development plan anna's tuin amsterdam
DESCRIPTION
Integrating Community and Nature - Tesla minor final report (part II)TRANSCRIPT
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D e v e l o p m e n t p l a n a n n a ’ s t u i ni n t e g r a t i n g c o m m u n i t y a n D n a t u r e
c o l o f o n
c o m m i s s i o n e D b y : t h e m u n i c i p a l i t y o f a m s t e r D a m M a r i a n n e G r i f f i o e n & T i m B l o k k e r
p a r t o f t e s l a m i n o r i n s t i t u t i o n f o r i n t e r D i s c i p l i n a r y s t u D i e s ( i i s ) u n i v e r s i t y o f a m s t e r D a m , 2 3 j u l i 2 0 1 4
W r i t t e n a n D e D i t t e D b y : M i l a n Te u n i s s e n v a n M a n e n , J e r o e n S c h ü t t & M y r t e M i j n d e r s
s u p e r v i s o r s : G e r a r d v a n O o s t e r m e i j e r & H a r m v a n d e r G e e s t
p r e f a c eAs part of the Tesla Minor we, Milan, Jeroen and Myrte, were asked by the municipality of Amsterdam to write an advice report about the nature development on Science Park Amsterdam for a small natural area. We have been working on this project for five months. We enjoyed working on this project because it combined our visions about sustainability, our creativity, and our biology background. This document is part of the Nature Development Plan for Amsterdam Science Park. In this document you will read about the design of Anna’s Tuin.
First of all we would like to thank Tayfun Yalcin for helping us with the actual design of Anna’s Tuin and sharing his knowledge on permaculture design principles. We would also like to thank him for his dedication and believe in the project of Anna’s Tuin. It has been a very nice experience for the entire team to collaborate with Tayfun Yalcin on the project of Anna’s Tuin.
Further more we would like to thank Joris Buis, Bertus Tulleners, Harm van der Geest and Gerard Oostermeijer for providing us the opportunity to developed the plan of Anna’s Tuin and for their valuable feedback during the process. We would also like to thank Marianne Griffioen and Tim Blokker, our client, for the suc-cessful collaboration.
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C H 0 0 s u m m a r y
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c h 0 0 0 s u m m a r yAnna’s Tuin is an initiative of team Green Science Park to create an ecological garden based on a permaculture design system. Anna’s Tuin will be a place for students, residents, business people and scientists to meet, share ideas and learn about ecology and permaculture. Anna’s Tuin will organise events and produce food for the Amsterdam Science Park community.
Part of the food can be locally produced and part of the green waste can locally be composted, in this way Anna’s Tuin will contribute to the sustain-ability of Amsterdam Science Park. An important part of Anna’s Tuin will focus on education, organising tours in the garden or small courses and talks on permaculture principles. People in and around Amsterdam Science Park are allowed to come and join, do committee work, organise activities or just help in the maintenance. In this way Anna’s Tuin will integrate Amsterdam Science Park with the surrounding parts of Amsterdam, making it more interesting for just students and scientists.
This development plan of Anna’s Tuin describes how Anna’s Tuin can be re-alised. First a general introduction is given on Anna’s Tuin and the specific location. Secondly the design of Anna’s Tuin is explained based on the per-maculture design system. Thirdly, the design elements that are part of the complete design will be discussed from a scientific point of view. Fourthly, the management of Anna’s Tuin is presented along with a four years plan of the construction. Lastly the finance of Anna’s Tuin is discussed with an estimation of the total costs and the possible partners willing to contribute in the imple-mentation of Anna’s Tuin at Amsterdam Science Park.
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C H 0 0 1 i n t r o D u c t i o nAnna’s Tuin is named after Anna van den Broeke, who inherited Anna’s Hoeve, an old farm located at Amsterdam Science Park in 1850. Today Anna’s Hoeve is located between modern buildings and top science facilities. The old farm is a kind reminder of the history of the polder. Until the previous century, this farm, along with other farms located in Watergraafsmeer, provided food for the city of Amsterdam (stadsarchief Amsterdam). This local production of food was one of the main inspirations for the initiative of Anna’s Tuin.
Anna’s Tuin will be an ecological garden at Amsterdam Science Park providing food for the local community. In addition, Anna’s Tuin will serve as a meeting place for students, residents, business people and scientists. The Amsterdam Science Park community will work together to maintain Anna’s Tuin. In this way Anna’s Tuin will create more social cohesion for the Science Park commu-nity and will allow students to share their knowledge of ecology, biology and alternative ways of agriculture with the rest of Amsterdam.
Besides the social and educational value, Anna’s Tuin contributes to the goals set by the University of Amsterdam (UvA) in terms of sustainability. The Fac-ulty of Science (FNWI) states that CO2 emission should be reduced by 40% in 2025 relative to 1990 and waste should be collected separately (FNWI bestu-ursconvenant 2011-2014). Anna’s Tuin contributes to these goals in the sense that the food consumed at Science Park can partly be produced locally. The local production of food will result in a lower carbon footprint by reducing the amount of food that needs to be transported to Science Park. Furthermore, the green waste collected separately at Science Park can be composted lo-cally and used in Anna’s Tuin, thereby reducing the waste that needs to be transported from the UvA.
Anna’s Tuin will make Amsterdam Science Park more interesting for residents, students, people working at ASP and the rest of Amsterdam. Anna’s Tuin will also connect Amsterdam Science Park to the city and the surrounding na-
ture. Anna’s Tuin will be a social, recreational, educational and sustainability initiative that will interest and inspire other schools and universities in the Netherlands and aboard to start similar initiatives. In this development plan for Anna’s Tuin the design, management and financial plan of Anna’s Tuin will be explained.
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c h 0 0 2 l o c a t i o nAnna’s Tuin will be located near the front of the main university building, Sci-ence Park 904 (Figure 1). Many people will pass Anna’s Tuin on their way to Amsterdam Science Park and the university. Anna’s Tuin will be the first thing people see when they walk from the train station to the university. In this way people immediately see in what way residents, business people and students of Amsterdam Science Park are connected with the nature and what they are doing in terms of sustainability and education.
