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ã ×Ùð 'PERFECT 7' Âç˜æ·¤æ ·¤ô çâçßÜ âðßæ ÂÚUèÿææ ·Ô¤ ÂýçÌØô»è Àæ˜æô´ ·¤ô ŠØæÙ ×ð´ ÚU¹·¤ÚU ÕÙæØæ ãñÐ çâçßÜ âðßæ ·¤è ÎëçC âð ×ãˆßÂê‡æü ÚUæCþèØ °ß´ ¥´ÌÚUæüCþèØ ƒæÅUÙæ¥ô´ ·¤æ ¿ØÙ ·¤ÚU
'PERFECT 7' ×ð´ âæÌ ×ãˆßÂê‡æü ×éÎ÷Îô´ °ß´ ¹ÕÚUô´ ·¤æ â´·¤ÜÙ ç·¤Øæ ÁæÌæ ãñÐ §â·Ô¤ ¥çÌçÚU€Ì âæÌ ÕýðÙ ÕêSÅUâü, âæÌ ×ãˆßÂê‡æü ̉Ø, Âè¥æ§üÕè ·Ô¤ âæÌ ×ãˆßÂê‡æü çÕ´Îé¥ô´ °ß´ âæÌ ×ãˆßÂê‡æü »ýæçÈ €Uâ ·Ô¤ ×æŠØ× âð â´·¤ËÂÙæ¥ô´ ·¤æ â×æßðàæÙ 'PERFECT 7' ·¤ô çâçßÜ âðßæ ÂÚUèÿææ ·Ô¤ çÜ° Ò»æ»ÚU ×ð´ âæ»ÚUÓ âæçÕÌ ·¤ÚUÌæ ãñÐ 'PERFECT 7' ·Ô¤ âæÌ ×ãˆßÂê‡æü ×éÎ÷Îô´ ·¤æ â´·¤ÜÙ ·¤ÚUÌð â×Ø ©Ù ×éÎ÷Îô´ ·Ô¤ Âÿæ, çßÂÿæ, çßàæðáÌæ¥ô´ ÌÍæ ©Ùâð ÖæÚUÌ °ß´ çßàß ÂÚU ÂǸÙð ßæÜð ÂýÖæßô´ ·¤è â×èÿææ ÂýSÌéÌ ·¤è ÁæÌè ãñ, Ìæç·¤ Àæ˜æ ©Ù ×éÎ÷Îô´ ·Ô¤ ÕæÚUð ×ð´ °·¤ â×Ûæ çß·¤çâÌ ·¤ÚU â·Ô¤´Ð 'PERFECT 7' ·Ô¤ âæÌ ×ãˆßÂê‡æü ¹ÕÚUô´ ·Ô¤ ÁçÚU° Àæ˜æô´ ·¤ô çâçßÜ âðßæ ·¤è ÎëçC âð ×ãˆßÂê‡æü çßáØô´ ·¤è ÁæÙ·¤æÚUè ©ÂÜÏ ·¤ÚUæØè ÁæÌè ãñÐ §â Âç˜æ·¤æ ·Ô¤ âæÌ ×ãˆßÂê‡æü ̉Øô´ °ß´ Âè¥æ§üÕè ·Ô¤ âæÌ ×ãˆßÂê‡æü çÕ´Îé¥ô´ ·Ô¤ ÁçÚU° ã× ¥ÂÙð Àæ˜æô´ ·¤ô ¥çÌçÚU€Ì ÁæÙ·¤æÚUè ©ÂÜÏ ·¤ÚUæÌð ãñ´Ð §â·¤æ ×éØ ©Î÷ÎðàØ çâçßÜ âðßæ ÂÚUèÿææ ·Ô¤ âÖè ÂãÜé¥ô´ ·¤ô â×æçãÌ ·¤ÚUÙæ ãñÐ 'PERFECT 7' ·Ô¤ âæÌ ÕýðÙ ÕêSÅUâü ·Ô¤ ÁçÚU° â×âæ×çØ·¤ çßáØô´ ·¤è ÁæÙ·¤æÚUè â´ÿæð ×ð´ °ß´ ¥æ·¤áü·¤ M¤Â ×ð´ ÂýSÌéÌ ·¤è ÁæÌè ãñ çÁââð ç·¤ Àæ˜æô´ mæÚUæ §âð âÚUÜÌæ âð ¥æˆ×âæÌ ç·¤Øæ Áæ â·Ô¤Ð §â·Ô¤ ¥çÌçÚU€Ì §â Âç˜æ·¤æ ×ð´ ¥Øæâ ÂýàÙô´ ·¤æ â×æßðàæÙ Àæ˜æô´ ·¤ô çâçßÜ âðßæ ÂÚUèÿææ ·Ô¤ çÜ° SßØ´ ·¤æ ×êËØæ´·¤Ù ·¤ÚUÙð ×ð´ âãæØÌæ ÂýÎæÙ ·¤ÚUÌæ ãñÐ ¥‹Ø Âç˜æ·¤æ¥ô´ ·¤è Öæ´çÌ ã× Àæ˜æô´ ·¤ô ·Ô¤ßÜ âÌãè ÁæÙ·¤æÚUè ©ÂÜÏ ·¤ÚUæÙð ×ð´ çßàßæâ Ùãè´ ÚU¹Ìð ÕçË·¤ âæÚU»çÖüÌ ÕãéÂÿæèØ ¥õÚU ˜æéçÅUÚUçãÌ ÁæÙ·¤æÚUè ÂýÎæÙ ·¤ÚUÙð ·¤æ ¥Í·¤ ÂýØæâ ·¤ÚUÌð ãñ´ çÁââð çâçßÜ âðßæ ×ð´ ã×æÚUð Àæ˜æ âÈ ÜÌæ ¥çÁüÌ ·¤ÚU â·Ô¤´, €UØô´ç·¤ Àæ˜æô´ ·¤è âÈ ÜÌæ ãè ã×æÚUè Âç˜æ·¤æ ·¤è ·¤âõÅUè ãñÐ ã×Ùð ¥ÂÙð ¥Í·¤ ÂýØæâ °ß´ ÂçÚUŸæ× ·Ô¤ ÁçÚU° 'PERFECT 7' Âç˜æ·¤æ ·¤ô ÒÂÚUÈÔ¤€UÅUÓ ÕÙæÙð ·¤æ ·¤æØü ç·¤Øæ ãñ, çÈ ÚU Öè ØçÎ ·¤ô§ü ˜æéçÅU ÚUã »Øè ãô Ìô ©âð âéÏæÚUÙð ×ð´ ¥æ·Ԥ âéÛææß âæÎÚU ¥æ×´ç˜æÌ ãñ´Ð
ÁèÌ çâ´ã âÂæη¤, ŠØðØ IAS
â´ ƒæ Üô·¤ âðßæ ¥æØô» ß ¥‹Ø ÚUæ’Ø Üô·¤ âðßæ ¥æØô»ô´ mæÚUæ ÂýæÚUçÖ·¤ ß ×éØ ÂÚUèÿææ ×ð´ çß»Ì ·é À ßáô´ü âð ÚUæCþèØ ß ¥´ÌÚUæüCþèØ ƒæÅUÙæ¥ô´ âð â´Õ´çÏÌ ÂýàÙô´ ·¤è â´Øæ ×ð´ ÕɸôæÚUè
ãé§ü ãñÐ §â·¤è ÂéçC çß»Ì ßáô´ü ×ð´ â´Â‹Ù ãé§ü ÂÚUèÿææ¥ô´ ·Ô¤ Âýà٠˜æ âð ·¤è Áæ â·¤Ìè ãñÐ §âçÜ° ã×Ùð 'PERFECT 7' Âç˜æ·¤æ ·Ô¤ ×æŠØ× âð ©Ù ×éÎ÷Îô´ °ß´ ¹ÕÚUô´ ·¤æ â´·¤ÜÙ ç·¤Øæ ãñ, Áô ÂÚUèÿææ ·Ô¤ çÜ° ¥ˆØ´Ì ×ãˆßÂê‡æü ãñ´Ð 'PERFECT 7' Âç˜æ·¤æ Ù ·Ô¤ßÜ ÂýæÚUçÖ·¤ ß ×éØ ÂÚUèÿææ ·Ô¤ çÜ° ©ÂØô»è ãñ, ÕçË·¤ Øã âæÿæ户¤æÚU ·Ô¤ çÜ° Öè ¥ˆØ´Ì ©ÂØô»è ãñÐ §â×ð´ â×âæ×çØ·¤ ƒæÅUÙæ¥ô´ ·¤ô ÕðãÎ ÚUô¿·¤ É´» âð ÌæçÜ·¤æ,Üô¿æÅUü °ß´ 翘æô´ ·Ô¤ ×æŠØ× âð â×ÛææØæ »Øæ ãñÐ 'PERFECT 7' ·Ô¤ âæÌ ×ãˆßÂê‡æü ×éÎ÷Îô´ ·¤ô â´·¤çÜÌ ·¤ÚUÌð â×Ø ã×æÚUæ ÂýØæâ Ù ·Ô¤ßÜ ©Ù ×éÎ÷Îô´ ·Ô¤ âÖè ÂãÜé¥ô´ ¥ÍæüÌ÷ °·¤ SÂC çßàÜðá‡ææˆ×·¤ âæ´¿ð ×ð´ ÉæÜÙð ·¤æ ÚUãæ ãñ ÕçË·¤ °ðâð ×éÎ÷Îô´ ·¤æ §â×ð´ çßSÌëÌ çßßð¿Ù Öè ç·¤Øæ »Øæ ãñ, çÁÙ·¤æ ¥‹Ø â×âæ×çØ·¤ Âç˜æ·¤æ¥ô´ ×ð´ çÁ·ý Ì·¤ Ùãè´ ãôÌæ ãñÐ 'PERFECT 7' ·Ô¤ âæÌ ÕýðÙ ÕêSÅUâü ·Ô¤ ×æŠØ× âð â×âæ×çØ·¤ çßáØô´ ·¤è ÁæÙ·¤æÚUè ·¤ô ÕðãÎ âÅUè·¤Ìæ ß ¥æ·¤áü·¤ M¤Â âð ÂýSÌéÌ ç·¤Øæ »Øæ ãñ, çÁââð Àæ˜æô´ ·¤ô ·¤× â×Ø ×ð´ Öè ©ÂØô»è ÁæÙ·¤æÚUè âéÜÖ ãô â·Ô¤Ð §â·Ô¤ ¥çÌçÚUÌ 'PERFECT 7' Âç˜æ·¤æ ×ð´ âæÌ ×ãˆßÂê‡æü ¹ÕÚUð´, âæÌ ×ãˆßÂê‡æü Âè¥æ§üÕè, âæÌ ×ãˆßÂê‡æü ¥Øæâ ÂýàÙ ß âæÌ ×ãˆßÂê‡æü ̉Øô´ ·¤æ â×æßðàæ Öè ç·¤Øæ »Øæ ãñÐ §â Âç˜æ·¤æ ×ð´ ¥Øæâ ÂýàÙô´ ·¤æ â×æßðàæÙ Àæ˜æô´ ·¤ô çâçßÜ âðßæ ÂÚUèÿææ ·Ô¤ çÜ° SßØ´ ·¤æ ×êËØæ´·¤Ù ·¤ÚUÙð ×ð´ âãæØÌæ ÂýÎæÙ ·¤ÚUÌæ ãñÐ Øãæ¡ Øã SÂC ·¤ÚUÙæ ¥æßàØ·¤ ãñ ç·¤ ç·¤âè Öè Âç˜æ·¤æ ×ð´ ̉Øô´ ·¤è ×æ˜ææ âð ’ØæÎæ ×ãˆßÂê‡æü ©â·¤è »é‡æßææ ãôÌè ãñ, §âçÜ° §âè çâfæ´Ì ·¤æ ¥ÙéÂæÜÙ ·¤ÚU·Ô¤ ã×Ùð âæÚU»çÖüÌ M¤Â ×ð´ Øã Âç˜æ·¤æ ¥æ·Ԥ â×é¹ ÂýSÌéÌ ·¤è ãñ, ¿ê´ç·¤ ·¤ô§ü Öè ·ë çÌ ¥´çÌ× Ùãè´ ãôÌè ãñ, ©â×ð´ âéÏæÚU ·¤è âÎñß â´ÖæßÙæ°¡ çßl×æÙ ÚUãÌè ãñ´Ð ¥ÌÑ âÖè Àæ˜æô´ âð ¥ÙéÚUôÏ ãñ ç·¤ ¥ÂÙð Õãé×êËØ âéÛææßô´ ß â×æÜô¿Ùæ¥ô´ âð ã×ð´ ¥ß»Ì ·¤ÚUæ°´Ð
¥ßÙèàæ Âæ‡ÇðØ âÂæη¤, ŠØðØ IAS
1 ebZ&2020 N vad 02 www.dhyeyaias.com
ŠØÔØ IAS most trusted since 2003
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fjyk;al baMLVªh ds fy, ;g Mhy fdruk dkjxj
¥ fjyk;al ds fy, dqy&'kwU; ½.k (usV thjks MsCV) daiuh cuus esa iQslcqd ds lkFk ;g Mhy egRoiw.kZ gks ldrk gSA
¥ gky gh esa O;kid egkekjh ds dkj.k
vko';d oLrqvksa dh fcØh djus okys
vkWuykbu IysViQkeks± dh ekax esa rsth ns•h
x;h gSA fjykbal ds fy, Hkh bl le; esa
bl Mhy dks djuk iQk;nsean gks ldrk gSA
¥ COVID-19 ds çdksi ls igys] Hkkjr esa
80]000 djksM+ #i;s ds fdjkuk cktkj
dk fliQZ 1» bZ&dkWelZ IysViQkWeZ }kjk
lapkfyr FkkA
¥ fjyk;al vius ft;ksekVZ IysViQkWeZ ij
iQslcqd ds LokfeRo okys OgkV~l,i
dk mi;ksx djds miHkksÙkQkvksa dks vius
njokts ij mRiknksa vkSj lsokvksa dh igqap
dks lqfuf'pr dj ldrk gSA
iQslcqd ds fy, bl Mhy dk fufgrkFkZ
¥ iQslcqd Hkkjr esa dbZ lkyksa ls mPp xfr
ds baVjusV dh vf/dkfjrk dks ikus dh
dksf'k'k dj jgk gSA blus lkSj&pkfyr
Mªksu dk mi;ksx djds Úh baVjusV chfeax
dh laHkkouk dk Hkh irk yxk;k Fkk] ftls
,fDoyk dgk tkrk gSA blus ,Dlçsl
okbZ&iQkbZ uked ,d igy ds lkFk Hkkjr
ds dqN nwjnjkt ds fgLlksa esa de&ykxr]
mPp&xfr okys okbZ&iQkbZ dks laHko cukus
dk ç;kl fd;k FkkA
dj fn;k fd og nqfu;k ds lcls cM+s
vkWuykbu cktkjksa esa baVjusV m|ksx dk
ekud cu x;kA
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Hkkjr ds fy, bl Mhy dh mi;ksfxrk
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ft;ksekVZ IysViQkWeZ ij O;kikj esa rsth vk,xh
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miHkksÙkQkvksa dks tksM+sxkA iQslcqd dks Hkkjr
esa Úh csflDl tSlh viuh dqN igyksa
ls leL;k Fkh] ysfdu vc bls Hkkjrh;
bZ&dkWelZ cktkj esa ,d cM+h çfof"V feysxhA
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:i ls cny ldrh gSA
¥ nksuksa iQeks± us ns'k Hkj esa lHkh vkdkj
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tksj fn;k gSA
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egRoiw.kZ eqís7 ft;ks&iQslcqd le>kSrk % volj ;k pqukSrh01
ŠØÔØ IAS most trusted since 2003
2 ebZ&2020 N vad 02
¥ Hkkjr ds baVjusV ÚseodZ dks rduhdh :i
ls c<+kok fey ldrk gS ftlls dqN gh
le; esa çR;sd ukxfjdksa rd baVjusV dh
igqap lqfuf'pr gks ldrh gSA
¥ blds vykok] iQslcqd dh fyczk fØIVksdjsalh
ds dkj.k ;g lkSnk Hkkjr esa cM+s iSekus
ij fØIVks&vk/kfjr Hkqxrku vkSj CykWdpsu
rduhd dk ç;ksx djus ds fy, ,d vPNk
dne gks ldrk gSA
ds ubZ eqæk ds :i esa Hkh lanfHkZr fd;k
tkrk gSA
ds mi;ksxdrkZvksa }kjk cM+h ek=kk esa mRiUu
MsVk dks vestu] xwxy vkfn tSls rduhdh
fnXxtksa }kjk okf.kfT;d vkSj j.kuhfrd ykHk
ds fy, ewY;oku tkudkjh ds :i mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA
¥ iQslcqd vkSj ft;ks nksuksa ds ikl O;fÙkQxr MsVk rd igqap gSA tc rd ilZuy MsVk çksVsD'ku fcy] dkuwu esa vf/fu;fer ugha fd;k tkrk gS] rc rd muds MsVk dk mi;ksx vkSj blls Hkh egRoiw.kZ fd os bls dSls lk>k djrs gSa] ;g dkiQh gn rd iQslcqd vkSj ft;ks dh çkboslh ikWfylh }kjk fu;af=kr gksxkA
¥ usV U;wVªSfyVh dh fparkvksa ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; nwjlapkj fu;ked çkf/dj.k (TRAI) }kjk iQslcqd ds Úh csflDl IysViQkWeZ dks can dj fn;k x;k FkkA
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fu"d"kZ
¥ bl lkSns esa dgk x;k gS fd iQslcqd vkSj ft;ks nksuksa dks vius fMftVy IysViQkWeZ
dk eqæhdj.k djus] xzkgdksa dks vkWuykbu tksM+us vkSj mi;ksxdrkZvksa vkSj O;kikfj;ksa ds chp lh/s laidZ çnku djus dh vuqefr nh tk,xhA
¥ ykWdMkmu vkSj lkekftd nwjh (lks'ky fMLVsaflax) ds mik;ksa ds dkj.k gksus okys xaHkhj O;o/kuksa ds chp vkSlr le; esa fMftVy IysViQkeks± ds mi;ksx esa dkiQh o`f¼ gksus dh laHkkouk gks ldrh gSA
¥ bl esxk&Mhy dk Hkkjr ds •qnjk vkSj baVjusV ifjn`'; ij Hkh cM+k çHkko iM+sxk] gkykafd bl lanHkZ esa fu;ked vk;ksx vkSj Hkkjrh; nwjlapkj fu;ked çkf/dj.k tSls fu;ked fudk;ksa dh Hkwfedk cgqr egRo j•rh gSA
¥ ;g le>kSrk u fliQZ nks dEifu;ksa ds fy, vFkZO;oLFkk ds n`f"Vdks.k ls egRoiw.kZ gS cfYd ;g Hkkjr ds fy, vfr egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd fMftVyhdj.k ds {ks=k esa Hkkjr ,d c<+rk gqvk cktkj gSA ;g le>kSrk Hkkjr dks fodflr ns'k cukus esa lgk;d fl¼ gksxkA
