development of vehicle emission factors using pems · volvo olympian euro ii dennis trident euro ii...
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Development of vehicle
emission factors using
PEMS
Dr. Carol Wong Senior Environmental Protection Officer Environmental Protection Department
Hong Kong September, 2013
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Outline
Background, Objective & Current Status
PEMS test procedures
Vehicle info and test set up
PEMS data analysis
Conclusion
2
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Background & Objectives
EPD has adapted EMFAC developed by California Air Resources Board (CARB) into Hong Kong
Have been using US vehicle emission data in EMFAC-HK calibrated by our PEMS test data
Traffic conditions at busy corridors
• Being a metropolitan city, HK is very different from US or
Europe
• Wish to replace these emission data in EMFAC-HK by local
on-board emission data and also develop a microscopic
model
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Various PEMS being used in HK
SEMTECH-DS
SEMTECH-SAMPS
SEMTECH-Filter Sys. SEMTECH-Low
CO analyzer
Micro-soot sensor
Gravimetric filter module
THC/low CO analyzer FTIR
Analyzers Measurement
SEMTECH-DS (7 units) CO, CO2, NO, NO2, THC
SEMTECH-ECOSTAR (1 unit)
(not yet working)
NO, NO2, PM
A&D portable FTIR (1 unit) N2O, NH3, CO, CO2, NO,
NO2, & various hydrocarbon
species
SECTECH-Low CO analyzers
(2 units)
CO in low concentration
A&D THC/Low CO analyzer
(1 unit) (not yet working)
CO in low concentration and
THC
SEMTECH-SAMPS (5 units) &
SEMTECH-Filter System (3
units)
PM
AVL M.O.V.E. PM PEMS (2 units) Real time PM
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Current Status measuring real-world vehicular emissions using PEMS
since 2008 ◦ Collected about 14 million seconds of measurement data
◦ Tested about 180 vehicles
◦ Test each vehicle for all its business hours
◦ Emission standards: from pre-Euro to Euro V
26
20
10
4
51
31
25
6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
No
. of
Veh
icle
s
Vehicle Types
Vehicles tested until end August, 2013
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Vehicle
Class
Fuel
Type
Emission Standard
Total Pre-
Euro Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV
Euro
V
Cars Petrol 2 9 14 1 26
Taxis LPG 12 4 4 20
Mini buses LPG 6 4 10
Diesel 1 2 1 4
Truck ≤ 5.5 t Diesel 4 4 7 20 13 3 51
Truck > 5.5t Diesel 1 1 4 16 7 2 31
School Bus Diesel 1 1 2 4
Single Deck
Coaches Diesel 1 7 15 2 25
Double
Deck Buses* Diesel 4 2 6
Total 5 6 32 68 58 8 177
Vehicles Explored up to end Aug., 2013
* Double deck buses are retrofitted with diesel particulate filter (DPF).
6
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Vehicle Class
Euro III Euro IV Euro V
Nil DOC
DOC
&
EGR
EGR DPF
DOC
&
EGR
POC
&
DOC,
EGR
DPF
DPF
&
EGR
SCR*
DOC
&
EGR
DPF
&
EGR
SCR
Mini buses 2 1
Truck <= 5.5 t 5 15 6 4 3 3
Truck > 5.5t 5 4 5 1 1 3 3 1 1 1
School Bus 2
Single Deck
Coaches 1 5 1 1 2 1 11 2
Double Deck
Buses (w DPF) 2
Total 6 11 27 2 3 10 7 2 6 11 1 4 2
Euro III, IV & V Diesel Vehicles
Explored up to end Aug., 2013
7 *The vehicle may also be fitted with DOC
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Outline
Background, Objective & Current Status
PEMS test procedures
Vehicle info and test set up
PEMS data analysis
Conclusion
8
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9
Test procedures
Follow most stringent testing requirements:
◦ ISO16183
◦ US CFR 1065 Subpart J
◦ EU JRC’s “Guide for the preparation and the
execution of emission road tests on heavy-duty
vehicles”
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Test procedures
Perform zero every hour and audit of the
gas analyzers every three hours
Implement ‘duplication of measurements’
principle
Analyze 2-3 fuel samples from each test
vehicle’s fuel tank