In addition, Anna’s Tuin is surrounded by a natural green area providing eco-system services to the garden. This is important as, for instance the stability of pollinator richness, visitation rate and fruit sett decrease with the distance from a natural area (Garibaldi et al., 2011). Therefore the natural area will be important for fruit setting and maintaining Anna’s Tuin on an ecological and organic way. With the term organic is meant that, in Anna’s Tuin no insecti-cides, herbicides and artificial fertilisers will be used.
As shown in the ecological assessment (Nature development Science Park Amsterdam) the soil located at Anna’s Hoeve is classified as zone 2 (http://maps.amsterdam.nl/bodemkwaliteit/). This means that the soil is considered safe to function as a vegetable garden or allotment and safe for food produc-tion.
Figure 1. Location of Anna’s Tuin marked by the dotted yellow line. Common green area in front of the university building, Size: ± 0,2 ha.
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c h 0 0 3 D e s i g nThe design of Anna’s Tuin is based on permaculture principles. Permacul-ture is a design system which uses patterns and relationships observed in nature to create an agriculturally productive ecosystem, while main-taining the resilience and diversity of a natural ecosystem (Diver, 1998). Therefore, the main philosophy of permaculture design is to work with na-ture instead of against nature. The philosophy of permaculture is broader than just the production of food; it is also about social integration, com-munity, energy efficiency, recycling, and land stewardship in general. The creators of the permaculture design system, Bill Mollison and David Hol-mgern, see permaculture as a way to construct sustainable human set-tlements. This philosophy lies at the hearth of Anna’s Tuin, the design will use the permaculture principles to create a place for people to enjoy na-ture, produce food and share thoughts and ideas about permaculture design.
One of the design principles of permaculture is to observe and interact (Hol-mgern, n.d.). Therefore it is important to study the abiotic and biotic fac-tors shaping the site were the permaculture is planned. The topsoil in An-na’s Tuin consists of light to heavy clay, which was estimated to be weakly acidic and moderately nitrogen rich. Because of the impermeability of the clay layer, there is no effect of seepage in the topsoil. However, during pe-riods of heavy rain, stagnating water could lead to anaerobic conditions in the soil. At some places the groundwater levels reach the root system of plants (for more information see, Nature Development Science Park Amster-dam, integrating community and nature). This information is used to exam-ine which plants can be grown at certain places, which sites would be best for ponds or which sites must be incremented for the placement of trees.
The results from the study of the abiotic and biotic factors was then used to create a base map for Anna’s Tuin. The base map was created in collaboration with Tayfun Yalcin a permaculture designer and expert. This base-map was then used to align the different ideas and possibilities and to create the final design of Anna’s Tuin. The final design of Anna’s Tuin is presented in figure 2.
In this chapter we will present the elements incorporated in the design of An-na’s Tuin. The design elements of Anna’s Tuin are based on the permaculture design system. Each design element mimics the patterns and relationships observed in nature. The design elements will focus on habitat diversification and creating light and moisture gradients to support a large variety of plant species. For each design element the patterns and relationships it mimics will briefly be discussed, and explained from a scientific point of view. Additionally, the educational and recreational value of the design elements will be discussed.
Figure 2. Design of Anna’s Tuin illustrated by Tafun Yalcin. Showing the different design elements and their location.
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f o r e s t g a r D e n The forest garden will be a design element in Anna’s Tuin. The main inspira-tion for the forest garden are the ecological patterns and relationships ob-served at forest edges. These dynamics are based on the so-called edge ef-fect. The edge is divined as an abrupt transition between two ecosystems, for instance forests and grasslands ecosystems (Murcia, 1995). At the edge, the two different ecosystems influence and interact with each other. For example, at the edge of a forest the solar radiation increases, providing different habi-tats for other species and results in rapid growth of vines and other secondary vegetation (Saunders, Hobbs, & Margules, 1991). Furthermore the edges of forests shows a large gradient in micro climates and have a higher species richness than the interior of the forest (Davies-Colley, Payne, & Van Elswijk, 2000).
Permaculture experts and designers adopted this edge effect found by ecolo-gists in their designs. The edge effect is translated into a permaculture design element and resulted in productive system to harvest fruits, nuts, flowers, vegetables, herbs and mushrooms in a relative small area (LeGuin & Home, 2011). This form of permaculture design is called forest garden, introduced by Robert Hart, and popularized by Martin Crawford who owns a well know forest garden in the United Kingdom.
The forest garden is based on a seven-layer system observed in the edges of forests (Figure 3).
The first layer, the canopy layer, consists of large trees that represent the top layer of the forest. The second layer represents the understory, where trees are more shade tolerant and therefore able to grow under the canopy. The third layer consists of shrubs that are able to grow under the tree layers and carry berries such as currant (Ribes). The fourth layer is the herbaceous layer, consisting of herbaceous species such as comfrey (Symphytum). The fifth layer is called the vertical layer and consists out of climbers and vines. The sixth layer, referred to as the ground layer, consists of plants that cover the
floor, such as clover (Trifolium). The last layer is called the rhizosphere that is used for the cultivation of roots and tubers. When the entire seven layers are present in the forest garden a highly productive system can be created in a small area.
Furthermore, agroforestry practices have been shown to have positive effects on invertebrate diversity, highlighting the potential of agroforestry for biodi-versity conservation (Mujeeb Rahman, Varma & Sileshi, 2012).