iz- gky gh esa ft;ks us iQslcqd ds lkFk ,d egÙoiw.kZ le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd;k gSA ;g le>kSrk Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, fdruk egRoiw.kZ gksxk\ ppkZ djsaA
lkekU; vè;;u isij&3
Topic: Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk rFkk ;kstuk] lalk/uksa dks tqVkus] izxfr] fodkl rFkk jkstxkj ls lacf/r eqn~nsA
3 ebZ&2020 N vad 02 www.dhyeyaias.com
ŠØÔØ IAS most trusted since 2003
jkT;ksa dk jktdks"kh; l'kfDrdj.k % le; dh ekax02
ppkZ dk dkj.k
iQSy jgk gS rFkk bldk izHkko Hkkjrh;
vFkZO;oLFkk ij lkiQ&lkiQ fn[kus yxk gSA
ifj.kkeLo:i jkT;ksa dk ;g dguk gS fd
ykWdMkmu ds dkj.k mudh vk; ds Jksr
esa yxkrkj deh gks jgh gSA vr% os dsUnz
ljdkj ls yxkrkj lgk;rk jkf'k dh ek¡x
dj jgs gS rkfd jkT; dh O;oLFkk dks
lqpk: :i ls pyk;k tk ldsA
ifjp;
O;oLFkk dh ftEesnkjh jkT;ksa ij Mkyh x;h
gS vFkkZr~ ;s jkT; lwph ds fo"k; gSaA bl
dkj.k dksfoM&19 ds ladV esa jkT;ksa ij
vfrfjDr ftEesnkjh gSA mUgsa LokLF; ij vkSj
dkuwu O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kus esa vis{kkÑr
vf/d [kpZ djuk iM+ jgk gSA blds pyrs
jkT;ksa dh foÙkh; lsgr yxkrkj fcxM+ jgh
gSA
2005 ds rgr iwjs ns'k esa ykWdMkmu
dks ykxw fd;k Fkk rFkk blds izHkko dks
ns[krs gq, bls vkSj vkxs c<+k fn;k x;k
gSA gkykafd dqN jkT;ksa us blds igys gh
viuh ftEesnkjh dks le>rs gq, egkekjh
vf/fu;e] 1897 ds rgr vius&vius ;gk¡
ykWdMkmu dks yxk;k Fkk rkfd dksjksuk
ok;jl ds laØe.k dh Üka`[kyk (Chain)
dks rksM+k tk ldsA
¥ Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh leorhZ lwph dh
29oha izfo"V (Entry) esa of.kZr fd;k x;k
gS fd ekuoksa] tho&tarqvksa ;k izkS/ksa ij
izHkko Mkyus okys laØked jksxksa dk fuokj.k
ljdkj }kjk fd;k tkuk pkfg,A gkyk¡fd ;g
leorhZ lwph dk fo"k; gS rks bl ij dsUnz
ljdkj ds dkuwu o fn'kk&funsZ'k lHkh jkT;ksa
ds fy, ckè;dkjh gksaxsA ;fn dsUnz vkSj jkT;
ds dkuwu o fn'kk&funsZ'kksa esa dksbZ Vdjko
gksxk rks izkFkfedrk dsUnz dks nh tk;sxhA
¥ jkT;ksa dk dguk gS fd mUgsa dksfoM&19
egkekjh ls fuiVus gsrq ftEesnkjh rks vf/d
lkSaih x;h gS fdUrq dsUnz ljdkj }kjk foÙk
lfgr vU; lgk;rk vko';drkuq:i ugha
miyC/ djk;h tk jgh gSA è;krO; gS fd
dsUnz }kjk lHkh jkT;ksa dks lfEefyr :i ls
Hkkjr dh thMhih dk yxHkx 0-7 izfr'kr
dh foÙkh; enn miyC/ djk;h tk jgh gSA
bl foÙkh; enn dks dbZ fo'ks"kKksa }kjk Hkh
ukdkiQh crk;k x;k gSA
esa Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad dh ^jkT; foÙk % o"kZ
2019&20 ds ctV dk vkdyu* (State
Finance : A Study of Budget of 2019-20)
uked fjiksVZ vk;h FkhA bl fjiksVZ esa jkT;
ljdkjksa dh foÙkh; fLFkfr ds ckjs esa dbZ
ckrksa dks Li"V fd;k x;k Fkk&
¥ fjiksVZ esa crk;k x;k Fkk fd jkT;ksa dk fiNys
ik¡p o"kksZ ds nkSjku m/kj (Debt) c<+dj
ns'k ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (thMhih) dh
rqyuk esa 25 izfr'kr gks x;k gSA bldk
dkj.k jkT;ksa }kjk vius jktdks"k dk lgh
ls izca/u u fd;k tkuk vkSj vrkfdZd
lfClfM;k¡ miyC/ djkuk jgk gSA
¥ jkT;ksa us ^vkWiQ ctV nsunkfj;ksa* dks Hkh
c<+k;k gS tks u fliQZ foosdiw.kZ ½.k izca/u
esa ck/k mRiUu djrh gSa cfYd ½.k fLFkjrk
(Debt Sustainability) ds fy, Hkh ,d
vkdfLed tksf[ke dks iSnk djrh gSaA
¥ fiNys nks o"kksZa (foÙkh; o"kZ 2017&18 ,oa
2018&19) ls jkT;ksa dk ldy jktdks"kh;
?kkVk (Gross Fiscal Deficit-GFD) dk Lrj
jktdks"kh; mÙkjnkf;Ro ,oa ctV izca/u
vf/fu;e] 2003 (FRBM) ds y{;ksa
ds vuq:i jgk gS]
D;ksafd jkT;ksa us vius
i¡wthxr [kpZ (Capital
[kpZ esa deh us jkT;ksa
dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks
vuqRikndrk dh vksj
<dsyk gSA
¥ Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk Hkkjrh; djk/ku iz.kkyh dks ,dhÑr djus ds mís'; ls dkuwuh lq/kj djds ,d u;h O;oLFkk oLrq ,oa lsok dj (th,lVh) dks 1
ŠØÔØ IAS most trusted since 2003
4 ebZ&2020 N vad 02
tqykbZ] 2017 dks iwjs ns'k esa ykxw fd;k x;kA bl u;h dj O;oLFkk us dbZ iQk;ns fn;s rks dbZ rjg dh pqukSfr;k¡ Hkh mRiUu dh gSaA Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad us vius ,d vè;;u esa dgk gS fd th,lVh ls ^VSDl ckWbvUlh* (Tax Buoyancy) ij foijhr vlj iM+k gS] bl dkj.k jkT;ksa dks mi;qDr jktLo dks"k izkIr ugha gks ik jgk gSA blds vfrfjDr] th,lVh ds izQseodZ us ,dhÑr oLrq ,oa lsok dj (vkbZth,lVh) ,oa vuqnkuksa ds gLrkarj.k ls tqM+h vfuf'prrkvksa tSlh pqukSfr;ksa dks Hkh mRiUu fd;k gSA th,lVh izQseodZ ds rgr jkT;ksa dh jktLo laxzg.k dh Lok;Ùkrk Hkh de gqbZ gSA
¥ VSDl ckWbvUlh% tSls&tSls ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (thMhih) dk nk;jk c<+rk gS] oSls&oSls VSDl (dj) dk laxzg.k Hkh c<+rk gS] blh izfØ;k dks VSDl ckWbvUlh dgk tkrk gSA VSDl ckWbvUlh] ^VSDl Vw thMhih vuqikr* dks Hkh lanfHkZr djrk gSA
,iQvkjch,e vf/fu;e
(,iQvkjch,e) vf/fu;e] 2003 dks
¥ ;g foÙkh; vuq'kklu dks laLFkkxr djus]
vkfFkZd izca/u esa lq/kj ykus] ,d larqfyr
ctV dh vksj c<+us vkSj lkoZtfud dks"k
ds lexz izca/u ds foÙkh; foosd dks
etcwr djus gsrq yk;k x;k FkkA
¥ bls ykxw djrs le; ;g y{; j[kk x;k Fkk
fd Hkkjr ljdkj foÙkh; o"kZ 2008&09 ds
vUr rd jktdks"kh; ?kkVs ds Lrj dks ns'k
dh thMhih ds rhu izfr'kr rd yk;sxhA
;gh y{; jkT; ljdkjksa ds fy, Hkh Fkk
vFkkZr~ oks Hkh vius jktdks"kh; ?kkVs dks
viuh thMhih ds rhu izfr'kr rd yk;sasA
iz- dksfoM&19 egkekjh ds pyrs jkT;ksa dh foÙkh; fLFkfr ij xaHkhj izHkko iM+s gSaA jkT;ksa dh foÙkh; fLFkfr dks lq/kjus gsrq fdl izdkj ds iz;kl fd;s tk ldrs gSa\ ppkZ djsaA
lkekU; vè;;u isij&2
Topic:
¥ la?k ,oa jkT;ksa ds dk;Z rFkk mÙkjnkf;Ro] la?kh; <kaps ls lacaf/r fo"k; ,oa pqukSfr;ka] LFkkuh; Lrj ij 'kfDr;ksa vkSj foÙk dk gLRkkarj.k vkSj mldh pqukSfr;kaA
¥ ljdkjh uhfr;ksa vkSj fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa fodkl ds fy, gLr{ksi vkSj muds vfHkdYiu rFkk dk;kZUo;u ds dkj.k mRiUu eqn~nsA
,u- ds- flag lfefr
gsrq 2016 esa ,u-ds-flag dh vè;{krk
esa ,d lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;kA bl
lfefr dh izeq[k fliQkfj'ksa fuEufyf[kr
Fkha&
thMhih ds rhu izfr'kr ds Lrj ij
yk;k tkuk pkfg, (dsUnz ,oa jkT;
nksuksa dks viuh&viuh thMhih ds
vuqlkj)A gkyk¡fd bl y{; dks Hkkjr
ljdkj ugha izkIr dj ik;h gSA foÙkh;
o"kZ 2019&20 esa Hkkjr ljdkj dk
jktLo ?kkVk thMhih dk 3-8» Fkk
vkSj ljdkj us foÙkh; o"kZ 2020&21
ds fy, 3-5 izfr'kr y{; j[kk gS]
ftls ikuk dkiQh eqf'dy yx jgk
gS (dksfoM&19 egkekjh ds dkj.k)A
2022&23 rd jktdks"kh; ?kkVs dks
thMhih ds 2-5» ds Lrj rd yk;k
tkuk pkfg,] gkyk¡fd lfefr }kjk ;g
dgk x;k fd fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
thMhih ds 0-5» rd fopyu fy;k
tk ldrk gSA
vkxs dh jkg
,oa jkT; nksuksa dks gh jktLo ?kkVs ds
ctk; dksfoM&19 egkekjh ls mRiUu gksus
okyh pqukSfr;ksa ij è;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
lkFk gh Hkfo"; esa foÙkh; vuq'kklu ykus
gsrq lqLi"V uhfr cukuh pkfg,A
¥ jkT;ksa dks dsUnz }kjk vf/d foÙkh; lgk;rk
iznku djuh gksxhA
dk 1-5 izfr'kr gh [kpZ gksrk gS] ftls dsUnz
,oa jkT; nksuksa dks feydj c<+kuk gksxkA
¥ jkT;ksa dks vf/d etcwr djus dh
vko';drk gS D;ksafd mUgsa LFkkuh;
vko';drkvksa dh vis{kkÑr vf/d
tkudkjh gksrh gSA
ŠØÔØ IAS most trusted since 2003
dksfoM&19 ds nkSjku bZ&f'k{kk % ijEijkxr i¼fr esa ifjorZu03
ppkZ dk dkj.k
¥ Hkkjr esa dksfoM&19 dk laØe.k c<+us ds dkj.k dbZ laLFkku vkWuykbu f'k{k.k tSlh O;oLFkk viukdj Nk=kksa dks i<+kbZ esa enn dj jgs gSa] fdUrq vkWuykbu i<+kbZ gsrq etcwr baVjusV usVodZ dh leL;k tSls eqís Hkh mHkjdj lkeus vk jgs gSaA blds vfrfjÙkQ vkWuykbu ço`fÙk us 'kSf{kd fo'ks"kKksa (ftuesa ;wusLdks vkSj ;wfulsiQ 'kkfey gSa) ds chp dbZ fpark,a c<+k nh gSA
ifjp;
¥ dksjksuk ok;jl us ekuo thou ds yxHkx lHkh {ks=kksa dks çHkkfor fd;k gSA nwljs {ks=kksa ij blds O;kid çHkko /hjs&/hjs lkeus vk,axs] ysfdu f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa rks vHkh ls vlj fn•us yxk gSA gkykafd blds uqdlku dks de ls de djus ds fy, dsaæ ljdkj us ^Hkkjr i<+s vkWuykbu ;kstuk* ij dke 'kq: dj fn;k gSA bls vkSj csgrj cukus ds fy, mlus turk ls lq>ko Hkh ekaxs gSaA
