DEVELOPMENTAL DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY

Lucy Capuano Brewer, PsychologyLucy Capuano Brewer, Psychology

Psych 05 – Chapter 12Psych 05 – Chapter 12

Psychosocial Development Psychosocial Development

AdolescenceAdolescence

Guideposts for StudyGuideposts for StudyHow do adolescents form an identity, and How do adolescents form an identity, and what roles do gender and ethnicity play?what roles do gender and ethnicity play?

What determines sexual orientation, what What determines sexual orientation, what sexual practices are common among sexual practices are common among adolescents, and what leads some to adolescents, and what leads some to engage in risky sexual behavior?engage in risky sexual behavior?

How do adolescents relate to parents, How do adolescents relate to parents, siblings, and peers?siblings, and peers?

What are the root causes of antisocial What are the root causes of antisocial behavior and juvenile delinquency, and behavior and juvenile delinquency, and what can be done to reduce these risks of what can be done to reduce these risks of adolescence?adolescence?

The Search for IdentityThe Search for Identity

Erikson: Erikson: Identity versus Identity versus Identity ConfusionIdentity Confusion

Marcia’sMarcia’s Identity Status—Crisis Identity Status—Crisis and Commitmentand Commitment

Erikson’s: Erikson’s: Identity vs. Role ConfusionIdentity vs. Role Confusion(12 – late teens/early 20’s(12 – late teens/early 20’s

The primary task of this stage is to answer the The primary task of this stage is to answer the question question “Who am I?”“Who am I?”The identity The identity crisis is seldom fully resolved in crisis is seldom fully resolved in adolescence; adolescence; issues concerning identity issues concerning identity may may crop up again and again throughout adult life.crop up again and again throughout adult life.Teens Teens form their identity form their identity by by modifying and modifying and synthesizing earlier identifications synthesizing earlier identifications into a into a new new psychological structure, greater than the sum of psychological structure, greater than the sum of its parts. its parts. The adolescent The adolescent must develop a consistent must develop a consistent identity form their own self-perception and their identity form their own self-perception and their relationship with others. relationship with others. Identity forms as young people Identity forms as young people resolve three resolve three major issues: major issues:

1.1. choice of an occupation, choice of an occupation, 2.2. the adoption of values to believe in and live by, the adoption of values to believe in and live by, 3.3. development of a satisfying sexual identity.development of a satisfying sexual identity.

Virtue Virtue fidelity: fidelity: Sustained loyalty, faith, or a sense of Sustained loyalty, faith, or a sense of belonging to a loved one or to friends and belonging to a loved one or to friends and companions.companions.Fidelity can also mean identification with a set Fidelity can also mean identification with a set of values, of values, an ideology, a religion, a political an ideology, a religion, a political movement, a creative pursuit, or an ethnic movement, a creative pursuit, or an ethnic group.group.

Fidelity is an extension of trust: Fidelity is an extension of trust: in infancy it is important to trust parents, in the in infancy it is important to trust parents, in the teenage years, teenage years, it becomes important to be it becomes important to be trustworthy of oneself.trustworthy of oneself.

Those that do not develop Those that do not develop an “identity”, an “identity”, sense of self,sense of self, become confused and become confused and directionless.directionless.

Identity Status: Crisis and Commitment Identity Status: Crisis and Commitment (James Marcia)(James Marcia)

Developed a Developed a four state of ego development or four state of ego development or identity identity statusesstatuses model, model, related to particular types of related to particular types of personalities.personalities.They They differ according to the presence or absence of differ according to the presence or absence of crisis:crisis:

CRISISCRISIS: : period of conscious decision making period of conscious decision making COMMITMENTCOMMITMENT:: personal investment in an personal investment in an occupation or system of beliefs – ideology.occupation or system of beliefs – ideology.

IDENTITIY ACHIEVEMENT: IDENTITIY ACHIEVEMENT: Crisis leading to commitment Crisis leading to commitment has made choices has made choices and exhibits strong commitment towards them: and exhibits strong commitment towards them: wants to be an M.D., done the research as to which wants to be an M.D., done the research as to which schools are the best.schools are the best.