Figure 3. Forest garden principle by Robert Hart containing the seven layers of the for-est garden. Drawing: ttpermatuin.wordpress.com
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p o l y c u l t u r e The main inspiration for polycultures is the diversity observed in natural eco-systems and its effects on stability, resilience and other ecosystem services. In natural ecosystems a high species richness is essential for its functioning, provided that individual traits and interactions of plant species contribute to maintain the function and stability of ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles (Loreau, 2001). Polycultures mimic natural ecosystems by placing different plants together to create more stability and complete biogeochemical cycles. For example, placing nitrogen-fixating plants in the vicinity of plants that need nitrogen or creating different gradients in light or moisture to support differ-ent plant species. Permaculture experts constantly experiment with different plants combinations and forms of allied cropping. The functional traits divide the plant in certain plant guilds. Examples of some of these guilds are nitro-gen fixers, ground covers, beneficial insect attractors, harmful/pest extrud-ers, ground turbators, etc. A very old example of a polyculture is the so-called Three Sisters method. This is a technique of companion planting already prac-tised by the Native American groups in North America (Hart et al., 2008). The method involves maize, climbing beans and squash. The maize will provide structure for the beans to climb, the beans will fixate nitrogen from the air and make it available for the maize plant. The squash is planted to provide soil coverage, decreasing the loss of water by evaporation.
Polycultures are considered to be a good alternative for the common mono-culture system because 1) it leads to a system that is highly stable and resil-ient to abiotic or biotic perturbations 2) positively affects natural ecosystems and 3) stimulates reconciliation ecology. The positive effects of a polyculture compared to a monoculture will be explained below.
First, the high species diversity in polycultures leads to a system that is high-ly stable and resilient to abiotic or biotic perturbations. For example, it has been shown that high species diversity and heterogeneity of landscapes helps to prevent the spread pests and diseases (Hajjar, Jarvis, & Gemmill-Herren, 2008). Additionally, it has been shown that plots with high species diversity lead to higher yields than agriculture plots with low species diversity (Lin,
2011). However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential of companion planting and the use of beneficial weeds.
Second, polycultures positively affect the natural ecosystem, by intervening as little as possible. Minimizing soil disturbance is important to maintain soil biodiversity, a concept on which the no-tillage practice is based. No-tillage is found to increase species richness and overall density (Brussaard, de Ruiter, & Brown, 2007). This high species richness and density has a positive effect on drainage and irrigation and the overall suitability of the agricultural field (Brussaard et al., 2007). Additionally, the use of different plants that sup-port nutrient cycling and natural pest and disease management, prevents the use of artificial fertilizers, insecticides and herbicides in polyculture systems. Third, polycultures stimulate reconciliation ecology. Where reconciliation ecol-ogy is divined as a conservation effort to modify and diversify the human hab-itat so it can support a wider array of species able to share the human habitat (Rosenzweig, 2003). A polyculture diversify the agricultural landscape, rela-tive to monocultures, providing more habitat for a wider array of species.
Anna’s Tuin will also contain a polyculture system, to show this alternative for the common monocultures and educated people about this form of agricul-ture. In Anna’s Tuin no-tillage will be practiced, to maintain the soil biodiver-sity. Furthermore artificial fertilizers, insecticides and herbicides are not used so Anna’s Tuin has a positive effect on the natural system. In Anna’s Tuin a polyculture will be created by placing different plants together, containing many of these plant guilds. Anna’s Tuin will be a place where people can learn about the different plants guilds and can experiment with different plant com-bination to create new knowledge.
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h ü g l e k u l t u r e Hüglekulture is a system developed by the permaculture expert Sepp Holzer and further popularised by the permaculture experts Paul Wheaton and Geoff Lawton. Hüglekulture is based on the colonization process of plants when a tree falls down creating a clearing in the forest and an opportunity for other plants to colonise this area. The English translation for hüglekulture is mound-culture or hill-culture. The moment a tree dies, the tree has only fulfilled half of its ecological role. After falling down, the tree creates new habitat and will release resources such as light availability, nutrients and water (Franklin, Shugart, & Harmon, 1987). Fallen trees also contribute to the diversity in ter-restrial habitats. During the summer, low moisture conditions limit biological activity. However, a fallen tree creates a relatively cool and moist habitat for small animals and a substrate for microbial, fungal and root activity at the interface of soil and hood (Maser & Trappe, 1984). The process of decaying wood, providing habitats for different plants, is adapted in hüglekulture by creating mounds of wood or other biomass topped with soil. The wood in the middle of the mound will slowly decompose providing soil nutrient for the growing plants and habitat for soil biota. In addition the decompose wood can act as a sponge retaining water for weeks in periods of low precipitation (Kappes, 2005).
Hüglekulture will be part of Anna’s Tuin. The mounds will be constructed by wood debris and soil from Anna’s Ruigte. For example the wood from the wil-lows could be used after pruning or after the removal of willows next to the waterline, the soil could be used that is removed after the flatting of the banks (see Nature Development Science Park Amsterdam, integrating community and nature). In Anna’s Tuin, the hüglekulture will be used to educate people about the principles of this method. The hüglekulture will also be used as an experiment to test what will work best in Anna’s Tuin by creating mounds with different composition and different plant communities.
h e r b s p i r a l
In permaculture and urban gardens the herb spiral is one of the most popular permaculture elements. The herb sprial is a cone-like shaped structure with a downwards-spiralling terrace ending at a small pond. In this design water is allowed to move freely, creating different moisture gradient along the spiral. Water loving plants are placed at the bottom of the spiral while plants that like to keep their roots dry are placed at the top of the spiral.
In Anna’s Tuin the herb spiral will be placed to educated people about this typical permaculture design element but also experiment with plants, placing them along the moisture gradient of the spiral.
Figure 4. Example of a herb spiral. Picture: www.permacultureglobal.com
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i n s e c t h o t e l
An insect hotel is a manmade structure to provide habitat for all sorts of wild-insects, providing the insects with nest sites or hibernation possibilities. In cities the dispersal, egg-laying and hibernation possibilities are hampered, either by size of the areas, the connection between areas or the manage-ment. For instance the removal of plant material, or dead plant material from ecosystems decrease the possibility for insects egg deposition or hibernation. To compensate for this loss, managers of the area could decide to leaf plant material at the site so insects could make use of them during the seasons, or they could reserve a location were different plants structures are piled up, which is in essences is the basis of an insect hotel. If the right condition are created, for instance wood with drilled holes, or steep sand walls the number of solitary wasp and bee species could increase (van Breugel, 2014). The rea-son for doing this is the theory behind reconciliation ecology, which is a con-servation effort to modify and diversify the human habitat so it can support a wider array of species able to share the human habitat (Rosenzweig, 2003).
