development of cvd diamond tracking detectors for experiments at high luminosity colliders

1

Development of CVD Diamond Tracking Detectors for Experiments

at High Luminosity Colliders

RD42 Status Report

Peter WeilhammerCERN and Ohio State University

for theRD42 CollaborationLHCC Presentation

CERN, February 18, 2010

February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 2P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 2

RD42 Collaboration 2010

M. Artuso25, D. Asner22, M. Barbero1, V. Bellini2, V. Belyaev15, E. Berdermann8, P. Bergonzo14, S. Blusk25, A. Borgia25, J-M. Brom10, M. Bruzzi5, D. Chren23, V. Cindro12, G. Claus10, M. Cristinziani1, S. Costa2, J. Cumalat24, R. D’Alessandro6, W. de Boer13, D. Dobos3, I. Dolenc12, W. Dulinski10, J. Duris20, V. Eremin9, R. Eusebi7, H. Frais-Kolbl4, A. Furgeri13, K.K. Gan16, M. Goffe10, J. Goldstein21, A. Golubev11, A. Gorisek12, E. Griesmayer4, E. Grigoriev11, D. Hits17, M. Hoeferkamp26, F. Huegging1, H. Kagan16,, R. Kass16, G. Kramberger12, S. Kuleshov11, S. Kwan7, S. Lagomarsino6, A. La Rosa3, A. Lo Giudice18, I. Mandic12, C. Manfredotti18, C. Manfredotti18, A. Martemyanov11, D. Menichelli5, M. Mikuz12, M. Mishina7, J. Moss16, R. Mountain25, S. Mueller13, G. Oakham22, A. Oh27, P. Olivero18, G. Parrini6, H. Pernegger3, M. Pomorski14, R. Potenza2, K. Randrianarivony22, A. Robichaud22, S. Roe3, S. Schnetzer17, T. Schreiner4, S. Sciortino6, S. Seidel26, S. Smith16, B. Sopko23, K. Stenson24, R. Stone17, C. Sutera2, M. Traeger8, D. Tromson14, W. Trischuk19, J-W. Tsung1, C. Tuve2, P. Urquijo25, J. Velthuis21, E. Vittone18, S. Wagner24, J. Wang25, R. Wallny20, P. Weilhammer3,, N. Wermes1

Spokespersons

70 87 Participants

1 Universitat at Bonn, Bonn, Germany2 INFN/University of Catania, Catania, Italy3 CERN, Geneva, Switzerland4 Wiener Neustadt, Austria5 INFN/University of Florence, Florence, Italy6 Department of Energetics/INFN, Florence, Italy7 FNAL, Batavia, USA8 GSI, Darmstadt, Germany9 Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia10 IPHC, Strasbourg, France11 ITEP, Moscow, Russia12 Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia13 Universitat at Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany14 CEA-LIST, Saclay, France15 MEPHI Institute, Moscow, Russia16 Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA17 Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA18 University of Torino, Torino, Italy19 University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada20 UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA21 University of Bristol, Bristol, UK22 Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada23 Czech Technical Univ., Prague, Czech Republic24 University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA25 Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA26 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA27 University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

22 27 Institutes

February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 3

Outline of Talk

Introduction Material and manufacturers Radiation Hardness Studies Pixel Module Construction and Results Applications in Experiments Requests from CERN Summary


INTRODUCTION

Motivation: Need Tracking Devices Close to Interaction Region of Experiments at LHC and more important at sLHC

Possible Materials with adequate properties:

► Radiation Hardness (possibly survive to end of experiment)

► Low dielectric constant low capacitance

► Low leakage current (even after strong irradiation) low noise for readout

► Room temperature operation

► Fast signal collection

Many materials are and have been considered:

Clearly Silicon: but radiation hardness of Si at 1016 p/cm2 is also difficult,

Was p on, now n on p?