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On-Road Testing Example: SCR coach
• On-road testing of an EURO IV coach (w/
SCR)
• Professional bus drivers
• Driving on a pre-determined
routes as well as following a similar
vehicle
• 50-60% of maximum payload
• Traffic are captured by video
camera mounted in front of the
bus
• Both gaseous pollutants and PM are
collected
• PEMS used – SEMTECH-DS, FTIR,
and M.O.V.E. PM PEMS
Soot concentration from
AVL PM PEMS
Emission data from SCR vehicle testing
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Outline
Background, Objective & Current Status
PEMS test procedures
Vehicle info and test set up
PEMS data analysis
Conclusion
12
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Example: SCR retrofit program on 3 Double
Deck Buses (FBDD) with DPF
Make Dennis Trident
Euro III
Volvo Olympian
Euro II
Dennis Trident
Euro II
Eng Model ISMe 335 Euro
III/1-08-2003
D10A 245 M11-305E21
Eng Capacity 10.8 litre 9.6 litre 10.8 litre
Emi Standard Euro III Euro II Euro II
First Reg. Date 1 Aug 2003 10 Mar 1998 23 Sept 1998
Engine rated
power
246 kW @ 1900
RPM
180 kW @ 2000
RPM
224 kW @ 1900
RPM
Engine rated
torque
1410 Nm @
1200 RPM
1050 Nm @ 1450
RPM
1250 Nm @ 1250
RPM
GVW 23.5 tonnes 22.94 tonnes 23.1 tonnes
Loaded Weight 19.0 tonnes 19.7 tonnes 19.4 tonnes
After treat. device DPF DPF DPF
13
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14
Test Set-up
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15
Speedometer
GPS, RH &
temperature
sensors
15
Remote diluter
Exhaust flow meter
Heated line
Heated line for
sampling before SCR
SCR
Installation - 1
Connecting pipes
from tailpipe to PEMS
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Installation - 2
Filter
system
FTIR
Heated line
SEMTECH-DS
Microdilution
system (MPS)
SEMTECH-
DS
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Fixed Route Maps
17
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Outline
Background, Objective & Current Status
PEMS test procedures
Vehicle info and test set up
PEMS data analysis
Conclusion
18
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3 FBDD retrofitted with DPF+SCR :
Trip Avg Speed and Max Speed
19
urban highway
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Euro II Dennis Trident FBDD w DPF: NOx Real-time snapshot
Base case
(with DPF)
Measured at the
position before
SCR
20
Measured at the
position after SCR
After retrofitted with SCR
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Euro III Dennis Trident FBDD w DPF: NOx Real-time snapshot
Base case
(with DPF)
Measured at the
position before
SCR+DPF
21
Measured at the
position after
SCR+DPF
After DPF removal and retrofitted with SCR+DPF
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Data Pre-Processing (Gaseous)
22
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Data QA/QC Checks In order to perform the QA/QC task, a variety of plots
were created to expose outlying, unusual, or inaccurate data ◦ Exhaust flowrate distributions by vehicle
◦ Exhaust concentration distributions by vehicle
◦ Raw vs corrected exhaust concentrations by vehicle
◦ Maximum and mean exhaust concentrations by test, displayed together by vehicle
◦ Exhaust concentrations vs time by test
◦ VSP bin frequency and VSP binned emission mass rates by vehicle
data flags in SAS were used to draw attention to values that lie outside of expected ranges
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Automatic Error detection Checking and calibrating speedometer
reading by GPS 1) Select the good GPS data by
extracting “Horizontal
dilution of ratio”< 1.3
2) Linear regression with
Speedometer data to
measure R2 and slope
3) Use the slope to calibrate
speedometer readings
Partial speedometer error Speedometer error Normal data
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Automatic Error detection Abnormal jumps in
exh. temp.