In Anna’s Tuin an insect hotel will be built of materials found in Anna’s Ruigte. For example wood from pruning, or bundles of reeds and straw can be used. The insect hotel will be designed and create by the people how will manage the garden (see chapter 4). Figure 5. Insect hotel. Different types of ma-
terial offer habitat to different species. Picture provided by Tayfun Yalcin.
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W a t e r g a r D e n
A small pond for the growth of water plants will also be part of Anna’s Tuin. This will be a natural pond without foil on the bottom. The deepest point of the pond will be around one meter, well below the ground water level and will have shallow banks for the growth of water plants (Sollie, Brouwer, & de Kwaadsteniet, 2011). Besides the growth of natural water plants like Pon-tederia cordata and Iris pseudacorus there will also be an opportunity to try different varieties of eatable water plants.
c o m m o n a r e a s
In Anna’s Tuin there will be two places where people can meet and relax. The octagon shaped building will be the only roof-covered area in Anna’s Tuin. It is intended as a place where people can meet and shelter for cold or wet weather. A table and some chairs will give people the possibility to hold (work) meetings. It will also function as a greenhouse for sprouting plants. Addition-ally, rainwater from the rooftop will be collected for the herb spiral pond. The second resting area can be found near the main pond. This is intended as a place to rest and meet people in the outside area. The area will be directly visible from Anna’s Tuin main entrance but remain relatively sheltered from the rest of Amsterdam Science Park. Connecting the meeting areas and the different garden patches are narrow paths (about 60 cm wide) covered with woodchips to prevent weeds from growing over.
Figure 6. Example of a greenhouse. A greenhouse can double as roof-covered common area where people can meet. Picture: www.summergardenbuildings.co.uk
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p a r t n e r s o f a n n a ’ s t u i n
The Polder, a café/restaurant located at Amsterdam Science Park next to Anna Hoeve is very interested in the Anna’s Tuin initiative. Hans van Twist, the owner of The Polder, sees possibilities for Anna’s Tuin to deliver fruits, herbs, vegeta-bles and such in the near future to The Polder. The Polder would pay the same price for these products as to the greengrocer. In collaboration with the chefs of the Polder, seasonal and local dishes are created based on specific products during different seasons from Anna’s Tuin.
Also Eurest, the main caterer at the UvA, was approached as potential partner. Eurest was also very enthusiastic about the initiative of Anna’s Tuin and would like to contribute to its creation. The possibility of Eurest to collaborated with Anna’s Tuin is now be researched at the main office of Eurest, because Eurest is subject to different suppliers contracts and agreements.
Figure 7. Inside view of café Polder. Picture: www.cafe-restaurantpolder.nl
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c h 0 0 4 m a n a g e m e n tAnna’s Tuin will be managed and maintained by a committee, which consist of people from the Amsterdam Science Park community. A users agreement (bruikleen overeenkomst) between the committee and the municipality of Am-sterdam will define this responsibility. In this agreement the committee states that it will respect the terms of the municipality of Amsterdam for using the area for the implementation of the permaculture described in this development plan of Anna’s Tuin. In the appendix one a concept version of the users agreement is added to give an indication of the agreements between the committee and the municipality of Amsterdam. This agreement has to be renewed each years, which provides the committee and the municipality of Amsterdam with an op-portunity to reflect on the progress and development of Anna’s Tuin.
Every year, during March half of the committee will be renewed, this will ensure the yearly continuation of the committee and the ability for people to partici-pate. Renewing half of the committee will also ensure that the knowledge and information is retained and successfully transmitted throughout the years.
Besides the responsibility for the maintenance the committee is also responsi-ble for involving new people and provide an educational value to Anna’s Tuin. This could for example be achieved by: organising workshops, inviting schools and opportunities for guided tours. These activities and events will attract other people than scientists and university students, allowing Amsterdam Science Park to share its biological and ecological knowledge to the rest of the local community and other people from Amsterdam.
The committee will also be responsible for the yield of Anna’s Tuin. To fit the philosophy of local food production, the yield of Anna’s Tuin is solely meant for the Amsterdam Science Park community. For possible recipients of the yield see chapter 5. An overview of the construction and maintenance plan of Anna’s Tuin is provided in Table 1. The tables contains a plan of four years from the start, begin September 2014, until Anna’s Tuin is expected to be fully operational and a well functioning permaculture garden in 2017.
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Year 1 (01-09-2014) Year 2 (01-09-2015) Year 3 (01-09-2016) Year 4 (01-09-2017)Start of the Committee. Finish mulching Garden maintenance Garden maintenance.
Sign contract. Finish planting the perennials. Renewing Annual plants Renewing Annual plants
Clean the area. Finish the pond. Germinate seeds of previous year
Germinate seeds of previous year
Mowing current vegetation. Renewing half of the committee (March).
Collect seeds for next season.
Collect seeds for next season.
Create the pond. Evaluating start of Anna’s Tuin with UvA and the municipality.
Renewing half of the committee (March).
Renewing half of the committee (March).
Arrange mulching material. Collecting seeds for next season
Evaluating start of Anna’s Tuin with UvA and the municipality.
Evaluating start of Anna’s Tuin with UvA and the municipality.
Start mulching. Possible first yield Collecting seeds for next season
Collecting seeds for next season
Arrange the finance. Second yield third yieldArrange plants.Start planting.
Every year, the committee will measure the biodiversity in Anna’s Tuin and will measure the yield (in kg). The committee will keep the agreements made with the partners of Anna’s Tuin about the yield. Furthermore the committee will attract new members and provide people with the opportunity to volunteer, they will organise interesting events, and find ways to educate the local community of Science Park and the rest of Amsterdam about permaculture and ecology. The committee will also communicated the initiative of Anna’s Tuin to the rest of the world, via media like facebook, twitter, blogs etc.
