Deverbal nouns and Deverbal nouns and historical historical

developmentdevelopment

Øivin Andersen, Department Øivin Andersen, Department of Linguistic, Literary and of Linguistic, Literary and

Aesthetic StudiesAesthetic Studies

Basic Hyotheses:Basic Hyotheses:

H1. Deverbal nouns are hybrid forms H1. Deverbal nouns are hybrid forms with verbal and nominal features.with verbal and nominal features.

H2. Deverbal nouns have closer H2. Deverbal nouns have closer semantic relations to the verb the semantic relations to the verb the younger they are. younger they are.

H3. Deverbal nouns become H3. Deverbal nouns become increasingly more nouny the older increasingly more nouny the older they are. they are.

Prototypical Verbal and Prototypical Verbal and Nominal Features of Verbs and Nominal Features of Verbs and

NounsNouns Verbal features: event denotation, Verbal features: event denotation,

description, dynamic process meaning, description, dynamic process meaning, tense, aspect, presence of argument tense, aspect, presence of argument structure.structure.

Nominal features: entity denotation, Nominal features: entity denotation, spesific reference, result meaning, no spesific reference, result meaning, no aspect, no argument structure. aspect, no argument structure.

Hopper, Paul J. & Sandra A. Thompson. 1985. The iconicity of the universal categories ‘noun’ and ‘verb’.

Theoretical and empirical Theoretical and empirical basisbasis

Two empirical domains:Two empirical domains:

D1Syncronic frequency Data from gramma-ticalization theory

D2Authentic diachronic

data

Theory and Relevant DataTheory and Relevant Data

D2: Lack of data, but H3 is attested for D2: Lack of data, but H3 is attested for many languages, jf. Malchukov (2004).many languages, jf. Malchukov (2004).

D1: Frequency data motivated by D1: Frequency data motivated by grammaticalization and lexicalization grammaticalization and lexicalization theory. Sources: The Oslo Corpus and The theory. Sources: The Oslo Corpus and The Norwegian Newspaper Corpus. Norwegian Newspaper Corpus.

Grammaticalization: The study of how Grammaticalization: The study of how lexical items and constructions take on lexical items and constructions take on specialized, grammatical functions. specialized, grammatical functions. (Hopper & Traugott 2003). (Hopper & Traugott 2003).

LexicalizationLexicalization

Lexicalization is the change whereby in certain linguistic contexts speakers use a syntactic construction or word formation as a new contentful form with formal and semantic properties that are not completely derivable from the constituents of the construction or the word formation pattern. Over time there may be further loss of internal constituency and the item may become more lexical. (Brinton & Traugott 2005:96).

Consequences of Consequences of LexicalizationLexicalization

1. Lexicalization takes place in definable stages 1. Lexicalization takes place in definable stages (paths, clines).(paths, clines).

2. Constructions with a compositional semantics 2. Constructions with a compositional semantics loose compositionality. loose compositionality.

3. The internal constituent structure of 3. The internal constituent structure of constructions become more idiosyncratic constructions become more idiosyncratic (Lehmann 1995).(Lehmann 1995).

4.There are no sharp boundaries between 4.There are no sharp boundaries between grammar and lexicon. grammar and lexicon.

5. Members of the class adpositions may have 5. Members of the class adpositions may have both lexical and grammatical members at the both lexical and grammatical members at the same time (cf. same time (cf. layeringlayering in unidirectionality theory in unidirectionality theory (Lehmann 1995). (Lehmann 1995).

Deverbal Nouns in a Diachronic Deverbal Nouns in a Diachronic PerspectivePerspective

Pilot investigation on zero suffix nounsPilot investigation on zero suffix nouns DNH1: Zero suffix nouns have a DNH1: Zero suffix nouns have a

different mixture of verbal and nominal different mixture of verbal and nominal properties. Some are more” verby” properties. Some are more” verby” and some are more ”nouny”. and some are more ”nouny”.

DNH2: Prep DNH2: Prep avav ”of” can function both ”of” can function both as a lexical preposition and as a as a lexical preposition and as a grammatical preposition (Grimshaw: grammatical preposition (Grimshaw: theta transmitter).theta transmitter).

