developmental psychology day 1: physical development & parenting
TRANSCRIPT
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DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Day 1: Physical Development & Parenting
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Developmental Psych:
Physical Development & Parenting
The Developmental Psych Approach
Continuous vs. Discontinuous
Stability vs. Change
Stage Theory (same order for everybody / not necessarily the
same age)
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PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Zygoteconception – 2 weeks
period of rapid cell division
Embryo2 weeks – 3 months
cells attach to mother’s uterine wall & organs
developFetus3 months - birth
developing human organism
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Prenatal Development - TERATOGENS
TERATOGENS: Agents that can reach the developing embryo or fetus and cause harm
Alcohol Nicotine Drugs (both prescription drugs & “street” drugs) Viruses (the flu) Toxoplasmosis (contact with cat feces) Food poisoning
Teratogens and Prenatal Development
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INFANT REFLEXES
Rooting
Grasping
Startle (Moro Reflex)
Baby’s abilities - http://www.learner.org/resources/series150.html?pop=yes&pid=1619#
Primary Reflexes:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyVLD0hl0XY
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INFANT VISION A baby’s vision improves dramatically during
the first 6 months as children become able to accommodate (focus)
NEWBORNBabies’ vision is 40x less accurate than adults at seeing fine details
1 MONTHMost of the cells in the visual cortex are not yet coated in myelin. Poor contrast sensitivity & color recognition.
2 MONTHSA newborns rods are fairly mature but their cones are not, making it difficult to decipher fine lines and color.
ADULTBetween age 6-7 years, a child’s vision reaches adult values
3 MONTHSDramatic change occurs as the visual cotex begins to control vision better. Vision has caught up to other senses. Depth perception is still not accurate.
6 MONTHSA baby can focus at different distances as well as an adult can. Their ability to see fine details is only 8xworse than ours, 5x better than it was at birth.
Babies like to look at complex shapes & faces
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IMPRINTING:
Owen the baby hippo & Mzee, the 130-year-old tortise
the process by which animals form attachments during a limited critical period early in life
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IMPRINTING
Tink the dachsand & her piglet “puppy”, Pink.
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Newborn Capacities
Habituation: describes infants’ decreasing responsiveness to repeated stimuli. Researchers infer that newborns have cognitive ability to differentiate between different visual stimuli.
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What’s your earliest memory?Our earliest memories rarely predate our 3rd birthday. This is called “INFANTILE AMNESIA”.
EARLY MEMORY FORMATION
Why don’t we remember earlier events?Our brains are still developing Limited language before age 3 – we remember in words
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MATURATION: Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior that are relatively unaffected by experience
In terms of brain development, natural maturation causes neural interconnection to multiply rapidly after birth.
However, severe deprivation and abuse will retard development. Furthermore, increased stimulation will cause early neural connections.
Maturation sets the basic course of development; experience adjusts it.
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Normal Maturation
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John LOCKE
Proposed that when children are born they are “Tabula Rasa”
key name163
2-1
704
“Tabula Rasa” = blank slate
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Jean PIAGET
Constructed a stage theory of Cognitive Development
Observed that children think differently than adults
key name189
6-1
980
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Piaget & Cognitive Development
SCHEMAA concept or framework that organizes and interprets
information
AssimilationAccommodationMake new
information fit into existing
schemas
Adjust your schema to fit
new information
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SCHEMA
AssimilationMake new information fit into existing schemas
“Heart” =
AccomodationAdjusting your schema to fit new information
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ASSIMILATION vs. ACCOMMODATION
Assimilation When a student downloads music by an artist that is already on the iPod, this can be compared to assimilation (adding a new bit of info to an existing schema).
AccommodationWhen a student downloads music by a new artist, this can be compared to accommodation (creating a new 'folder' is like building a new schema)
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Assimilation Accomodation
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SCHEMA
AssimilationMake new information fit into existing schemas
Examples?
Work with a partner to write down two real life examples of assimilation, and two examples of accomodation.
AccommodationAdjusting your schema to fit new information
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GENDER SCHEMAA concept or framework that organizes and interprets information about what it
means to be a boy or a girl
How do we develop our gender schemas?
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Warm up
1. What are teratogens? Give one example and define the term in your own words.
2. Describe two of the primary infant reflexes we discussed.
3. What is infantile amnesia?
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Piaget’s 4 Stages of Cognitive Development
Lack object permanence (until about age 8-10 months)
Sensorimotor Birth – 2 yearsstage 1
Develop separation anxiety at about 12 months.
Stranger anxiety also occurs in this stage.
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Piaget’s 4 Stages of Cognitive Development
Egocentric (which does not (in Piagetian thought) mean selfishness, but rather the inability to take another's perspective or even to recognize that others have different perspectives and points of view. )
Preoperational 2 – 6 yearsstage 2
Use of symbols (especially language; difficulty using more than one category)
Representational thought
Role Playing
Animism, or the tendency to attribute psychological properties to inanimate objects.
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Piaget’s 4 Stages of Cognitive Development
By age 7, develop law of conservation
Concrete 6 – 12 yearsstage 3
Can sort objects into multiple categories (color & size, for example)
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Piaget’s 4 Stages of Cognitive Development
Abstract thinkingCan think hypothetically
Formal 12 years - adultstage 4
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AUTHORITARIAN
PARENTING STYLES
rhymes with “Totalitarian”Authoritarian parents impose rules and expect obedience.
Permissive parents submit to their child’s desires, make few demands and use little punishment.
PERMISSIVE
Authoritative parents encourage open discussion and allow for exceptions when enforcing rules.
AUTHORITATIVE
“Because I said so.”
“Whatever.”
“Let’s talk about it.”
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AUTHORITARIAN
PARENTING STYLES - consequences
rhymes with “Totalitarian”– anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy
disposition – poor reactions to frustration
– (girls are particularly likely to give up & boys become especially hostile)
– do well in school – (studies may show authoritative parenting is
comparable)
– not likely to engage in antisocial
activities
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PERMISSIVE
PARENTING STYLES - consequences
-poor emotion regulation (under regulated)-rebellious and defiant when desires are challenged. -low persistence to challenging tasks -antisocial behaviors
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AUTHORITATIVE
PARENTING STYLES - consequences
-lively and happy disposition -self-confident about ability to master tasks. -well developed emotion regulation -developed social skills
World’s Strictest Parents http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=World%E2%80%99s+Strictest+parents+&oq=World%E2%80%99s+Strictest+parents+&gs_l=youtube.3...1038.1038.0.1868.1.1.0.0.0.0.169.169.0j1.1.0...0.0...1ac.1.dlXa-HBt6j8
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Dum Dums and Gloquex Activity