Table 1. The construction and maintenance plan of Anna’s Tuin. The four years plan starts in September 2014 and end in August 2017.
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c h 0 0 5 f i n a n c eIn this section the finance of Anna’s Tuin is discussed. First, an estimation is given of the total costs of Anna’s Tuin (Table 2) and how these costs are cal-culated. Second, the possible partners of Anna’s Tuin are being discussed and their willingness to contribute financially. The costs of Anna’s Tuin were divided into three groups, plants, garden tools and construction (Table 2). Per group the total costs were estimated.
The group of plants were divided into three subgroups: trees, shrubs and crops/flowers. In the design the number of trees, shrubs and other perennials was used to multiply with an average price of fruit trees and shrubs. This price was found at www.fruitbomen.net. The average price of the subgroup crops/flowers was calculated using the surface area to be planted and the amount of seeds needed to cover the area.
The group garden tools, show the costs needed to get the equipment to main-tain Anna’s Tuin. The groups is dived in four subgroups: shovel, wheelbarrow, rake and small hand tools. The prices of the different subgroups was estimated at www.tuingereedschap.nl. The subgroup shovel and rake contains the prices estimated for 2 shovels and rakes. The subgroup small hand tools the prices of a list of hand tools necessary for maintaining Anna’s Tuin.
The construction group shows the costs needed for the construction of the design elements. The group construction is divided into 5 subgroups, namely wander trails, benches, cabinet, greenhouse and protection. The wander trails are the trails that go through Anna’s Tuin and will be made out of wooden chips. The prices of the trials was estimated at www.vandoornsoest.nl. The subgroup benches contain the price of two benches estimated at www.natuurmonument.nl. The subgroup cabinet contain the prices of wooden cabinet to store all the garden tools, the prices of this cabinet was estimated at www.praxis.nl. The subgroup greenhouse refers to the octagon building that is part of Anna’s Tuin design, the costs of this building was estimated at www.tuinkassensite.nl. The subgroup protection contains the costs need to protect the young trees and
shrubs against the rabbits present in the area. The costs of protection were estimated at www.beslits.nl and www.edepot.wur.nl.
The above costs are based on materials needed. The costs concerning labour concerning the construction or the transport costs were not taken into account. The costs of labour is considered to be low, the committee will be dependent on volunteers willing to help and be part of Anna’s Tuin. The committee will also do a lot of the construction themselves. To compensate for possible unforeseen costs 10% of the total costs of the tree groups (plants, garden tools and con-struction) was taken. The total costs of Anna’s Tuin are also shown in table 2 and are estimated to be approximately € 8000.
The Polder, a café/restaurant located at Amsterdam Science Park next to Anna Hoeve is very interested in the initiative of Anna’s Tuin. Hans van Twist, the owner of The Polder, sees possibilities for Anna’s Tuin to deliver fruits, herbs, vegetables and such in the near future to The Polder. The Polder would pay the same price for these products as to the greengrocer. In collaboration with the chefs of the Polder, seasonal and local dishes can be created based on specific products during different seasons from Anna’s Tuin. The Polder, wants to con-tribute to the development of Anna’s Tuin with financial support. Personal com-munication with the Polder has indicated that it could contribute 2000 euro to the development of Anna’s Tuin.
Also Eurest, the main caterer at the UvA, was approached as potential partner. Eurest was also very enthusiastic about the initiative of Anna’s Tuin and would like to contribute to its creation. The possibility of Eurest to collaborated with Anna’s Tuin is now being analysed at the main office of Eurest. Because Eur-est is subjected to different supplier contracts and agreements, it is difficult to promise a financial support for Anna’s Tuin.
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The remaining costs of Anna’s Tuin (± 6000 euro) could be shared by the mu-nicipality of Amsterdam and the UvA. This document will be presented to the municipality of Amsterdam and the UvA in order to ask for the remaining finan-cial supported needed to construct Anna’s Tuin.
Group Type CostsPlants Trees € 845
shrubs € 900Crops/ flowers € 713
Total plants € 2.458Garden tools Shovel € 36
Wheelbarrow € 138Rake € 74Small hand tools € 96
Total garden tools € 344Construction Wander trail € 32
Benches € 900Cabinet € 289Greenhouse € 3.013Protection € 314
Total construction € 4.547Total Anna's Tuin € 7.349Unforeseen € 735Total € 8.084
Table 2. Costs of Anna’s Tuin divided in three groups: plants, garden tools and construction. For all groups the total costs were estimated in Euro’s.
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c h 0 0 8 r e f e r e n c e sBestuursconvenant FNWI 2011-2014 (2012).
Brussaard, L., de Ruiter, P. C., & Brown, G. G. (2007). Soil biodiversity for agricultural sustainability. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 121(3), 233–244. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.013
Davies-Colley, R. J., Payne, G. W., & Van Elswijk, M. (2000). Microclimate gradients across a forest edge. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 24(2), 111–121.
Diver, S. (1998). Introduction to permaculture: Concepts and resourc-es. ATTRA. Retrieved from http://www.cookscommunitygarden.org/docs/permaculture/1-intro/Definitions%20of%20Permaculture.pdf
Franklin, J. F., Shugart, H. H., & Harmon, M. E. (1987). Tree Death as an Ecological Process. BioScience, 37(8), 550–556. doi:10.2307/1310665
Garibaldi, L. A., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Kremen, C., Morales, J. M., Bom-marco, R., Cunningham, S. A., … Klein, A. M. (2011). Stability of pollination services decreases with isolation from natural areas despite honey bee visits. Ecology Letters, 14(10), 1062–1072. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01669.x
Hajjar, R., Jarvis, D. I., & Gemmill-Herren, B. (2008). The utility of crop genetic diversity in maintaining ecosystem services. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 123(4), 261–270. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2007.08.003
Hart, J. P., King, F. B., Little, E. A., Petersen, J. B., Society for American Archaeology, New York State Museum, & Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology (Eds.). (2008). Current Northeast paleoethnobotany. II II. Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, State Education Dept.