4H-SiC, 6H-SiC, GaN, GaAs, CZT, a-Si(H),…

CVD diamond will be discussed in this talk


INTRODUCTION

Main activities in RD42:

► Material Studies

► Radiation Hardness tests of presently highest quality pCVD and scCVD diamond

► Beam tests to characterize quality

► Pixel module preparation and tests

► Manufacturing Developments

► So far diamond material supplied by/in collaboration with Diamond Detector Ltd/ Element Six Ltd.

► See also: http://rd42.web.cern.ch/RD42


O

Motivation: Tracking Devices Close to Interaction Region of Experiments at the SLHC

Scale is ~ 1016 cm−2 → Annual replacement of inner layers perhaps? Probably not very practical

INTRODUCTION

► Pixels at r = 4 – 30 cm, Strips at r = 30 - to 100cm

► Below r = 25cm charged particles dominate

For 6000fb-1


Material and Manufacturers

Polycrystalline CVD Diamond (pCVD)

First measurements on new samples done with 90Sr sources:

► Contacts on both sides- contact structures from several m to cm

► Usually operate at 1 – 2V/m

► Test procedure: dot strips pixels on same diamond



New wafers are continually being produced Wafer collection distance now typically 250 m (edge) to 310 m (center) Contract for material with ccd > 275 m

5” wafer DDL

Cr/Au dots are 1 cm apart



• Source data well separated from 0 amplitude• Collections distance now ~ 300m• Most probable charge now ~ 9000 e-

• 99% of PH distribution above 4000 e-

• FWHM/MP ~ 0.95--- Si has ~0.5• More than five 5 inch wafers grown and measured with that quality


A Single Crystal CVD Diamond from Element six

Maximum side dimensions ~12 to 14mm

Usually more like ~5mm x ~5mm


ATLAS FE-I3


Recent Sensor work - DDL

• ccd guaranteed above 275 µm– Delivered four 18mm x 64mm sensors for ATLAS (FE-I3)– Delivered four 18mm x 21mm sensors for ATLAS (FE-I4)– Achieved ccd>275 mm on one part so far– Working on surface properties

• RD42 measures wafers before choosing parts• Caveat – DDL seems to have exhausted the stock of good

wafers, E6 growing fresh wafers

February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 12P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report

First Quote for DDL Material

• Budgetary quote in hand for large order• 20mm x 20mm size

750 CHF/cm2 for 500pcs625 CHF/cm2 for 1000pcs


New Manufacturer: II-VI

• New US producer– Large company (sold eV products to EI recently) based

in Saxonburg, PA

– Interested in electronic grade diamonds to enrich their product line

– Delivered many parts for characterization– Produced a ~1.5 mm thick 5” wafer in

their “normal” process• Not tailored to HEP applications at all

– Delivered four 18mm x 21mm parts• As grown – no processing so far


Free Samples given to OSU

• 20 samples were measured

• Good IV characteristics

• So far - mostly thin samples

• Compare well with earlier RD42 samples from Element-Six

Initial Collection Distance Measurements

II-VI has a development project in electronic grade CVD diamond


~ 8 years ago El-6

First Samples Tested

February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 15P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report

Recent Material from II-VI

• As grown, ~1.5 mm thick• Surprisingly good results

– ccd uniform across all samples– 220-230 µm @ 0.7 V/µm, not saturated

(Error in metallization, CCD lower limit)• Working with II-VI to optimize further

– Take off substrate side in steps– Go to higher fields

• Ultimate goal : – 500µm thick, 300µm CCD, – 300-400 CHF/cm2

Not yet committed to regular sales

Substrate side


Substrate side

Growth side

First Results From Thick II-VI Wafer

Collection Distance (ccd) versus VoltageSamples as grown


Important Parameters for Radiation Hardness:

- binding energy

- displacement energy

- elastic, inelastic, total cross section

Radiation Hardness of CVD Material


Radiation Hardness Studies

pCVD Diamond Trackers:

Patterning the diamond → pads, strips, pixels! Successfully made double-sided devices; edgeless. Use trackers (strip or pixel) in radiation studies - charge and position.

