms.
Tubes- hydrosalpinx, pyosalpinx in PID, ectopic pregnancy.
BENIGN CYSTIC TERATOMA
RIGHTOVARY
OBSTETRICAL ULTRASOUND
Confirmation of intrauterine pregnancy, presence of ectopic pregnancy, # of fetuses.
Position of fetus(es), placenta (previa). Guidance for amniocentesis. Evaluation of fetal growth, gestational age. Evaluation of amniotic fluid volume. Structural / congenital abnormalities of the
fetus.
ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
UTERUS:
SOLID MASS WITHINNO GESTATIONAL SAC
ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
ADNEXA:
CYSTIC MASS,BETA HCG 17,000
COLOR DOPPLER (FLOW)STUDY
INCREASEDFLOW
ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
TWIN GESTATION
OB (FETAL) ULTRASOUND
26 WEEK FETUS:
CONGENITAL POLYCYSTIC
KIDNEYS
23 YOF AT 20 WEEKS GESTATION
FETAL HYDROTHORAX (BILATERAL PLEURAL EFFUSIONS) AND ASCITES, C/W HYDROPS FETALIS
23 YOF AT 20 WEEKS GESTATION
FETAL HYDROTHORAX (BILATERAL PLEURAL EFFUSIONS) AND ASCITES, C/W HYDROPS FETALIS
OLIGOHYDRAMNIOS
OB SCAN - OMPHALOCOEL
OB SCAN - OMPHALOCOEL
PLAIN FILM - OMPHALOCOEL
TRANSVAGINAL ULTRASOUND
Transducer placed in the vagina. USEFUL FOR: Evaluation of follicular development,
ovulation. Ruling out ectopic pregnancy. Evaluation of endometrial thickness – in
the assessment of post-menopausal bleeding, need for biopsy.
Incompetent cervix.
BICORNUATE UTERUS
SAME BICORNUATE UTERUS
GESTATIONAL SAC
SAME BICORNUATE UTERUS
OTHER HORN FLUID-FILLED
ONLY
TRANSVAGINAL SCAN
UTERUS:
COMPLEX, CYSTICMASS WITHIN THE
UTERUS
DDxCYSTIC POLYP,
ENDOMETRIAL Ca,ENDOMETRIALHYPERPLASIA
TRANSVAGINAL SCAN
On this image performed during sonohysterography, two masses, one polypoid and another more broad-based,
extending from the endometrial lining are evident.
ULTRASOUND LEFT OVARY
HEMORRHAGIC CYST
SAME PATIENT
HEMORRHAGIC CYST RESOLVED
ABDOMINAL ULTRASOUND
Often the 1st test used to evaluate abdominal pathology (or 2nd, behind a KUB).
Or complementary to other studies such as radionuclide studies, CT, MRI, X-Ray/Contrast studies, etc. No radiation, cheaper.
Needle-guided biopsies, paracentesis. Examples: appendicitis, cholelithiasis, aortic
aneurysms, cysts / masses / tumors / abscesses / ascites.
CHOLECYSTITIS
GALLBLADDER:
GALLSTONE,WALL THICKENING
SAME PATIENTCOMMON BILE DUCT ENLARGED
ABDOMINAL SONOGRAM
A thickened gall bladder wall is noted, with some pericholecystic fluid and shadowing echogenic foci likely representing stones
APPENDICITIS
TRANSRECTAL ULTRASOUND
Primarily for evaluation of the prostate- size, shape, etc., to evaluate for BPH, prostate cancer.
Used after evaluation by DRE (digital rectal exam) and PSA (prostate-specific antigen).
Used in needle-guided biopsies, implantation of radioactive seeds for treatment of malignancy of the prostate.
TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGAPHY
USEFUL IN THE EVALUATION OF Valvular defects, chamber size. Structural abnormalities- patent ductus, atrial
and ventricular septal defects. Pleural effusion, cardiac tamponade. Color imaging can detect flow – laminar vs.
turbulent. Some changes in coronary flow. ECG sometimes done simultaneously.
TRANSESOPHAGEAL ULTRASOUND
Generates an image unimpeded by the lungs and chest-wall structures.
Especially good visualization of the left atrium and aortic root.
Examples: infective endocarditis, aortic dissection, cardiac origin of an arterial embolus such as atrial fib. much better than TTE.
RISKS: bleeding, aspiration, perforation, arrhythmias.
ECHOENCEPHALOGRAM
Ultrasound can not penetrate bone. Limited use in the adult. This modality is most useful for imaging
the newborn as the skull (sutures) have not completely fused.
Useful for evaluating: mostly, things that shift the midline, hydrocephalus, size of the cerebral ventricles, intracranial hemorrhage in the newborn.
ECHOENCEPHALOGRAM
“ANEURYSM” OF THE VEIN OF GALEN,WHICH IS REALLY AN A-V FISTULA
SAME PATIENT - ANGIOGRAM
1 DAY OLD INFANT W/ HEART FAILURE
1 DAY OLD INFANT W/ HEART FAILURE
Head ultrasound shows a cystic mass, posterior to the third ventricle. The mass is continuous with the dilated straight sinus.
1 DAY OLD INFANT W/ HEART FAILURE
Doppler examination shows pulsatile high flow in the cystic mass.
THORACIC SONOGRAMS
Limited utility due to the lack of penetration of ultrasound by air.
Can detect pleural fluid, abscess, malposition of the diaphragm.
ULTRASOUND OF THE BREAST
Usually done adjunctively with or as a follow-up to mammography.
Differentiates between solid and cystic lesions. Helpful in women w/ dense breasts as glandular
tissue and malignancy both show up white on mammogram. On ultrasound, malignancy appears black.
Used to guide needle biopsy and to place a surgical clip to mark the area for future treatment.
MAMMOGRAM
PALPABLE MASS
BREAST ULTRASOUND
PALPABLE MASS,CYSTIC ON
ULTRASOUND
BONE SONOGRAMS
Primary use is as a screening tool for osteoporosis, looking at the heel, as healthy bone echoes sound waves faster than does osteoporotic bone.
Also used for congenital hip dysplasia (dislocation).
BLADDER ULTRASOUND
Used to determine volume of urine. Main purpose is to determine urine
volume without having to catheterize the bladder, avoiding the risk of infection.
Image of the bladder is matched to an image on the screen corresponding to a pre-calculated volume.
Compression U/S - LLE: Noncompressibility of common femoral vein with echogenic thrombus within the vein lumen consistent with chronic DVT.
POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE
18 YOM W/ TESTICULAR MASS
18 YOM W/ TESTICULAR MASS
EPIDERMOID CYST OF THE TESTICLE
ULTRASOUND-GUIDED NEEDLE BIOPSY OF THE LIVER