Holmgern, D. (n.d.). Permaculture Design Principles. Permaculture Princi-ples. Retrieved from http://permacultureprinciples.com/principles/
Kappes, H. (2005). Influence Of Coarse Woody Debris On The Gastropod Community Of A Managed Calcareous Beech Forest In Western Europe. Jour-nal of Molluscan Studies, 71(2), 85–91. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyi011
LeGuin, U. K., & Home, A. C. (2011). Edible Forest Gardens: an Invitation to Adventure. FOOD and DEMOCRACY, 109.
Lin, B. B. (2011). Resilience in Agriculture through Crop Diversification: Adaptive Management for Environmental Change. BioScience, 61(3), 183–193. doi:10.1525/bio.2011.61.3.4
Loreau, M. (2001). Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Current Knowl-edge and Future Challenges. Science, 294(5543), 804–808. doi:10.1126/sci-ence.1064088
Maser, C., & Trappe, J. (1984). The Seen and Unseen World of the Fallen Tree. The Bark Beetles, Fuels, and Fire Bibliography. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/barkbeetles/165
Murcia, C. (1995). Edge effects in fragmented forests: implications for con-servation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 10(2), 58–62. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(00)88977-6
van Breugel. (2014). Gasten van bijenhotels. leiden: EIS Kenniscentrum Insecten en andere ongewervelden & Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden.
21
Rosenzweig, M. L. (2003). Reconciliation ecology and the future of species diversity. Oryx, 37(02), 194–205. doi:10.1017/S0030605303000371
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Sollie, S., Brouwer, E., & de Kwaadsteniet, P. (2011). Handreiking natuur-vriendelijke oevers, een standplaats benadering (Libertas, Bunnik.). Ames-foort: Stichting Toegepast Onderzoek Waterbeheer, Amersfoort.
22
c h 0 0 9 a p p e n D i x
2424
App
endi
x 1.
Use
rs a
gree
men
t
Ove
reen
kom
st
over
eenk
omst
ove
r med
ebeh
eer
van
open
baar
gro
en
Ove
reen
kom
stnr
.:
Obj
ectn
r.:
O
vere
enko
mst
ove
r med
ebeh
eer v
an h
et te
rrein
: ……
……
……
……
……
……
……
……
……
……
... (i
n te
v u
llen:
adr
es o
f obj
ect),
zo
als
aang
egev
en o
p de
bijg
evoe
gde
situ
atie
teke
ning
, hie
rna
te n
oem
en: “
het t
erre
in”.
De
onde
rget
eken
den:
D
e ge
mee
nte
Amst
erda
m, h
ande
lend
ond
er d
e na
am S
tads
deel
Oos
t, st
atut
air g
eves
tigd
te A
mst
erda
m,
gere
gist
reer
d in
het
han
dels
regi
ster
te A
mst
erda
m o
nder
dos
sier
num
mer
343
6696
6 en
kan
toor
houd
ende
t e
Am
ster
dam
, Ora
nje
Vrijs
taat
plei
n 2,
109
3 N
G A
mst
erda
m, t
e de
zen
rech
tsge
ldig
ver
tege
nwoo
rdig
d do
or:
……
……
……
. ……
……
……
……
……
……
.,
het a
fdel
ings
hoof
d va
n de
afd
elin
g Be
heer
Ope
nbar
e R
uim
te H
eel (
BOR
H),
h i
erna
te n
oem
en: “
het s
tads
deel
” en
: …
……
……
……
……
……
……
……
……
……
……
……
……
……
……
….(n
aam
initi
atie
fnem
er é
n ve
rvan
ger
wan
neer
rele
vant
),
Of:
nam
ens
het b
estu
ur v
an o
rgan
isat
ie…
……
……
……
.……
……
……
……
……
….…
.,
v erte
genw
oord
igd
door
…
……
……
……
……
……
……
……
……
……
……
……
…..(
naam
bes
tuur
lid e
n fu
nctie
) van
dez
e or
gani
satie
, hi
erna
te n
oem
en: “
de m
edeb
ehee
rder
”, zi
jn h
et v
olge
nde
over
eeng
ekom
en:
1.
Naa
r aan
leid
ing
van
het v
erzo
ek v
an m
edeb
ehee
rder
op
DAT
UM
gee
ft he
t Sta
dsde
el
toes
tem
min
g aa
n de
med
ebeh
eerd
er o
m h
et te
rrein
en
het o
penb
aar g
roen
dat
zic
h da
arop
b e
vind
t, te
ond
erho
uden
. 2.
De
med
ebeh
eerd
er a
anva
ardt
het
terre
in in
de
staa
t waa
rin h
et z
ich
bij d
e on
derte
keni
ng v
an
d eze
ove
reen
kom
st b
evin
dt.
3.D
e m
edeb
ehee
rder
zor
gt g
edur
ende
de
loop
tijd
van
deze
ove
reen
kom
st d
at h
et te
rrein
wor
dt
o nde
rhou
den
over
eenk
omst
ig h
et b
ijbeh
oren
de b
ehee
rpla
n.
App
endi
x 1.
Use
rs a
gree
men
t (4
pag
es)
252525
4.H
et s
tads
deel
is n
iet g
ehou
den
om m
ater
iale
n te
n be
hoev
e va
n on
derh
ouds
wer
kzaa
mhe
den
ter
b esc
hikk
ing
te s
telle
n, te
nzij
dit i
n he
t beh
eerp
lan
is a
fges
prok
en.
5.H
et te
rrein
beh
oudt
een
ope
nbaa
r kar
akte
r en
moe
t ope
nbaa
r toe
gank
elijk
blijv
en. H
et
a anb
reng
en v
an v
erha
rdin
gen,
ops
talle
n, h
ekw
erke
n of
and
ere
vorm
en v
an a
fsch
eidi
ngen
en
bijv
oorb
eeld
het
pla
atse
n va
n sp
eelw
erkt
uige
n is
nie
t toe
gest
aan
tenz
ij he
t sta
dsde
el h
ierv
oor
s chr
iftel
ijk to
este
mm
ing
heef
t geg
even
. Dit
geld
t ook
voo
r het
ver
wijd
eren
van
bom
en, h
ekke
n en
de
rgel
ijke,
die
zic
h in
en/
of o
p he
t ter
rein
bev
inde
n.