¥ blds rgr Ldwyh f'k{kk ls ysdj dkWyst Lrj ds bathfu;fjax vkSj O;kolkf;d lfgr lHkh ikB~ÔØe ;Fkk laHko vkWuykbu 'kq: gks jgs gSaA dksjksuk ls brj Hkh ns•k tk, rc Hkh Hkkjr tSls xjhc ns'k esa vkWuykbu f'k{kk dh t:jr vk xbZ gS] D;ksafd c<+rh tula[;k vkSj turk dh vis{kkvksa ds vuq:i gekjs ikl i;kZIr Ldwy&dkWyst miyC/ ugha gSaA
¥ ulZjh vkSj çkbejh d{kkvksa esa nkf•ys ds fy, Hkh iwjs ns'k esa viQjk&riQjh eph jgrh gSA vkWuykbu ds fodYi ls Ldwyksa ij ncko Hkh de gksxk vkSj vfHkHkkodksa ,oa cPpksa ds fy, vius&vius <ax ls i<+us&i<+kus dh Lora=krk HkhA ;kuh Ldwy esa nkf•ys dh vfuok;Zrk •Re gks tk,xhA
vkWuykbu f'k{kk ls lacfU/r ;wfulsiQ dk n`f"Vdks.k
¥ 15 vçSy dks] la;qÙkQ jk"Vª cky dks"k (;wfulsiQ)us dgk fd ykWdMkmu ds nkSjku
yk•ksa cPps vkWuykbu ,sls xse •sy jgs
gSa tks cM+ksa ds fy, cuk, x, gSaA blds
vfrfjÙkQ dksfoM 19 laØe.k dky esa
baVjusV ,Dlikstj cPpksa dks vkWuykbu ;kSu
'kks"k.k tSls tksf•e esa Mkyrk gSA
¥ ;wfulsiQ ds vuqlkj lkbcj xzwfeax cPpksa vkSj
fd'kksjksa ds lkeus vkus okys çeq• lkbcj
•rjksa esa ls ,d gS tks yxkrkj c<+ jgk gSA
;g ,d ,slh çFkk gS tgka dksbZ O;fÙkQ ;kSu
'kks"k.k ds fy, mudk fo'okl gkfly djus
ds mís'; ls lks'ky ehfM;k ;k eSlsftax
IysViQkWeZ ds ekè;e ls cPpksa ds lkFk
HkkoukRed ca/u cukrk gSA lkbcj xzwej
Gaming website, Social media, Email chat
rooms, Instant messaging tSls IysViQkeZ
dk bLrseky djds cPpksa vkSj fd'kksjksa dks
vius tky esa iQ¡lkrs gSa A
¥ Hkkjr tSlh mHkjrh vFkZO;LFkkvksa esa ;g
gkykr rsth ls c<+ jgh gSaA fo'o vkfFkZd
eap vkSj MhD;w baLVhVÔwV dh ,d la;qÙkQ
fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcd] vkB ls 12 o"kZ dh mez
okys 50 iQhlnh ls vf/d cPps lkbcj
/edh] ohfM;ks xse dh yr] vkfn ds çfr
vfr laosnu'khy gksrs gSaA
dgk] dqy f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa esa ls vk/s yxHkx
826 fefy;u (82-6 djksM+) Nk=k & dksfoM
&19 egkekjh ds dkj.k d{kk ls ckgj gq,
gSa lkFk gh muds ikl ?kjsyw daI;wVj rd
dh igqap ugha gSA
fujarjrk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fMftVy
vk/kfjr nwjLFk f'k{kk dk mi;ksx fd;k tk
jgk gS] 43 çfr'kr (706 fefy;u ;k
70-6 djksM+) yksxksa ds ikl ?kj ij dksbZ
baVjusV ugha gSA
¥ jk"Vªh; çfrn'kZ loZs{k.k }kjk ,d=k fd, x,
f'k{kk ij loZs{k.k (2014) ds vkadM+ksa ds
vuqlkj] Hkkjr esa dsoy 27 çfr'kr ifjokj
gh ,sls gSa ftuds fdlh ,d lnL; ds ikl baVjusV lqfo/k miyC/ gSA baVjusV dh miyC/rk dk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd ifjokj ds ikl okLro esa ?kj ij baVjusV gksA
¥ okLro esa] oks ifjokj ftuds ikl baVjusV miyC/ gS mues ls dsoy vk/s (47 çfr'kr) ,sls gSa ftuds ikl daI;wfVax midj.k (LekVZiQksu lfgr) gSaA lkekU;r% ftu yksxksa ds ?kj esa baVjusV gS os bl ckr dh tkudkjh ns nsrs gSa] blfy, fdrus ?kjksa esa baVjusV gS bldk iq[rk vuqeku u gksrs gq, Hkh eksVs rkSj ij mldk vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj blls ;g lwpuk Hkh feyrh gS fd muds ikl ,slk midj.k gS ;k ugha ftldk mi;ksx fdlh osclkbV ij tkus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA
¥ bl ifjHkk"kk dk mi;ksx djrs gq, ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd Hkkjr esa dsoy 12-5 çfr'kr Nk=kksa ds ifjokjksa esa baVjusV dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA ;gk¡ 'kgjh&xzkeh.k foHkktu Hkh gSA 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa 27 çfr'kr ds ikl baVjusV gS vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa dsoy 5 çfr'kr ds iklA orZeku ladV dks ns•rs gq, ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd tks Nk=k ?kj okil pys x, gSa muds fy, vkWuykbu d{kk,a vk;ksftr djuk dkjxj fl¼ ugha gksxkA
¥ 'kk;n ;gh og n`f"Vdks.k gS tks yksxksa dks vkWuykbu d{kkvksa ds ckjs esa vk'kafdr dj jgk bl le; ?kj ij baVjusV vkSj lkekU; :i ls baVjusV rd igqap ds chp varj egRoiw.kZ gSA Hkkjr ds dqN jkT;ksa esa ;g varj cgqr vf/d gSA tgk¡] dsjy esa 51 çfr'kr xzkeh.k ifjokjksa ds ikl fofHkUu lzksrksa ds ekè;e ls baVjusV dh lqfo/k miyC/ gS] ogha dsoy 23 çfr'kr xzkeh.k ifjokjksa ds ?kj esa baVjusV dh igqap gSA
¥ ;g varj vka/z çns'k tSls jkT;ksa esa Hkh Li"V fn•rk gS tgka 30 çfr'kr xzkeh.k ifjokjksa esa baVjusV dk mi;ksx gksrk gS] ysfdu ?kj ij baVjusV dh igqap dsoy 2 çfr'kr ifjokjksa rd gh gSA if'pe caxky vkSj fcgkj tSls
ŠØÔØ IAS most trusted since 2003
6 ebZ&2020 N vad 02
jkT;ksa esa] ftuesa ikjaifjd :i ls çoklh
Nk=k cM+h la[;k esa gSa] dsoy 7&8 çfr'kr
xzkeh.k ifjokjksa ds ikl baVjusV rd igqap
gS vFkkZr ftl vuqikr esa ?kj rd baVjusV
dh igq¡p gS og ,d cgqr NksVh la[;k gSA
¥ Hkkjr ds jkT;ksa esa 'kgjh ifjokjksa ds chp
baVjusV igqap dk varj de gS] gkyk¡fd
'kgjh ifjokjksa esa ?kj rd baVjusV dh
igqap Li"V :i ls vHkh Hkh xaHkhj ck/k
gks ldrh gS] D;ksafd fcgkj vkSj if'pe
caxky tSls jkT;ksa esa dsoy 18 vkSj 21
çfr'kr (Øe'k%) 'kgjh ifjokj gh ,sls
gSa tks ?kj ij dksbZ osclkbV •ksy@ns•
ldrs gSaA
¥ lhfer igqap vkSj usVodZ dusD'ku%
dbZ 'kks/ vè;;uksa ls ladsr feyrk gS
fd lalk/uksa dh deh o ?kj rd baVjusV
igqap lfgr dbZ tfVy pqukSfr;k¡ gSa tks
f'k{kdksa dks ubZ çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds lkFk esy
tksy djus es ijs'kkfu;k¡ iSnk dj jgh gSaA
¥ f'k{kdksa dk vkbZlhVh Kku vkSj dkS'ky%
2013 esa lsaVªy baLVhVÔwV vkWiQ ,tqds'kuy
VsDuksykWth (,ulhbZvkjVh esa fLFkr) us
f'k{kdksa ds fy, ,d vkbZlhVh ikBÔØe
vkSj çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe fodflr fd;k
FkkA blus igpkuk fd f'k{kdksa dks buesa
fuEufyf•r çdkj ls l{ke gksuk pkfg,%
vkbZlhVh VwYl] lkWÝVos;j ,fIyds'kal
mi;ksx djus esaA
ewY;kadu esa ,dhÑr djus esaA
fMftVy lalk/u çkIr] O;ofLFkr vkSj
rS;kj djus esaA
lalk/uksa dk ewY;kadu vkSj p;u djus esaA
vkbZlhVh ds mi;ksx ds O;kogkfjd]
lqjf{kr] uSfrd vkSj dkuwuh jkLrksa dks
tkuus esaA
ds fy, vkbZlhVh dk mi;ksx djus esaA
gkykafd çkFkfed vkSj ekè;fed f'k{kd
rduhdh ck/kvksa dks ugha le> ikrs
gSaA blds vykok çf'k{k.k dk eqík
fuf'pr :i ls tfVy gS D;ksafd çf'k{k.k
çHkko'khyrk dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,
dbZ ?kVdksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;g laHko
gS fd dqN f'k{kdksa dks vk/kjHkwr dkS'ky
esa lgk;rk dh vko';drk gks] tSls fd
ekml pykuk lh•uk] vFkok MkWD;wesaV~l
•ksyuk ,oa can djukA
¥ lhfer le;% dbZ vè;;uksa ls ladsr feyrk
gS fd dbZ f'k{kdksa esa d{kk esa daI;wVj dk
mi;ksx djus dh {kerk vkSj vkRefo'okl
gS] ysfdu os vHkh Hkh çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dk cgqr
de mi;ksx djrs gSa D;ksafd muds ikl
le; dh deh gSA
,d vPNs baVjusV dusD'ku ds lkFk gSa] os
d{kkvksa esa 'kkfey gks ldrs gSa] ysfdu tks
yksx vius xk¡o okil pys x, ;k os NksVs
'kgjksa esa baVjusV dh xfr ls tw> jgs gSa os
d{kk esa Hkkx ysus esa vleFkZ gSaA
¥ gSnjkckn fo'ofo|ky; us vkWuykbu f'k{k.k
ls lacaf/r eqíksa ij yxHkx 2]500 Nk=kksa ds
lkFk ,d bu&gkml loZs{k.k fd;kA gkykafd
90 çfr'kr cPpksa ds ikl eksckby iQksu
gS] ysfdu muesa ls yxHkx 63 çfr'kr gh
vkWuykbu d{kkvksa rd gh igqap ldrs gSaA
fnypLi ckr ;g gS fd vkWuykbu funZs'k
ds ckjs esa mBkbZ xbZ fparkvksa ds chp]
40 çfr'kr us vfo'oluh; dusfDVfoVh
dks ,d çeq• ck/k ds :i esa crk;k] tcfd 30 çfr'kr us MsVk dh ykxr dk gokyk fn;kA xkSjryc gS fd 10 iQhlnh us vfuf'pr fctyh vkiwfrZ dks fpark dk fo"k; crk;k gSA
¥ ;fn fo'ofo|ky; vkWuykbu ijh{kkvksa dh ;kstuk cuk jgk gS] rks vk/s Nk=k tks dLcksa vkSj xkaoks a esa gSa] os fuf'pr :i ls foiQy gks tk,axs D;ksafd os baVjusV ls tqM+ ugha ik,axsA
¥ uhfr vk;ksx us viuh U;w bafM;k @75 ds fy, j.kuhfrd fjiksVZ esa ,d çeq• vM+pu ds :i esa baVjusV dh xq.koÙkk vkSj fo'oluh;rk ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq, crk;k Fkk fd ns'k esa 55]000 xk¡o fcuk eksckby usVodZ dojst ds gSaA
¥ dbZ Nk=kks a ds ikl dusD'ku j•us ds fy, fMokbl] ySiVkWi] LekVZiQksu ;k iSls ugha gSaA ;s okLrfod pqukSfr;ka gSa tks vkWuykbu lh•us dh çfØ;k esa ck/k Mkyrh gSaA
¥ fiNys nks n'kdksa esa] lHkh Lrjksa ij f'k{kk dh igqap esa lq/kj ds fy, fofHkUu jkT;ksa dh vksj ls ,d lpsr ç;kl gqvk gSA
vkxs dh jkg
¥ Hkfo"; esa baVjusV rFkk dEI;wVlZ ,oa vU; midj.kks a dh miyC/rk esa lq/kj gksus dh iw.kZ laHkkouk gSA lkFk gh] vkSj Hkh vf/d f'k{kdksa o Nk=kks a ds ikl fo|ky; ds ckgj çkS|ksfxdh dh miyC/rk gksxhA