Single sided strip

Double-Sided Strip



Polycrystalline CVD (pCVD) Diamond irradiated up to 1.4x1015

Application is pixel detectors

At the LHC, thresholds are Noise (1400e) limited

PH distributions look good after irradiation of 1.4x1015p/cm2, > 99%


Single Crystal CVD (scCVD) Diamond irradiations at 1.5x1015

► PH distributions look narrow before and after irradiation

► PH distributions after 1.5x1015p/cm2 → > 99% for pixel detector.




pCVD and scCVD diamond follow the same damage curve:

1/ccd=1/ccd0 +k

24 GeV p irradiation

Beam test results



Most CVD diamond irradiations have been done with 24 GeV protons

Lower energy protons irradiations also under way

Irradiations with neutrons have been done; still under analysis

Pions!

Example: 800 MeV sample irradiation in Los Alamos Dec. 2009



Very Recent:

70MeV protons 3× more damaging than 24GeV protons:

But follow the same curve:

1/ccd=1/ccd0 +k

70 MeV Protons (Japan)


Radiation Hardness Studies-Pions

• Need pions in n x 100MeV ballpark– Applied for beam at PSI (with RD-50)

• Use scCVD to maximize damage effect

– Negotiate very simple pion beam line at LANL• If approved, could reach sLHC fluences• Quick evaluation with strip detectors in 800 MeV

proton beam


pCVD and scCVD Pixel Detectors

- Signal

- Noise, threshold

- Charge sharing, signal over threshold

Issues:


1-Chip and full 16 Chip ATLAS diamond pixel modules

Single chip and full modules bump-bonded at IZM (Berlin), constructed

and tested in Bonn Operating parameters (FE-I3): Peaking Time 22ns, Noise 140e,Threshold 1450-1550e, Threshold Spread 25e

pCVD Pixel Detectors


The ATLAS pixel module - Bare Chip, No Detector - Noise, Threshold

Results: Bare Noise ~140e, Bare Mean Threshold ~1500e,

Bare Threshold Spread ~25e.



The full ATLAS diamond pixel module - Noise, Threshold

Results: Noise ~ 137e, Mean Threshold 1454e, Threshold Spread ~25e.

Noise, threshold, threshold spread do not change from bare chip.

→ Advantage of low capacitance, no leakage current



New: First Full Diamond Pixel Module Made in Industry

Begin with a tested raw diamond Clean → IZM in Berlin Receive finished, metalised, bump-bonded module!

pCVD Pixel Detectors (in Industry)

Full ATLAS Module with 16 chipsBare Substrate


Applications in Experiments

The 4 big experiments around LHC :

CMS, ALICE, LHCb, and ATLAS

have projects for beam monitoring and high luminosity upgrades involving scCVD and pCVD diamond detector substrates.

Also LHC control is working on a CVD diamond beam control detector.

In the following few slides I comment on some ATLAS implementations and plans


On the bases of these results ATLAS officially approved Upgrade R&D on

Diamond Pixel Detectors

Proposing Institutes: Carleton University (Canada) University of Toronto (Canada) University of Bonn (Germany) Joˇzef Stefan Institute (Slovenia) CERN Ohio State University (US) Submitted May 2007 Approved Feb 2008 Technical Decision 2010

Reference → ATU-RD-MN-0012, EDMS ID: 903424

Applications ATLAS


PIXELPIXEL

SCT B.SCT B.

TRT B.TRT B. TRT End CapTRT End Cap

SCT End CapSCT End Cap

BCMBCM

Agilent MGA-62653 500Mhz Agilent MGA-62653 500Mhz (gain: 22 dB, NF: 0.9dB)(gain: 22 dB, NF: 0.9dB)

2 x 1cm2 x 1cm22 pCVD diamondpCVD diamond

2 x 1cm2 x 1cm22 pCVD diamondpCVD diamond

Mini Circuits GALI-52 Mini Circuits GALI-52 1 GHz (20 dB)1 GHz (20 dB)

