developments in wave energy conversion · 2013-07-24 · wave energy converter in the civitavecchia...
TRANSCRIPT
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Türkiye Offshore Energy Conference, Istanbul, 19-21 June 2013
DEVELOPMENTS IN WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION
António F. O. Falcão Instituto Superior Técnico,
Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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SUMMARY
• The resource
• The technologies
• The power take-off equipment
• The situation of wave energy conversion
• Wave energy conversion in the Mediterranean
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THE RESOURCE
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WAVE ENERGY
SOLAR
ENERGY
WIND
ENERGY
WAVE
ENERGY
Typical values of wave energy flux per
unit wave crest length (annual average)
Deep water: 4-70 kW/m
Near shore: lower values,
Depending on:
• bottom slope
• local depth (wave breaking)
• bottom roughness (friction)
• bottom configuration (diffraction, refraction)
Close to the surface (h<20m):
density flux of energy (kW/m2) can be
much higher than wind energy
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THE WAVES AS ENERGY RESOURCE
The waves are generated by the wind.
In deep water ( > 100 - 200m ) they travel large
distances (thousands of km) practically without
dissipation.
The characteristics of the waves (height, period, etc.)
depend on:
Sea surface area acted upon by the wind (large
oceans versus Mediterranean)
Duration of wind action
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World distribution of wave energy level Annual-averaged values in kW/m (deep water, open sea)
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Wave Energy Resource
From: Barstow, Mollison & Cruz.
• The total theoretical wave power resource in the oceans is very large: 1-10 TW (average world electrical power consumption: 2 TW).
• It is larger
- off western coasts of the continents (Coriolis force)
- in moderate to high latitudes
Average Annual Wave Power (kW/m)
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Wave Energy Resource
From: Barstow, Mollison & Cruz, 2008
Seasonal Variation
Seasonal variations are much larger in the Northern Hemisphere than
in the Southern Hemisphere (an important advantage)
Minimum Monthly Wave Power Relative to Annual
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L. Liberti, A. Carillo, G. Sannino, Wave energy resource in the Mediterranean, the Italian perspective. Renewable Energy, vol. 50, p. 938-949, 2013
Distribution of average power per unit crest length in the Mediterranean, 2001-2010
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L. Liberti, A. Carillo, G. Sannino, Wave energy resource in the Mediterranean, the Italian perspective. Renewable Energy, vol. 50, p. 938-949, 2013
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A. Akpinar, M.I. Kömürcü. Assesssment of wave energy resource of the Black Sea based on 15-year numerical hindcast data. Applied Energy, vol. 101, p. 501-512, 2013.
Distribution of average power per unit crest length in the Black Sea, from 15-year hindcast data
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<200m
several
km
WIND
The wind velocity profile extends over
several km.
A wind farm explores a tiny sublayer
20m
WAVES
Most of the wave energy flux is
concentrated near the surface
A wave farm can absorb a large part of
the wave energy flux.
WIND VERSUS WAVES
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THE TECHNOLOGIES
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How far have we gone in 40 years ? Some milestones:
1974 - Salter & the duck
1976 – Masuda & Kaimei 1975- …The early theoreticians
1975-82 - The British Program
Goal: 2 GW plant
1991: EU backs up wave energy
1996 EURATLAS
1999-2000
OWCs in Europe
Early 1980s
Point absorbers in Scandinavia
1985-91
The early OWCs
Since 2004
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Vestas Suzlon
GE Enercon Unlike the case of large wind turbines …
Wave Energy Converter Types
… there is a wide range of wave energy devices, at different development stages, competing against each other.
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Oscillating Water Column (with air turbine)
Oscillating body (hydraulic motor, hy-draulic turbine, linear electric generator)
Overtopping (low head water turbine)
Floating
Submerged
Heaving: Aquabuoy, IPS Buoy, Wavebob, PowerBuoy, FO3
Pitching: Pelamis, PS Frog, Searev, SeaRay
Heaving: AWS
Bottom-hinged: Oyster, Waveroller
Fixed structure
Shoreline (with concentration): TAPCHAN
In breakwater (without concentration): SSG
Floating structure (with concentration): Wave Dragon
Fixed structure
Floating: Mighty Whale, BBDB, Spar-buoy
Isolated: Pico, LIMPET, Oceanlinx
In breakwater: Sakata, Mutriku
Wave Energy Converter Types
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Different ways of classifying WECs:
• Shoreline
• Nearshore
• Offshore
According to working principle
Point absorber
Large absorber
Terminator
Attenuator
Multibody
Wave Energy Converter Types
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OWC (Oscillating Water Column)
VALVE
OWC
AIR
TURBINE
WAVES 12m
Wave Energy Converter Types
Cross-section of bottom-standing OWC plant.
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Earlier OWC prototypes: the structure is fixed to the bottom
Japan India Portugal
UK
China Australia Spain
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Floating OWCs are more appropriate for large-scale
exploitation of wave energy.