iz- dksfoM&19 egkekjh ds dkj.k Hkkjr ds f'k{k.k laLFkku vkWuykbZu f'k{kk ij tksj ns jgs gSaA Hkkjr esa vkWuykbu f'k{kk dh fLFkfr rFkk mlesa vkus okyh pqukSfr;ksa ij izdk'k MkysaA
lkekU; vè;;u isij&2
Topic: LokLF;] f'k{kk] ekuo lalk/uksa ls lacaf/r lkekftd {ks=k@ lsokvksa ds fodkl vkSj izca/u ls lacaf/r eqn~nsA
7 ebZ&2020 N vad 02 www.dhyeyaias.com
ŠØÔØ IAS most trusted since 2003
ekuo ijh{k.k dh pqukSfr;k¡ vkSj blls lac¼ eqn~ns04
ppkZ dk dkj.k
dk;Z esa dbZ yksxksa us ijh{k.k esa Hkkx ysus
ds fy, Lor% vkosnu fd;k gSA
¥ blh ds rgr 4 ebZ 2020 rd 52 ns'kksa
ds 10]310 yksxksa us '1 daysooner. org'
osclkbV ds ekè;e ls fooknkLin ijh{k.k
esa izfrHkkxh ds :i esa Hkkx fy;kA
¥ ;g ijh{k.k uksoy dksjksuk ok;jl dk Vhdk
cukus esa xfr nsus ds fy, fd;k tk,xk] ftls
^ekuo pqukSrh ijh{k.k (Human Challenge
Trails) dgk tk jgk gSA
eq[; fcUnq
fofHkUUk izdkj dh Fksjsih (laØe.k ds ckn
bykt] tSls&gkbMªksDlksDyksjksDohu] ftad
iz;ksx'kkyk,a ,oa laLFkku Vhdk (Vaccine)
cukus ds fy, 'kks/ dj jgh gSaA
¥ Vhdk cukus dh izfØ;k ds nkSjku Lo;a
lsodksa (Valunturs) dks ekuo pqukSrh ijh{k.k
ds fy, rS;kj fd;k tk jgk gSA
¥ bl izfØ;k esa Lo;a lsodksa dks igys
dksfoM&19 ls laØfer fd;k tk,xk iqu%
Vhdk ds }kjk muij 'kks/] ijh{k.k ,oa
voyksdu fd;k tk,xkA bl izfØ;k ls
Vhdk cukus dh izfØ;k dks xfr feysxhA
Vhdk
f[kyk;h@fiyk;h ;k fdlh vU; :i esa nh
tkrh gS mls Vhdk (Vaccine) dgrs gSA
¥ Vhdk] ,.Vhtsuhd (Antigenic) inkFkZ gksrs
gaSA Vhds ls thok.kq@fo"kk.kq ds izHkko ;k rks
{kh.k gks tkrs gSa ;k [kRe gks tkrs gSaA
Vhdk dk fodkl ,oa ijh{k.k
¥ Vhds dk fodkl 6 pj.kksa esa fd;k tkrk
gSA
(Regulatory Review and approvel)
¥ rhljs LVst uSnkfud fodkl ds varxZr
3 pj.kksa esa iz;ksx'kkyk esa ijh{k.k gksrk
gSA vU; LVst dk;kZy;h ,oa fofu;ked
izfØ;k gSA
uSnkfud fodkl
pj.k&1
cuk;k tkrk gSA bu ij iz;ksxkRed Vhds
ds Mkst dk ijh{k.k fd;k tkrk gS rFkk
dbZ fnuksa rd (chekjh dh le;kof/)
voyksdu fd;k tkrk gSA
izfrHkkfx;ksa dh la[;k c<+k nh tkrh gS
;fn udkjkRed gksrk gS rks iz;ksx dks ;gha
jksd nsrs gaSA
c<+k nh tkrh gS ,oa Mkst ds ifj"Ñr :i
dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
T;knk fn;k tkrk gS ftldh izfrjks/d
{kerk chekjh ls yM+us ds izfr de gksA
blesa cPps] o`¼ vkSj detksj O;fDr dh
la[;k vf/d ek=kk esa gksrh gSa A
¥ pj.k&1 ds rjg bl izfØ;k esa Hkh
ldkjkRed ifj.kke feyus ij pj.k&3
vFkok udkjkRed ifj.kke feyus ij
ijh{k.k dks ;gha lekIr dj nsrs gaSA
pj.k&3
¥ blesa izfrHkkfx;ksa dh la[;k lokZf/d (4&5 gtkj) dj nh tkrh gSA
¥ bl pj.k esa izfrHkkfx;ksa ds LokLF; ij vR;f/d le; rd ekWfuVj fd;k tkrk gSA
¥ ifj.kke dks ldkjkRed feyus ij bls FDA (Food and drug Administration) ds vuqefr ds fy, Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA
¥ eq[;r% rhu pj.kksa esa Vhdk cktkj esa vk tkrk gSA blds ckn cktkj esa vke turk ij Vhds ds izHkko dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
uSnkfud iz;ksx ds lkFk leL;k,¡ (Problems with Clinical Trails)
¥ T;knkrj uSnkfud iz;ksx liQy ugha gksrs gSaA budh liQyrk dk vuqikr 10 izfr'kr ls Hkh de gSA
¥ dksjksuk ok;jl Vhdk ds fy, euq"; ij ijh{k.k blls igys dHkh ugha fd;k x;k gSA
¥ fo'o esa vc rd ftrus Hkh Vhds cus gS] mldh vof/ cgqr vf/d jgh gS tSls&
Fluemist dk Vhdk& 28 lky esa
Rotovirus dk Vhdk& 15 lky esa
Pediatric Combination dk Vhdk&11 lky esa
ekuo pqukSrh ijh{k.k& (Human Challenge
Trails)
¥ bl izfØ;k esa izfrHkkfx;ksa dks 2 lewg esa ck¡Vk tkrk gSA izFke Vhdk ds }kjk ijh{k.k okys lewg rFkk f}rh; Iysflcks vFkkZr~ lk/kj.k mipkj okys lewgA
¥ blesa izfrHkkfx;ksa dks dksjksuk ok;jl ls laØfer fd;k tkrk gSA dqN laØfer O;fDr dks fo"kk.kq ds Vhdk ,oa ckdh dks Iysflcks (lk/kj.k mipkj) ds }kjk mipkfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
¥ bl rjg ds ijh{k.k dh izfØ;k ls ewY;oku le; dh cpr gks ldrh gS] D;ksafd 'kks/dÙkkZvksa dks okLrfod nqfu;k esa laØfer gksus dk bartkj ugha djuk iM+rk gSA
ŠØÔØ IAS most trusted since 2003
8 ebZ&2020 N vad 02
¥ lkekU;r% Vhdk cukus dh izfØ;k esa cgqr vf/d izfrHkkfx;ksa dh vko';drk iM+rh gS ijarq ekuo pqukSrh izfØ;k (Human
Challenge Method) esa vis{kkÑr de ekuo izfrHkkfx;ksa dh vko';drk gksxhA
¥ la[;k de gksus ds dkj.k izfrHkkfx;ksa dk lVhd vè;;u o ekWfuVj (ns[k&js[k) fd;k tk ldsxkA
ekuo pqukSrh izfØ;k esa uSfrd fpark,a
¥ ekuo pqukSrh ijh{k.k dksbZ igyh ckj ugha gks jgk gS] blls igys Hkh dbZ ckj gq, gaSA vkerkSj ij ekuo pqukSrh ijh{k.k de ?kkrd chekfj;ksa ij fd;k tkrk jgk gSA
¥ blls igys oSKkfudksa us eysfj;k vkSj iksfy;ks tSlh chekfj;ksa ij dh FkhA
¥ dksfoM&19 T;knk yacs le; ls izpfyr chekjh ugha gS blfy, 'kks/dÙkkZvksa ds vè;;u Hkh izkjafHkd pj.k esa gSA
¥ o"kZ 2016 esa WHO us funsZ'k fn;k Fkk fd dksbZ Hkh ?kkrd ijh{k.k Hkfo"; ds ekxZn'kZu dks izHkkfor dj ldrh gSA ekuo Vªk;y (iz;ksx) fuokjd mik;ksa ds lkFk lko/kuh ls djus pkfg,A
¥ fpfdRldh; izca/u esa 'First , do not harm'
,d ewyHkwr fl¼kar gSA fpfdRlk iz.kkyh ds }kjk ;fn fdlh dk Bhd mipkj ugha gks ldrk rks xyr mipkj Hkh uk fd;k tk,A
dksjksuk ok;jl Vhdk esa Hkkjr dh Hkwfedk
¥ KkrO; gS fd oSf'od iVy ij 2021 rd
oSDlhu cukus dh laHkkouk gS] tcfd iwuk
fLFkr flje bafLV~V;wV us flrEcj&vDVwcj
2020 rd dksjksuk dk Vhdk rS;kj djus dh
;kstuk cuk;h gSA
izfr Mkst ds ewY; ij cktkj esa miyC/
djus ds fy, Hkkjr dks vk'oLr fd;k gS
tks fd eysfj;k o Msaxw ds Vhdk ds ewY;
ds cjkcj gksxkA
iQeZ ds lkFk feydj oSDlhu rS;kj dj jgh
gSA blds lkFk gh ;g isfjl vkSj vkWfLVª;k
dh iQeZ ds lkFk feydj Hkh bl fn'kk esa
dke dj jgh gSA
ds mRiknu ds fy, lhje baLVhV~;wV ls
lk>snkjh dh gSA
dj ysrk gS rks oSf'od fu;kZr ds }kjk
viuh lkWÝV ikWoj uhfr dks csgrj dj
ldrk gS D;ksafd blls igys dbZ ns'kksa dks
gkbMªksDyksjksDohu Hkstdj fo'o iVy ij
,d vxz.kh ns'k ds :i esa viuh Hkwfedk
Li"V fd;k FkkA
¥ WHO }kjk ekU;rk izkIr lhje bafLV~V;wV
vkWiQ bafM;k Vhds ds [kqjkd (Number
of Doze) vkSj cspus dh la[;k ds fglkc
ls nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h oSDlhu fuekZrk
dEiuh gSA
fu;kZrd ;g dEiuh dbZ thou j{kd
Vhdk cukrh gS] tSls& iksfy;ks] Ýyw]MhVhih]
vkj&fgisVkbfVl&ch] :csyk] jksVk ok;jl
oSDlhu bR;kfnA
vDVwcj 2020 rd 4 djksM+ dksfoM&19
ds oSDlhu viQkWMsZcy dher ij cukus dk
y{; r; fd;k gSA
rjg dk fpfdRlhdh; iz;ksx vuSfrd gksxkA
;g vko';d gS fd ekuo ds Åij dksbZ Hkh
iz;ksx ls iwoZ foosdiw.kZ vè;;u o lko/kuh
,oa fuxjkuh ds mPp Lrj miyC/ gksA
¥ orZeku esa dksjksuk ds laØe.k ds vk¡dM+s
rFkk thou ,oa vkthfodk ij ladV tYn
ls tYn fdlh funku dh vko';drk dks
n'kkZrk gSA ekuo thou ds de tksf[ke ds
lkFk ,d vPNk ifj.kke orZeku le; dh
ek¡x gSA
iz- gky gh esa dksfoM&19 egkekjh ds Vhdk fuekZ.k ds fy, dbZ yksxksa us ijh{k.k esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, Lor% vkosnu fd;k gSA fdlh egkekjh ls cpus ds fy, Vhdk fuekZ.k gsrq ekuo ds Åij ijh{k.k uSfrd :i ls fdruk lgh gS\ ppkZ djsaA
lkekU; vè;;u isij&2
Topic: 'kklu O;oLFkk] ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh ds egRoiw.kZ i{k] bZ&xousZal&vuqiz;ksx] ekWMy] liQyrk,a] lhek,a vkSj laHkkouk,a] ukxfjd ?kks"k.kk&i=k] ikjnf'kZrk ,oa tokcnsgh vkSj laLFkkxr rFkk vU; mik;A
9 ebZ&2020 N vad 02 www.dhyeyaias.com
ŠØÔØ IAS most trusted since 2003
;w,llhvkbZvkj,iQ (USCIRF) fjiksVZ 2020 % ,d fo'ys"k.k05
ppkZ dk dkj.k
¥ gky gh esa la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk ds èkkfeZd Lora=krk vk;ksx* (U-S-
Commission on International Religious
Freedom- USCIRF) us Hkkjr] ikfdLrku vkSj dacksfM;k esa vYila[;dksa ds f•ykiQ c<+rs •rjs dh vkykspuk dh gSA ;w,llhvkbZvkj,iQ (USCIRF) us viuh fjiksVZ esa dgk Fkk fd vgenkckn ds ,d vLirky esa dksfoM&19 jksfx;ksa dks /kfeZd vk/kj ij vyx j•k x;k FkkA
¥ bl fjiksVZ esa Hkkjr dks mu ns'kksa dh fyLV esa j•us dh fliQkfj'k dh xbZ gS ftUgsa fo'ks"k fpark okys ns'k (lhihlh) ds rkSj ij crk;k x;k gSA Hkkjr us bl fjiksVZ ij dM+h çfrfØ;k nsrs gq, dgk gS fd fjiksVZ esa Hkkjr esa dksfoM&19 ds çlkj ls fuiVus dh fn'kk esa viuk, x, is'ksoj fpfdRlk çksVksdkWy ij Hkzked fjiksVZ cuk;k x;k gSA
fjiksVZ ds çeq• fcUnq