Testing DNH2: The Oslo Testing DNH2: The Oslo corpus, 18,5 mill. word tokenscorpus, 18,5 mill. word tokens

Only two occurrences with Only two occurrences with the preposition the preposition forfor::

AV/BT95/02AV/BT95/02: ..: ..urt Lancaster) skal urt Lancaster) skal bygge et bygge et mottak formottak for nordsjøolje i en nordsjøolje i en skotsk småby. skotsk småby. Stedet… Stedet…

AV/BT95/01AV/BT95/01: …: …ere et nettverk av ere et nettverk av kombinerte kombinerte mottak formottak for skogssopp skogssopp og -bær over hele landet. og -bær over hele landet. Øs…Øs…

Testing DNH2: The Oslo Testing DNH2: The Oslo corpus, 18,5 mill. word tokenscorpus, 18,5 mill. word tokens

82 occurences with the preposition 82 occurences with the preposition avav::

……liegjenforeningen, og øvrige liegjenforeningen, og øvrige mottak avmottak av asylsøkere og flyktninger på 1980-talle…asylsøkere og flyktninger på 1980-talle…

AV/Af96/01AV/Af96/01:… :… land og landet er isolert for land og landet er isolert for mottak mottak avav nabolands programmer. Kilde : Nordisk … nabolands programmer. Kilde : Nordisk …

AV/Fa96/01AV/Fa96/01: …: …es av andre i forlaget? es av andre i forlaget? Vårt Vårt mottak mottak avav manus på papir utenfra er idag ca 18 tr… manus på papir utenfra er idag ca 18 tr…

AV/VG96/01AV/VG96/01: …sc: …scoringen var bare genial, med oringen var bare genial, med mottak avmottak av høy klasse, måten han vendte vekk høy klasse, måten han vendte vekk svei…svei…

How can we use frequency How can we use frequency data?data?

Hopper & Traugott (2003:125) token frequency, i.e. Hopper & Traugott (2003:125) token frequency, i.e. the number of times a particular form occurs in texts the number of times a particular form occurs in texts or the changes in frequency of forms or constructions or the changes in frequency of forms or constructions over time. These frequency data are very over time. These frequency data are very characteristic of the grammaticalization of characteristic of the grammaticalization of grammatical forms. Changes such as semantic fading, grammatical forms. Changes such as semantic fading, phonological reduction, positional fixing, increasing phonological reduction, positional fixing, increasing compositionality and erasure of word boundaries, are compositionality and erasure of word boundaries, are inseparable from the absolute frequency of the forms inseparable from the absolute frequency of the forms and the frequency with which they occur with other and the frequency with which they occur with other forms. In the opposite process, lexicalization, factors forms. In the opposite process, lexicalization, factors such as semantic enrichment and reduction of such as semantic enrichment and reduction of compositionality will be assumed to have a close compositionality will be assumed to have a close connection to token frequency. connection to token frequency.

Testing DNH1: Norwegian Testing DNH1: Norwegian Newspaper corpus: 430 mill. ordNewspaper corpus: 430 mill. ord

deverbal deverbal noun + noun + prep.prep.

absolute absolute frequency frequency

Rel.freq.Rel.freq.

per 100 per 100 mill.words mill.words

F of prep F of prep avav for first for first 200 occur200 occur

Gr. - LexGr. - Lex

brudd avbrudd av 3030 77 16- 1416- 14

kjøp avkjøp av 77477747 18171817 200 - 0200 - 0

salg avsalg av 1631916319 38283828 200 - 0200 - 0

skudd avskudd av 153153 3535 0 - 1530 - 153

drap av drap av 186186 4343 133 - 53133 - 53

slag avslag av 3030 77 0 - 300 - 30

Different nounhood of zero Different nounhood of zero suffix nouns:suffix nouns:

perfect noun ----------------------------------imperfect perfect noun ----------------------------------imperfect nounnoun

skuddskudd slagslag bruddbrudddrapdrap salg salg kjøpkjøp

idiosyncraticidiosyncraticpredictablepredictable

no argument structureno argument structureargument structureargument structure

no participant structureno participant structure participant structure participant structure

Factors in the nominalization path

Non-lexical/less lexical More lexical transparent opaque regular irregular full inner structure reduced inner

structure predictable unpredictable compositional idiosyncratic based on Hopper & Thompson 1985,

Lehmann 2002, Malchukov 2004 and Brinton & Traugott 2005

Postulated StagesPostulated Stages

Stage 1: Establishment of process event meaning and reference

Standardprosedyre for isoler-ing av reguleringsventiler

Sjekk-Ø av manuell-e ventiler må foregå ettter kontortid.