Mighty Whale, Japan, 1998 BBDB, Ireland, 2008
Oceanlinx Mk 3, Australia, 2010
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OWC: floating
Spar-buoy OWC
1:16 scale model at NAREC, UK, October 2012.
At Nazaré, Portugal, 2012.
48m
16m 1:16 scale
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Oscillating Bodies
Bolt, Norway
PowerBuoy, USA
CETO, Australia
SeaRay USA
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Multibody
1/10th scale
1/2 scale
WaveStar, Danmark
Hyperbaric converter, Brazil
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Floating, Multibody,
Pelamis, UK
3-unit farm, Portugal, 2008.
New Mark 2 version
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Submerged, Bottom-hinged, Nearshore
Oyster, UK
At EMEC, Scotland, 2010
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WaveRoller, Finland
The concept
Submerged, Bottom-hinged, Nearshore
3 x 100 kW, being installed at Peniche, Portugal, 2012
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(SWEDEN)
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THE POWER TAKE-OFF EQUIPMENT
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Special air turbines for oscillating-water-column plants
WELLS
IMPULSE
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Uppsala University, Sweden
2008
2006
Linear electric generator High-head hydraulic turbines
wheel or
runner
nozzle
wheel or
runner
nozzle
Oyster
Brazil
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High-pressure-oil PTO
Pelamis
WaveRoller
WaveBob PowerBuoy
Wave Star
Wave Roller
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THE SITUATION OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION
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A few basic concepts:
• Oscillating water column (OWC)
• “point absorber”
• large oscillating-body (multi-body)
• run-up device, ...
No technology appears to be dominant (unlike wind).
A large number of designs (>50) of which a few (≈15 ?) reached (or are close to) the prototype stage.
There are several effective ways of absorbing energy from the waves.
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Ge
olo
gica
l tim
e
Like in life, will there be a Darwinian preservation of favoured wave energy converter designs in the struggle for the market?
How long will it take ? Which one(s) will be the winner(s) ?
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Ge
olo
gica
l tim
e
Like in life, will there be a Darwinian preservation of favoured wave energy converter designs in the struggle for the market?
How long will it take ? Which one(s) will be the winner(s) ?
Oscillating Water Column (with air turbine)
Oscillating body (hydraulic motor, hy-draulic turbine, linear electric generator)
Overtopping (low head water turbine)
Fixed structure
Floating: Mighty Whale, BBDB
Isolated: Pico, LIMPET, Oceanlinx
In breakwater: Sakata, Mutriku
Floating
Submerged
Heaving: Aquabuoy, IPS Buoy, Wavebob, PowerBuoy, FO3
Pitching: Pelamis, PS Frog, Searev
Heaving: AWS
Bottom-hinged: Oyster, Waveroller
Fixed structure
Shoreline (with concentration): TAPCHAN
In breakwater (without concentration): SSG
Floating structure (with concentration): Wave Dragon ?
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Possibly the “most difficult” of the renewables.
From the develpment and economic point of view, the situation is similar to wind in the 1980s ?
Except for a small number of cases, there is little or no experience of maintenance, reliability and survival (under extreme conditions) in real open-sea, for more than a few months.
The most advanced technologies are at the pre-commercial stage.
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For most technologies, the capacity factor: annual-averaged power divided by rated power, is similar to wind (~0.3 – 0.35) (possibly larger in the southern hemisphere due to smaller seasonal variations).
At the present stage of technology development, the unit cost of electricity from waves ranges between wind and large photovoltaics.
In order to be competitive with onshore wind, a cost reduction factor of about 3 will be required for the best designs (2 or less if compared with offshore wind).
As for wind, the extensive exploitation of wave energy will require large arrays or farms.
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WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN
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The level of wave energy resource in most of Mediterranean is substantially lower than in the large oceans.
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• Most of the Research & Development is taking place in Italy.
• Combine caisson breakwaters for harbour protection with energy production from waves.
• Technology: oscillating water column with air turbines.
• This is being done in coastal areas of low wave energy content.
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New harbour breakwaters to include wave energy absorption:
• Civitavecchia (near Rome)
• Pantelleria island (between Sicily and Tunisia)
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The technology: U-shaped oscillating-water-column in a caisson breakwater
HARBOUR SIDE
SEA SIDE
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Enlargement of Civitavecchia harbour
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REWEC3 caisson at the preliminary stage, before placing in situ (2012-2013).
Cross-section of the REWEC3 wave energy converter in the Civitavecchia harbour
Enlargement of Civitavecchia harbour
• F. Arena, A. Romolo, G. Malara, A. Ascanelli. On design and building of a U-OWC wave energy converter in the Mediterranean sea. 32nd Int. Conference Ocean Offshore Arctic Engineering, Nantes, France, June 10-13, 2013.
• F. Arena, V. Fiamma, V. Laface, G. Malara et al. Installing U-OWC devices along the Italian coasts. 32nd Int. Conference Ocean Offshore Arctic Engineering, Nantes, France, June 10-13, 2013.
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Port of Pantelleria
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Thank you for your attention