¥ /kfeZd ekeyksa esa Lora=krk dks ysdj USCIRF us varjjk"Vªh; /kfeZd Lora=krk vf/fu;e (IRFA) ds rgr /kfeZd Lora=krk ds mYya?ku esa 'kkfey jgus ;k tkjh j•us ds dkj.k Hkkjr dks fiQj ls Vh;j 2 esa j•k x;k gSA Vh;j 2 dk eryc gS fd ^fo'ks"k fparktud okyk ns'k*A
¥ 2004 ds ckn ,slk igyh ckj gqvk gS tc ;w,llhvkbZvkj,iQ us Hkkjr dks /kfeZd HksnHkko ds fy, fparktud fLFkfr okys 14 ns'kksa dh lwph esa 'kkfey djus dk lq>ko fn;kA vk;ksx }kjk 2019 dh lkykuk fjiksVZ esa Hkkjr ds lkFk gh cekZ] phu] bfjfVª;k] bZjku] mÙkj dksfj;k] ikfdLrku] lÅnh vjc] rtkfdLrku] rqdZesfuLrku Hkh 'kkfey fd, x, FksA vc blesa Hkkjr] ukbthfj;k] :l] lhfj;k vkSj fo;ruke dks Hkh 'kkfey djus dk lq>ko fn;k x;kA
¥ vk;ksx us fliQkfj'k dh gS fd vesfjdh fons'k foHkkx (US State Department)
Hkkjr dks fo'ks"k fparktud fLFkfr okyk
ns'k (Country of Particular Concern-
CPC) ds rkSj ij ukfer dj nsA
¥ fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj lcls pkSdkus vkSj ijs'kku
djus okyk Hkkjr dk ukxfjdrk la'kks/u
vf/fu;e dks ikfjr djuk Fkk] tks ns'k esa
6 /eks± ds u, yksxksa dks ukxfjdrk nsrk gS]
ysfdu eqlyekuksa dks ckgj j•rk gSA
¥ blesa dgk x;k gS fd ebZ 2019 esa Hkkjrh;
turk ikVhZ (chtsih) ds fiQj ls pqus tkus
ds ckn] jk"Vªh; ljdkj us vius etcwr
lalnh; cgqer dk bLrseky jk"Vªh; Lrj dh
uhfr;ksa dks ykxw djus ds fy, fd;k] tks
iwjs Hkkjr esa /kfeZd Lora=krk dk mYya?ku
djrh gS] fo'ks"k :i ls eqlyekuksa ds fy,A
bl nkSjku Hkkjr ljdkj us vYila[;dksa ds
f•ykiQ fgalk dks vuqefr nhA
¥ fjiksVZ es dgk x;k gS fd vxLr 2019 esa]
ljdkj us eqfLye cgqy jkT; tEew&d'ehj
dh Lok;Ùkrk dks jí dj fn;k vkSj /kfeZd
Lora=krk dks udkjkRed :i ls çHkkfor
djus okys çfrca/ yxk fn,A
¥ viuh okf"kZd fjiksVZ esa USCIRF dgrk gS
fd 2018 esa Hkkjr esa /kfeZd Lora=krk dh
fLFkfr •jkc gqbZ gSA 2018 esa yxHkx ,d
frgkbZ jkT; ljdkjksa us xSj fganqvksa vkSj
nfyrksa ds f•ykiQ HksnHkkoiw.kZ ;k xkS&gR;k
fojks/h dkuwuksa dks rsth ls ykxw fd;kA blds
vykok fgalk ls tqM+s xkS&j{kk ny eq[; #i
ls eqfLyeksa vkSj nfyrksa dks fu'kkuk cuk jgs
gSaA ;gka rd dh xkS&gR;k ;k tcju /eZ
ifjorZu ds >wBs vkjksiksa ds vk/kj ij fdlh
O;fÙkQ dh gR;k djus okys ekeyksa esa iqfyl
tkap vkSj vfHk;kstu vdlj i;kZIr rjhds
ls ugha fd, x,A
mTcsfdLrku dh /kfeZd Lora=krk jsfVaXl esa
lq/kj fd;k x;k gSA bl fyLV dks 2000 esa
igyh ckj cuk;k x;k Fkk rcls igyh ckj
lwMku dks "fo'ks"k fparktud fLFkfr okyk
ns'k" (CPC) fyLV ls ckgj fd;k x;k gS]
ogha mTcsfdLrku dks 2005 ds ckn igyh
ckj CPC fyLV ls ckgj j•k x;k gSA
;w,llhvkbZvkj,iQ
¥ USCIRF vesfjdk dk ,d Lora=k f}i{kh; fudk; gS tks fons'k esa /kfeZd ;k vkLFkk dh Lora=krk ds mYya?kuksa ij fuxjkuh j•rk gSA USCIRF dh LFkkiuk 1998 esa varjjk"Vªh; /kfeZd Lora=krk vf/fu;e (IRFA) }kjk dh xbZ FkhA ;w,llhvkbZvkj,iQ ds vk;qÙkQksa dks vesfjdk ds jk"Vªifr rFkk dkaxzsl (vesfjdh laln) ds nksuksa jktuhfrd nyksa }kjk fu;qÙkQ fd;k tkrk gSA ijaijkxr :i ls] Hkkjr USCIRF ds n`f"Vdks.k ls lger ugha gSA ,d n'kd ls vf/d le; ls] Hkkjr us USCIRF ds lnL;ksa dks ohtk nsus ls budkj dj fn;k gSA
Hkkjr ljdkj dh çfrfØ;k
¥ ;w,llhvkbZvkj,iQ dh lkykuk fjiksVZ esa Hkkjr ds ckjs esa fd, x, vkdyu dks fons'k ea=kky; us •kfjt fd;k gSA fons'k ea=kky; us dgk gS fd Hkkjr ds laca/ esa bldh i{kikrh vkSj fooknkLin fVIif.k;ka ubZ ugha gSa] ysfdu bl ckj xyr c;kuh vkSj Hkh fupys Lrj ij igqap xbZA
¥ fons'k ea=kky; us dgk fd ge bls ,d fo'ks"k lksp ds lkFk dke djus okyk laxBu ekurs gSa vkSj bldh fjiksVZ esa dh xbZ ckrksa dh ge ijokg ugha djrsA
¥ Hkkjr ljdkj dk ekuuk gS fd njvly] ;w,llhvkbvkj,iQ iwoZ esa Hkh dbZ ckj /kfeZd vktknh dh vkM+ esa Hkkjr ds vkarfjd ekeyksa esa gLr{ksi djrk jgk gSA iwoZ esa ,d ikfdLrkuh ewy ds O;fÙkQ us varjjk"Vªh; /kfeZd vktknh ij bl ,tsalh ds vykok ,d fjiksVZ rS;kj dh Fkh ftlesa Hkkjr ds ckjs esa vYila[;dksa dh fLFkfr ij vuki&'kuki fy•k x;k FkkA o"kZ 2016 ds ckn ls ;g
ŠØÔØ IAS most trusted since 2003
10 ebZ&2020 N vad 02
vk;ksx gj ckj viuh fjiksVZ esa Hkkjr ds ckjs esa dqN u dqN foijhr fVIi.kh djrk jgk gSA
¥ vesfjdk vkSj fczVsu ds dbZ ,sls laxBu gSa] tks Hkkjr fojks/h çpkj djrs jgrs gSaA ;s laxBu Hkkjr dks dB?kjs esa •M+k djus ds fy, ,d ekSds dh ryk'k esa jgrs gSaA Hkys gh ckr lgh gks ;k xyr] bUgsa Hkkjr dh vkykspuk djuh gh gSSA
Hkkjr ,d iaFkfujis{k jk"Vª ds :i esa
¥ /eZ fujis{krk vk/qfudrk dks çnf'kZr djrh gS vkSj fdlh Hkh çxfr'khy jk"Vª ds fy, lcls vPNk fodYi cuh gqbZ gSA gekjs ikl vk/qfud yksdra=kksa ds dbZ ekWMy gSa] tSls bZlkbZ cgqy jkT;&baXySaM] vk;jySaM vkSj xzhl] ;gwnh cgqy jkT;&btjk;yA eqfLye cgqy jkT; tSls&ikfdLrku vkSj ckaXykns'k vkSj ckS¼ cgqy jkT; tSls&JhyadkA fdUrq Hkkjr us fofo/rk dk t'u euk;k vkSj vYila[;dksa dks dbZ laoS/kfud vf/dkj çnku fd,A
¥ vuqPNsn 16 ;g iqf"V djrk gS fd lkoZtfud jkstxkj ds ekeyksa esa Hkk"kk] tkfr] iaFk] jax ;k /eZ ds vk/kj ij dksbZ vuqfprrk ;k vlekurk dh vuqefr ugha nh tk,xhA blls irk pyrk gS fd Hkkjr ds gj ukxfjd dks lkoZtfud lsokvksa vkSj ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa
esa leku vkSj fu"i{k lsok ds volj feyus pkfg,A
¥ Hkkjrh; lafo/ku /kfeZd Lora=krk ds vf/dkj dh xkjaVh nsrk gS] vkSj ns'k dh Lora=k U;k;ikfydk us U;k;'kkL=k ds ekè;e ls /kfeZd vYila[;d leqnk;ksa dks vko';d lqj{kk çnku dh gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/ku fuekZrkvksa us ewy vf/dkjksa ds varxZr cgqr ls ,sls çko/ku fd;s gSa] tks jkT; dh /eZfujis{k çÑfr dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA
¥ Hkkjrh; lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn 25 esa dgk x;k gS fd çR;sd O;fÙkQ dks vius /kfeZd fo'okl vkSj fl¼karksa dk çlkj djus ;k iQSykus dk vf/dkj gSA blds vykok vuqPNsn 26 /kfeZd laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk dk vf/dkj nsrk gSA
¥ vuqPNsn 27 dgrk gS fd ukxfjdksa dks fdlh fof'k"V /eZ ;k /kfeZd laLFkk dh LFkkiuk ;k iks"k.k ds ,ot esa dj nsus ds fy;s ckè; ugha fd;k tk ldrk] tcfd vuqPNsn 28 ds vuqlkj jkT; dh vkfFkZd lgk;rk }kjk pyk, tk jgs 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa esa /kfeZd f'k{kk ugh nh tk,xhA blds vfrfjÙkQ vuqPNsn 30 vYila[;d leqnk;ksa dks Lo;a ds 'kS{kf.kd laLFkku •ksyus ,oa mu ij ç'kklu dk vf/dkj nsrk gSA
fu"d"kZ
¥ Hkkjr dk lafo/ku lHkh ukxfjdksa dks leku vf/dkj vkSj U;k; lqfuf'pr djrk gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/ku us Hkk"kkbZ] tkrh;] lkaLÑfrd vkSj /kfeZd vYila[;dksa ds vf/dkjksa dh lqj{kk ds fy, dbZ mik;ksa dks viuk;k gSA
¥ lafo/ku mu lHkh yksxksa dk [;ky j•rk gS tks vkfFkZd ;k lkekftd :i ls oafpr gSa pkgs og fdlh Hkh tkfr] laLÑfr vkSj leqnk; tSls fd vuqlwfpr tutkfr vkSj vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksx gkasA
¥ jk"Vªh; vYila[;d vk;ksx dks vYila[;d vf/fu;e 1992 ds rgr LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA dsaæ ljdkj dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj jk"Vªh; vYila[;d vk;ksx esa dqy Ng /kfeZd leqnk;ksa eqlyeku] fl•] ckS¼] bZlkbZ] ikjlh vkSj tSu 'kkfey gSaA
¥ Hkkjr esa vYila[;dksa ds vf/dkjksa vkSj çxfr dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk vYila[;d leqnk;ksa dks fofHkUu çdkj dh lqfo/k,a eqgS;k djok;h tkrh gSA mUgsa ;g lqfo/k,a f'k{kk] ½.k] O;olk;] jkstxkj tSls {ks=kksa esa miyC/ djok;h tkrh gS rkfd lekt esa mudh Hkh cjkcj dh Hkkxsnkjh cuh jgs vkSj muds lkFk fdlh çdkj dk HksnHkko uk gks ldsA
¥ fu"d"kZr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd varjjk"Vªh; /kfeZd vktknh ij USCIRF vius iwokZxzgksa ls xzLr gS vkSj bl fo"k; ij mldk dksbZ vf/dkj gh ugha curk gSA
iz- USCIRF ds fjiksVZ ds vkyksd esa crk,a fd Hkkjr esa vYila[;dksa ds vf/dkjksa dks fdl çdkj lqfuf'pr fd;k x;k gS \
lkekU; vè;;u isij&2
Topic: 'kklu O;oLFkk] ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh ds egRoiw.kZ i{k] bZ&xousZal&vuqiz;ksx] ekWMy] liQyrk,a] lhek,a vkSj laHkkouk,a] ukxfjd ?kks"k.kk&i=k] ikjnf'kZrk ,oa tokcnsgh vkSj laLFkkxr rFkk vU; mik;A
11 ebZ&2020 N vad 02 www.dhyeyaias.com
ŠØÔØ IAS most trusted since 2003
vesfjdk vkSj phu esa vfo'ouh;rk dk c<+rk ladV vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; izHkko06