The ATLAS BCM system


• Time difference hit on A side to hit on C side

• Most of data reconstructed offline• Sub ns resolution of BCM clearly visible

(0.69 ns) without offline timing corrections applied

• Beam dump fired by BCM during LHC aperture scan

• Ready to protect ATLAS

BCM results

1177 LHC orbits – ~100 ms

after BA is fired the buffer is recorded for additional 100 LHC orbits (~10 ms)

increasing activity

BA is fired

~10

ms


REQUESTS FROM CERN

The RD42 Role at CERN Irradiations, development of new manufacturers, sample procurement, test beams Central facilities for all experiments this worked for BCM’s CERN Group in RD42 to be strengthened

RD42 Request to CERN/LHCC RD42 is supported by many national agencies:

continuation of official recognition by CERN critical

50kCHF from CERN/ ~200kCHF from outside CERN RD42 requires access to CERN facilities:

maintain the present 20 m2 of lab space (test setups, detector prep, ...)

maintain present office space

test beam time

RD42 and CERN play a critical role in diamond development


Summary

Further Progress in Material Quality and New Manufacturers

pCVD - 320 μm collection distance diamond attained in wafer growth

scCVD – Radiation Hardness measured; pixel detectors in preparation

One new CVD diamond manufacturer has come onto the scene. Produce very

good material.

Radiation Hardness of Diamond Trackers established; further measurements

essential (pions)

Diamond Pixel Detectors

Successfully tested a complete ATLAS module and scCVD module

Full modules in production. Industrial production in place.

Diamond R&D Approved by ATLAS for IBL and LHC Upgrade

Beam Conditions Monitoring

Application of diamond successful in BaBar, CDF, Alice, ATLAS, CMS, LHCb….


Additional Material



RD42 has started working with two more Companies (Germany and US) to develop detector grade diamond material, both pCVD and scCVD material

Samples from a german company “Diamond Materials” (Fraunhofer Institute in Freiburg)

Show charge collection distance of ~100m

Four DM wafers different sizes


The First scCVD ATLAS diamond pixel detector

The hit map plotted for all scintillation triggers with trigger in telescope. The raw hit map looks goods - only 1 dead pixel

scCVD Pixel Detectors


Irradiated scCVD Diamond Pixel Module

Full module irradiated - electronics and diamond. Data falls on expected damage curve! Presently taking data at various incident angles.

scCVD Pixel Detectors


Main goal – protection of ATLAS• In case of anomalous beam behaviour

and large losses • Distinguish between interactions and

background (scraping of collimators, beam gas,...)

better than 12.5 ns width+baseline restoration

In addition• Collision rate/background rate

monitoring (with single MIP sensitivity)

• Bunch-by-bunch Luminosity measurement – counting tracks, coincidences – zero counting,…

• Triggering:– BCM provides 6 different inputs to

ATLAS Central Trigger Processor (CTP)– In time coincidences, out of time

coincidences, high multiplicity,… can be programmed in readout board

BCM tasks

2 detector stations, symmetric in z

TAS (collimator) event: Δt=2z/c=12.5ns

Interaction: Δt = 0, 25, … ns Time

-6ns 6ns

AtrppBXA PrNNN )(L CA NNN CA NN

BC rate

number of pp in single BC (function of luminosity)number of tracks per pp

probability of track going to side A


8x8mm2 0.5mm thick diamond sensors used6 sensors on each side (A and C) installed on ID End PlateReadout adopted from LHC BLM system with minor modificationsRedundant system to BCM – safety only

BLM overview

…

• 7 TeV p on TAS collimator gives ~1 MIP/BLM module ~1 fC of charge– 25 pA of current “spike” for single

occurrence (possible with pilot bunch)– 40 nA of current for continuous loss (only

when full LHC bunch structure) • Diamond dark currents

– In magnetic field, should be O(10 pA) – Erratic currents, several nA w/o magnetic

field• Require 2 ch. Above threshold

simultaneously

BCM

BLM

~50 nA~50 nA

cou

nts

cou

nts

several hsingle ch.rates

several hsingle ch.rates

development of cvd diamond tracking detectors for experiments at high luminosity colliders

Documents

usa21 university of

uk22 carleton university

usa27 university of

usa18 university of

usa25 syracuse university

italy19 university of

usa17 rutgers university

russia16 ohio state