6 .H
et s
tads
deel
blijf
t te
alle
tijd
en b
evoe
gd o
m o
nder
houd
uit
te v
oere
n.
7.H
et s
tads
deel
is b
evoe
gd d
e m
edeb
ehee
rder
te w
ijzen
op
nala
tighe
id in
ond
erho
ud e
n be
heer
en
om a
anw
ijzig
en te
gev
en o
ver d
e w
ijze
van
uitv
oere
n va
n he
t beh
eerp
lan.
Het
sta
dsde
el g
eeft
de
med
ebeh
eerd
er e
en te
rmijn
om
het
ond
erho
ud e
n/of
de
aanw
ijzin
gen
uit t
e vo
eren
. Ind
ien
de
med
ebeh
eerd
er d
it ni
et, n
iet g
oed
en/o
f nie
t tijd
ig u
itvoe
rt, k
an h
et s
tads
deel
de
med
ebeh
eero
vere
enko
mst
opz
egge
n ov
eree
nkom
stig
arti
kel 1
0.
8.In
dien
het
sta
dsde
el h
et te
rrein
zel
f wee
r nod
ig h
eeft
(bijv
oorb
eeld
van
weg
e he
rinric
htin
gen
e.d.
) ka
n he
t sta
dsde
el h
et m
edeb
ehee
rove
reen
kom
st o
pzeg
gen,
zon
der d
e ve
rplic
htin
g om
een
and
er
t erre
in in
med
ebeh
eer t
er b
esch
ikki
ng te
ste
llen.
9.
Dez
e ov
eree
nkom
st w
ordt
aan
gega
an v
oor d
e du
ur v
an 1
jaar
, ing
aand
e de
dag
na
o nde
rteke
ning
, met
jaar
lijks
stilz
wijg
ende
ver
leng
ing.
10
.Bi
j tus
sent
ijdse
opz
eggi
ng w
ordt
, spo
edei
send
e en
/of b
ijzon
dere
gev
alle
n ui
tgez
onde
rd, d
oor
p arti
jen
een
opze
gter
mijn
van
: ……
……
……
……
…..i
n ac
ht g
enom
en. D
e op
zegg
ing
dien
t s c
hrift
elijk
te g
esch
iede
n.
11.
Het
terre
in w
ordt
teru
ggeg
even
in d
e to
esta
nd w
aarin
het
doo
r het
sta
dsde
el is
ove
rged
rage
n m
et
i n a
cht n
emin
g va
n de
wijz
igin
gen
waa
rvoo
r het
sta
dsde
el s
chrif
telijk
toes
tem
min
g he
eft g
egev
en.
12.
De
Arbe
idso
mst
andi
ghed
enw
et (A
rbow
et) i
s ni
et v
an to
epas
sing
op
de w
erkz
aam
hede
n di
e de
m
edeb
ehee
rder
ver
richt
, om
dat d
e m
edeb
ehee
rder
s ge
en w
erkn
emer
zijn
van
het
sta
dsde
el.
Med
ebeh
eerd
ers
zijn
daa
rom
zel
f ver
antw
oord
elijk
voo
r hun
eig
en v
eilig
heid
en
voer
en d
e w
erkz
aam
hede
n ui
t op
eige
n ris
ico.
Aldu
s in
twee
voud
opg
emaa
kt e
n on
derte
kend
te A
mst
erda
m d
.d.
Gem
eent
e Am
ster
dam
, sta
dsde
el O
ost,
D
hr. C
. van
den
Bro
ek,
afde
lings
hoof
d Be
heer
Ope
nbar
e R
uim
te H
eel
……
……
……
……
……
.. D
e m
edeb
ehee
rder
, …
……
……
……
……
……
…
(naa
m e
n ev
t. fu
nctie
) Bi
jlage
n di
e de
el u
itmak
en v
an d
eze
over
eenk
omst
: t
erre
inte
keni
ng
beh
eerp
lan
(met
opt
ie: o
nder
steu
nend
e ac
tivite
iten
van
de g
emee
nte)
a
nder
s, n
.l. …
……
……
……
……
.
I.
262626
BIJ
LAG
E
Beh
eerp
lan
Vo
orbe
elde
n va
n be
heer
maa
trege
len,
per
loca
tie d
ient
dez
e te
wor
den
aang
epas
t. B
ehee
rgro
ep
behe
erm
aatr
ege
l fr
eque
nti
e pe
riode
O
ver
ig
Flor
a en
faun
a g e
drag
scod
e A
mst
erda
m
d oor
wie
B om
en
Ond
erho
ud/s
noei
I n a
cht n
emen
br
oeds
eizo
en
S tad
sdee
l
Gra
stal
ud/b
erm
m
aaie
n G
efas
eerd
(2
x)
Na
de b
loei
Gaz
on
maa
ien
2 2x
(bv)
K rui
denz
one
maa
ien
g efa
seer
d
N
a de
blo
ei
Oev
erve
geta
tie
Gef
asee
rd ri
et
maa
ien
1 a
2xpj
S e
pt/o
kt
N
a br
oeds
eizo
en/n
ajaa
r
Wat
erve
geta
tie
Ops
chon
en/z
we
rfvui
l ver
wijd
eren
1x
pj
Sept
embe
r/okt
ober
(a
mfib
ieën
)
Snoe
imat
eria
al/
maa
isel
Kl
aarle
ggen
en
stad
sdee
l bel
len
Afvo
eren
m
ater
iaal
Stad
sdee
l
Obj
ecte
n
V rijh
oude
n en
sc
hoon
houd
en
maa
ndel
ijks
Obj
ecte
n R
epar
atie
s/on
derh
oud
Zwer
fvui
l ve
rwijd
eren
W
anne
er
nodi
g/w
ekel
ijks
Eval
uatie
ja
arlijk
s
Jaar
lijks
Stad
sdee
l/m
edeb
ehe
erde
r
Ove
rig/a
anvu
lling
en
Boo
msp
iege
ls
●Bo
omsp
iege
ls m
ogen
nie
t wor
den
opge
hoog
d. D
e gr
ond
in d
e bo
omsp
iege
l lig
t eve
n ho
og a
ls d
e om
ligge
nde
verh
ardi
ng.