Halliday & Martin (1993), Banks (2004), Cowie (2000).

Stage 2

Development of result meaning, specific reference, development of logical polysemy by reanalysis and analogical spreading

AA060201 Når vi får tegning av kjøkkenrommet som viser vannuttak…

AP060203 Tegningene som nå fordømmes er en tegning av profeten med en bombe i turbanen.

Presence of logical polysemy

Morphological type Yes No -(n)ing 69 19 [zero suffix] 29 2 -sjon 11 5 -asje 5 0 infinitive 0 4 -anse 2 0 -sel 2 0 -skap 0 1 -t 0 1 -else 2 2

Stage 3Stage 3 Development of idiosyncratic polysemy,

semantic distance When a word/collocation is lexicalized a

specific semantic component is added to the DN (Wischer 2000).

DB060117 De har påtatt seg salg av prosjekterte leiligheter…

AP060211 I januar hadde vi salg på varer som var billige fra før.

Salg av: 3828 per 100 million words Salg på: 297 per 100 million words, only six

with idiosyncratic meaning.

Stage 4

Development of idiosyncratic morphophonological alternation. Form distance

Isomorphic relationship between semantic idiosyncracy and form idosyncracy.

Morphophonological alternations between the infinitive form and the corresponding zero suffix nouns tend to be lexically governed, i.e. idiosyncratic and irregular:

Infinitive–deverbal noun alternations

Infinitive Deverbal noun

1. bryte brudd2. drepe

drap3. skyte

skudd

Infinitive Deverbal noun

4. slå slag5. selge salg6. kjøpe kjøp

Token frequency for deverbal zero suffix nouns plus preposition av

DN+ DN+ prepprep

Abs. Abs. FrequenFrequen-cy-cy

Rel. Rel. FrequenFrequen-cy -cy

Partici-Partici-pantpant

Non-Non-partici-partici-pantpant

Brudd Brudd avav

3030 77 1616 1414

Kjøp avKjøp av 77477747 18171817 200200 00

Salg avSalg av 1631916319 38283828 200200 00

Skudd Skudd avav

153153 3535 00 153153

Drap avDrap av 186186 4343 133133 5353

Slag av Slag av 3030 77 00 3030

Token frequency for deverbal zero suffix noun plus preposition på

DN+ DN+ prepprep

Abs. Abs. FrequenFrequen-cy-cy

Rel. Rel. FrequenFrequen-cy -cy

Parici-Parici-pantpant

Non-Non-partici-partici-pantpant

Brudd Brudd påpå

1363413634 32523252 200200 00

Kjøp påKjøp på 206206 4848 4444 156156

Salg påSalg på 12691269 297297 66 194194

Skudd Skudd påpå

10171017 238238 11 199199

Drap påDrap på 62856285 14991499 189189 1111

Slag påSlag på 247247 7777 1010 190190

Argument and participant structure with zero suffix

nouns.Infinitive Deverbal

nounPredicta-bility

Frequency Argument strucure

Participant structure

skyte skuddskudd Idiosyn-Idiosyn-craticcratic

lowlow nono nono

slåslå slagslag Idiosyn-Idiosyn-craticcratic

lowlow nono littlelittle

brytebryte bruddbrudd Idiosyn-Idiosyn-craticcratic

lowlow somesome fullfull

drepedrepe drapdrap Idiosyn-Idiosyn-craticcratic

lowlow somesome Almost Almost fullfull

selgeselge salgsalg Idiosyn-Idiosyn-craticcratic

highhigh fullfull littlelittle

kjøpekjøpe kjøpkjøp predictablpredictablee

highhigh fullfull littlelittle

Stage TheoryStage Theory

Bybee’s ordering hierarchy: The iconic Bybee’s ordering hierarchy: The iconic principle of a given category’s relevance principle of a given category’s relevance to the root, i.e. the extent to wich the to the root, i.e. the extent to wich the meaning of a verbal category or property meaning of a verbal category or property directly affects or modifies the meaning of directly affects or modifies the meaning of the stem (Bybee 1985). the stem (Bybee 1985).

