development orthodoxy: persistent policy failure in the...

5/15/2014

1

Development Orthodoxy:

Persistent policy failure in the

Himalayas

Netra Chhetri

Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes

Arizona State University

5/15/2014

Fast Facts

27.47 millions population (25.2% living below poverty)

Ranked 157th out of 187 countries (HDR, 2013)

High juvenile malnutrition (47% under 5 are stunted

and 36% underweight)

1/3rd of working age male population migrate for work

Agriculture is one of the largest contributors to

national GDP (36%)

1Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 5/15/2014

5/15/2014

2

…investment in agricultural

development is crucial


….struggle for agricultural development

continues in mythical Shangri-La


5/15/2014

3

4Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 5/15/2014Courtesy: M. Shrestha

One of the unique features of Nepal’s agriculture is its

close coupling among crop, forest, rangeland & other

common resources


Courtesy: M. Shrestha

5/15/2014

4


Courtesy: M. Shrestha

Forms of agricultural development

Generating income Building capacityManaging risk Confronting

Livelihoods Large scale

Bottom-up Top-down

7Clumsy ElegantNetra Chhetri, Arizona State University 5/15/2014

5/15/2014

5

Forms of engagement

Small scale Large scale

Social mobilization Top-down BilateralParticipatory


Economic development activities

Small and diverse Specific and targeted

9

Livelihoods Market drivenNetra Chhetri, Arizona State University 5/15/2014

5/15/2014

6

Engagement and participation

Women in knowledge production Symbolic but changing10Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 5/15/2014

Courtesy: LI-BIRD

Capacity building

Livelihoods focus Economic development


Courtesy: LI-BIRD

5/15/2014

7

Managing risk


Agro-biodiversity increases the system’s resiliency


5/15/2014

8

Confronting challenges

Conservation farming

Water harvesting


Funded by ADB, and implemented by the GON, the thrust of

HIMALI project is the formation of commercially viable

agribusinesses in the mountain region of Nepal


5/15/2014

9

Attract investment in the production of high-

value agricultural products, value-added

agribusiness that links producers to markets,

and the packaging and marketing of processed

agricultural products for both the domestic and

export markets


17

Educate farmers for enterprise creation, expansion

and marketing of the local products;

Provide business plan and assist to grant applications

with commercially viable business plans

Gather input and output market information

Develop agribusiness promotion and networking value

chain linkages.

Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 5/15/2014

5/15/2014

10



5/15/2014

11

4 /Day = NRs 490

NRs 90/dayNRs 50/dayNRs 180/day

20Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 5/15/2014Courtesy: BB Tamang

It is seen as development success


5/15/2014

12

Farmer/entrepreneur


There is a constant supply of

knowledge from outside


5/15/2014

13

Jersey gets to eat the best


Farmers are even growing

forage – instead of food


5/15/2014

14

Buckwheat is increasingly replaced by forage


There is market for milk


Courtesy: BB Tamang

5/15/2014

15

3 L

It is me - Lulu

28Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 5/15/2014Courtesy: BB Tamang

No investment


5/15/2014

16


NGO started operating in Nepal in

1995. LI-BIRD is committed to

capitalizing on local initiatives for the

sustainable management of renewable

resources and to improving the

livelihoods of resource-poor and

marginalized people. It has been

recognized as a center of excellence

for its contribution for developing and

promoting good practices for on-farm

conservation of agricultural biodiversity.


5/15/2014

17

Participatory Plant Breeding

Judi 582 Lumle 2

Mansara 5 Gulmi 2

32Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 5/15/2014Courtesy: LI:BIRD

Courtesy: LI:BIRDCourtesy: LI:BIRD

Courtesy: LI:BIRD

Domain/Re

gion

Terai/inner Terai/Mid hill

river basins

Mid-hills High-hills

Upland Judi 582,

Barkhe 1027,

Barkhe 1036

Mansara 4

Medium land Barkhe 2014,

Sunaulo Sugandha,

Barkhe 3017-5

Biramphul 3,

Improved PJB

Lumle 2

Lowland Barkhe 3004,

Barkhe 3019


Courtesy: LI:BIRD

5/15/2014

18

Community Seed Banks

Local seed security through seed banks – key to adaptation and mitigation

using diverse crop varieties


Courtesy: LI:BIRD

Courtesy: LI:BIRD

Courtesy: LI:BIRD

Neglected and Underutilized Species

Yam

Air potato

Fit weed or Culantro

Water SpinachWinter Bean

Rosella or Sorrell35Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 5/15/2014

Courtesy: LI:BIRD Courtesy: LI:BIRD Courtesy: LI:BIRD

Courtesy: LI:BIRDCourtesy: LI:BIRD Courtesy: LI:BIRD

5/15/2014

19

Lease Based Farming

Provide lease land to the vulnerable communities as

source of income which increase their adaptive capacity.


Courtesy: LI:BIRD

Courtesy: LI:BIRD

Integrated Hedgerow

Hedgerow technology for improving ecological stability of the sloping

lands, reduce erosion and enhance carbon sequestration


Courtesy: LI:BIRD

5/15/2014

20

Community-based biodiversity fare


Courtesy: LI:BIRD

Orthodoxy around

development in the HimalayasLivelihoods focus Economic development

Clu

msy

So

luti

on

s

Mul

tiple

Out

com

es

Participation

Social mobilization

Vulnerability focus

Focus on local

Co-creation Ele

gant

sol

utio

n to

a pr

oble

m

Specialization

Social exclusion

Market driven

Top-down

External support Sin

gle

ou

tco

me


5/15/2014

21

When good is not good enough


development orthodoxy: persistent policy failure in the...

Documents