ppkZ dk dkj.k
¥ vesfjdk vkSj phu ds chp oSf'od 'kfDr cuus gsrq py jgs la?k"kZ dks dksfoM&19 egkekjh us vkSj vf/d c<+k fn;k gSA
ifjp;
¥ vesfjdk] phu ij dksjksuk ok;jl dh tkudkjh Nqikus dk vkjksi yxk jgk gSA vesfjdk dk dguk gS fd dksjksuk ok;jl dk tUe phu ds oqgku 'kgj ls gqvk gS vkSj fiQj ;g iwjh nqfu;k esa iQSyk gSA
¥ vesfjdk ;g Hkh vkjksi yxkrk gS fd le; jgrs phu us dksjksuk ok;jl ds ,d ekuo ls nwljs ekuo esa laØe.k ds izfr nqfu;k dks vkxkg ugha fd;k tcfd phu dks bldh iwjh rjg tkudkjh FkhA
¥ vesfjdk] phu ds lkFk fo'o LokLF; laxBu (MCY;w,pvks) dh Hkwfedk dks Hkh lafnX/ eku jgk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vesfjdk us MCY;w,pvks dh iQafMax dks jksd fn;k gSA
¥ vesfjdh jk"Vªifr MksukYM VªEi dk dguk gS fd ;fn phu vf/d ikjn'khZ jgk gksrk rks ok;jl dh izÑfr dks le>k tk ldrk Fkks vkSj brus Hk;kog gkykr u cursA
¥ phu Hkh vesfjdk ds vkjksiksa ,oa vU; if'peh ns'kksa dh ykWch ds izfrfØ;kLo:i dbZ dne mBk jgk gSA vHkh gky gh esa phu ds taxh tgktksa] foekuokgd iksr vkSj yM+kdw foekuksa us nf{k.k phu lkxj esa ;q¼ dk ykbo vH;kl fd;kA phuh lsuk dk c;ku gS fd og vesfjdk ds lkFk fdlh Hkh ;q¼ ds fy, rS;kj gSA
¥ nf{k.kh phu lkxj esa phu ds vkØked :[k dks ns[krs gq,] vesfjdk us ,iQ&35 yM+kdw foekuksa dks rSukr fd;k gSA
¥ phu dk dguk gS fd vesfjdh ljdkj ml ij feF;k vkjksi yxk jgh gS rkfd mls u fliQZ vius ns'k dh vkarfjd jktuhfr esa c<+kok feys cfYd oSf'od Lrj ij vius izHkqRo dks vkSj c<+k;k tk ldsA
oSf'od egk'kfDr
¥ tc fdlh ns'k dk yxHkx iwjs fo'o ij fdlh u fdlh :i esa izHkko vFkok izHkqRo gks rks mls oSf'od egk'kfDr dh laKk nh tkrh gSA
¥ oSf'od egk'kfDr cuus ds ihNs gkMZ ikWoj ,oa lkWÝV ikWoj nksuksa dh gh Hkwfedk gksrh gSA
¥ gkMZ ikWoj (Hard Power) esa lSU;] vkfFkZd vkfn 'kfDr;k¡ vkrh gSaA vesfjdk oSf'od 'kfDr ds :i esa viuh lSU; ,oa vkfFkZd nksuksa 'kfDr;ksa dk gh bLrseky djrk gS vFkkZr~ bl le; og gstseksfud ikWoj gSA orZeku esa vesfjdk us :l] bZjku] mÙkj dksfj;k vkfn ij vius izHkqRo dks c<+kus gsrq dbZ izdkj ds vkfFkZd izfrca/ yxk;s gSaA blh izdkj vesfjdk viuh oSf'od izfr"Bk dks cuk;s j[kus gsrq lSU; 'kfDr dk Hkh bLrseky djrk gS_ blds mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij viQxkfuLrku esa vesfjdh lsuk dh mifLFkfr dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
¥ vesfjdk dh eqnzk ^MkWyj* bl le; ,d oSf'od eqnzk gSA fo'o esa vf/drj O;kikj blh eqnzk ds rgr gksrk gSA vesfjdk viuh eqnzk ds }kjk Hkh fo'o ds ns'kksa ij viuk izHkqRo c<+kus dh dksf'k'k djrk gSA
¥ vesfjdk dh vkfFkZd ,oa lSU; 'kfDr dks izfrLi¼kZ lcls vf/d phu ls fey jgh gS vFkkZr~ bl le; phu fjohtfuLV ikWoj gSA phu dh vFkZO;oLFkk dk vkdkj dkiQh c<+ x;k gS vkSj mlds ikl ,d cM+k fons'kh eqnzk HkaMkj (Foreign Exchange Reserve) gSA blds vfrfjDr] phu us viuh lSU; {kerk dks Hkh dkiQh c<+k;k gSA phu dh ukSlSfud 'kfDr] mls egklkxjksa esa izHkqRo c<+kus esa vxz.kh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gSA
¥ phu viuh ^ou csYV ou jksM* ;kstuk ds rgr dbZ ns'kksa dh vk/kjHkwr lajpukvksa esa fuos'k dj jgk gSA blls u fliQZ ml ns'k esa phu dk izHkqRo LFkkfir gksrk gS cfYd lEcfU/r ns'k phu ds dtZ tky esa Hkh iQ¡l tkrk gSA
¥ egk'kfDr cuus dk nwljk vk;ke ^lkWÝV ikoj* (Soft Power) ds rgr laLÑfr] f'k{kk] fopkj] foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh vkfn vkrs gSaA vesfjdk us gkyhoqM fiQYeksa vkfn ds ekè;e ls fo'o ij viuh lkaLÑfrd Js"Brk dks LFkkfir fd;k gqvk gS vkSj bls c<+kus dk iz;Ru Hkh yxkrkj djrk jgrk gSA vesfjdk us f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa Hkh viuh izHkqrk dks LFkkfir fd;k gqvk gSA vkt vf/drj oSf'od Lrj ds 'kS{kkf.kd laLFkku vesfjdk esa gh gSa tgk¡ fo'o ds yxHkx gj dksus ls Nk=k vè;;u gsrq vkrs gSaA foKku vkSj LokLF; ds {ks=k esa Hkh vesfjdk dkiQh etcwr fLFkfr esa gSA vkt T;knkrj vuqla/ku ,oa fodkl (vkj ,.M Mh) vesfjdk esa gh gksrs gSaA
gstseksfud ikWoj (Hegemonic Power)
ds ekun.Mksa ,oa fopkjksa }kjk oS|rk iznku
djus dh dksf'k'k djrk gSA bl le;
gstseksfud ikWoj ds :i esa vesfjdk dks
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
fjohtfuLV ikWoj (Revisionist Power)
ml ns'k dks dgk tkrk gS tks gstseksfud
ikWoj dks pqukSrh nsdj
dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
¥ lkWÝV ikoj ds :i esa phu Hkh vius vki dks LFkkfir djus esa yxk gqvk gSA dksfoM&19 egkekjh ds dkj.k iwjs fo'o esa nokvksa vkSj esfMdy midj.kksa dh ek¡x dkiQh c<+ x;h gS] ftldh iwfrZ djds phu viuh lkWÝV ikoj dks c<+kus esa iz;Ru'khy gSA
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12 ebZ&2020 N vad 02
¥ f'k{kk] vuqla/ku ,oa fodkl (vkj ,.M Mh) vkfn esa Hkh phu us dkiQh izxfr dh gSA fo'o ds mPp pksVh ds 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa esa dbZ phu ds Hkh gSaA
¥ phu us foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k esa Hkh vesfjdk dks dM+h VDdj nh gSA phu us Dok.Ve dEI;wVj ls ysdj vU; mPp izkS|ksfxfd;ksa esa dkiQh liQyrk gkfly dh gSA varfj{k {ks=k esa Hkh phu yxkrkj vkxs c<+ jgk gSA
FkqlkbMkbM vkSj VSflVl VªSi
¥ FkqlkbMkbM VªSi (Thucydide Trap) crkrk gS fd tc igys ls LFkkfir egk'kfDr (;Fkk&vesfjdk) dks dksbZ nwljh egk'kfDr (;Fkk&phu) LFkkukiUu djrh gS rks nksuksa ds chp la?k"kZ LokHkkfod gSA
¥ VSflVl VªSi (Tacitus Trap) VSflVl VªSi dk ukedj.k jkseu bfrgkldkj ^VSflVl* ij gqvk gSA ;g fl¼kar ,d ,slh fLFkfr dk o.kZu djrk gS ftlesa ,d vyksdfiz; ljdkj ls ?k.kk dh tkrh gS] pkgs og vPNk dke djs ;k fiQj dksbZ cqjk dke djsA gky gh esa vesfjdk ,oa phu tSls ns'k viuh fo'oluh;rk dks [kks cSBs gSa rFkk VSflVl VªSi esa iQ¡l pqds gSaA
vesfjdk&phu la?k"kZ ds izHkko
oSf'od
¥ vesfjdk vkSj phu ds la?k"kksZ dk [kkfe;ktk u fliQZ bu nksuksa ns'kksa dks mBkuk iMs+xk cfYd blds izHkko iwjs fo'o ij gksaxsA
¥ tc ,d rjiQ iwjh nqfu;k dksfoM&19 egkekjh dh pqukSfr;ksa ls tw> jgh gS] ogha nwljh rjiQ nks cM+h oSf'od 'kfDr;ksa (vesfjdk vkSj phu) ds chp c<+rk ruko bl egkekjh ds izHkkoksa dks vkSj ?kkrd cuk nsxkA
¥ fo'ks"kKksa dk dguk gS fd dksfoM&19 egkekjh ds vk¡dM+ksa dks Nqikus ds vkjksi esa vesfjdk] phu ij dM+s vkfFkZd izfrca/ yxk ldrk gSA blls nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp py jgk O;kikj ;q¼ vkSj Hkh xgjk ldrk gSA
¥ ;fn phu ij vkfFkZd izfrca/ yxrs gSa rks fo'o dks esfMdy midj.kksa vkSj nokbZ;ksa dh vkiwfrZ izHkkfor gksxh rFkk budh fo'o cktkj esa dher dkiQh vf/d gks ldrh gSa] ftldk [kkfe;ktk lcls vf/d xjhc o fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks Hkqxruk iM+sxkA
¥ dbZ fo'ks"kK ;g Hkh vk'kadk trk jgs gSa fd dksfoM&19 dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ vesfjdh vkSj phu ds chp ;q¼ dks tUe ns ldrh gSaA ;fn ,slk gqvk rks ;g ;q¼ fliQZ nks ns'kksa dk ugha jgsxk cfYd bldk Lo:i rrh; fo'o ;q¼ dk gksxkA tSlk fd vkbalVhu us dgk Fkk fd rrh; fo'o ;q¼ dc gksxk] ;g irk ugha ysfdu pkSFkk fo'o ;q¼ dHkh ugha gksxk] D;ksafd rrh; fo'o ;q¼ ls ekuork dk bruk Hkkjh fouk'k gksxk ftldh dYiuk djuk Hkh eqf'dy gSA vkt lHkh ns'k ck:n ds <sj ij cSBs gq, gSaA
¥ bl le; phu] iwjs fo'o dk mRiknu dsUnz gS] vr% ;fn phu&vesfjdk ruko c<+rk gS rks u fliQZ phu dk fu;kZr izHkkfor gksxk cfYd dbZ oSf'od dEifu;k¡ ;gk¡ ls viuh mRiknu bdkbZ;ksa dks LFkkukarfjr Hkh dj ldrh gSaA D;kasafd phu dh vFkZO;oLFkk fu;kZr ij T;knk fuHkZj gS] vr% phu dks Hkkjh vkfFkZd uqdlku gksxkA
¥ dqN fo'ks"kK 'khr ;q¼ ds fiQj ls O;kIr gksus dh lEHkkouk trk jgs gSa] bl ckj 'khr ;q¼ vesfjdk&phu ds chp pysxkA
¥ vHkh rd vesfjdk vkSj phu FkqlkbMkbM VªSi esa my>s gq, Fks fdUrq dksfoM&19 egkekjh ds rgr os VSflVl VªSi esa iQ¡l ldrs gSa] tks nksuksa ds chp ruko dks pje ij yk ldrk gSA
¥ vesfjdk&phu ruko ls bu nksuksa ns'kksa ds lalk/ uksa ij vfrfjDr ncko iM+saxs vkSj budh fo'o ij izHkqrk de gks ldrh gSA
Hkkjr
¥ Hkkjr] phu dk iM+kslh ns'k gS] vr% ;fn phu ij fdlh Hkh rjg ds izfrca/ yxrss gSa rks Hkkjr blls vNwrk ugha jgsxkA gkyk¡fd fiQygky Hkkjr dh utnhfd;k¡ vesfjdk ls T;knk gSA blfy, fo'ks"kKksa dh jk; gS fd vesfjdh&phu ruko esa Hkkjr] vesfjdk dk i{k ys ldrk gS