Verbal properties like valence and aspect Verbal properties like valence and aspect are more relevant than tense. Hence tense are more relevant than tense. Hence tense is easier lost in nominalization than is easier lost in nominalization than aspect. aspect.

Stage 5: Loss of aspect distinctions by analogical spreading

Aspect distinctions and morphological types:Aspect distinctions and morphological types: DB050808 Nå ser vi det samme i NRK med Nå ser vi det samme i NRK med

sparking avsparking av medarbeidere som virkelig gjør medarbeidere som virkelig gjør noe. noe.

DB051024 Nå blir det et drama helt til siste Nå blir det et drama helt til siste spark påspark på ballen. ballen.

BT050427 Spør om råd til BT050427 Spør om råd til stell avstell av de de plantene du har investert i. plantene du har investert i.

VG050518 skyggejakting og alt for mye VG050518 skyggejakting og alt for mye stelling avstelling av egen pels, melder egen pels, melder Daily Daily TelegraphTelegraph. .

Aspect and arg. structure with Aspect and arg. structure with zero suffix nouns plus prep. zero suffix nouns plus prep. avavDN+preDN+prepp

Abs.freAbs.freq.q.

Rel.freqRel.freq..

GrammGrammatical atical prepprep

Lexical Lexical prepprep

Vask avVask av 137137 3131 137137 00

Vasking Vasking avav

7474 1616 7474 00

Spark Spark avav

2222 55 66 1616

SparkinSparking avg av

1919 44 1919 00

Aspect and arg. Structure with Aspect and arg. Structure with zero suffix nouns plus prep. zero suffix nouns plus prep. påpåDN + DN + prepprep

Abs. Abs. freq.freq.

Rel. Rel.

freqfreqPartici-Partici-pantpant

Non-Non-partic-partic-ipantipant

vask påvask på 2323 55 00 2323

vasking vasking påpå

55 11 00 55

spark spark påpå

355355 8181 110110 9090

sparkinsparking påg på

22 00 00 22

Dist. of perfective (result) and Dist. of perfective (result) and imperfective (process) with imperfective (process) with

zero suffix and –ing nouns plus zero suffix and –ing nouns plus prep. prep. avav

DN + prep.DN + prep. Perfective/Perfective/

resultresultImperfective/Imperfective/

processprocess

Vask avVask av 00 137137

Vasking avVasking av 00 7474

Spark avSpark av 1515 66

Sparking avSparking av 00 1919

ExamplesExamples VG040327 Teknikken min er utsatt. Jeg får feil VG040327 Teknikken min er utsatt. Jeg får feil

skru påskru på ballen. ballen. DA060204 Så fikk Bjørnstad DA060204 Så fikk Bjørnstad sving påsving på sakene, og sakene, og

vartet opp med birdier…vartet opp med birdier… DB040814 ..i tradisjonen fra latinen, med mye DB040814 ..i tradisjonen fra latinen, med mye

pugg avpugg av bøyningsmønstre og deklinasjoner… bøyningsmønstre og deklinasjoner… SA990219 Han tenkte på ”Gift” og kritikk av SA990219 Han tenkte på ”Gift” og kritikk av

pugging avpugging av latinske gloser og byer i Belgia. latinske gloser og byer i Belgia. AA011115 Siste skikkelige AA011115 Siste skikkelige rens avrens av kirken ble kirken ble

foretatt for 50 år siden. foretatt for 50 år siden. AP060304 Produktene brukes både til AP060304 Produktene brukes både til rensing avrensing av

drikkevann og avløpsvann. drikkevann og avløpsvann.