Abnormally long
negative readings
Jumps in THC
readings Outliers in
NO readings
High THC peaks
Cold start
Drift in THC
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QA/QC results
Heavy
diesel truck
> 15 t:
THC
emission
factors
Before data cleansing After data cleansing
Light diesel
truck <= 5.5 t:
NOx emission
factors
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NOx emission rates (g/min)
Dennis Trident Euro III bus
retrofitted with DPF
Baseline
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NOx emission rates (g/min)
Dennis Trident Euro III bus
retrofitted with DPF
1 month after retrofitted with
SCR+DPF
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29
NOx emission factors (g/km)
Volvo Olympian Euro II bus
retrofitted with DPF
Baseline
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30
NOx emission factors (g/km)
Volvo Olympian Euro II bus
retrofitted with DPF and SCR
1 month after SCR retrofit
Exhau
st t
em
p o
C
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31
NOx emissions in g/km
Volvo Olympian Euro II bus
retrofitted with DPF and SCR,
1 month after SCR retrofit with
traffic jam at Mongkok
Exhau
st t
em
p o
C
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32
NOx emission factors (g/km)
Volvo Olympian Euro II bus
retrofitted with DPF and SCR,
6 month after SCR with low exhaust
temp (<=200oC)
Exhau
st t
em
p o
C
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37
NO emissions of post-SCR at 6
months after SCR retrofit (blue
triangles) are close to base line
emissions (red triangles) and highly
fluctuating.
Description NO NO2 NOx
%reduction at 1 month after
SCR retrofit vs. baseline 73-85% 81-92% 74-86%
%reduction at 6 months after
SCR retrofit vs. baseline -14-50% 70-94% -2-56%
%reduction at 9 months after
SCR retrofit vs. baseline 54-69% 67-80% 57-71%
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38
One trip for this FBDD has
urea shortage. The NO &
NO2 reductions are
particularly low.
Description NO NO2 NOx
%reduction at 1 month after
SCR retrofit vs. baseline 55-65% 35-54% 56-63%
%reduction at 6 months after
SCR retrofit vs. baseline 60-72% 68-77% 62-72%
%reduction at 9 months after
SCR retrofit vs. baseline
(Excluding urea shortage trip)
64-70%
61 – 69%
(with one trip
35%)
64 – 68%
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39
The NO reductions are very small at
6 months after the retrofit because
SCR had broken down due to
uncontrolled regeneration (green
triangles)
Description NO NO2 NOx
%reduction at 1 month after
SCR retrofit vs. baseline 78-93% 57-73% 77-81%
%reduction at 6 months after
SCR retrofit vs. baseline 25-37% 68-71% 41-49%
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PM Emission Factors
Filter for other high
emitting vehicle
The color is white
even though PM
emissions are high
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• Test trips with excessive idling can also introduce significant PM error
We have the following
criteria:
• abs(Intercept/ max.
sample flow) <= 5% (c.f.
ISO 16183: <= 2%)
• Std error/mean <= 10%
(c.f. CFR1065 <= 3.5%)
• Std error/max. <= 5%
(ISO16183: <= 5%)
• R2 >0.95 (c.f.
ISO 16183: >0.95)
Normal Situation
excessive idling
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PM results for SCR Euro IV coaches > 15 t
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Real time PM
Time (s)
Est
imat
ed P
M (
g/s)
AVL PM PEMS is capable to measure real time soot conc., and then estimate real
time PM emissions from soot, CO, CO2, THC conc. These real time PM
emissions are then calibrated by PM mass collected in the on-board filter.
These high
PM emissions
are due to
hard
accelerations
when the
vehicle
started.
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PM emissions with Spd and CO High PM emission usually accompanied by hard accelerations
PM emission strongly correlated in time with CO emissions
1320 1350 1380 1410 1440 1470 1500 1530 1560 1590 1620 1650 1680Time [s]
mdo
t_PM
[g/s
]
-0.024
-0.016
-0.008
0.000
0.008
0.016
0.024
0.032
0.040
0.048
0.056
0.064
0.072
0.080
0.088
0.096
0.104
0.112
CO [%
]
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
1320 1350 1380 1410 1440 1470 1500 1530 1560 1590 1620 1650 1680Time [s]
mdo
t_PM
[g/s
]
-0.08
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
Veloc
ity [k
m/h
]
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
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Outline
Background, Objective & Current Status
PEMS test procedures
Vehicle info and test set up
PEMS data analysis
Conclusion
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Conclusion
The emission factors derived from the
on-board measurement data will be used
in EMFAC-HK
They will also be used in a microscopic
model for more refined traffic conditions
46