ftlls phu] Hkkjr dks vkSj 'kadk dh nf"V ls ns[kus yxsxkA
¥ phu] ikfdLrku vkfn ds ekè;e ls Hkkjr esa vkardh xfrfof/;ksa dks vkSj c<+k ldrk gSA
¥ phu vkSj Hkkjr ds chp O;kikj izHkkfor gks ldrk gSA
Hkkjr ds fy, volj
¥ bl le; tkiku] vesfjdk ,oa vU; ;wjksih; ns'kksa dh dEifu;k¡ /hjs&/hjs phu ls ckgj fudy jgh gSa] vr% Hkkjr dks bu dEifu;ksa dks vius ;gk¡ fuos'k gsrq izksRlkfgr djuk pkfg,A blds fy, Hkkjr dks fuos'k ds vuqdwy ekgkSy cukuk gksxk vkSj dEifu;ksa dks dbZ izdkj dh NwVsa nsuh gksaxhA
¥ vHkh Hkkjr&phu ds eè; tks O;kikj gksrk gS mlesa phu vf/'ks"k dh fLFkfr esa gS] vr% ;fn dksfoM&19 egkekjh ds dkj.k phu dk mRiknu izHkkfor gksxk rks Hkkjr dk phu ls O;kikj ?kkVk Hkh de gks tk;sxk vkSj Hkkjr] ,d fu;kZrd ns'k ds :i esa mHkj ldrk gSA
¥ fo'o jktuhfr esa Hkkjr dh lkWÝV ikoj dkiQh etcwr gS] vr% Hkkjr dks viuh bl ikoj ds }kjk oSf'od ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks vius fodkl gsrq Hkqukuk pkfg,A
vkxs dh jkg
¥ iwjk fo'o bl le; LokLF; pqukSfr;ksa ls tw> jgk gS vkSj ekuork ij ,d vHkwriwoZ Hkkjh ladV eaMjk jgk gS] bl fLFkfr esa ekuo lH;rk dks cpkus gsrq lHkh dks lkFk feydj iz;Ru djus dh vko';drk gSA Hkkjr] nokbZ;ksa vkfn dh fo'o dks vkiwfrZ djds viuh ftEesnkjh dks fuHkk jgk gS] tks ljkg;uh; gSA
iz- vesfjdk vkSj phu ds chp c<+rs ruko us oSf'od Lrj ij fdl izdkj ds izHkko mRiUu fd;s gSa\ ppkZ djsaA
lkekU; vè;;u isij&2
¥ Hkkjr ,oa blds iM+kslh&laaca/A
¥ Hkkjr ds fgrksa] Hkkjrh; Mk;liksjk ij fodflr rFkk fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh uhfr;ksa rFkk jktuhfr dk izHkkoA
13 ebZ&2020 N vad 02 www.dhyeyaias.com
ŠØÔØ IAS most trusted since 2003
ppkZ dk dkj.k
¥ gky gh esa ;wjksfi;u lsaVj iQkWj ehfM;e&jsat osnj iQksjdkLV (ECMWF) }kjk dksij &fudl DykbesV psat lfoZl (C3S) vkSj dksijfudl ,VekWfLiQ;j ekWfuVfjax lfoZl (CAMS) us iqf"V dh fd vkdZfVd ds Åij vkstksu ijr esa lcls cM+k gksy can gks x;k gSA bl o"kZ ekpZ esa oSKkfudksa }kjk igyh ckj fNæ dh igpku dh xbZ FkhA
¥ ;g vkstksu fNæ vkdZfVd ds lcls cM+s {ks=k yxHkx 620000 oxZ ehy ls vf/d esa iQSyk gqvk Fkk tks vlkekU; tyok;q ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k fufeZr gks x;k FkkA
D;k gS vkstksu ijr
¥ vkstksu ijr gekjs xzg ds lcls egRoiw.kZ ok;qeaMyh; ?kVdksa esa ls ,d gSA ;g lw;Z ls vkus okyh gkfudkjd ;woh fofdj.k ls i`Foh ij thou dh j{kk djrh gSA
¥ ;g eq[; :i ls Åijh ok;qeaMy (i`Foh dh lrg ls 10 vkSj 50 fdeh ds chp) esa ik;k tkrk gS] ftls LVªsVksLiQh;j dgk tkrk gSA
¥ vkstksu vkWDlhtu ds rhu ijek.kqvksa ls feydj cuh gSA ;g vR;f/d çfrfØ;k'khy xSl gS] bldh vf/d ;k de ek=kk ekSle dks Hkh çHkkfor djrh gSA ;g i`Foh ij fofHkUu LFkkuksa esa vyx&vyx txg ij ek=kk esa vyx&vyx ikbZ tkrh gSA
¥ LokHkkfod :i ls ;g vkWDlhtu ds lkFk lkSj ijkcSaxuh (UV) fofdj.k ds var%fØ;kvksa ds ekè;e ls curh gSA ;kuh tc lw;Z dh fdj.ksa ok;qeaMy ls Åijh
lrg ij vkWDlhtu ls Vdjkrh gSa rks mPp ÅtkZ fodj.k ls bldk dqN fgLlk vkstksu esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA ;g xSl lw;Z ls fudyus okyh ijkcSaxuh fdj.kksa ds fy, ,d vPNs fiQYVj dk dke djrh gS vkSj ge rd bu fdj.kksa dks vkus ls jksdrh gSA blds vfrfjDr fo|qr fodkl fØ;k] ckny] vkdk'kh; fo|qr ,oa eksVjksa ds fo|qr LikdZ ls Hkh vkWDlhtu vkstksu esa cny tkrh gSA
D;ksa gksrk gS vkstksu ijr esa fNæ
¥ xkSjryc gS fd nksuksa gh èkzqoksa ij lnhZ ds ekSle esa vkstksu dh eksVkbZ de gks tkrh gSA ,slk vkdZfVd ij vaVkfVZdk dh rqyuk esa dkiQh de gksrk gSA ;g gksy èkzqoksa ij cgqr de rkieku ('kwU; ls djhc &90 fMxzh lsfYl;l)] lw;Z dh jks'kuh] cgqr cM+s gok ds Hkaoj (Polar Vortex) vkSj gkfudkjd çnw"k.k okys DyksjksÝyksjks dkcZu inkFkks± ls curk gSA
¥ 'kfÙkQ'kkyh Hkaoj vkSj de rkieku ds vuks•s feJ.k ls LVªSVksLiQsfjd cknyksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA èkzqoh; LVªSVksLiQsfjd ckny viuh lrg ij lh,iQlh ls fØ;k dj vR;ar fØ;k'khy Dyksjhu dks la?kfur dj ysrs gSa vkSj ;g Dyksjhu ijek.kq lw;Z dh fdj.k ds lkFk fØ;k dj eqÙkQ gks tkrs gSa vkSj vkstksu ls fØ;k djrs gSa ftlds dkj.k vkstksu dk {kj.k gksrk gSA ;g ?kVuk vLFkkbZ gS tks ges'kk lfnZ;ksa esa vaVkdZfVdk esa Hkh ?kfVr gksrh gSA
¥ vkstksu ijr esa gks jgs {kj.k ds fy;s Dyksjks Ýyksjks dkcZu xSl çeq• :i ls mÙkjnk;h gks lkFk gh gSykstu] feFkkby DyksjksiQkWeZ]
dkcZu VsVªkDyksjkbM vkfn jklk;fud inkFkZ Hkh vkstksu dks u"V djus esa ;ksxnku nsrs gSaA
¥ ok;qeaMy esa vkstksu dh ek=kk çkÑfrd :i ls cnyrh jgrh gSA ;g ekSle] ok;q&çokg rFkk vU; dkjdksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA djksM+ksa o"kks± ls çÑfr us bldk ,d LFkk;h larqyu lhfer dj j•k gSA vkt dqN ekuoh; fØ;kdyki vkstksu ijr dks {kfr igqapkdj] ok;qeaMy dh Åijh ijr esa bldh ek=kk de dj jgs gSaA ;gh deh vkstksu&{kj.kk ;k vkstksu&foghurk dgykrh gSA
¥ cká ok;qeaMy dh ijkcSaxuh fdj.ksa CFC ls Dyksjhu ijek.kqvksa dks i`Fkd dj nsrh gSaA eqÙkQ Dyksjhu ijek.kq vkstksu ds v.kqvksa ls çfrfØ;k dj bls vkWDlhtu rFkk Dyksjhu eksuksvkWDlkbM esa rksM+ nsrk gSA ok;qeaMy dk ,d eqÙkQ vkWDlhtu fiQj Dyksjhu eksuksvkWDlkbM ds lkFk fØ;k djrk gS rFkk ,d eqÙkQ Dyksjhu ijek.kq vkSj ,d vkWDlhtu v.kq dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA Dyksjhu bl fØ;k dks 100 o"kks± rd nksgjkus esa l{ke gksrk gSA
vkstksu fNnz can gksus dk dkj.k
¥ oSKkfudksa ds vuqlkj vkstksu dh fjdojh ykWdMkmu ;k çnw"k.k ds Lrj esa deh ds dkj.k ugha] cfYd èkzqoh; Hkaoj dh ?kVuk ds dkj.k gh gqvk tks èkzqoh; bykdksa esa mijh ok;qeaMy esa pyus okyh rst pØh; gok,a gSaA ;g de ncko okyh ekSleh n'kk ds dkj.k LFkk;h :i ls ekStwn èkzqoh; rwiQku dh BaMh gokvksa dks vkdZfVd {ks=k esa lhfer j•us dk dke djrs gSaA
vkstksu dk egRo
¥ vkstksu ijr dh deh èkzqoksa ds ikl ds ns'kksa esa jgus okys yksxksa ds fy, xaHkhj çHkko gks ldrs gSaA lcls çeq• çHkko Ropk dSalj vkSj vU; laHkor% ?kkrd Ropk jksx gSaA lkFk gh vkstksu ijr dk {kj.k iwjh i`Foh ij fuf'pr :i ls udkjkRed çHkko Mky ldrk gSA
vkdZfVd {ks=k esa floQqM+rk vkstksu fNnz07
ŠØÔØ IAS most trusted since 2003
14 ebZ&2020 N vad 02
¥ vkstksu ijr lw;Z ls vkus okyh ijkcSaxuh fdj.kksa dks i`Foh ij vkus ls jksdrk gSA ijkcSaxuh fdj.ksa (;woh jst) rhu çdkj dh gksrh gSa%
¥ UV-A (320&400 uSuksehVj)% ;g vis{kkÑr de gkfudkjd gS vkSj vkstksu {kj.k ls çHkkfor ugha gkssrh gSA
¥ UV-B (280&320 uSuksehVj)% ;s fdj.ksa gh euq";ksa] tUrqvksa rFkk ouLifr;ksa dks lokZf/d gkfu igqapkrh gSA
¥ UV-C (200&280 uSuksehVj)% ;s çk.k ?kkrd gS ysfdu i`Foh ij cgqr de igqaprh gSA ;s ok;qeaMy esa gh vkWDlhtu ;k vkstksu v.kqvksa }kjk vo'kksf"kr dj yh tkrh gSA
¥ buesa ls UV-B ,oa UV-C D;ksafd T;knk ÅtkZ'khy ,oa fØ;k'khy gksrh gS] vr% ;g i`Foh ds tho tUrqvksa ds fy;s cgqr uqdlkunk;d gksrk gSA
vkstksu&{kj.k dk çHkko
¥ euq"; rFkk tho&tarq% ;g Ropk&dSalj dh nj c<+kdj Ropk dks :•k] >qfjZ;ksa Hkjk vkSj vle; cw<+k Hkh dj ldrk gSA ;g euq"; rFkk tarqvksa esa us=k&fodkj fo'ks"k dj eksfr;kfcan dks c<+k ldrh gSA ;g euq"; rFkk tarqvksa dh jksxksa dh yM+us dh çfrjks/d {kerk dks de dj ldrk gSA
¥ ouLifr;ka% ijkcSaxuh fofdj.k o`f¼ ifÙk;ksa dk vkdkj NksVk dj ldrh gS ,oa vadqj.k dk le; c<+k ldrh gSaA ;g eDdk] pkoy] lks;kchu] eVj] xsgwa] tSlh ilyksa ls çkIr vukt dh ek=kk de dj ldrh gSA
¥ •k| Ük`a•yk ijkcSaxuh fdj.kksa ds leqæ lrg ds Hkhrj rd ços'k dj tkus ls lw{e tyh; ikS/s (iQkbVksIySdVkWUl) dh o`f¼ /heh gks ldrh gSA ;s NksVs rSjus okys mRiknd leqæ rFkk xhyh Hkwfe dh •k| Ük`a•ykvksa dh çFke dM+h gSa] lkFk gh ;s ok;qeaMyh; dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dks nwj djus esa Hkh ;ksxnku nsrs gSaA blls LFkyh; •k| Ük`a•yk Hkh çHkkfor gksxhA
¥ æO;% c<+s gq, ijkcSaxuh fofdj.k ls isaV rFkk diM+ksa esa •jkch vk;sxh] muds jax mM+ tk,axsA IykfLVd dk iQuhZpj] ikbi rsth ls •jkc gksaxsA
vkstksu laj{k.k% egRoiw.kZ ç;kl
fo;uk lEesyu % vkstksu {kj.k ds eqís ij varjkZ"Vªh; le>kSrs gsrq varj&ljdkjh okrkZ o"kZ 1981 esa çkjaHk gqbZA ekpZ] 1985 esa vkstksu ijr ds laj{k.k ds fy;s fo;uk esa ,d fo'oLrjh; lEesyu gqvk] ftlesa vkstksu laj{k.k ls lacaf/r vuqla/ku ij varj&ljdkjh lg;ksx] vkstksu ijr dk lqO;ofLFkr rjhds ls fujh{k.k] Dyksjks& Ýyksjks dkcZu xSlksa dh fuxjkuh vkSj lwpukvksa ds vknku&çnku tSls eqíksa ij xaHkhjrk ls ppkZ dh xbZA