●Bo
omsp
iege
ls m
ogen
pas
van
af v
ijf ja
ar n
a aa
npla
nt w
orde
n be
plan
t.
●Er
mog
en g
een
hekj
es o
f afs
chei
ding
en in
of o
m d
e bo
omsp
iege
ls w
orde
n ge
plaa
tst,
als
daar
door
de
boom
spie
gel w
ordt
ver
hoog
d.
●Er
mag
nie
ts in
of t
egen
de
bom
en w
orde
n ge
plaa
tst.
●Bo
men
behe
er e
n on
derh
oud
valt
onde
r ver
antw
oord
elijk
heid
van
het
sta
dsde
el.
●H
et s
tads
deel
beh
oud
het r
echt
om
boo
msp
iege
ls te
ruim
en a
ls b
epla
ntin
g in
de
boom
spie
gel
wer
kzaa
mhe
den
aan
de b
oom
en
insp
ectie
s va
n de
boo
m b
elem
mer
d w
orde
n of
de
veilig
heid
in
h et g
edin
g is
. ●
Wan
neer
bom
ensp
iege
ls d
oor b
ewon
ers
wor
den
onde
rhou
den
dien
t dit
te w
orde
n do
orge
geve
n aa
n BO
RH
, zod
at z
e er
reke
ning
kun
nen
houd
en m
et s
chof
fele
n.
Het
toep
asse
n va
n kl
impl
ante
n in
gro
enva
kken
en
de a
anpl
ant v
an s
terk
woe
kere
nde
plan
ten
moe
t be
perk
t blijv
en o
m b
ehee
rkos
ten
in d
e na
bij g
eleg
en g
roen
voor
zien
inge
n to
t een
min
imum
bep
erkt
te
houd
en
27
BIJ
LAG
E
Beh
eerp
lan
Vo
orbe
elde
n va
n be
heer
maa
trege
len,
per
loca
tie d
ient
dez
e te
wor
den
aang
epas
t. B
ehee
rgro
ep
behe
erm
aatr
ege
l fr
eque
nti
e pe
riode
O
ver
ig
Flor
a en
faun
a ge
drag
scod
e A
mst
erda
m
door
wie
Bom
en
Ond
erho
ud/s
noei
In a
cht n
emen
br
oeds
eizo
en
Stad
sdee
l
Gra
stal
ud/b
erm
m
aaie
n G
efas
eerd
(2
x)
Na
de b
loei
Gaz
on
maa
ien
22x
(bv)
Krui
denz
one
maa
ien
gefa
seer
d
N
a de
blo
ei
Oev
erve
geta
tie
Gef
asee
rd ri
et
maa
ien
1 a
2xpj
Se
pt/o
kt
N
a br
oeds
eizo
en/n
ajaa
r
Wat
erve
geta
tie
Ops
chon
en/z
we
rfvui
l ver
wijd
eren
1x
pj
Sept
embe
r/okt
ober
(a
mfib
ieën
)
Snoe
imat
eria
al/
maa
isel
Kl
aarle
ggen
en
stad
sdee
l bel
len
Afvo
eren
m
ater
iaal
Stad
sdee
l
Obj
ecte
n
Vrijh
oude
n en
sc
hoon
houd
en
maa
ndel
ijks
Obj
ecte
n R
epar
atie
s/on
derh
oud
Zwer
fvui
l ve
rwijd
eren
W
anne
er
nodi
g/w
ekel
ijks
Eval
uatie
ja
arlijk
s
Jaar
lijks
Stad
sdee
l/m
edeb
ehe
erde
r
Ove
rig/a
anvu
lling
en
Boo
msp
iege
ls
●Bo
omsp
iege
ls m
ogen
nie
t wor
den
opge
hoog
d. D
e gr
ond
in d
e bo
omsp
iege
l lig
t eve
n ho
og a
ls d
e om
ligge
nde
verh
ardi
ng.
●Bo
omsp
iege
ls m
ogen
pas
van
af v
ijf ja
ar n
a aa
npla
nt w
orde
n be
plan
t.
2727
●Er
mog
en g
een
hekj
es o
f afs
chei
ding
en in
of o
m d
e bo
omsp
iege
ls w
orde
n ge
plaa
tst,
als
d aar
door
de
boom
spie
gel w
ordt
ver
hoog
d.
●Er
mag
nie
ts in
of t
egen
de
bom
en w
orde
n ge
plaa
tst.
●B o
men
behe
er e
n on
derh
oud
valt
onde
r ver
antw
oord
elijk
heid
van
het
sta
dsde
el.
●H
et s
tads
deel
beh
oud
het r
echt
om
boo
msp
iege
ls te
ruim
en a
ls b
epla
ntin
g in
de
boom
spie
gel
wer
kzaa
mhe
den
aan
de b
oom
en
insp
ectie
s va
n de
boo
m b
elem
mer
d w
orde
n of
de
veilig
heid
in
h et g
edin
g is
. ●
Wan
neer
bom
ensp
iege
ls d
oor b
ewon
ers
wor
den
onde
rhou
den
dien
t dit
te w
orde
n do
orge
geve
n a a
n BO
RH
, zod
at z
e er
reke
ning
kun
nen
houd
en m
et s
chof
fele
n.
Het
toep
asse
n va
n kl
impl
ante
n in
gro
enva
kken
en
de a
anpl
ant v
an s
terk
woe
kere
nde
plan
ten
moe
t b e
perk
t blijv
en o
m b
ehee
rkos
ten
in d
e na
bij g
eleg
en g
roen
voor
zien
inge
n to
t een
min
imum
bep
erkt
te
houd
en