FORECLOSURE: FORECLOSURE: commitment without crisis. commitment without crisis. Commitments are the result of accepting someone Commitments are the result of accepting someone else’s plans for their life, without reaching a crisis. else’s plans for their life, without reaching a crisis. Teen will go into the family business once they Teen will go into the family business once they graduate from high schoolgraduate from high school.. Large numbers of minority Large numbers of minority teenagers are in foreclosure.teenagers are in foreclosure.

MORATORIUM:MORATORIUM:Crisis with no commitment yet. Crisis with no commitment yet. Should I join the army, or should I work, or go to the Should I join the army, or should I work, or go to the community college, not decided quite yet.community college, not decided quite yet.

IDENTITY DIFFUSION:IDENTITY DIFFUSION: no commitment, no crisis;no commitment, no crisis; become aimless with no become aimless with no goals in mind, tend to be unhappy, lonely and also goals in mind, tend to be unhappy, lonely and also tend to have superficial relationships. tend to have superficial relationships. Not sure what to do, go from job to job (low pay) Not sure what to do, go from job to job (low pay) until something better comes arounduntil something better comes around..

Adolescents in Trouble: Antisocial Adolescents in Trouble: Antisocial Behavior and Juvenile DelinquencyBehavior and Juvenile Delinquency

What are the root causes of antisocial behavior What are the root causes of antisocial behavior and juvenile delinquency, and what can be and juvenile delinquency, and what can be

done to reduce these and other risks of done to reduce these and other risks of adolescence?adolescence?

Copyright (c) 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Conduct DisorderConduct DisorderStudies indicate that conduct disorders are Studies indicate that conduct disorders are the largest the largest single group of psychiatric illnesses in adolescents. single group of psychiatric illnesses in adolescents. Because the Because the symptoms are closely tied to socially symptoms are closely tied to socially unacceptable, violent or criminal behavior,unacceptable, violent or criminal behavior, many people many people confuse the illnesses confuse the illnesses in this diagnostic category in this diagnostic category with with either juvenile delinquency or the turmoil of the teen either juvenile delinquency or the turmoil of the teen years.years.Children who have demonstrated Children who have demonstrated at least three at least three of the of the following behaviors following behaviors over six months over six months should be should be evaluated for possible conduct disorder:evaluated for possible conduct disorder:1.1. Steals--without confrontation Steals--without confrontation as in forgeryas in forgery, and/or , and/or

by by using physical force as in muggings, armed using physical force as in muggings, armed robbery, purse-snatching or extortion.robbery, purse-snatching or extortion.

2.2. Consistently lies Consistently lies other than to avoid physical or other than to avoid physical or sexual abuse.sexual abuse.

3.3. Deliberately Deliberately sets fires.sets fires.4.4. Is often Is often truant from school truant from school or, for older patients, is or, for older patients, is

absent from work.absent from work.5.5. Has Has broken into broken into someone's home, office or car.someone's home, office or car.6.6. Deliberately destroys the property of others.Deliberately destroys the property of others.7.7. Has beenHas been physically cruel to animals and/or to humans.physically cruel to animals and/or to humans.

8. Has8. Has forcedforced someone into someone into sexual activity sexual activity with him or her.with him or her.9. Has 9. Has used a weapon used a weapon in more than one fight.in more than one fight.10. Often starts fights.10. Often starts fights.