¥ bl lEesyu esa ekuo LokLF; vkSj vkstksu ijr esa ifjorZu djus okyh ekuoh; xfrfof/;ksa dh jksdFkke djus ds fy;s çHkkoh mik; viukus ij lnL; ns'kksa us çfrc¼rk O;ÙkQ dhA
ekWfUVª;y çksVksdkWy% ekWfUVª;y çksVksdkWy ,d varjjk"Vªh; laf/ gS ftls vkstksu {kj.k dks jksdus ds fy, cuk;k x;k gSA bl çksVksdkWy ds ekè;e ls mu inkFkks± ds mRiknu dks de djuk gS tks fd vkstksu ijr ds {kj.k ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA
¥ bl laf/ ij 16 flracj] 1987 dks gLrk{kj fd, x;s Fks vkSj ;g 1 tuojh] 1989 ls çHkkoh gks x;h] ftldh igyh cSBd ebZ 1989 esa gsyfladh esa gq;h FkhA
fdxkyh le>kSrk % 170 ls Hkh vf/d ns'kksa ds çfrfuf/ 15 vDVwcj 2016 dks jokaMk ds fdxkyh esa 'kfÙkQ'kkyh xzhu gkml xSlksa] gkbMªks&Dyksjks&ÝyksjksdkcZu (,p,iQlh) ds ç;ksx vkSj mRiknu esa 2045 rd pj.kc¼ rjhds ls deh djus dks lger gq,A bl le>kSrs esa 1987 esa vkstksu ijr dks uqdlku igqapkus okys inkFkks± ij gq, ekWfUVª;y çksVksdkWy esa la'kks/u fd;k x;kA
¥ o"kZ 2050 rd fo'o ds rkieku esa
laHkkfor 0-5 lsafVxzsV dh c<+ksrjh dks
jksdus dh fn'kk esa ;g ,d dne gSA
¥ le>kSrs esa ,p,iQlh dks Xykscy okfeZax
vkSj vkstksu ijr dks u"V djus ds
fy, ftEesnkj xSlksa dh lwph esa 'kkfey
fd;k x;k gSA ;g 'kfÙkQ'kkyh xzhugkml
xSl vkerkSj ij jsfÚtjsVjksa vkSj ,;j&
daMh'kujksa esa bLrseky fd, tkrs gSaA
vkstksu laj{k.k% Hkkjr
dks jksdus ds fy, dne mBk jgk gSA
¥ Hkkjr ekWfUVª;y çksVksdkWy ij 19 twu
1992 esa gLrk{kj djds bldk lnL; cuk
FkkA ekWfUVª;y çksVksdkWy ds rgr igys gh
lky 2010 esa lHkh 'kgjksa esa Dyksjks&Ýyksjks
dkcZu (CFC) ds mi;ksx ij jksd yx
pqdh Fkh rks ogha 2016 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us
Hkh gkbMªks&Dyksjks&Ýyksjks&dkcZUl (HCFC)
ds mi;ksx ij dM+k izfrca/ yxk fn;kA
¥ blh Ük`a•yk esa vkxs dne c<+krs gq, Hkkjr
ljdkj us us'kuy dwfyax ,D'ku Iyku dks
ekpZ 2019 esa ykxw fd;k FkkA
¥ bl Iyku ds varxZr Hkkjr esa vkus okys
20 lkyksa esa lHkh {ks=kksa esa 'khryrk ls
lacaf/r vko';drkvksa ls tqM+h ekax rFkk
ÅtkZ vko';drk dk vkdyu djuk vkSj
bls csgrj cukuk gSA
{ks=kksa esa dwfyax dh ekax dks de djus dh
dksf'k'k djsxhA
iz- gky gh esa oSKkfudksa ds ,d ny us iqf"V dh gS fd vkdZfVd ds Åij vkstksu ijr esa tks fNnz gS og vc can gks x;k gSA vkstksu ijr esa gksus okys fNnz ds dkj.kksa dk mYys[k djrs gq,] vkstksu dh egÙkk ij izdk'k MkysaA
lkekU; vè;;u isij&3
Topic: laj{k.k] i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k vkSj {kj.k] i;kZoj.k izHkko dk vkdyuA
15 ebZ&2020 N vad 02 www.dhyeyaias.com
ŠØÔØ IAS most trusted since 2003
egRoiw.kZ czsu cwLVlZ7
[kqnkbZ f[knerxkj 01
1- ppkZ dk dkj.k
¥ gky gh esa [kqnkbZ f[knerxkj vkanksyu ppkZ esa jgk D;ksafd 90 lky igys 23 vçSy] 1930 dks gh is'kkoj ds fdLlk [okuh cktkj esa •qnkbZ f•nerxkj vkanksyu dks vfgald çn'kZudkfj;ksa ds f•ykiQ fczfV'k lSfudksa }kjk ujlagkj dj bl vkanksyu dks lekIr dj fn;k x;k FkkA
2- [kqnkbZ f[knerxkj vkanksyu
¥ •qnkbZ f•nerxkj mÙkj&if'pe lhek çkar ds Lora=krk lsukuh vCnqy xÝiQkj •ku ds usr`Ro esa Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ds fczfV'k dCts ds f•ykiQ yM+k x;k ,d vfgald vkanksyu FkkA
¥ o"kZ 1929 esa •ku vkSj vU; usrkvksa dh fxjÝrkjh ds ckn];g vkUnksyu vkWy bafM;k eqfLye yhx ls leFkZu çkIr djus esa foiQy jgk vkSj vkSipkfjd :i ls Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl esa 'kkfey gks x;kA
¥ bl vkanksyu esa iq#"k rFkk efgyk nksuksa us Hkkx fy;k FkkA iq:"kksa us pednkj yky 'kVZ] tcfd efgykvksa us dkys oL=k onhZ ds :i esa igus FksA
3- fdLlk [okuh cktkj ujlagkj D;ksa gqvk ¥ vCnqy xÝiQkj •ku vkSj •qnkbZ f•nerxkj ds vU; usrkvksa dks 23 vçSy] 1930 dks fczfV'k iqfyl
us fxjÝrkj dj fy;k FkkA
¥ •ku dh fxjÝrkjh ds fnu is'kkoj ds fdLlk [okuh cktkj lfgr iM+kslh 'kgjksa esa fojks/ çn'kZu fd;s x;sA
¥ fdLlk [okuh cktkj esa fczfV'k lSfudksa us HkhM+ dks frrj&fcrj djus ds fy, cktkj {ks=k esa ços'k fd;k]ijUrq HkhM+ us cktkj NksM+us ls euk dj fn;kA tokc esa] fczfV'k lsuk ds okguksa us HkhM+ esa ?kql dj] dbZ fugRFks çn'kZudkfj;ksa vkSj n'kZdksa dks ekj MkykA
¥ ,sfrgkfld fjdkWMZ crkrs gSa fd vaxzstksa us cktkj esa ukxfjdksa ds f•ykiQ x<+oky jsftesaV dks rSukr djus dk ç;kl fd;k Fkk] ysfdu bl lEekfur jsftesaV ds nks IykVwu us fugRFks çn'kZudkfj;ksa ij xksyh pykus ls budkj dj fn;kA
4- ujlagkj ds ckn dh fLFkfr
¥ vaxzstksa us fdLlk [okuh cktkj ujlagkj ds ckn •qnkbZ f•nerxkj usrkvksa vkSj lnL;ksa ij udsy dl nhA
¥ blds tokc esa] vkanksyudkjh usrkvksa us fczfV'kksa ds f•ykiQ vius la?k"kZ esa ;qok efgykvksa dks 'kkfey djuk 'kq: dj fn;kA
¥ vaxzstksa us vkanksyu ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk nqO;Zogkj] 'kkjhfjd fgalk vkSj /kfeZd mRihM+u fd;kA
¥ gkyk¡fd vxLr 1931 esa] •qnkbZ f•nerxkj us dkaxzsl ikVhZ ds lkFk xBca/u dj fy;k] ftlls etcwj gksdj vaxzstksa dks vkanksyu esa 'kkfey gksus okyh fgalk dks de djuk iM+kA
¥ 1947 ds ckn] •qnkbZ f•nerxkj us /hjs&/hjs vius jktuhfrd çHkko dks bl gn rd de dj fn;k fd orZeku esa fdLlk [okuh cktkj esa 90 lky igys ds vkanksyu vkSj ujlagkj dks lkewfgd Le`fr ls feVk fn;k x;kA
5- [kku vCnqy xÝiQkj [kku
¥ bUgsa cPpk •ku ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA 'kkafrokn dk ikyu djus vkSj egkRek xka/h ds lkFk ?kfu"Brk ds fy,] mUgksaus ¶ÚafV;j xka/h¸ miuke Hkh vftZr fd;kA
¥ ;s ,d i'rwu Lora=krk dk;ZdrkZ Fks ftUgksaus Hkkjr esa fczfV'k jkt ds 'kklu dks lekIr djus ds fy, vfHk;ku pyk;k FkkA
¥ •ku vCnqy xÝiQkj •ka us Hkkjr ds foHkktu dk dM+k fojks/ fd;k ] ijUrq /eZ ds ckjs esa vius mnkj #• ds fy,] mu ij dqN jktusrkvksa }kjk eqfLye fojks/h gksus dk vkjksi yxk;k x;kA
ŠØÔØ IAS most trusted since 2003
16 ebZ&2020 N vad 02
1- ppkZ dk dkj.k
¥ gky gh esa ^n rfeyukMq MkW- ,e-th-vkj esfMdy ;wfuoflZVh* (The Tamil Nadu Dr- MGR
Medical University)] psUubZ us ^fjolZ oSDlhuksykWth* (Reverse
Vaccinology) ds ekè;e ls lklZ&CoV-2 (COVID-19) ls fuiVus ds fy;s ,d laHkkfor oSDlhu dks fodflr djus esa izFke pj.k dh liQyrk izkIr fd;k x;k gS rFkk vkxs bl fjlpZ tkjh gSA
fjolZ oSDlhus'ku02
2- i`"BHkwfe
¥ 1990 esa igyh ckj uhllsfj;k esfuatkbfVl (esfuaxksdy) ds ch miHksnksa ds f•ykiQ ,d Vhds ds fy, laHkkfor çfrtuksa (,aVhtUl) ds fy, fjolZ oSDlhuksykWth dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA
¥ mlds ckn ls fofHkUu çkS|ksfxfd;ka miyC/ gqbZ gSa tks tho ds laiw.kZ thukse vuqØe dks fu/kZfjr djus esa lgk;d gks ldrh gSa] ftldk mi;ksx çksVhu dksfMax vuqØeksa dk irk yxkus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk ;s Vhdk rS;kj djus ds fy, laHkkfor y{; ds :i esa lgk;d gqbZA
¥ fjolZ oSDlhus'ku us fo'oklh ,aVhtu ds lclsV dk p;u dj jksxtud ls çksVhu vuqØeksa dh dEI;wVjhÑr LØhfuax dks viukdj Vhdk fodkl esa Økafr yk nhA
3- fjolZ oSDlhuksykWth D;k gS ¥ fjolZ oSDlhuksykWth esa fdlh tho ds ftukse dk ijh{k.k fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls fd ,aVhtu vKSj ,fiVksi
dk irk yxk;k tk lds rkfd Vhdk dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk ldsA
¥ fjolZ oSDlhuksykWth] oSDlhuksykWth dk lalksf/r :i gS tks tSo lwpuk foKku esa bLrseky gksrk gSA ,d tho dk iw.kZ thuksfed vuqØe çksVhu dks ,udksM djus okys thu dk HkaMkj gksrk gS tks laHkkfor ,aVhtu ds :i esa dk;Z dj ldrk gSA
4- eq[; fcanq ¥ blds ihNs ewy fopkj ;g gS fd] thu dks •kstus ds fy, tSo lwpuk foKku n`f"Vdks.k dk mi;ksx
djds ,d iwjs jksxtud thukse dh tkap dh tk ldrh gSA ,d ckj mEehnokjksa dh igpku gks tkus ds ckn] mUgsa Ñf=ke :i ls mRikfnr fd;k tkrk gSA
¥ bl çfØ;k esa dbZ thukse vuqØeksa dk rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k 'kkfey gS rkfd ,d fo"ke jksxtud vkcknh ds Hkhrj lajf{kr çfrtuksa dh igpku dh tk ldsA ;g iwjs thuksfed vuqØe dks •ksyus esa enn djrk gSA
¥ 'kks/drkZvksa us ,d flaFksfVd ikWyhisIVkbM dh igpku dh gS tks ok;jy thukse dks cka/ ldrk gSA vxys pj.k esa] ikWyhisIVkbM dks Ård lsy ykbuksa ij ijh{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA fofu;ked ,tsafl;ksa ls vuqeksnu ds ckn bl ij Hkh ijh{