Accomplishments and Accomplishments and achievmentsachievments

Perfective zero suffix DNs correspond Perfective zero suffix DNs correspond to achievements/ simple events.to achievements/ simple events.

Imperfective zero suffix DNs Imperfective zero suffix DNs correspond to correspond to accomplishments/complex events. accomplishments/complex events.

Cf. Grimshaw 1990: English Cf. Grimshaw 1990: English accomplishment DNs have argument accomplishment DNs have argument structure and achievements do not. structure and achievements do not.

What about Norwegian?What about Norwegian?

VG060212 …, det blir for mange VG060212 …, det blir for mange spark påspark på ballen, sier Ferguson. ballen, sier Ferguson.

DB991210 Et av DB991210 Et av sparkenesparkene treffer treffer meg i låret. meg i låret.

Maximal Difference PrincipleMaximal Difference Principle

Categories tend to be defined in Categories tend to be defined in terms of prototypes that contain the terms of prototypes that contain the attributes that are most attributes that are most representative of items inside and representative of items inside and least representative of items outside least representative of items outside the category (Rosch/Lloyd 1978). the category (Rosch/Lloyd 1978).

When imperfect nouns become When imperfect nouns become perfect nouns, they tend to take on perfect nouns, they tend to take on more attributes representative of the more attributes representative of the noun category. noun category.

Maximal Difference PrincipleMaximal Difference Principle Various expressions of quantification are Various expressions of quantification are

typical of perfect nouns. typical of perfect nouns. Correlation between different semantic types, Correlation between different semantic types,

morphological types and aspect on the one morphological types and aspect on the one hand, and various types of quantification on hand, and various types of quantification on the other hand: simple event nouns tend to the other hand: simple event nouns tend to be countable, can be pluralized, individuated, be countable, can be pluralized, individuated, quantified and occur with the indefinite quantified and occur with the indefinite article. article.

Complex event nouns tend not to be Complex event nouns tend not to be pluralized, have only mass quantification, and pluralized, have only mass quantification, and do not occur with the indefinite article:do not occur with the indefinite article:

Aspect types and Aspect types and quantificationquantification

Semantic Semantic typetype

Simple Simple eventevent

Complex Complex eventevent

Complex Complex eventevent

Morph.typMorph.typee

Zero suff.Zero suff. -ing-ing Zero suff. Zero suff.

ExamplesExamples grøss grøssing pass

PluralPlural grøssene *grøssingene

**passene

Individual Individual Quant.Quant.

mange mange grøssgrøss

*mange *mange grøssingergrøssinger

*mange *mange passerpasser

Mass Mass quantquant

*mye grøss*mye grøss mye mye grøssinggrøssing

mye passmye pass

Indef. Art.Indef. Art. et grøsset grøss *en *en grøssinggrøssing

*en pass*en pass

Stage 6: Loss of dependent and lexical differentiation

Development of idiosyncratic polysemy Development of idiosyncratic polysemy may lead to loss of dependent:may lead to loss of dependent:

SA051219 …ikke har problemer med å SA051219 …ikke har problemer med å spise over spise over vaskenvasken og drikke fra og drikke fra kartongen.kartongen.

CF. Skjær (Anglo-Saxon CF. Skjær (Anglo-Saxon scorianscorian), kløft ), kløft (from klufta ”to split”)(from klufta ”to split”)

Lexical differentiation: bygging vs bygning, Lexical differentiation: bygging vs bygning, stiging vs stigning, retting vs retning, stiging vs stigning, retting vs retning, skaping vs skapning. skaping vs skapning.

ConclusionConclusion

Norwegian DNs are in a state of flux.Norwegian DNs are in a state of flux. Grammaticalization theories and Grammaticalization theories and

frequency data suggest that DNs tend frequency data suggest that DNs tend to become more like perfect nouns. to become more like perfect nouns.

The process can be described in terms The process can be described in terms of stages triggered by phenomena like of stages triggered by phenomena like relevance to the root, reanalysis, relevance to the root, reanalysis, language use, isomorphism, The language use, isomorphism, The Maximal Difference Principle and Maximal Difference Principle and Prototype TheoryPrototype Theory