Researchers have Researchers have not yet discovered what causes not yet discovered what causes conduct conduct disorders, but they continue to investigate several disorders, but they continue to investigate several psychological, sociological and biological theories. psychological, sociological and biological theories. Psychological and psychoanalytical theories Psychological and psychoanalytical theories suggest that suggest that aggressive, antisocial behavior is a aggressive, antisocial behavior is a defense against defense against anxiety,anxiety, an attempt to recapture the mother-infant an attempt to recapture the mother-infant relationship, the result of maternal deprivation, or a failure relationship, the result of maternal deprivation, or a failure to internalize controls.to internalize controls.Sociological theories Sociological theories suggest that conduct disorders result suggest that conduct disorders result from a child's from a child's attempt to cope with a hostile environmentattempt to cope with a hostile environment, , to get material goods that come with living in an affluent to get material goods that come with living in an affluent society, or to society, or to gain social status gain social status among friends. Other among friends. Other sociologists say sociologists say inconsistent parenting inconsistent parenting contributes to the contributes to the development of the disorders.development of the disorders.Finally, Finally, biological theories biological theories point to a number of studies that point to a number of studies that indicate youngsters could indicate youngsters could inherit a vulnerability to the inherit a vulnerability to the disorders. disorders. Children of criminal or antisocial parents tend to Children of criminal or antisocial parents tend to develop the same problems. Moreover, because so many develop the same problems. Moreover, because so many more boys more boys than girls develop the disorder, some think than girls develop the disorder, some think male male hormones may play a role. hormones may play a role. Still other biological researchers think a Still other biological researchers think a problemproblem in the in the central nervous system central nervous system could contribute to the erratic and could contribute to the erratic and antisocial behavior.antisocial behavior.

None of these theories can fully explain why conduct None of these theories can fully explain why conduct disorders develop. disorders develop. Most likely, an Most likely, an inherited predisposition and environmental inherited predisposition and environmental and parenting influences and parenting influences all play a part in the illness.all play a part in the illness.

Because conduct disorders Because conduct disorders do not go away do not go away without intervention,without intervention, appropriate treatment is appropriate treatment is essential. essential. Aimed at helping young people realize and understand the Aimed at helping young people realize and understand the effect their behavior has on others, these treatments effect their behavior has on others, these treatments include include behavior therapy and psychotherapy, in either behavior therapy and psychotherapy, in either individual and/or group sessions. individual and/or group sessions. Some youngsters Some youngsters suffer from depression or attention-suffer from depression or attention-deficit disorder as well as conduct disorder. deficit disorder as well as conduct disorder. For these For these children, use of medications as well as psychotherapy has children, use of medications as well as psychotherapy has helped lessen the symptoms of conduct disorder.helped lessen the symptoms of conduct disorder.

Relationships with Family, Relationships with Family, Peers, and Adult SocietyPeers, and Adult Society

Is Adolescent Rebellion a Myth?Is Adolescent Rebellion a Myth?

Changing Time Use and Changing Changing Time Use and Changing RelationshipsRelationships

Copyright (c) 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Relationships with Family, Relationships with Family, Peers, and Adult SocietyPeers, and Adult Society

Adolescents and ParentsAdolescents and ParentsConversation, Autonomy, and Conversation, Autonomy, and ConflictConflict

Parenting StylesParenting Styles

Family Structure and Mothers’ Family Structure and Mothers’ EmploymentEmployment

Economic StressEconomic Stress

Copyright (c) 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Relationships with Family, Relationships with Family, Peers, and Adult SocietyPeers, and Adult Society

Adolescents and SiblingsAdolescents and Siblings

Adolescents and PeersAdolescents and PeersPopularityPopularity

FriendshipsFriendships

Copyright (c) 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

SexualitySexuality

What determines sexual What determines sexual orientation?orientation?

sexual orientation: sexual orientation:

Focus of consistent sexual, romantic, Focus of consistent sexual, romantic, and affectionate interest, either and affectionate interest, either heterosexual, homosexual, or heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexualbisexual

SexualitySexuality

Sexual BehaviorSexual BehaviorHeterosexual ActivityHeterosexual ActivityHomosexual Identity and BehaviorHomosexual Identity and Behavior

Sexual Risk TakingSexual Risk TakingEarly Sexual ActivityEarly Sexual ActivityContraceptive UseContraceptive UseWhere Do Teenagers Get Information Where Do Teenagers Get Information about Sex?about Sex?